CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>TypeScript - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"98902066-506f-4825-9898-dd70217e6552","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"TypeScript","wgTitle":"TypeScript","wgCurRevisionId":1280364890,"wgRevisionId":1280364890,"wgArticleId":8157205,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2025","Articles with excerpts","Webarchive template wayback links","TypeScript","2012 software","Cross-platform software","JavaScript programming language family","Microsoft free software","Microsoft programming languages","Object-based programming languages","Programming languages created in 2012","Scripting languages","Software using the Apache license","Source-to-source compilers","Statically typed programming languages","Programming languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"TypeScript","wgRelevantArticleId":8157205,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q978185","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Typescript.svg/1200px-Typescript.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Typescript.svg/800px-Typescript.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Typescript.svg/640px-Typescript.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="TypeScript - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-TypeScript rootpage-TypeScript skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=TypeScript" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=TypeScript" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=TypeScript" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=TypeScript" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_annotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_annotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Type annotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_annotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Declaration files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Generics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Union types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enumerated_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumerated_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Enumerated types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enumerated_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modules_and_namespaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modules_and_namespaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Modules and namespaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modules_and_namespaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_with_JavaScript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_with_JavaScript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Compatibility with JavaScript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_with_JavaScript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Compiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IDE_and_editor_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IDE_and_editor_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>IDE and editor support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IDE_and_editor_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_with_build_automation_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_with_build_automation_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Integration with build automation tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_with_build_automation_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linting_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linting_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Linting tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linting_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CodeDOM_Provider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CodeDOM_Provider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>CodeDOM Provider</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CodeDOM_Provider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Release history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">TypeScript</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="تايب سكريبت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تايب سكريبت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="টাইপস্ক্রিপ্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাইপস্ক্রিপ্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA" title="تایپ‌اسکریپت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تایپ‌اسکریپت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9E%85%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BD%ED%8A%B8" title="타입스크립트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타입스크립트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BF%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82" title="ТајпСкрипт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ТајпСкрипт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടൈപ്പ്സ്ക്രിപ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൈപ്പ്സ്ക്രിപ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="TypeScript" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q978185#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:TypeScript" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/TypeScript"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/TypeScript"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/TypeScript" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/TypeScript" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&oldid=1280364890" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=TypeScript&id=1280364890&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTypeScript"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTypeScript"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=TypeScript&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:TypeScript" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-mediawiki mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/TypeScript" hreflang="en"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q978185" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language and superset of JavaScript</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the typed instance analogous to a handwritten document, see <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">TypeScript</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Typescript.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Typescript.svg/121px-Typescript.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Typescript.svg/182px-Typescript.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Typescript.svg/242px-Typescript.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-10-01</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">5.8.2<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-d035b27b05c2696cd7c134b64b7d6b32e3605d42-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d035b27b05c2696cd7c134b64b7d6b32e3605d42-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978185?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 28 February 2025<span class="noprint">; 18 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">28 February 2025</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">Duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gradual_typing" title="Gradual typing">gradual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_type_system" title="Structural type system">structural</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.ts, .tsx, .mts, .cts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/">typescriptlang.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>TypeScript</b> (abbreviated as <b>TS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> that adds <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static typing</a> with optional type <a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">annotations</a> to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. It is designed for the development of large applications and <a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">transpiles</a> to JavaScript.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both <a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a> and <a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">server-side</a> execution (as with <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bun_(software)" title="Bun (software)">Bun</a>). Multiple options are available for transpilation. The default TypeScript Compiler can be used,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a> compiler can be invoked to convert TypeScript to JavaScript. </p><p>TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>, much like <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="/wiki/Header_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Header files">header files</a> can describe the structure of existing <a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">object files</a>. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities. There are third-party header files for popular libraries such as <a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a>, <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D3.js" title="D3.js">D3.js</a>. TypeScript headers for the <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> library modules are also available, allowing development of Node.js programs within TypeScript.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TypeScript compiler is <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">itself written in TypeScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">compiled</a> to JavaScript. It is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Anders Hejlsberg</a>, lead architect of <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and creator of <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a>, has worked on the development of TypeScript.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TypeScript was released to the public in October 2012, with version 0.8, after two years of internal development at Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the initial public release, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza" title="Miguel de Icaza">Miguel de Icaza</a> praised the language itself, but criticized the lack of mature IDE support apart from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a>, which was not available on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2021 there is support in other IDEs and text editors, including <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a>, <a href="/wiki/JetBrains#WebStorm" title="JetBrains">WebStorm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Microsoft's own <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TypeScript 0.9, released in 2013, added support for <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TypeScript 1.0 was released at Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Build_(developer_conference)" class="mw-redirect" title="Build (developer conference)">Build</a> developer conference in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Studio 2013">Visual Studio 2013</a> Update 2 provided built-in support for TypeScript.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further improvement were made in July 2014, when the development team announced a new TypeScript compiler, asserted to have a five-fold performance increase. Simultaneously, the source code, which was initially hosted on <a href="/wiki/CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a>, was moved to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 September 2016, TypeScript 2.0 was released, introducing several features, including the ability for programmers to optionally enforce <a href="/wiki/Null_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Null safety">null safety</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mitigate what's sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer#History" title="Null pointer">billion-dollar mistake</a>. </p><p>TypeScript 3.0 was released on 30 July 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing many language additions like tuples in rest parameters and spread expressions, rest parameters with tuple types, generic rest parameters and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TypeScript 4.0 was released on 20 August 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 4.0 did not introduce any breaking changes, it added language features such as Custom <a href="/wiki/JSX_(JavaScript)" title="JSX (JavaScript)">JSX</a> Factories and Variadic Tuple Types.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TypeScript 5.0 was released on 16 March 2023 and included support for decorators.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 11, 2025 Anders Hejlsberg announced on the TypeScript blog that the team is working on a <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> port of the TypeScript compiler to be released as TypeScript version 7.0 later this year. It is expected to feature a 10x <a href="/wiki/Speedup" title="Speedup">speedup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TypeScript originated from the shortcomings of JavaScript for the development of large-scale applications both at Microsoft and among their external customers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Challenges with dealing with complex JavaScript code led to demand for custom tooling to ease developing of components in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developers sought a solution that would not break compatibility with the <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> standard and its ecosystem, so a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> was developed to transform a superset of JavaScript with type annotations and classes (TypeScript files) back into vanilla ECMAScript 5 code. TypeScript classes were based on the then-proposed ECMAScript 6 class specification to make writing <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototypal inheritance</a> less verbose and error-prone, and type annotations enabled <a href="/wiki/Code_completion" title="Code completion">IntelliSense</a> and improved tooling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TypeScript adds the following syntax extensions to JavaScript: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_signature" title="Type signature">Type annotations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compile-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Compile-time">compile-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">Type inference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">Interfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">Enumerated types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">Tuples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management_(computing)" title="Resource management (computing)">Explicit Resource Management</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Syntactically, TypeScript is very similar to <a href="/wiki/JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a>, another Microsoft implementation of the ECMA-262 language standard that added support for static typing and classical object-oriented language features such as classes, inheritance, interfaces, and namespaces. Other inspirations include <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_annotations">Type annotations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Type annotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TypeScript provides <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static typing</a> through type annotations to enable <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a> at <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-typescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>Primitive types are annotated using all-lowercase types, such as <code>number</code>, <code>boolean</code>, <code>bigint</code>, and <code>string</code>. These types are distinct from their <a href="/wiki/Boxing_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing (computer science)">boxed</a> counterparts (<code>Number</code>, <code>Boolean</code>, etc), which cannot have operations performed from values directly (a <code>Number</code> and <code>number</code> cannot be added). There are additionally <code>undefined</code> and <code>null</code> types for their respective values. </p><p>All other non-primitive types are annotated using their class name, such as <code>Error</code>. Arrays can be written in two different ways which are both syntactically the same: the generic-based syntax <code>Array<T></code> and a shorthand with <code>T[]</code>. </p><p>Additional built-in data types are tuples, unions, <code>never</code> and <code>any</code>: </p> <ul><li>An array with predefined data types at each index is a tuple, represented as <code>[type1, type2, ..., typeN]</code>.</li> <li>A variable that can hold more than one type of data is a union, represented using the logical OR <code>|</code> symbol (<code>string | number</code>).</li> <li>The <code>never</code> type is used when a given type should be impossible to create, which is useful for filtering mapped types.</li> <li>A value of type <code>any</code> supports the same operations as a value in JavaScript and minimal static type checking is performed,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes it suitable for weakly or dynamically-typed structures. This is generally discouraged practice and should be avoided when possible.<sup id="cite_ref-TypeScript_Language_Specification_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TypeScript_Language_Specification-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Type annotations can be exported to a separate <i>declarations file</i> to make type information available for TypeScript scripts using types already compiled into JavaScript. Annotations can be declared for an existing JavaScript library, as has been done for <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> and <a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a>. </p><p>The TypeScript compiler makes use of <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a> when types are not given. For example, the <code>add</code> method in the code above would be inferred as returning a <code>number</code> even if no return type annotation had been provided. This is based on the static types of <code>left</code> and <code>right</code> being <code>number</code>s, and the compiler's knowledge that the result of adding two <code>number</code>s is always a <code>number</code>. </p><p>If no type can be inferred because of lack of declarations (such as in a JavaScript module without types), then it defaults to the dynamic <code>any</code> type. Additional module types can be provided using a .d.ts declaration file using the <code>declare module "moduleName"</code> syntax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_files">Declaration files</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Declaration files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a TypeScript script gets compiled, there is an option to generate a <i>declaration file</i> (with the extension <code>.d.ts</code>) that functions as an <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a> to the components in the compiled JavaScript. In the process, the compiler strips away all function and method bodies and preserves only the signatures of the types that are exported. The resulting declaration file can then be used to describe the exported virtual TypeScript types of a JavaScript library or module when a third-party developer consumes it from TypeScript. </p><p>The concept of declaration files is analogous to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Header_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Header file">header files</a> found in <a href="/wiki/C/C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="C/C++">C/C++</a>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-typescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">declare</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Arithmetics</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">subtract</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">multiply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">divide</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>Type declaration files can be written by hand for existing JavaScript libraries, as has been done for jQuery and Node.js. </p><p>Large collections of declaration files for popular JavaScript libraries are hosted on GitHub in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped">DefinitelyTyped</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generics">Generics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Generics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic programming</a></div> <p>TypeScript supports <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a> using a syntax similar to <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Identity_function" title="Identity function">identity function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-typescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes">Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TypeScript uses the same annotation style for class methods and fields as for functions and variables respectively. Compared with vanilla JavaScript classes, a TypeScript class can also implement an interface through the <code>implements</code> keyword, use generic parameters similarly to <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, and specify public and private fields. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-typescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Person</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">age</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">salary</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">age</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">salary</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">age</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">age</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">salary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">salary</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">toString</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sb">`</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="sb"> (</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">age</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="sb">) (</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">salary</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="sb">)`</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_types">Union types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Union types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Union_type#TypeScript" title="Union type">Union type § TypeScript</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_type&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Union types are supported in TypeScript.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The values are implicitly "tagged" with a type by the language, and may be retrieved using a <code>typeof</code> call for primitive values and an <code>instanceof</code> comparison for complex data types. Types with overlapping usage (e.g. a slice method exists on both strings and arrays, the plus operator works on both strings and numbers) don't need additional narrowing to use these features. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-typescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">successor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bigint</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bigint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// types that support the same operations don't need narrowing</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dependsOnParameter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Array</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// distinct types need narrowing</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">instanceof</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Array</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// do something</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"string"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// do something else</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// has to be a number</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enumerated_types">Enumerated types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enumerated types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type#TypeScript" title="Enumerated type">Enumerated type § TypeScript</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enumerated_type&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>TypeScript adds an 'enum' data type to JavaScript. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">Clubs</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Diamonds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Hearts</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Spades</span><span class="p">};</span> <span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Diamonds</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>By default, enums number members starting at 0; this can be overridden by setting the value of the first: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">Clubs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Diamonds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Hearts</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Spades</span><span class="p">};</span> <span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Diamonds</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>All the values can be set: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">Clubs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Diamonds</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Hearts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Spades</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">8</span><span class="p">};</span> <span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Diamonds</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>TypeScript supports mapping the numeric value to its name. For example, this finds the name of the value 2: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">Clubs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Diamonds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Hearts</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Spades</span><span class="p">};</span> <span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">suitName</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Cardsuit</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="nx">alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">suitName</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modules_and_namespaces">Modules and namespaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modules and namespaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TypeScript distinguishes between modules and namespaces. Both features in TypeScript support encapsulation of classes, interfaces, functions and variables into containers. Namespaces (formerly internal modules) use JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Immediately-invoked_function_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Immediately-invoked function expression">immediately-invoked function expressions</a> to encapsulate code, whereas modules (formerly external modules) use existing JavaScript library patterns (<a href="/wiki/CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a> or ES Modules).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility_with_JavaScript">Compatibility with JavaScript</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compatibility with JavaScript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></div> <p>As TypeScript is simply a superset of JavaScript, existing JavaScript can be quickly adapted to TypeScript and TypeScript program can seamlessly consume JavaScript. The compiler can target all ECMAScript versions 5 and above, transpiling modern features like classes and arrow functions to their older counterparts. </p><p>With TypeScript, it is possible to use existing JavaScript code, incorporate popular JavaScript libraries, and call TypeScript-generated code from other JavaScript.<sup id="cite_ref-typescript-home-page_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-typescript-home-page-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Type declarations for these libraries are usually provided with the source code but can be declared or installed separately if needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_tools">Development tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compiler">Compiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The TypeScript compiler, named <code>tsc</code>, is <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">written in TypeScript</a>. As a result, it can be compiled into regular JavaScript and can then be executed in any JavaScript engine (e.g. a browser). The compiler package comes bundled with a script host that can execute the compiler. It is also available as a <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> package that uses Node.js as a host. </p><p>The compiler can "target" a particular edition of ECMAScript (such as <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_version_history" title="ECMAScript version history">ES5</a> for legacy browser compatibility), but by default compiles for the latest standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IDE_and_editor_support">IDE and editor support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: IDE and editor support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> provides a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-in</a> for <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> 2012 and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_WebMatrix" title="Microsoft WebMatrix">WebMatrix</a>, full integrated support in <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> 2013, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> 2015, and basic text editor support for <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.msdn.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.msdn.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a> supports TypeScript in addition to several other languages, and offers features like debugging and intelligent <a href="/wiki/Code_completion" title="Code completion">code completion</a>.</li> <li>alm.tools is an open source cloud IDE for TypeScript built using TypeScript, ReactJS and TypeStyle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">JetBrains</a> supports TypeScript with code completion, refactoring and debugging in its IDEs built on IntelliJ platform, such as <a href="/wiki/PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a> 6, <a href="/wiki/WebStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="WebStorm">WebStorm</a> 6, and <a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as their Visual Studio Add-in and extension, ReSharper 8.1.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a> has a TypeScript plugin with support for code completion, navigation, formatting, and fast compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The online <a href="/wiki/Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codenvy" class="mw-redirect" title="Codenvy">Codenvy</a> support TypeScript.</li> <li>A plugin is available for the <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a> IDE.</li> <li>A plugin is available for the <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse IDE</a> (version Kepler)</li> <li>TypEcs is available for the <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse IDE</a>.</li> <li>The Cross Platform Cloud IDE <a href="/wiki/Codeanywhere" title="Codeanywhere">Codeanywhere</a> supports TypeScript.</li> <li>Webclipse An Eclipse plugin designed to develop TypeScript and <a href="/wiki/Angular_(application_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular (application platform)">Angular 2</a>.</li> <li>Angular IDE A standalone IDE available via npm to develop TypeScript and Angular 2 applications, with integrated terminal support.</li> <li>Tide –  TypeScript Interactive Development Environment for <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_with_build_automation_tools">Integration with build automation tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Integration with build automation tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></div> <p>Using <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a>, TypeScript can be integrated with <a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">build automation</a> tools, including Grunt (grunt-ts<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Apache_Maven" title="Apache Maven">Apache Maven</a> (TypeScript Maven Plugin<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Gulp (gulp-typescript<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a> (TypeScript Gradle Plugin<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linting_tools">Linting tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Linting tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TSLint<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scans TypeScript code for conformance to a set of standards and guidelines. <a href="/wiki/ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a>, a standard JavaScript linter, also provided some support for TypeScript via community plugins. However, ESLint's inability to leverage TypeScript's language services precluded certain forms of semantic linting and program-wide analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2019, the TSLint team announced the linter's deprecation in favor of <code>typescript-eslint</code>, a joint effort of the TSLint, ESLint and TypeScript teams to consolidate linting under the ESLint umbrella for improved performance, community unity and developer accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CodeDOM_Provider">CodeDOM Provider</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: CodeDOM Provider"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CodeDOM<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides types that represent common types of source code elements, which will be transformed to data types, classes and statements etc. of a programming language through a CodeDOMProvider.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programmers use CodeDOM and a CodeDOM provider to construct a code generator that generates codes for an application domain. TypeScript CodeDOM Provider<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generates TypeScript codes according to a CodeDOM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Release history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1277105988">.mw-parser-output .version-legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:12px}.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item,.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{display:inline-block;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;border:1px solid #aaa;margin-top:1px}.mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#fdb3ab}.mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#fef8c6}.mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#d4f4b4}.mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#fed1a0}.mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#c1e6f5}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{border-color:#72777d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#421511}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#443f19}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#2b4115}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#4b3114}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#143b4b}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{border-color:#72777d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#421511}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#443f19}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#2b4115}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#4b3114}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#143b4b}}</style><div class="templateVersion l version-legend" style=""><div style=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><span class="swatch swatch-unsupported"></span>Old version, not maintained</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><span class="swatch swatch-maintained"></span>Old version, still maintained</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><span class="swatch swatch-latest"></span><b>Latest version</b></div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><span class="swatch swatch-preview"></span>Latest preview version</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><span class="swatch swatch-future"></span>Future version</div></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version number </th> <th>Release date </th> <th>Significant changes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="0.8"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 0.8 </td> <td>1 October 2012<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012-10-01</span>)</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="0.9"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 0.9 </td> <td>18 June 2013<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013-06-18</span>)</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.0 </td> <td>12 April 2014<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014-04-12</span>)</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.1 </td> <td>6 October 2014<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014-10-06</span>)</span> </td> <td>performance improvements </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.3"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.3 </td> <td>12 November 2014<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014-11-12</span>)</span> </td> <td><code>protected</code> modifier, tuple types </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.4"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.4 </td> <td>20 January 2015<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-01-20</span>)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_type" title="Union type">union types</a>, <code>let</code> and <code>const</code> declarations, template strings, type guards, type aliases </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.5 </td> <td>20 July 2015<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-07-20</span>)</span> </td> <td>ES6 modules, <code>namespace</code> keyword, <code>for..of</code> support, decorators </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.6"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.6 </td> <td>16 September 2015<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-09-16</span>)</span> </td> <td>JSX support, <a href="/wiki/Intersection_type" title="Intersection type">intersection types</a>, local type declarations, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract class">abstract classes</a> and methods, user-defined type guard functions </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.7"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.7 </td> <td>30 November 2015<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-11-30</span>)</span> </td> <td><code>async</code> and <code>await</code> support, </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.8"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 1.8 </td> <td>22 February 2016<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-02-22</span>)</span> </td> <td>constraints generics, control flow analysis errors, string literal types, <code>allowJs</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.0 </td> <td>22 September 2016<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-09-22</span>)</span> </td> <td>null- and undefined-aware types, control flow based type analysis, discriminated union types, <code>never</code> type, <code>readonly</code> keyword, type of <code>this</code> for functions </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.1 </td> <td>8 November 2016<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-11-08</span>)</span> </td> <td><code>keyof</code> and lookup types, mapped types, object spread and rest, </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.2"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.2 </td> <td>22 February 2017<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-02-22</span>)</span> </td> <td>mix-in classes, <code>object</code> type, </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.3"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.3 </td> <td>27 April 2017<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-04-27</span>)</span> </td> <td><code>async</code> iteration, generic parameter defaults, strict option </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.4"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.4 </td> <td>27 June 2017<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-06-27</span>)</span> </td> <td>dynamic import expressions, string enums, improved inference for generics, strict contravariance for callback parameters </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.5 </td> <td>31 August 2017<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-08-31</span>)</span> </td> <td>optional catch clause variables </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.6"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.6 </td> <td>31 October 2017<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-10-31</span>)</span> </td> <td>strict function types </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.7"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.7 </td> <td>31 January 2018<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-01-31</span>)</span> </td> <td>constant-named properties, fixed-length tuples </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.8"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.8 </td> <td>27 March 2018<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-03-27</span>)</span> </td> <td>conditional types, improved <code>keyof</code> with intersection types </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.9"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 2.9 </td> <td>14 May 2018<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-05-14</span>)</span> </td> <td>support for symbols and numeric literals in <code>keyof</code> and mapped object types </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.0 </td> <td>30 July 2018<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-07-30</span>)</span> </td> <td>project references, extracting and spreading parameter lists with tuples </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.1 </td> <td>27 September 2018<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-09-27</span>)</span> </td> <td>mappable tuple and array types </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.2"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.2 </td> <td>30 November 2018<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-11-30</span>)</span> </td> <td>stricter checking for <code>bind</code>, <code>call</code>, and <code>apply</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.3"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.3 </td> <td>31 January 2019<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2019-01-31</span>)</span> </td> <td>relaxed rules on methods of union types, incremental builds for composite projects </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.4"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.4 </td> <td>29 March 2019<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2019-03-29</span>)</span> </td> <td>faster incremental builds, type inference from generic functions, <code>readonly</code> modifier for arrays, <code>const</code> assertions, type-checking global <code>this</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.5 </td> <td>29 May 2019<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2019-05-29</span>)</span> </td> <td>faster incremental builds, omit helper type, improved excess property checks in union types, smarter union type checking </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.6"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.6 </td> <td>28 August 2019<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2019-08-28</span>)</span> </td> <td>Stricter generators, more accurate array spread, better Unicode support for identifiers </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.7"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.7 </td> <td>5 November 2019<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2019-11-05</span>)</span> </td> <td>Optional chaining, nullish coalescing </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.8"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.8 </td> <td>20 February 2020<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2020-02-20</span>)</span> </td> <td>Type-only imports and exports, ECMAScript private fields, top-level <code>await</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.9"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 3.9 </td> <td>12 May 2020<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2020-05-12</span>)</span> </td> <td>Improvements in inference, speed improvements </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.0 </td> <td>20 August 2020<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2020-08-20</span>)</span> </td> <td>Variadic tuple types, labeled tuple elements </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.1 </td> <td>19 November 2020<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2020-11-19</span>)</span> </td> <td>Template literal types, key remapping in mapped types, recursive conditional types </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.2"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.2 </td> <td>25 February 2021<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-02-25</span>)</span> </td> <td>Smarter type alias preservation, leading/middle rest elements in tuple types, stricter checks for the <code>in</code> operator, <code>abstract</code> construct signatures </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.3"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.3 </td> <td>26 May 2021<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-05-26</span>)</span> </td> <td>Separate write types on properties, <code>override</code> and the <code>--noImplicitOverride</code> flag, template string type improvements </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.4"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.4 </td> <td>26 August 2021<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-08-26</span>)</span> </td> <td>Control flow analysis of aliased conditions and discriminants, symbol and template string pattern index signatures </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.5 </td> <td>17 November 2021<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-11-17</span>)</span> </td> <td>Type and promise improvements, supporting lib from <code>node_modules</code>, template string types as discriminants, and <code>es2022</code> module </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.6"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.6 </td> <td>28 February 2022<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-02-28</span>)</span> </td> <td>Type inference and checks improvements, support for ES2022 target, better ECMAScript handling </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.7"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.7 </td> <td>24 May 2022<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-05-24</span>)</span> </td> <td>Support for ES modules, instantiation expressions, variance annotations for type parameters, better control-flow checks and type check improvements </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.8"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.8 </td> <td>25 August 2022<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-08-25</span>)</span> </td> <td>Intersection and union types improvements, better type inference </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.9"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 4.9 </td> <td>15 November 2022<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-11-15</span>)</span> </td> <td><code>satisfies</code> operator, auto-accessors in classes (proposal), improvements in type narrowing and checks </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.0 </td> <td>16 March 2023<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-03-16</span>)</span> </td> <td>ES decorators (proposal), type inference improvements, <code>bundler</code> module resolution mode, speed and size optimizations </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.1 </td> <td>1 June 2023<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-06-01</span>)</span> </td> <td>Easier implicit returns for <code>undefined</code> and unrelated types for getters and setters </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.2"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.2 </td> <td>24 August 2023<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-08-24</span>)</span> </td> <td><code>using</code> declarations and explicit resource management, decorator metadata and named and anonymous tuple elements </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.3"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.3 </td> <td>20 November 2023<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-11-20</span>)</span> </td> <td>Improved type narrowing, correctness checks and performance optimizations </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.4"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.4 </td> <td>6 March 2024 </td> <td><code>Object.groupBy</code> and <code>Map.groupBy</code> support </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.5 </td> <td>20 June 2024 </td> <td>Inferred Type Predicates, Regular Expression Syntax Checking, and Type Imports in JSDoc </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.6"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.6 </td> <td>9 September 2024 </td> <td>Advanced type inference, variadic tuple enhancements, partial module declarations. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.7"><span style="display: none;">Old version, not maintained:</span> 5.7 </td> <td>22 November 2024 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="5.8"><span style="display: none;">Latest version:</span> <b>5.8</b> </td> <td>28 February 2025 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion cp swatch-preview" title="Latest preview version" data-sort-value="5.9"><span style="display: none;">Latest preview version:</span> 5.9 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion cp swatch-preview" title="Latest preview version" data-sort-value="6.0"><span style="display: none;">Latest preview version:</span> 6.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Introduce some deprecations and breaking changes to align with the upcoming native codebase. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion p swatch-future" title="Future version" data-sort-value="7.0"><span style="display: none;">Future version:</span> 7.0 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>Rewrite in Go with faster performance. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JS%2B%2B" title="JS++">JS++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403224440/https://typescript.codeplex.com/releases/view/95554">"TypeScript"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typescript.codeplex.com/releases/view/95554">the original</a> on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CodePlex&rft.atitle=TypeScript&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftypescript.codeplex.com%2Freleases%2Fview%2F95554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-d035b27b05c2696cd7c134b64b7d6b32e3605d42-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-d035b27b05c2696cd7c134b64b7d6b32e3605d42-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/releases/tag/v5.8.2">"Release v5.8.2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+v5.8.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmicrosoft%2FTypeScript%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fv5.8.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/type-compatibility.html">"Type Compatibility"</a>. <i>TypeScript</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312103740/http://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/type-compatibility.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TypeScript&rft.atitle=Type+Compatibility&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2Fdocs%2Fhandbook%2Ftype-compatibility.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsharp.org/history/hopl-final/hopl-fsharp.pdf">"The Early History of F#"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809075047/https://fsharp.org/history/hopl-final/hopl-fsharp.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>TypeScript was directly influenced by F#: one of the originators of TypeScript was Luke Hoban, who began TypeScript (then called Strada) immediately after working on F# 2.0. Recently he noted the influence of F# on early parts of the TypeScript design [Hoban 2017].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+F%23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffsharp.org%2Fhistory%2Fhopl-final%2Fhopl-fsharp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson2020" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Gary (28 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://javascript.plainenglish.io/how-actionscript-foreshadowed-typescript-149cdb764de9">"How ActionScript foreshadowed TypeScript"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080212/https://javascript.plainenglish.io/how-actionscript-foreshadowed-typescript-149cdb764de9?gi=8d034fbd408d">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=How+ActionScript+foreshadowed+TypeScript&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjavascript.plainenglish.io%2Fhow-actionscript-foreshadowed-typescript-149cdb764de9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBright2012" class="citation web cs1">Bright, Peter (3 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/10/microsoft-typescript-the-javascript-we-need-or-a-solution-looking-for-a-problem/">"Microsoft TypeScript: the JavaScript we need, or a solution looking for a problem?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009164414/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/10/microsoft-typescript-the-javascript-we-need-or-a-solution-looking-for-a-problem/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Microsoft+TypeScript%3A+the+JavaScript+we+need%2C+or+a+solution+looking+for+a+problem%3F&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2012%2F10%2Fmicrosoft-typescript-the-javascript-we-need-or-a-solution-looking-for-a-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/typescript">"TypeScript Programming with Visual Studio Code"</a>. <i>code.visualstudio.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922080247/https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/typescript">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=code.visualstudio.com&rft.atitle=TypeScript+Programming+with+Visual+Studio+Code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.visualstudio.com%2Fdocs%2Flanguages%2Ftypescript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/borisyankov/DefinitelyTyped">"borisyankov/DefinitelyTyped"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101104210/https://github.com/borisyankov/DefinitelyTyped">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=borisyankov%2FDefinitelyTyped&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fborisyankov%2FDefinitelyTyped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoley2012" class="citation web cs1">Foley, Mary Jo (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-takes-the-wraps-off-typescript-a-superset-of-javascript/">"Microsoft takes the wraps off TypeScript, a superset of JavaScript"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113161248/http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-takes-the-wraps-off-typescript-a-superset-of-javascript-7000004993/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+takes+the+wraps+off+TypeScript%2C+a+superset+of+JavaScript&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-takes-the-wraps-off-typescript-a-superset-of-javascript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSomasegar2012" class="citation web cs1">Somasegar, S. (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926142536/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/somasegar/2012/10/01/typescript-javascript-development-at-application-scale/">"TypeScript: JavaScript Development at Application Scale"</a>. <i>Somasegar's blog</i>. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/somasegar/archive/2012/10/01/typescript-javascript-development-at-application-scale">the original</a> on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somasegar%27s+blog&rft.atitle=TypeScript%3A+JavaScript+Development+at+Application+Scale&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.aulast=Somasegar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fsomasegar%2Farchive%2F2012%2F10%2F01%2Ftypescript-javascript-development-at-application-scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter-Reynolds2012" class="citation web cs1">Baxter-Reynolds, Matt (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript/">"Microsoft TypeScript: Can the father of C# save us from the tyranny of JavaScript?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803030303/http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript-7000005054/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+TypeScript%3A+Can+the+father+of+C%23+save+us+from+the+tyranny+of+JavaScript%3F&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.aulast=Baxter-Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2012" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Joab (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217223751/http://www.cio.com/article/717679/Microsoft_Augments_Javascript_for_Large_scale_Development">"Microsoft Augments Javascript for Large-scale Development"</a>. <i>CIO</i>. <a href="/wiki/IDG_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="IDG Enterprise">IDG Enterprise</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cio.com/article/717679/Microsoft_Augments_Javascript_for_Large_scale_Development">the original</a> on 17 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIO&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Augments+Javascript+for+Large-scale+Development&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Joab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cio.com%2Farticle%2F717679%2FMicrosoft_Augments_Javascript_for_Large_scale_Development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/microsoft-augments-javascript-large-scale-development-203737">"Microsoft augments JavaScript for large-scale development"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a>. 1 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531084330/http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/microsoft-augments-javascript-large-scale-development-203737">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Microsoft+augments+JavaScript+for+large-scale+development&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Fd%2Fapplication-development%2Fmicrosoft-augments-javascript-large-scale-development-203737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Jonathan (2 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-1-0/">"Announcing TypeScript 1.0"</a>. <i>TypeScript Language team blog</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104620/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2014/04/02/announcing-typescript-1-0.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TypeScript+Language+team+blog&rft.atitle=Announcing+TypeScript+1.0&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Ftypescript%2Fannouncing-typescript-1-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiguel_de_Icaza2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza" title="Miguel de Icaza">Miguel de Icaza</a> (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2012/Oct-01.html">"TypeScript: First Impressions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173403/https://tirania.org/blog/archive/2012/Oct-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2012</span>. <q><i>But TypeScript only delivers half of the value in using a strongly typed language to Unix developers: strong typing. Intellisense, code completion and refactoring are tools that are only available to Visual Studio Professional users on Windows. There is no Eclipse, MonoDevelop or Emacs support for any of the language features</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TypeScript%3A+First+Impressions&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.au=Miguel+de+Icaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftirania.org%2Fblog%2Farchive%2F2012%2FOct-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript/">"Microsoft TypeScript: Can the father of C# save us from the tyranny of JavaScript?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>. 1 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803030303/http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript-7000005054/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2012</span>. <q><i>And I think this is a pretty big misstep. If you're building web apps that run on anything other than Windows, you're likely using a Mac and most likely not using Visual Studio. You need the Visual Studio plug-in to get the IntelliSense. All you get without Visual Studio is the strong-typing. You don't get the productivity benefits you get from IntelliSense.</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+TypeScript%3A+Can+the+father+of+C%23+save+us+from+the+tyranny+of+JavaScript%3F&rft.pub=ZDNet&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/TypeStrong/atom-typescript">"TypeStrong: The only TypeScript package you will ever need"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219102240/https://github.com/TypeStrong/atom-typescript">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=TypeStrong%3A+The+only+TypeScript+package+you+will+ever+need&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FTypeStrong%2Fatom-typescript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillar2013" class="citation web cs1">Hillar, Gastón (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/working-with-typescript-in-visual-studio/240154792">"Working with TypeScript in Visual Studio 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929115630/http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/working-with-typescript-in-visual-studio/240154792">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Working+with+TypeScript+in+Visual+Studio+2012&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Hillar&rft.aufirst=Gast%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fwindows%2Fworking-with-typescript-in-visual-studio%2F240154792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/18/typescript_update_0_9/">"TypeScript 0.9 arrives with new compiler, support for generics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. 18 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081207/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/18/typescript_update_0_9/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=TypeScript+0.9+arrives+with+new+compiler%2C+support+for+generics&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2013%2F06%2F18%2Ftypescript_update_0_9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHejlsberg2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Hejlsberg, Anders</a> (2 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/2014/3-576">"TypeScript"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Microsoft)" title="Channel 9 (Microsoft)">Channel 9</a></i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525013836/http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/2014/3-576">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+9&rft.atitle=TypeScript&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.aulast=Hejlsberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchannel9.msdn.com%2FEvents%2FBuild%2F2014%2F3-576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Joab (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/2101920/microsoft-typescript-graduates-to-visual-studio.html">"Microsoft TypeScript graduates to Visual Studio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311175558/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2101920/microsoft-typescript-graduates-to-visual-studio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Microsoft+TypeScript+graduates+to+Visual+Studio&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Joab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F2101920%2Fmicrosoft-typescript-graduates-to-visual-studio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Jonathan (21 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722205833/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2014/07/21/new-compiler-and-moving-to-github.aspx">"New Compiler and Moving to GitHub"</a>. <i>TypeScript Language team blog</i>. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2014/07/21/new-compiler-and-moving-to-github.aspx">the original</a> on 22 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TypeScript+Language+team+blog&rft.atitle=New+Compiler+and+Moving+to+GitHub&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Ftypescript%2Farchive%2F2014%2F07%2F21%2Fnew-compiler-and-moving-to-github.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBright2016" class="citation web cs1">Bright, Peter (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/09/typescript-microsofts-javascript-for-big-applications-reaches-version-2-0/">"TypeScript, Microsoft's JavaScript for big applications, reaches version 2.0"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221125826/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/09/typescript-microsofts-javascript-for-big-applications-reaches-version-2-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=TypeScript%2C+Microsoft%27s+JavaScript+for+big+applications%2C+reaches+version+2.0&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2016%2F09%2Ftypescript-microsofts-javascript-for-big-applications-reaches-version-2-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-3-0/">"Announcing TypeScript 3.0"</a>. 30 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530031718/https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-3-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+TypeScript+3.0&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Ftypescript%2Fannouncing-typescript-3-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-0.html">"TypeScript 3.0"</a>. 30 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606214433/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TypeScript+3.0&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2Fdocs%2Fhandbook%2Frelease-notes%2Ftypescript-3-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-4-0/">"Announcing TypeScript 4.0"</a>. <i>TypeScript</i>. 20 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080059/https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-4-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TypeScript&rft.atitle=Announcing+TypeScript+4.0&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Ftypescript%2Fannouncing-typescript-4-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-0.html">"Documentation – TypeScript 5.0"</a>. <i>www.typescriptlang.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080228/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.typescriptlang.org&rft.atitle=Documentation+%E2%80%93+TypeScript+5.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2Fdocs%2Fhandbook%2Frelease-notes%2Ftypescript-5-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHejlsberg2025" class="citation web cs1">Hejlsberg, Anders (11 March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/typescript-native-port/">"A 10x Faster TypeScript"</a>. <i>TypeScript</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TypeScript&rft.atitle=A+10x+Faster+TypeScript&rft.date=2025-03-11&rft.aulast=Hejlsberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Ftypescript%2Ftypescript-native-port%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnders_Hejlsberg2012" class="citation web cs1">Anders Hejlsberg (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanselminutes.com/340/what-is-typescript-and-why-with-anders-hejlsberg">"What is TypeScript and why with Anders Hejlsberg"</a>. www.hanselminutes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227152425/https://www.hanselminutes.com/340/what-is-typescript-and-why-with-anders-hejlsberg">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+TypeScript+and+why+with+Anders+Hejlsberg&rft.pub=www.hanselminutes.com&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.au=Anders+Hejlsberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanselminutes.com%2F340%2Fwhat-is-typescript-and-why-with-anders-hejlsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._Somasegar2012" class="citation web cs1">S. Somasegar (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/somasegar/archive/2012/10/01/typescript-javascript-development-at-application-scale.aspx">"TypeScript: JavaScript Development at Application Scale"</a>. msdn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150422145537/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/somasegar/archive/2012/10/01/typescript-javascript-development-at-applicatio">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TypeScript%3A+JavaScript+Development+at+Application+Scale&rft.pub=msdn.com&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.au=S.+Somasegar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fsomasegar%2Farchive%2F2012%2F10%2F01%2Ftypescript-javascript-development-at-application-scale.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-2.html">"Documentation – TypeScript 5.2"</a>. <i>www.typescriptlang.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080229/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.typescriptlang.org&rft.atitle=Documentation+%E2%80%93+TypeScript+5.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2Fdocs%2Fhandbook%2Frelease-notes%2Ftypescript-5-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117065339/http://www.typescriptlang.org/Content/TypeScript%20Language%20Specification.pdf">"TypeScript Language Specification p.24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typescriptlang.org/Content/TypeScript%20Language%20Specification.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TypeScript+Language+Specification+p.24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2FContent%2FTypeScript%2520Language%2520Specification.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TypeScript_Language_Specification-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TypeScript_Language_Specification_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/everyday-types.html">"TypeScript: Documentation – Everyday Types"</a>. <i>www.typescriptlang.org/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080104/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/everyday-types.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.typescriptlang.org%2F&rft.atitle=TypeScript%3A+Documentation+%E2%80%93+Everyday+Types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2Fdocs%2Fhandbook%2F2%2Feveryday-types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2013" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Jonathan (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2013/06/18/announcing-typescript-0-9.aspx">"Announcing TypeScript 0.9"</a>. <i>TypeScript Language team blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126093545/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2013/06/18/announcing-typescript-0-9.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TypeScript+Language+team+blog&rft.atitle=Announcing+TypeScript+0.9&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Ftypescript%2Farchive%2F2013%2F06%2F18%2Fannouncing-typescript-0-9.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/generics.html#working-with-generic-type-variables">"Generics in Typescript"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405180639/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/generics.html#working-with-generic-type-variables">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Generics+in+Typescript&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2Fdocs%2Fhandbook%2Fgenerics.html%23working-with-generic-type-variables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/unions-and-intersections.html">"Handbook - Unions and Intersection Types"</a>. <i>www.typescriptlang.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.typescriptlang.org&rft.atitle=Handbook+-+Unions+and+Intersection+Types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2Fdocs%2Fhandbook%2Funions-and-intersections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSönke_Sothmann2014" class="citation web cs1">Sönke Sothmann (31 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201102512/http://blog.oio.de/2014/01/31/an-introduction-to-typescript-module-system/">"An introduction to TypeScript's module system"</a>. blog.oio.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oio.de/2014/01/31/an-introduction-to-typescript-module-system/">the original</a> on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+TypeScript%27s+module+system&rft.pub=blog.oio.de&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.au=S%C3%B6nke+Sothmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oio.de%2F2014%2F01%2F31%2Fan-introduction-to-typescript-module-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-typescript-home-page-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-typescript-home-page_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typescriptlang.org/">"Welcome to TypeScript"</a>. <i>typescriptlang.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310153413/https://www.typescriptlang.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=typescriptlang.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+TypeScript&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typescriptlang.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogs.msdn.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blogs.msdn.com_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlivier_Bloch2012" class="citation web cs1">Olivier Bloch (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/interoperability/archive/2012/10/01/sublime-text-vi-emacs-typescript-enabled.aspx">"Sublime Text, Vi, Emacs: TypeScript enabled!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029094413/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/interoperability/archive/2012/10/01/sublime-text-vi-emacs-typescript-enabled.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sublime+Text%2C+Vi%2C+Emacs%3A+TypeScript+enabled%21&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.au=Olivier+Bloch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Finteroperability%2Farchive%2F2012%2F10%2F01%2Fsublime-text-vi-emacs-typescript-enabled.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.jetbrains.com/webide/2013/02/typescript-support-in-webstorm-6">"TypeScript support in WebStorm 6"</a>. JetBrains. 27 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602072057/http://blog.jetbrains.com/webide/2013/02/typescript-support-in-webstorm-6/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TypeScript+support+in+WebStorm+6&rft.pub=JetBrains&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.jetbrains.com%2Fwebide%2F2013%2F02%2Ftypescript-support-in-webstorm-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.jetbrains.com/dotnet/2013/10/28/typescript-support-resharper-81/">"TypeScript support in ReSharper 8.1"</a>. JetBrains. 28 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124541/http://blog.jetbrains.com/dotnet/2013/10/28/typescript-support-resharper-81/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TypeScript+support+in+ReSharper+8.1&rft.pub=JetBrains&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.jetbrains.com%2Fdotnet%2F2013%2F10%2F28%2Ftypescript-support-resharper-81%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/">"ReSharper: The Visual Studio Extension for .NET Developers by JetBrains"</a>. <i>JetBrains</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JetBrains&rft.atitle=ReSharper%3A+The+Visual+Studio+Extension+for+.NET+Developers+by+JetBrains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetbrains.com%2Fresharper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atom.io/packages/atom-typescript">"atom-typescript"</a>. <i>Atom</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004165736/https://atom.io/packages/atom-typescript">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atom&rft.atitle=atom-typescript&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatom.io%2Fpackages%2Fatom-typescript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/basarat/grunt-ts">"TypeStrong/grunt-ts"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416143221/https://github.com/TypeStrong/grunt-ts">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=TypeStrong%2Fgrunt-ts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fbasarat%2Fgrunt-ts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ppedregal/typescript-maven-plugin">"ppedregal/typescript-maven-plugin"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611002148/https://github.com/ppedregal/typescript-maven-plugin">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=ppedregal%2Ftypescript-maven-plugin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fppedregal%2Ftypescript-maven-plugin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ivogabe/gulp-typescript">"ivogabe/gulp-typescript"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611024633/https://github.com/ivogabe/gulp-typescript">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=ivogabe%2Fgulp-typescript&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fivogabe%2Fgulp-typescript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/sothmann/typescript-gradle-plugin">"sothmann/typescript-gradle-plugin"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611010933/https://github.com/sothmann/typescript-gradle-plugin">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=sothmann%2Ftypescript-gradle-plugin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fsothmann%2Ftypescript-gradle-plugin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palantir.github.io/tslint/">"TSLint"</a>. <i>palantir.github.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221214353/https://palantir.github.io/tslint/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=palantir.github.io&rft.atitle=TSLint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpalantir.github.io%2Ftslint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalantir2019" class="citation web cs1">Palantir (19 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/palantir/tslint-in-2019-1a144c2317a9">"TSLint in 2019"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=TSLint+in+2019&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.au=Palantir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fpalantir%2Ftslint-in-2019-1a144c2317a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/02/tslint-deprecated-eslint">"TSLint Deprecated to Focus Support on typescript-eslint"</a>. <i>InfoQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080105/https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/02/tslint-deprecated-eslint/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoQ&rft.atitle=TSLint+Deprecated+to+Focus+Support+on+typescript-eslint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2Ftslint-deprecated-eslint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/reflection-and-codedom/using-the-codedom">"CodeDOM"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=CodeDOM&rft.date=2024-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdotnet%2Fframework%2Freflection-and-codedom%2Fusing-the-codedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.codedom.compiler.codedomprovider">"CodeDOMProvider"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080105/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.codedom.compiler.codedomprovider?view=net-8.0">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=CodeDOMProvider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdotnet%2Fapi%2Fsystem.codedom.compiler.codedomprovider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/zijianhuang/TypeScriptCodeDOM">"TypeScript CodeDOM Provider"</a>. <i>github.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080229/https://github.com/zijianhuang/TypeScriptCodeDOM">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=github.com&rft.atitle=TypeScript+CodeDOM+Provider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fzijianhuang%2FTypeScriptCodeDOM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypeScript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genuitec.com/products/webclipse/">"Webclipse : Eclipse Plugin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216150734/https://www.genuitec.com/products/webclipse/">Archived</a> 16 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Genuitec. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genuitec.com/products/angular-ide/">"Angular IDE by Webclipse : Standalone IDE"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043934/https://www.genuitec.com/products/angular-ide/">Archived</a> 10 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Genuitec. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript">TypeScript</a> project at <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TypeScript</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="JavaScript591" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:JavaScript" title="Template:JavaScript"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:JavaScript" title="Template talk:JavaScript"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:JavaScript" title="Special:EditPage/Template:JavaScript"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="JavaScript591" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Code analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">Supersets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JS%2B%2B" title="JS++">JS++</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transpilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox Inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera DevTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari Web Inspector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Doc generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(editor)" title="Ace (editor)">Ace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ECMAScript_engines" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnpm" title="Pnpm">pnpm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn_(package_manager)" title="Yarn (package manager)">yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vite_(software)" title="Vite (software)">Vite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun_(software)" title="Bun (software)">Bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_(software)" title="Jasmine (software)">Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_APIs" title="Template:Microsoft APIs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_APIs" title="Template talk:Microsoft APIs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_APIs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft APIs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">Microsoft APIs and frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Graphics and UI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct2D" title="Direct2D">Direct2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D3DX" title="D3DX">D3D (extensions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">GDI / GDI+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">WinUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Color_System" title="Windows Color System">Windows Color System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Image_Acquisition" title="Windows Image Acquisition">Windows Image Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Component" title="Windows Imaging Component">Windows Imaging Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Graphics_Infrastructure" title="DirectX Graphics Infrastructure">DirectX Graphics Infrastructure (DXGI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Advanced_Rasterization_Platform" title="Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform">Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinG" title="WinG">WinG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectMusic" title="DirectMusic">DirectMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectSound" title="DirectSound">DirectSound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_plugin" title="DirectX plugin">DirectX plugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_Audio_Creation_Tool" title="Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool">XACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Speech_API" title="Microsoft Speech API">Speech API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAudio2" title="XAudio2">XAudio2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Media_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX Media Objects">Media Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Video_Acceleration" title="DirectX Video Acceleration">Video Acceleration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinput" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinput">Xinput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectInput" title="DirectInput">DirectInput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Mastering_API" title="Image Mastering API">Image Mastering API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Foundation" title="Media Foundation">Media Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">XNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media" title="Windows Media">Windows Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Web</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a></li> <li>RSS Platform</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Gadgets" title="Microsoft Gadgets">SideBar Gadgets</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TypeScript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Data access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Data Access Components (MDAC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects" title="ActiveX Data Objects">ADO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_DB" title="OLE DB">OLE DB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Sync_Framework" title="Microsoft Sync Framework">Sync Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Database_Engine" title="Access Database Engine">Access Database Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions" title="Open Packaging Conventions">OPC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Layered_Service_Provider" title="Layered Service Provider">LSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Winsock_Kernel" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">Winsock Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Filtering_Platform" title="Windows Filtering Platform">Filtering Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Rally" title="Windows Rally">Windows Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Peer-to-peer_communication" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">P2P API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Messaging_Passing_Interface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft Messaging Passing Interface (page does not exist)">MS MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectPlay" title="DirectPlay">DirectPlay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">Messaging API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Telephony Application Programming Interface">Telephony API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Administration and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Win32_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32 console">Win32 console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI (extensions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies#Offline_Files" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">Offline Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer#Windows_Event_Log" title="Event Viewer">Event Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">Common Log File System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model#COM+" title="Component Object Model">COM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">Distributed Component Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library (ATL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library (WTL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">WDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">WDDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Audio_Architecture" title="Universal Audio Architecture">UAA</a></li> <li>BDA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VxD" title="VxD">VxD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_CryptoAPI" title="Microsoft CryptoAPI">Crypto API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPICOM" title="CAPICOM">CAPICOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_API" title="Data Protection API">Data Protection API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Parallel_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Parallel Library">TPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">WCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">WF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Software_Factory_(Microsoft_.NET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Factory (Microsoft .NET)">Software factories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Customer_Care_Framework" title="Microsoft Customer Care Framework">CCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_RPC" title="Microsoft RPC">MSRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Accessibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Active Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">UI Automation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Text and multilingual<br />support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Services_Framework" title="Text Services Framework">Text Services Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Object_Model" title="Text Object Model">Text Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">Input method editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template talk:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software (FOSS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Microsoft and open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family.Show" title="Family.Show">Family.Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Live_Writer" title="Open Live Writer">Open Live Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Notepad" title="XML Notepad">XML Notepad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic Online</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks,<br />development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">.NET Gadgeteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_MAUI" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET MAUI">.NET MAUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirSim" title="AirSim">AirSim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">ASP.NET AJAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">ASP.NET Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">ASP.NET Web Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon.js" title="Babylon.js">Babylon.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitFunnel" title="BitFunnel">BitFunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidential_Consortium_Framework" title="Confidential Consortium Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">ChakraCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapr" title="Dapr">Dapr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskSpd" title="DiskSpd">DiskSpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF_on_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPF on Windows">eBPF on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluent_Design_System" title="Fluent Design System">Fluent Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Framework" title="Fluid Framework">Fluid Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C++ Standard Library">Microsoft C++ Standard Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Microsoft Design Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Microsoft Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">Microsoft SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Reality_Toolkit" title="Mixed Reality Toolkit">Mixed Reality Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML.NET" title="ML.NET">ML.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Management_Infrastructure" title="Open Management Infrastructure">Open Management Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Neural_Network_Exchange" title="Open Neural Network Exchange">Open Neural Network Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Service_Mesh" title="Open Service Mesh">Open Service Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_SDK" class="mw-redirect" title="Open XML SDK">Open XML SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_(software_framework)" title="Orleans (software framework)">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProcDump" title="ProcDump">ProcDump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Monitor" title="Process Monitor">ProcMon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="Python Tools for Visual Studio">Python Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecursiveExtractor" class="mw-redirect" title="RecursiveExtractor">RecursiveExtractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandcastle_(software)" title="Sandcastle (software)">Sandcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignalR" title="SignalR">SignalR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StyleCop" title="StyleCop">StyleCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVNBridge" title="SVNBridge">SVNBridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover" title="T2 Temporal Prover">T2 Temporal Prover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Template_Transformation_Toolkit" title="Text Template Transformation Toolkit">Text Template Transformation Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLA%2B_Toolbox" class="mw-redirect" title="TLA+ Toolbox">TLA+ Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Prove" title="U-Prove">U-Prove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_File_System_for_Git" title="Virtual File System for Git">Virtual File System for Git</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoTT" title="VoTT">VoTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowpal_Wabbit" title="Vowpal Wabbit">Vowpal Wabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">Windows Driver Frameworks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">Windows UI Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinJS" title="WinJS">WinJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinObjC" class="mw-redirect" title="WinObjC">WinObjC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiX" title="WiX">WiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDP_for_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="XDP for Windows">XDP for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSP_(software)" title="XSP (software)">XSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> (v1.25, v2.0 & v4.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexWiki" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexWiki">FlexWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FourQ" title="FourQ">FourQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum_(software)" title="Gollum (software)">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mu" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Mu">Project Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReactiveX" title="ReactiveX">ReactiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TLAPS">TLAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPM_2.0_Reference_Implementation" class="mw-redirect" title="TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation">TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiBhasha" title="WikiBhasha">WikiBhasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Public License">Microsoft Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reciprocal_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reciprocal License">Microsoft Reciprocal License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forge_(software)" title="Forge (software)">Forges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_Software_Foundation" title="F Sharp Software Foundation">F# Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Security_Foundation" title="Open Source Security Foundation">Open Source Security Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_free_software" title="Category:Microsoft free software">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Node.js47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NodeJs" title="Template:NodeJs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NodeJs" title="Template talk:NodeJs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NodeJs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NodeJs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Node.js47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Node.js_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Node.js_logo.svg/100px-Node.js_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Node.js_logo.svg/150px-Node.js_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Node.js_logo.svg/200px-Node.js_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MEAN_(software_bundle)" class="mw-redirect" title="MEAN (software bundle)">MEAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a></li></ul></li> <li>MEEN (substituted with <a href="/wiki/Ember.js" title="Ember.js">Ember.js</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backbone.js" title="Backbone.js">Backbone.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastify" title="Fastify">Fastify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sails.js" title="Sails.js">Sails.js</a> (uses Express.js)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NestJS" title="NestJS">NestJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next.js" title="Next.js">Next.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxt.js" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuxt.js">Nuxt.js</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodash" title="Lodash">Lodash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore.js" title="Underscore.js">Underscore.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React.js" class="mw-redirect" title="React.js">React.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue.js</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978185#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2013001822">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007570557905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&oldid=1280364890">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&oldid=1280364890</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:TypeScript" title="Category:TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_software" title="Category:2012 software">2012 software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cross-platform_software" title="Category:Cross-platform software">Cross-platform software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:JavaScript_programming_language_family" title="Category:JavaScript programming language family">JavaScript programming language family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_free_software" title="Category:Microsoft free software">Microsoft free software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_programming_languages" title="Category:Microsoft programming languages">Microsoft programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Object-based_programming_languages" title="Category:Object-based programming languages">Object-based programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages_created_in_2012" title="Category:Programming languages created in 2012">Programming languages created in 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripting_languages" title="Category:Scripting languages">Scripting languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_using_the_Apache_license" title="Category:Software using the Apache license">Software using the Apache license</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source-to-source_compilers" title="Category:Source-to-source compilers">Source-to-source compilers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Statically_typed_programming_languages" title="Category:Statically typed programming languages">Statically typed programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Programming languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2025">Use dmy dates from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 March 2025, at 05:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TypeScript&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">TypeScript</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>37 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-b5s87","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.276","walltime":"1.587","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9220,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":269559,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8423,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":377368,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1283.126 1 -total"," 23.21% 297.774 2 Template:Infobox"," 22.64% 290.530 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.72% 265.800 1 Template:Infobox_programming_language"," 19.26% 247.083 52 Template:Cite_web"," 16.96% 217.573 1 Template:Infobox_software/simple"," 14.58% 187.069 3 Template:Wikidata"," 9.69% 124.312 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.87% 100.994 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.58% 97.266 1 Template:Programming_languages"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.744","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10295183,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-7tr9j","timestamp":"20250318160419","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"TypeScript","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TypeScript","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q978185","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q978185","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-11-28T04:40:38Z","dateModified":"2025-03-14T05:08:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f5\/Typescript.svg","headline":"programming language, superset of JavaScript that compiles to JavaScript"}</script> </body> </html>