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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chief of Army staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_of_Army_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Security_Advisor_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Security_Advisor_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>National Security Advisor to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Security_Advisor_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jail_under_Zia-ul-Haq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jail_under_Zia-ul-Haq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jail under Zia-ul-Haq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jail_under_Zia-ul-Haq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Punjab_under_Benazir_Bhutto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Punjab_under_Benazir_Bhutto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Governor of Punjab under Benazir Bhutto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Punjab_under_Benazir_Bhutto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیکا خان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیکا خان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="টিক্কা খান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টিক্কা খান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tikka Khan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टिक्का खान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टिक्का खान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tikka Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хан, Тикка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хан, Тикка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikka_Kan" title="Tikka Kan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tikka Kan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ٹکا خان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹکا خان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2984759#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Tikka Khan</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Jur%27at" title="Hilal-i-Jur'at">HJ</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam">HQA</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitara-e-Pakistan">SPk</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹِکّا خاں</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Tekka_Khan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Portrait_of_Tekka_Khan.png/220px-Portrait_of_Tekka_Khan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Portrait_of_Tekka_Khan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="309" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Tikka Khan as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)">COAS</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1973</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 March 1972 – 1 March 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">Gul Hassan</a><br />(as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">C-in-C of the Army</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Advisor (Pakistan)">National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 March 1976 – 4 July 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ghulam Omar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rao_Farman_Ali" title="Rao Farman Ali">Rao Farman Ali</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan#Governors" title="East Pakistan">Governor of East Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1971 – 31 August 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lt-Gen. <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yaqub Ali Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Motaleb_Malik" title="Abdul Motaleb Malik">Abdul Motaleb Malik</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Commander_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander Eastern Command">Commander of Eastern Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1971 – 10 April 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Yahya Khan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yaqub Ali Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A.A.K._Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="A.A.K. Niazi">A.A.K. Niazi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governor of Punjab</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 December 1988 – 6 August 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Sajjad Hussain Qureshi">S.J. Qureshi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Azhar" title="Mian Muhammad Azhar">Muhammad Azhar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-02-10</span>)</span>10 February 1915<sup id="cite_ref-headstone_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-headstone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kahuta_Tehsil" title="Kahuta Tehsil">Kahuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-03-28)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westridge,_Rawalpindi" title="Westridge, Rawalpindi">Westridge cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">British India</a> (1915–1947)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani people">Pakistan</a> (1947–2002)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Awards_and_decorations">List</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Butcher of Bengal<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (1935–1947)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (1947–1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/46px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1935–1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg/20px-OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg/30px-OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg/40px-OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_of_Armies_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/General_of_Armies_insignia.svg/30px-General_of_Armies_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/General_of_Armies_insignia.svg/45px-General_of_Armies_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/General_of_Armies_insignia.svg/60px-General_of_Armies_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Artillery_(Pakistan)" title="Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)">Regiment Artillery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Pakistan_Eastern_Command_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan">Eastern Command</a><br /><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="IV Corps (Pakistan)">IV Corps</a><br /><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Structure of the Pakistan Army">8th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Structure of the Pakistan Army">15th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kashmir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kashmir War">Second Kashmir War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Hawk" title="Operation Desert Hawk">Operation Desert Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">War in East Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan" title="1970s operation in Balochistan">Fourth Balochistan Conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Awards_and_decorations">List</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">PA</a> – 124</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tikka Khan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹِکّا خاں</span></span>; 10 February 1915 – 28 March 2002) was a Pakistani military officer who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)">chief of the army staff</a> from 1972 to 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Army_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Army-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">Hamid Khan</a>, he is considered a chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a> that resulted in the deaths of, depending on which authority is consulted, between three hundred thousand and three million people.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His leadership of the Pakistani Army actions in Bangladesh led to him being dubbed the "Butcher of Bengal" by Bengalis.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaining a <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)" title="Commission (document)">commission</a> in 1940 as an artillery officer in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> to participate in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he rose to command the 8th and 15th <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">war with India in 1965</a>. In 1969, he was appointed as the commander of <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="IV Corps (Pakistan)">IV Corps</a> while acting as <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law administrator">martial law administrator</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> under President Yahya Khan. In 1971, he took over the command of army's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Eastern Command">Eastern Command</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> and appointed as <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan#Governors" title="East Pakistan">Governor of East Pakistan</a> where he oversaw the planning and the military deployments to execute the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">military operations</a> to quell the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">liberation war efforts</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_Mir_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid_Mir-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After commanding the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">war with India in 1971</a>, Tikka Khan was promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the first chief of army staff of the Pakistan Army in 1972. As an army chief, Tikka Khan provided support to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">Pakistan nuclear programme</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Q._Khan_memoirs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Q._Khan_memoirs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon retirement from the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Military">military</a> in 1976, he was subsequently appointed as <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Advisor (Pakistan)">National Security Advisor</a> by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, only to be removed in 1977 as a result of enforced <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Pakistani coup d'état">martial law</a>. In the 1980s, he remained active as a political worker of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) and emerged as its leader when appointed as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 1988. His tenure ended when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">dismissed</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>'s government in 1990 and he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Azhar" title="Mian Muhammad Azhar">Mian Muhammad Azhar</a>. He retired from <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">politics</a> in 1990. He died on 28 March 2002 and was buried with full <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">military honours</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westridge,_Rawalpindi" title="Westridge, Rawalpindi">Westridge cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, Punjab, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tikka Khan was born on 10 February 1915<sup id="cite_ref-headstone_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-headstone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi</a> family of the <a href="/wiki/Janjua" title="Janjua">Janjua</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Rajput</a> clan<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Jochha Mamdot village of <a href="/wiki/Kahuta_Tehsil" title="Kahuta Tehsil">Kahuta Tehsil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Tripathi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Tripathi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his education in Rawalpindi, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Army_Cadet_College" title="Army Cadet College">Army Cadet College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nowgong,_Chhatarpur" title="Nowgong, Chhatarpur">Nowgong</a>, Madhya Pradesh in 1933 and joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoy</a> in 1935; he gained his commission in the army from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a> on 22 December 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these early years, he was known to be a particularly good boxer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He participated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and fought with the <a href="/wiki/2_Medium_Regiment_(Self_Propelled)_(Letse_%26_Point_171)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)">2nd Field Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Artillery_(India)" title="Regiment of Artillery (India)">Regiment of Artillery</a> in Libya against the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> led by German Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was captured by German troops and held as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of War">POW</a> in Libya for more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After successfully escaping, he saw military action in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign 1944–45">Burma campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japan</a> in 1945 where he was wounded and hospitalised for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, he was posted in different parts of India such as <a href="/wiki/Deolali" title="Deolali">Deolali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalyan" title="Kalyan">Kalyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the same time, he served as an instructor at the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_beginnings_in_Pakistan">New beginnings in Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New beginnings in Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">efforts of Muslim League</a> culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of British India</a> and the creation of Pakistan, Tikka Khan joined the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> as a major in the Pakistan Army's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Regiment_of_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery">Regiment of Artillery</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His military career progressed well and he got accelerated promotions in the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>. He worked hard to raise the Medium Regiment in the new army.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950–54, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(Pakistan)" title="Colonel (Pakistan)">colonel</a> and became the deputy director at the directorate of artillery in the <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan Army)">GHQ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">major general</a> and posted at the GHQ in Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_wars:_1965–1971"><span id="Between_the_wars:_1965.E2.80.931971"></span>Between the wars: 1965–1971</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Between the wars: 1965–1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rann_of_Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rann of Kutch">Battle of Rann of Kutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></div> <p>In 1965, Major-General Tikka Khan was the <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">GOC</a> of the 8th Infantry Division that was positioned in Punjab, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the 8th Infantry Division consisted of the 51st <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">Paratrooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> and the 52nd Infantry Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc._14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1965, the 8th Infantry Division intruded into the <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vij_Books_India_Pvt_Ltd_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vij_Books_India_Pvt_Ltd-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostilities broke out between India and Pakistan and Tikka Khan's 8th Division fought the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rann_of_Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rann of Kutch">Battle of Rann of Kutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_Publishers_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_Publishers-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Motorbooks_International_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorbooks_International-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Tikka Khan earned a reputation as a victor of Rann of Kutch and was credited widely by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani press">Pakistani press</a> for the victories, he gained over the Indian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made a bold stand against the Indian Army's encirclement in the Sialkot sector in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later led the 15th Infantry Division in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After President <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a> handed over the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani presidency">presidency</a> to his army chief General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> in 1969, Tikka Khan was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Pakistan)" title="Lieutenant general (Pakistan)">lieutenant general</a> to command the <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="IV Corps (Pakistan)">IV Corps</a>, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law administrator">martial law administrator</a> of Punjab under President Yahya Khan who appointed him after replacing with <a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personality was well known in Pakistan as being tough and ruthless.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1971, Tikka Khan was sent to <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a> and left the post to Lieutenant General Bahadur Sher in March 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh_Liberation_and_1971_war">Bangladesh Liberation and 1971 war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bangladesh Liberation and 1971 war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">1971 Dhaka University massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></div> <p>The situation was very complex in both <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> held in 1970 where the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> won 160 of the 162 seats in East Pakistan, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">leftist-socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) won 81 seats out of 138 in West Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By constitutional law, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> of the Awami League was supposed to be the candidate for the post of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a> but <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> of the Pakistan Peoples Party was not ready to accept his role as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Pakistan)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)">Leader of the Opposition</a> and refused to sit in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> in this role.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under pressure by Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party, President Yahya Khan postponed the National Assembly session despite meeting with and inviting the Awami League to form the government on 7 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Mujibur Rahman reacted by calling upon the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali people</a> to launch an <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">armed liberation movement</a> against Pakistan at a mass rally.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to this, President Yahya Khan accepted the resignation of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yaqub Khan</a> as governor of East Pakistan and commander of the army's <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Pakistan_Eastern_Command_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan">Eastern Command</a> in March 1971 and appointed Lieutenant General Tikka Khan as his successor. Tikka Khan arrived in Dacca the same month and took over the governorship. He assumed command of the Eastern Command on 7 March 1971. He has faced accusations of killing thousands of civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan_Fall_of_Dhaka_1971-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (November 2016)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output 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.thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Jurat_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hilal-e-Jurat"><img alt="Hilal-e-Jurat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hilal-e-Jurat_Medal.png/78px-Hilal-e-Jurat_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hilal-e-Jurat_Medal.png/117px-Hilal-e-Jurat_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hilal-e-Jurat_Medal.png/156px-Hilal-e-Jurat_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Jurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Jurat">Hilal-e-Jurat</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div><p>Acting on the instructions of President Yahya Khan's administration, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan began preparations of "direct-wise military operation" against the Awami League on the evening of 25 March 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Dixit_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Dixit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tikka Khan's order to his soldiers was <i>I want the land and not the people</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tikka Khan took assistance from loyal Bengalis and <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Biharis</a> for the operation and organized a paramilitary force called <a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He ordered the arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, outlawed the Awami League, and ordered a midnight <a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">attack on the University of Dhaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nation_Books,_Bhutto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation_Books,_Bhutto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tikka Khan was the architect and top planner of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_Mir_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid_Mir-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands were killed in this operation, including academics and other members of civil society, and the country was plunged into a bloody civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Nation_Books,_Bhutto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation_Books,_Bhutto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Bhutto" title="Fatima Bhutto">Fatima Bhutto</a> called him "a soldier known for his eager use of force".<sup id="cite_ref-Nation_Books,_Bhutto_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation_Books,_Bhutto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became notorious as the "Butcher of Bengal."<sup id="cite_ref-APH_Publishing,_Ahmad_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH_Publishing,_Ahmad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In West Pakistan, domestic criticism and disapproval of Lieutenant General Tikka Khan grew to the point that President Yahya Khan replaced him with a civilian <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">government</a> led by a governor and a cabinet drawn from different political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_University_Press,_Elora_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University_Press,_Elora-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tikka Khan was recalled to Pakistan, relinquishing the Eastern Command to Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Amir Khan Niazi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_Pran_Nath_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Pran_Nath-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and given command of the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_Palit_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Palit-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commanded the II Corps during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">1971 war with India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_Palit_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Palit-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian Major General D. K. Palit has questioned the wisdom of Tikka Khan's tactics used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chhamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chhamb">Battle of Chhamb</a> in December, citing high II Corps casualties incurred during Pakistani frontal attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_Palit_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Palit-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_of_Army_staff">Chief of Army staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chief of Army staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)</a> and <a href="/wiki/1970s_Baloch_Insurgency_and_Rahimuddin%27s_Provincial_Stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization">1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization</a></div> <p>In 1972, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto removed Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">Gul Hassan Khan</a> from his position as commander-in-chief of the army<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Jeffrelot_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Jeffrelot-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced him with Tikka Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Ravi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Ravi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tikka Khan was a highly unpopular choice in <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Pakistan">military circles</a> for the chief of army staff because it was felt strongly that he was professionally unprepared for the assignment. |quote=General Tikka Khan was an unpopular choice as army chief, not so much because of his role in East Pakistan--the army of the day being too thick-skinned for any such delicate consideration, but because it was felt that he did not have a clue about his new job.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Abbas_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Abbas-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Tikka Khan was steadfastly loyal to Bhutto.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Jeffrelot_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Jeffrelot-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, he supported the <a href="/wiki/Militarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarisation">militarisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a> by supporting <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad Khan</a> to take over the commission's chairmanship and the directorship of the clandestine <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">atomic bomb programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Transaction_Publishers_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transaction_Publishers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission's</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> report on the 1971 war with India over East Pakistan, but much of the report remains <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a>. </p><p>In 1974, Tikka Khan led the <a href="/wiki/1970s_Baloch_Insurgency_and_Rahimuddin%27s_Provincial_Stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization">counterinsurgency military operation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> and successfully crushed <a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch independence movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, he provided his support to <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> and Bhutto to expand the clandestine nuclear weapons programme.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Q._Khan_memoirs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Q._Khan_memoirs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, Tikka Khan was preparing to retire from the military, and evaluated the eight serving lieutenant generals who were his potential successors as chief of army staff. When asked by Bhutto for his opinion on Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>, Tikka Khan did not recommend him. Tikka Khan later remarked, "I thought he was dull. In any case, he was the most junior of all the eight lieutenant generals."<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin_Books_India_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Books_India-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Bhutto by-passed his recommendations, approved Lieutenant General Zia-ul-Haq to four-star rank, and appointed him as army chief.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin_Books_India_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Books_India-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon retirement from the army, Khan joined the Pakistan Peoples Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Security_Advisor_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto">National Security Advisor to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National Security Advisor to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujahid_Tareen_with_Tikka_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mujahid_Tareen_with_Tikka_Khan.jpg/180px-Mujahid_Tareen_with_Tikka_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mujahid_Tareen_with_Tikka_Khan.jpg/270px-Mujahid_Tareen_with_Tikka_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mujahid_Tareen_with_Tikka_Khan.jpg/360px-Mujahid_Tareen_with_Tikka_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Khan with <a href="/wiki/Mujahid_Tareen" title="Mujahid Tareen">Mujahid Tareen</a>(middle) in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>Tikka Khan was appointed <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Advisor (Pakistan)">National Security Advisor</a> in 1976 by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his tenure was short and ended when <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Pakistani coup d'état">martial law</a> was imposed by army chief General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. General Zia ordered the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">military police</a> to arrest both Bhutto and General Tikka Khan and placed them under house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutto was executed in 1979, after which General Tikka Khan emerged as one of the leaders of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), becoming its <a href="/wiki/Secretary_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary general">secretary general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jail_under_Zia-ul-Haq">Jail under Zia-ul-Haq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jail under Zia-ul-Haq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980–88, Tikka Khan faced imprisonment numerous times for his political activities until President Zia-ul-Haq <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">died</a> in August 1988 in an aircraft explosion over <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In spite of Tikka's leadership position within the political opposition, many of his army protégés such as <a href="/wiki/Sawar_Khan" title="Sawar Khan">Sawar Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Khan_(general)" title="Iqbal Khan (general)">Iqbal Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a> were promoted to four-star rank and remained on deferential terms with him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election" title="1988 Pakistani general election">1988 general election</a>, Tikka Khan ran unsuccessfully for a seat representing <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituencies of Pakistan">Rawalpindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Punjab_under_Benazir_Bhutto">Governor of Punjab under Benazir Bhutto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Governor of Punjab under Benazir Bhutto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governor</a> of Punjab by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> in December 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His governorship ended when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">dismissed the government</a> of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in August 1990, after which Tikka Khan retired from active politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_Tikka_Khan_(Deathstone).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gen_Tikka_Khan_%28Deathstone%29.jpg/200px-Gen_Tikka_Khan_%28Deathstone%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gen_Tikka_Khan_%28Deathstone%29.jpg/300px-Gen_Tikka_Khan_%28Deathstone%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gen_Tikka_Khan_%28Deathstone%29.jpg/400px-Gen_Tikka_Khan_%28Deathstone%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Tikka Khan's grave at Army graveyard, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 1990s, he battled with illness and was hospitalised in <a href="/wiki/Combined_Military_Hospital_Rawalpindi" title="Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi">CMH Rawalpindi</a> for several years. He refused many television interviews on the subject of the <a href="/wiki/1971_war_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 war of independence">controversial events of 1971</a> and died on 28 March 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_India,_2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune_India,_2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was survived by three sons and two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was laid to rest with <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">military honours</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westridge,_Rawalpindi" title="Westridge, Rawalpindi">Westridge cemetery</a> in Rawalpindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Khan_(general)" title="Aziz Khan (general)">Aziz Khan</a> attended his funeral, accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Army_Chief_of_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)">Army Chief of Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a> and other senior military and civil officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former prime minister and PPP chairperson Benazir Bhutto paid Tikka Khan tribute in a message to his son Colonel Khalid Masud; she described the Colonel's father as one who "rose to the highest offices of this country due to his hard work and respect for the rule of law".<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Jurat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/130px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/195px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/260px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam_(1957-76).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam_%281957-76%29.png/130px-Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam_%281957-76%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam_%281957-76%29.png/195px-Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam_%281957-76%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam_%281957-76%29.png/260px-Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam_%281957-76%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Pakistan_(SPk)_(1957-86).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sitara-e-Pakistan_%28SPk%29_%281957-86%29.png/130px-Sitara-e-Pakistan_%28SPk%29_%281957-86%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sitara-e-Pakistan_%28SPk%29_%281957-86%29.png/195px-Sitara-e-Pakistan_%28SPk%29_%281957-86%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sitara-e-Pakistan_%28SPk%29_%281957-86%29.png/260px-Sitara-e-Pakistan_%28SPk%29_%281957-86%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamgha-e-Diffa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tamgha-e-Diffa.png/130px-Tamgha-e-Diffa.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tamgha-e-Diffa.png/195px-Tamgha-e-Diffa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tamgha-e-Diffa.png/260px-Tamgha-e-Diffa.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/130px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/195px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/260px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/130px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/195px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/260px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Medal_1965(Tamgha-e-Jang,_A.H.1385).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/130px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/195px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/260px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/130px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/195px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/260px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/130px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/195px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/260px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_Medal_1956_(Pakistan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/130px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/195px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/260px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Crown_(Imperial_Iran).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png/130px-Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png/195px-Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png/260px-Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/130px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/195px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/260px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_Star_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Africa_Star_1945.png/130px-Africa_Star_1945.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Africa_Star_1945.png/195px-Africa_Star_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Africa_Star_1945.png/260px-Africa_Star_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/130px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/195px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/260px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Star_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italy_Star_1945.png/130px-Italy_Star_1945.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italy_Star_1945.png/195px-Italy_Star_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italy_Star_1945.png/260px-Italy_Star_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="786" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/130px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/195px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/260px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Jurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-i-Jurat">Hilal-e-Jurat</a></b> <p><i>(Crescent of Courage)</i> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 War</a></b> </p> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_decorations_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil decorations of Pakistan">Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam</a></b> <p><i>(HQA)</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Sitara-e-Pakistan</a></b> <p><i>(Star of Pakistan)</i> </p><p><i>(SPk)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Diffa</a></b> <p><i>(General Service Medal)</i> </p><p><b>1. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Rann of Kutch</a> Clasp</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Star 1965)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Star 1971)</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Medal 1965)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Medal 1971)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medal" title="Pakistan Medal">Pakistan Tamgha</a></b> <p><i>(<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medal" title="Pakistan Medal">Pakistan Medal</a>)</i> </p><p><b>1947</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jamhuria</a></b> <p><i>(Republic Commemoration Medal)</i> </p><p><b>1956</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Iran)" title="Order of the Crown (Iran)"><b>Order of the Crown</b></a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a>) </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1939-1945_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="1939-1945 Star">1939-1945 Star</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Africa_Star" title="Africa Star">Africa Star</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Italy_Star" title="Italy Star">Italy Star</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="War Medal 1939-1945">War Medal</a></b> <p><b><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="War Medal 1939-1945">1939-1945</a></b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/India_Service_Medal" title="India Service Medal">India Service Medal</a></b> <p><a href="/wiki/India_Service_Medal" title="India Service Medal"><b>1939–1945</b></a> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II</a></b> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Coronation Medal</a></b> </p><p><b>(1953)</b> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_decorations">Foreign decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center"><b>Foreign Awards</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Imperial Iran</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Iran)" title="Order of the Crown (Iran)"><b>Order of the Crown</b></a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Crown_(Imperial_Iran).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png/130px-Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png/195px-Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png/260px-Order_of_Crown_%28Imperial_Iran%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1939-1945_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="1939-1945 Star">1939-1945 Star</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/130px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/195px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/260px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Africa_Star" title="Africa Star">Africa Star</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_Star_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Africa_Star_1945.png/130px-Africa_Star_1945.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Africa_Star_1945.png/195px-Africa_Star_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Africa_Star_1945.png/260px-Africa_Star_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/130px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/195px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/260px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy_Star" title="Italy Star"><b>Italy Star 1945</b></a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Star_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italy_Star_1945.png/130px-Italy_Star_1945.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italy_Star_1945.png/195px-Italy_Star_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italy_Star_1945.png/260px-Italy_Star_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="War Medal 1939-1945">War Medal 1939-1945</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/India_Service_Medal" title="India Service Medal"><b>India Service Medal 1939–1945</b></a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="786" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/130px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/195px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/260px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blood_telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood telegram">The Blood telegram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-headstone-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-headstone_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-headstone_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation sign cs1"><i>General Tikka Khan's Headstone</i> (Headstone in graveyard). Army Graveyard, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawalpindi, Pakistan">Rawalpindi, Pakistan</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Tikka+Khan%27s+Headstone&rft.place=Army+Graveyard%2C+Rawalpindi%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obituary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-30-me-passings30.1-story.html">"Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 30 March 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Khan's tactics won him the nickname "Butcher of Bengal" among Bengalis before he was removed from his command a few months later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Tikka+Khan%2C+87%3B+%27Butcher+of+Bengal%27+Led+Pakistani+Army&rft.date=2002-03-30&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2002-mar-30-me-passings30.1-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Army-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Army_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=149">"General Tikka Khan"</a>. <i>pakistanarmy.gov.pk</i>. Pakistan Army<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pakistanarmy.gov.pk&rft.atitle=General+Tikka+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistanarmy.gov.pk%2FAWPReview%2FTextContent.aspx%3FpId%3D149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenParsonsCharny2004" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C"><i>Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">295–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94430-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Pakistani government (the Yahya regime) was primarily responsible for the genocide. Not only did it prevent the Awami League and Rahman from forming the federal government, but it opted for a military solution to a constitutional crisis. In doing so, it decided to unleash a brutal military operation in order to terrorize the Bengalis. Yahya's decision to put General Tikka Khan (who had earned the name of "Butcher of Baluchistan" for his earlier brutal suppression of Baluchi nationals in the 1960s) in charge of the military operation in Bangladesh was an overt signal of the regime's intention to launch a genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94430-4&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Charny%2C+Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett2011" class="citation news cs1">Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16207201">"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Nobody knows exactly how many people were killed, but certainly a huge number of people lost their lives. Independent researchers think that between 300,000 and 500,000 died. The Bangladesh government puts the figure at three million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+war%3A+The+article+that+changed+history&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16207201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Payne_(author)" title="Robert Payne (author)">Payne, Robert</a> (1973). <i>Massacre: The tragedy at Bangla Desh and the phenomenon of mass slaughter throughout history</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780025952409" title="Special:BookSources/9780025952409"><bdi>9780025952409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacre%3A+The+tragedy+at+Bangla+Desh+and+the+phenomenon+of+mass+slaughter+throughout+history&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780025952409&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamid_Mir-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_Mir_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_Mir_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid_Mir2010" class="citation news cs1">Hamid Mir (26 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=131584">"Apology Day for Pakistanis"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Apology+Day+for+Pakistanis&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.au=Hamid+Mir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D131584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.Q._Khan_memoirs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A.Q._Khan_memoirs_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A.Q._Khan_memoirs_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=A9732_0_1_0_M">"RANDOM THOUGHTS : Unsung Heroes (Part XXII)- By: Dr. A.Q. Khan – South Asian Pulse"</a>. <i>sapulse.com</i>. A.Q. Khan memoirs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sapulse.com&rft.atitle=RANDOM+THOUGHTS+%3A+Unsung+Heroes+%28Part+XXII%29-+By%3A+Dr.+A.Q.+Khan+%E2%80%93+South+Asian+Pulse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapulse.com%2Fnew_comments.php%3Fid%3DA9732_0_1_0_M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/20020415-former-administrator-of-east-pakistan-lt-general-tikka-khan-dies-795526-2002-04-14">"Former administrator of East Pakistan Lt-General Tikka Khan dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Former+administrator+of+East+Pakistan+Lt-General+Tikka+Khan+dies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fobituary%2Fstory%2F20020415-former-administrator-of-east-pakistan-lt-general-tikka-khan-dies-795526-2002-04-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawaz2008" class="citation book cs1">Nawaz, Shuja (2008). <i>Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 266. <q>Word spread within the army that Yaqub had lost his nerve. This was further strengthened by the choice of Lt. Gen. Tikka Khan as Yaqub's replacement. Tikka, a Janjua Rajput from a village near Kahuta in Rawalpindi district, was seen as a commander who followed orders to the letter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossed+Swords%3A+Pakistan%2C+its+Army%2C+and+the+Wars+Within&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nawaz&rft.aufirst=Shuja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Tripathi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Tripathi_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2016" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Salil (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22102-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22102-2"><bdi>978-0-300-22102-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonel+Who+Would+Not+Repent%3A+The+Bangladesh+War+and+Its+Unquiet+Legacy&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22102-2&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Salil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcffCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Book_Centre,_Sagar_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1997" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XM5oZYYvEmYC&pg=PA57"><i>The War of the Twins</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-082-6"><bdi>978-81-7211-082-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Twins&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-082-6&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXM5oZYYvEmYC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Wahab2004" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Wahab, A.T.M. (2004). <i>Mukti Bahini Wins Victory: Pak Military Oligarchy Divides Pakistan in 1971</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Prokashani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia Prokashani (page does not exist)">Columbia Prokashani</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-713-044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-713-044-6"><bdi>978-984-713-044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mukti+Bahini+Wins+Victory%3A+Pak+Military+Oligarchy+Divides+Pakistan+in+1971&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Columbia+Prokashani&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-984-713-044-6&rft.aulast=Abdul+Wahab&rft.aufirst=A.T.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc.-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc._14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc._14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloughley2016" class="citation book cs1">Cloughley, Brian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84"><i>A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63144-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63144-039-7"><bdi>978-1-63144-039-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Pakistan+Army%3A+Wars+and+Insurrections&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-63144-039-7&rft.aulast=Cloughley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJE1kCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vij_Books_India_Pvt_Ltd-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vij_Books_India_Pvt_Ltd_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2015" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, K. K. 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Oxford University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19023-518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19023-518-5"><bdi>978-0-19023-518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19023-518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5GMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPG22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_Ravi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Ravi_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal2011" class="citation book cs1">Iqbal, Zafar (2011). "Elitist Political Culture and the Perils of Democracy in Pakistan". In Kalia, Ravi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pUHFgtuwtoC&pg=PA142"><i>Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy</i></a>. Routledge. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67040-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67040-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elitist+Political+Culture+and+the+Perils+of+Democracy+in+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+From+the+Rhetoric+of+Democracy+to+the+Rise+of+Militancy&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67040-1&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Zafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pUHFgtuwtoC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_Abbas-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Abbas_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abbas_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Abbas (academic)">Abbas, Hassan</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3GsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86"><i>Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror</i></a>. Routledge. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46327-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46327-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46327-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Drift+into+Extremism%3A+Allah%2C+the+Army%2C+and+America%27s+War+on+Terror&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46327-6&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3GsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transaction_Publishers-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Transaction_Publishers_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Israeli" title="Raphael Israeli">Israeli, Raphael</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jX_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT84"><i>Years of Upheaval: Axial Changes in Islam Since 1989</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-6190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-6190-8"><bdi>978-1-4128-6190-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+Upheaval%3A+Axial+Changes+in+Islam+Since+1989&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-6190-8&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jX_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/424827-killings-of-zehris-and-history-of-balochistan’s-plight">"Killings of Zehris and history of Balochistan's plight"</a>. <i>The News International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Killings+of+Zehris+and+history+of+Balochistan%27s+plight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Farchive%2Fprint%2F424827-killings-of-zehris-and-history-of-balochistan%E2%80%99s-plight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin_Books_India-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_Books_India_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_Books_India_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottImhaslyDenyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, John; Imhasly, Bernard; Denyer, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlM7e_1dCjoC&pg=PA129"><i>Foreign Correspondent: Fifty Years of Reporting South Asia</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08204-9"><bdi>978-0-670-08204-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Correspondent%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Reporting+South+Asia&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08204-9&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Imhasly%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Denyer%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlM7e_1dCjoC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Tikka Khan dead". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 30 March 2002. <q>In 1976, he joined the Pakistan People's Party and became Special Assistant on National Security to the then Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tikka+Khan+dead&rft.date=2002-03-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/columns/25-Mar-2016/an-unwell-commando">"An unwell commando"</a>. <i>The Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=An+unwell+commando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2Fcolumns%2F25-Mar-2016%2Fan-unwell-commando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurki2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Javed_Burki" title="Shahid Javed Burki">Burki, Shahid Javed</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA544"><i>Historical Dictionary of Pakistan</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4148-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4148-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4148-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4148-0&rft.aulast=Burki&rft.aufirst=Shahid+Javed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drk-sBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribune_India,_2002-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_India,_2002_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2002" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Khushwant (13 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020413/windows/above.htm">"This Above All"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=This+Above+All&rft.date=2002-04-13&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2002%2F20020413%2Fwindows%2Fabove.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_2002_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/27758/tikka-khan-passes-away">"Tikka Khan passes away"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 29 March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Tikka+Khan+passes+away&rft.date=2002-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F27758%2Ftikka-khan-passes-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikka+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Zaheer, Hasan: <i>The separation of East Pakistan : The rise and realisation of Bengali Muslim nationalism,</i> Oxford University Press, 1994.</li> <li>Sisson, Richard & Rose, Leo: <i>War and secession : Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh</i>, University of California Press (Berkeley), 1990.</li> <li>Matinuddin, General Kamal: <i>Tragedy of Errors : East Pakistan Crisis, 1968–1971</i>, Wajidalis, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994.</li> <li>Salik, Siddiq: <i>Witness to surrender</i>, Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, 1977.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikka_Khan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=149">Official profile at Pakistan Army website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2002/03/29/top12.htm">Tikka Khan Passes Away—DAWN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2003/09/14/op.htm">Article mentioning General Tikka Khan's tenure as Chief of Army Staff (1972–1976), A.R. Siddiqui, Dawn, 14 September 2003.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrsp3c6.htm">Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART III – MILITARY ASPECT, CHAPTER VI.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrsp5c2.htm">Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART IV – SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER II – Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrmp4c3.htm">Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART IV – MILITARY ASPECT, Chapter III, The formulation of defence plans.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrsp5c1.htm">Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART IV – SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER I – The moral aspect.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrmp5c6.htm">Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART V: MISCELLANEOUS, CHAPTER VI: Summary and recommendations.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2002/04/05/nat1.htm">Amin Fahim pays rich tributes to General Tikka Khan, Dawn, 5 April 2002.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-7-2005_pg1_2">General Yahya Khan agreed to withdraw forces, India did not, by Khalid Hasan, Daily Times, 3 July 2005.</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Martial Law Administrator of Zone A, (<a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>) </b><br />1969–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Sher" title="Bahadur Sher">Bahadur Sher</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Governor of <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> </b><br />1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Khan" title="Nur Khan">Nur Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Martial Law Administrator of Zone B, (<a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>) </b><br />1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Governor of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> </b><br />1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Motaleb_Malik" title="Abdul Motaleb Malik">Abdul Motaleb Malik</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Makhdoom_Sajjad_Hussain_Qureshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhdoom Sajjad Hussain Qureshi">Makhdoom Sajjad Hussain Qureshi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Punjab (Pakistan)">Governor of Punjab</a> </b><br />1988–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Azhar" title="Mian Muhammad Azhar">Mian Muhammad Azhar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Pakistan_Eastern_Command_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan">Eastern Command</a> </b><br />7 March 1971 – 7 April 1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">Gul Hassan Khan</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Pakistan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army">Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> </b><br />1972–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">Gen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/C-in-C_of_the_Pakistan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="C-in-C of the Pakistan Army">Commander-in-Chief</a><br />(1947-1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Messervy" title="Frank Messervy">Messervy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gracey" title="Douglas Gracey">Gracey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">A. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Khan (general)">M. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Y. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">G. H. Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/100px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/150px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/200px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chiefs of Army Staff</a><br />(1972-present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz_Janjua" title="Asif Nawaz Janjua">Janjua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Waheed_Kakar" title="Abdul Waheed Kakar">Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Karamat" title="Jehangir Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Kayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamar_Javed_Bajwa" title="Qamar Javed Bajwa">Bajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Munir_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Munir (general)">Munir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Vice Chief of Army Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">A.H. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawar_Khan" title="Sawar Khan">S. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusaf_Khan_(general)" title="Yusaf Khan (general)">M.Y. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Saleem_Hayat" title="Ahsan Saleem Hayat">Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Kayani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Cane_(Pakistan)" title="Malacca Cane (Pakistan)">Malacca Cane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Punjab,_Pakistan71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Template:Governors of Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Governors of Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Punjab,_Pakistan71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governors of Punjab, Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mudie" title="Francis Mudie">Mudie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Nishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar" title="I. I. Chundrigar">Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Aminuddin" title="Mian Aminuddin">Aminuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Ibrahim_Rahimtoola" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib Ibrahim Rahimtoola">Rahimtoola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Ahmed_Gurmani" title="Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani">Gurmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khar" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khar">Khar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanif_Ramay" title="Hanif Ramay">Ramay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Sadiq Hussain Qureshi">Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khar" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khar">Khar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Abbasi" title="Abbas Abbasi">Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Riaz_Hussain" title="Aslam Riaz Hussain">Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawar_Khan" title="Sawar Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Jilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Sajjad Hussain Qureshi">Qureshi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Azhar" title="Mian Muhammad Azhar">Azhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Altaf_Hussain" title="Chaudhry Altaf Hussain">Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Saroop_Khan" title="Raja Saroop Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Tariq_Rahim" title="Khawaja Tariq Rahim">Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Hamid" title="Shahid Hamid">Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Khosa" title="Zulfiqar Ali Khosa">Khosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Safdar" title="Muhammad Safdar">Safdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Maqbool" title="Khalid Maqbool">Maqbool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Taseer" title="Salman Taseer">Taseer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Khosa" title="Latif Khosa">Khosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhdoom_Ahmed_Mehmood" title="Makhdoom Ahmed Mehmood">Makhdoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Mohammad_Sarwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar">Sarwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafique_Rajwana" title="Rafique Rajwana">Rajwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Mohammad_Sarwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar">Sarwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Sarfaraz_Cheema" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Sarfaraz Cheema">Cheema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baligh_Ur_Rehman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baligh Ur Rehman">Baligh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_19716093" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Template:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Template talk:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_19716093" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">War of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation <i>Searchlight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot#Indian_Army_IV_corps_operation_(21_November_1971_–_16_December_1971)" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation <i>Jackpot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">Indo-Soviet Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_order_of_battle" title="Mitro Bahini order of battle">Mitro Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai" title="Battle of Dhalai">Battle of Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Atgram">Battle of Atgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur" title="Battle of Garibpur">Battle of Garibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Boyra incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">Operation <i>Chengiz Khan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Battle of Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_Heli_Bridge" title="Meghna Heli Bridge">Meghna Heli Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Airdrop" title="Tangail Airdrop">Tangail Airdrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Battle of Basantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi">PNS <i>Ghazi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation <i>Trident</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations,_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971">Air Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Khukri_(F149)" title="INS Khukri (F149)">INS <i>Khukri</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_74" title="Task Force 74">US Taskforce 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Category:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistani peace proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cable 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six-points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ahsan_Mission" title="Admiral Ahsan Mission">Ahsan–Yaqub Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodionov_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodionov message">Rodionov message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">War Enquiry Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">S. M. Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">P. C. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">K. P. Candeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourendra_Nath_Kohli" title="Sourendra Nath Kohli">Sourendra Nath Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Krishnan" title="Nilakanta Krishnan">Nilakanta Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoo_Merwan_Engineer" title="Minoo Merwan Engineer">Minoo Merwan Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Chand_Dewan" title="Hari Chand Dewan">Hari Chand Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">T. N. Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khem_Karan_Singh" title="Khem Karan Singh">Khem Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Singh_(general)" title="Sartaj Singh (general)">Sartaj Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Singh_Gill" title="Inderjit Singh Gill">Inderjit Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._R._Jacob" title="J. F. R. Jacob">J. F. R. Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elenjikal_Chandy_Kuruvila" title="Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila">E. C. Kuruvila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Sarma" title="S. H. Sarma">S. H. Sarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">Abdul Hamid Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">Mohammad Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujeeb_Ahmad_Khan_Lodhi" title="Mujeeb Ahmad Khan Lodhi">M. A. K. Lodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Mungavin" title="Leslie Mungavin">Leslie Mungavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">Gul Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Malik" title="Abdul Ali Malik">Abdul Ali Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmed" title="Rashid Ahmed">Rashid Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahim Khan">A. Rahim Khan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Hassan" title="Muzaffar Hassan">Muzaffar Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Desmond_Callaghan" title="Patrick Desmond Callaghan">Patrick Callaghan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bangladesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad" title="Tajuddin Ahmad">Tajuddin Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mansur_Ali" title="Muhammad Mansur Ali">Muhammad Mansur Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Qamaruzzaman" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman">A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">M. A. G. Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf" title="Khaled Mosharraf">Khaled Mosharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Taher" title="Abu Taher">Abu Taher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Highest<br /> awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra" title="Param Vir Chakra">Param Vir Chakra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ekka" title="Albert Ekka">L/Nk. Albert Ekka</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Jit_Singh_Sekhon" title="Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon">Fl. Off. N. J. S. Sekhon</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Khetarpal" title="Arun Khetarpal">2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshiar Singh">Maj. Hoshiar Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Haider" title="Nishan-e-Haider">Nishan-E-Haider</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Akram" title="Muhammad Akram">Maj. Muhammad Akram</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Minhas" title="Rashid Minhas">Plt. Off. Rashid Minhas</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Sharif" title="Shabbir Sharif">Maj. Shabbir Sharif</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hussain_Janjua" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Hussain Janjua">J/Swr. Muhammad Hussain</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahfuz" title="Muhammad Mahfuz">L/Nk. Muhammad Mahfuz</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bir_Sreshtho" title="Bir Sreshtho">Bir Sreshtho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matiur_Rahman_(military_pilot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matiur Rahman (military pilot)">Flt. Lt. Matiur Rahman</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidur_Rahman" title="Hamidur Rahman">Sepahi Hamidur Rahman</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Kamal_(Bir_Sreshtho)" title="Mostafa Kamal (Bir Sreshtho)">Sepahi Mostafa Kamal</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ruhul_Amin" title="Mohammad Ruhul Amin">Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munshi_Abdur_Rouf" title="Munshi Abdur Rouf">Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiuddin_Jahangir" title="Mohiuddin Jahangir">Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Sheikh" title="Nur Mohammad Sheikh">Lance Naik Noor Mohammad</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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