CINXE.COM
The Tragedy that Transformed the Chicano Movement - JSTOR Daily
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href="https://daily.jstor.org/contact-us/?from_url=/the-tragedy-that-transformed-the-chicano-movement/">Contact The Editors</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="menu-overlay" data-toggle="site-nav menu-overlay hamburger" data-toggler=".shown"></div> <div class="topper"> <div class="article-media-title default "> <div class="inner"> <div class="aritcle-titles-container"> <div class="inner"> <div class="slug"><a href="https://daily.jstor.org/category/politics/">Politics & History</a></div> <h1 class="entry-title">The Tragedy that Transformed the Chicano Movement</h1> <div class="subtitle"> <p>In 1963, more than thirty Mexican guest workers died in a terrible accident in California. The fallout helped turn farmworkers’ rights into a national cause.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="featured-img-container"> <div class="inner"> <img width="1050" height="697" src="https://daily.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/the_tragedy_that_transformed_the_chicano_movement_1050x700.jpg" class="vertical-featured-img wp-post-image" alt="Site of the September 17, 1963 bus and freight train collision near Chualar, California, which killed 32 Mexican migrant farmworkers" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-meta-container grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="feature-img-attribution cell small-12"> <div class="caption">Site of the September 17, 1963 bus and freight train collision near Chualar, California, which killed 32 Mexican migrant farmworkers</div> <div class="attribution">via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1963_Chualar_Bracero_Crash_Site.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> </div> </div> <div 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datetime="2024-11-22T16:52:12-05:00">November 22, 2024</time> </div> <div class="article-reading-time"> <i class="fas fa-clock"></i> 3 minutes </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="main-grid grid-x grid-margin-x"> <main class="main-content cell small-12 medium-8" id="main"> <article id="post-319910" class="post-319910 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-politics category-us-history tag-california tag-immigrants daily_article_types-quick-reads do-drop-cap"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="j-icon"> The <span class="jcitation"></span> icon indicates free access to the linked research on JSTOR. </div> <p>The horrific deaths of thirty-two Mexican guest farmworkers, or braceros, in California in 1963 put the nail in the coffin of an already-controversial labor program. As historian Lori A. Flores writes, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/westhistquar.44.2.0124?mag=the-tragedy-that-transformed-the-chicano-movement" class="jcitation" >it also helped unify Mexican American activists, shaping the nascent Chicano movement</a>.</p><p class="membership-incontent-banner"><a href="https://about.jstor.org/mailings/teaching/?utm_campaign=T+L_opt-ins&utm_source=JSTORDaily_banner&utm_medium=digital_ad "><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-305864 show-for-large" src="https://daily.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/teaching_resources_in_text_1588.jpg" alt="JSTOR Teaching Resources" width="800" height="196"><img class="hide-for-large" src="https://daily.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/teaching_resources_in_text_mobile_800.jpg" alt="JSTOR Teaching Resources" /></a></p> <p>On the afternoon of September 17, 1963, fifty-seven Mexican guest workers living at a labor camp in Salinas, California, finished up a 10-hour day harvesting vegetables and boarded a flatbed produce truck. As the truck crossed an unmarked railroad track, a freight train tore it in half. Twenty-three men died instantly, and nine more were fatally injured.</p> <p>Flores writes that this was far from the first tragedy for braceros. The <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/how-migrant-labor-policies-shaped-a-latino-identity/">guest worker program</a>, which began in 1942 under an agreement between Mexico and the United States, theoretically required growers to pay workers at the local prevailing wage and provide them with decent food, housing, and transportation. But, in reality, braceros often spent as much as 14 hours a day stooping to pick crops and lived in abysmal conditions. Many suffered permanent injuries and malnutrition. And the 1963 crash was not the first of its kind—in the Salinas area alone, dozens of workers had died in earlier truck-train collisions and other transportation accidents.</p> <p>None of this was unknown to policymakers or the public. For example, on Thanksgiving Day 1960, the CBS documentary <em>Harvest of Shame</em> brought the stories of <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-lettuce-workers-strike-of-1930/">migrant farmworkers</a> to the attention of viewers across the country. And, earlier in 1963, the House of Representatives voted to end the braceros program. But the growers who employed the guest workers continued to fight back, and the final outcome was still being debated in Congress.</p> <aside class="pull-quote center"> <div class="pull-quote__text tweetable">In 1962, the Community Service Organization (CSO), the state’s most prominent Mexican American civil rights organization, refused a call by rising labor organizer César Chávez to focus on farmworkers’ needs.</div> </aside> <p>Despite all this, Flores writes, the interests of farmworkers was not a primary concern for <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/indigenismo-in-the-united-states/">Mexican American</a> civil rights organizations based in California cities. For example, in 1962, the Community Service Organization (CSO), the state’s most prominent Mexican American <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/jim-crow-affected-mexican-immigrants-too/">civil rights</a> organization, refused a call by rising labor organizer <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/how-measured-militancy-empowered-californias-fieldworkers/">César Chávez</a> to focus on farmworkers’ needs.</p> <p>In the aftermath of the crash, employers attempted to do damage control. They held a solemn public funeral for the deceased—whose names they learned only after an FBI fingerprint check since braceros were typically only known to their employers by their work number.</p> <div class="daily_email_signup weekly-digest "> <h4>Weekly Newsletter</h4> <div class="wpcf7 no-js" id="wpcf7-f50708-p319910-o2" lang="en-US" dir="ltr" data-wpcf7-id="50708"> <div class="screen-reader-response"><p role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true"></p> <ul></ul></div> <form action="/the-tragedy-that-transformed-the-chicano-movement/#wpcf7-f50708-p319910-o2" method="post" class="wpcf7-form init" aria-label="Contact form" novalidate="novalidate" data-status="init"> <div style="display: none;"> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7" value="50708" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_version" value="6.0.1" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_locale" value="en_US" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_unit_tag" value="wpcf7-f50708-p319910-o2" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_container_post" value="319910" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_posted_data_hash" value="" /> </div> <p class="info-text"><br /> Get your fix of JSTOR Daily’s best stories in your inbox each Thursday. </p> <div class="flex-wrapper"> <p><span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap" data-name="your-email"><input size="40" maxlength="400" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder="Your Email" value="" type="email" name="your-email" /></span><input class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner button" type="submit" value="Subscribe" /> </p> </div> <div> <p><input type="hidden" class="wpcf7-redirect" name="wpcf7-redirect" value="/thank-you-weekly-newsletters/" /><input type="hidden" class="form-name" name="form-name" value="newsletter_signup_weekly_digest" /> </p> </div> <p class="email-additional"><br /> <a href="https://about.jstor.org/privacy/" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/contact-us/" target="_blank">Contact Us</a><br /> You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. </p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="_wpcf7_ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="_wpcf7_ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_2" name="_wpcf7_ak_js" value="110"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p><input type='hidden' class='wpcf7-pum' value='{"closepopup":true,"closedelay":2,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /><div class="wpcf7-response-output" aria-hidden="true"></div> </form> </div> </div> <p>“Nameless before their deaths, the victims became mourned members of the Salinas community in a public display designed to position California agribusiness as sorry but not directly accountable for this loss of Mexican lives,” Flores writes.</p> <p>To the extent that this was an attempt to save the braceros program, it failed. Congress ended it for good in 1964. However, California growers quickly turned to other legal and illegal channels to continue to import Mexican workers.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the CSO and other Mexican American organizations threw their support behind the farmworkers’ movement, which became a major national cause as Chávez and the upstart United Farm Workers organized strikes and boycotts of grapes starting in 1965. In the years that followed, the <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/chicanx-studies-a-foundational-reading-list/">Chicano movement</a> proudly represented both urban and rural Mexican Americans.</p> <hr /> <p><a href="https://bit.ly/30jM88p">Support JSTOR Daily! Join our membership program on Patreon today.</a></p> </div> <!--div class="article-share-container article-bottom"> </div--> <div class="feedback-solicitation">Have a correction or comment about this article? <br /><a href='/contact-us?[from_url]'>Please contact us.</a></div> <div class="entry-tags hide-for-small-only"><span class="post_tag"><a href="https://daily.jstor.org/tag/california/">California</a></span><span class="post_tag"><a href="https://daily.jstor.org/tag/immigrants/">immigrants</a></span></div> <div class="article-citations-container"><a class="anchor" id="resources"></a> <div class="jstor-logo"> <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/jstor-logo@2x.png" alt="JSTOR logo" width="65" height="90" > </div> <div class="article-citations"> <h2>Resources</h2> <p class="text-tight"> JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. </p> <div class="citation color-brand"> <div class="citation__title bar"> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/westhistquar.44.2.0124?mag=the-tragedy-that-transformed-the-chicano-movement" data-journal="Western Historical Quarterly">A Town Full of Dead Mexicans: The Salinas Valley Bracero Tragedy of 1963, the End of the Bracero Program, and the Evolution of California’s Chicano Movement</a> </div> <div class="citation_byline"> By: Lori A. 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