CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><style id="litespeed-ccss">*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}*{margin:0}html{height:100%;font-size:var(--theme-font-size-root)}body{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-size:var(--theme-font-size);min-height:100%;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--theme-font-line-height);overflow-x:hidden;margin:0;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}body main{-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1}a{text-decoration:none}h1,h2{overflow-wrap:break-word;font-size:unset;font-weight:unset;margin:0;padding:0}ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}img,svg,figure,input{display:block;max-width:100%;margin:unset;padding:unset}input{font:inherit}ul{box-sizing:border-box}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.trp-language-switcher{height:42px;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.trp-language-switcher>div{box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px 20px 3px 13px;border:1.5px solid #949494;border-radius:2px;background-image:url(/wp-content/plugins/translatepress-multilingual/assets/images/arrow-down-3101.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:calc(100% - 20px) calc(1em + 2px),calc(100% - 3px) calc(1em + 0px);background-size:8px 8px,8px 8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#fff}.trp-language-switcher .trp-ls-shortcode-current-language{display:inline-block}.trp-language-switcher .trp-ls-shortcode-language{display:inline-block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;z-index:1;max-height:250px;overflow-y:auto;left:0;top:0;min-height:auto}#trp_ald_modal_container{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);width:100%;height:100%;position:fixed;z-index:2000000000000}#trp_ald_modal_popup{box-shadow:0 0 10px #6c7781;top:40px!important;position:relative}#trp_ald_modal_popup{background-color:#f0f0ee;width:570px;max-width:75%;border:1px solid #4c6066;padding:25px 40px;margin:auto}#trp_ald_popup_text{text-align:left;font-size:17px}.trp_ald_select_and_button{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:14px;font-size:17px}.trp_ald_button{margin-left:12px;width:287px}#trp_ald_popup_change_language{text-transform:none;width:100%;background:#2271b1;border-color:#2271b1;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:none;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:inline-grid;font-weight:400;font-size:17px;height:50px;min-height:30px;margin:0;padding:0;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;-webkit-appearance:none;border-radius:3px;white-space:nowrap;box-sizing:border-box}#trp_ald_x_button_and_textarea{text-decoration:none;display:flex;vertical-align:middle;align-items:center;color:#0085ba!important;font-size:14px;margin-top:15px;width:50%;height:100%}#trp_ald_x_button_textarea{text-decoration:underline;margin-bottom:3px;height:auto;width:auto;color:#0085ba!important;text-align:left}#trp_ald_modal_popup #trp_ald_x_button{display:inline-table;width:0;background:0 0;padding:0;border:none;text-decoration:none;color:transparent;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;outline:none;z-index:1}#trp_ald_modal_popup #trp_ald_x_button:before{content:"\f153";font:normal 16px/20px dashicons;text-align:center;color:#0085ba!important;background:0 0!important;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}.trp_ald_ls_container{height:50px;width:100%;color:#4c6066;font-size:19px}.trp_ald_ls_container .trp-language-switcher-container{width:100%;margin:0}.trp_ald_ls_container .trp-language-switcher-container>div{background-image:linear-gradient(60deg,transparent 50%,#c9c0bb 50%),linear-gradient(120deg,#c9c0bb 50%,transparent 50%);background-position:calc(100% - 18px) calc(1em),calc(100% - 12px) calc(1em);background-size:6px 12px,6px 12px;background-repeat:no-repeat}.trp_ald_ls_container .trp-ls-shortcode-current-language{width:100%;height:50px;justify-content:left;padding-bottom:12px;border:2px solid #c9c0bb;padding-top:8px;padding-right:33px;vertical-align:middle;color:#4c6066;font-size:18px;overflow:hidden}.trp_ald_ls_container .trp-ls-shortcode-language{width:100%;height:50px;justify-content:left;border:2px solid #c9c0bb;z-index:1000000000000000}.trp_ald_ls_container .trp-ald-popup-select{padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-right:33px;font-size:18px;margin-right:-15px}.trp_ald_ls_container .trp-ls-shortcode-current-language{padding-bottom:12px;padding-top:6px;vertical-align:middle;color:#4c6066;font-size:18px}.trp_ald_ls_container .trp-ls-shortcode-language{padding-bottom:3px;padding-top:3px;vertical-align:middle;color:#4c6066;font-size:18px}#trp_ald_popup_select_container .trp-ls-shortcode-language{display:none}@media screen and (max-width:780px){#trp_ald_modal_popup{width:80%}.trp_ald_select_and_button{display:block;margin-top:32px}.trp_ald_button{width:100%;margin-left:0;margin-top:14px}#trp_ald_x_button_and_textarea{width:100%}}.base-site-header__logo{font-size:var(--base-font-size-large,2em)}.base-site-header__menu-main{-ms-flex:1;flex:1}.base-site-header__menu-main ul{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;gap:var(--base-site-header-space)}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-main{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-main ul{-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.base-site-header__menu-meta{font-size:var(--base-font-size-small,.8em)}.base-site-header__menu-meta ul{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;gap:var(--base-site-header-space);-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end}.base-site-header__menu-popout{position:relative}.base-site-header__menu-popout-nav{display:none;padding:var(--base-site-header-offset);background:var(--base-site-header-background)}.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__menu-popout-nav{position:absolute;top:calc(var(--base-site-header-offset) + 1em);left:0;width:300px;max-width:90vw}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-popout{text-align:center}.base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger{text-indent:-99999px;display:inline-block;position:relative}.base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger:after{content:none;position:absolute;inset:0;width:0;text-indent:0}.base-site-header__menu-popout:not(:target) .base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger[href="#popout"]:after{content:"…";width:1em}.base-site-header__menu-secondary{font-size:var(--base-font-size-small,.8em)}.base-site-header__menu-secondary ul{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;gap:var(--base-site-header-space)}.base-site-header__overlay-trigger{margin-left:auto;line-height:.5}.base-site-header__overlay-trigger:after{content:"×";display:block;font-size:3em}.base-site-header__overlay-trigger[href="#overlay"]:after{content:"="}:root{--base-site-header-background:var(--base-color-background,#fff);--base-site-header-offset:var(--base-offset,20px);--base-site-header-space:var(--base-space,1.5em)}.base-site-header{position:relative;padding:var(--base-site-header-offset);color:var(--base-color-text,#000);background:var(--base-site-header-background)}.base-site-header-bar{width:var(--base-content-width-wide,1100px);max-width:var(--base-layout-width,100%);margin:0 auto;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;gap:var(--base-site-header-space)}.base-site-header-bar-row{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;gap:var(--base-site-header-space);-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end}.base-site-header-overlay{position:fixed;z-index:1001;inset:0;bottom:initial;top:-100vh;height:100vh;background:var(--base-site-header-background);padding:var(--base-site-header-offset);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;gap:var(--base-site-header-offset)}.base-site-header-overlay-inner{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;gap:var(--base-site-header-offset);width:100%;overflow-y:auto;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none}.base-site-header-overlay-inner::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.base-site-header a{color:var(--base-color-text,#000)}[class*=ad-space]{text-align:center}[class*=ad-space]>*{text-align:center}.ad-space__top-banner{display:none;width:1125px;left:50%;margin-left:-562.5px;height:90px;position:absolute;top:0;font-size:36px}@media (min-width:1120px){.ad-space__top-banner{display:block}}.ad-space__desktop-skyscraper-left{display:none;width:160px;height:600px;left:50%;margin-left:-738.5px;position:fixed;top:0;font-size:20px}@media (min-width:1390px){.ad-space__desktop-skyscraper-left{display:block}}.ad-space__desktop-skyscraper-right{display:none;width:160px;height:600px;right:50%;margin-right:-738.5px;position:fixed;top:0;font-size:20px}@media (min-width:1390px){.ad-space__desktop-skyscraper-right{display:block}}@media (min-width:1120px){body{padding-top:100px}}footer.footer a{color:inherit;border-bottom:1rem solid transparent}footer.footer .footer__main .sitemap-mobile{display:none}@media screen and (max-width:799px){footer.footer .footer__main .sitemap-mobile{display:block}}footer.footer .footer__main .sitemap-mobile nav{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-size:12rem;line-height:1.5;border-top:1rem solid var(--theme-color-background-c);border-bottom:1rem solid var(--theme-color-background-c);margin-top:var(--theme-layout-offset-v);padding-top:calc(var(--theme-layout-offset-v)/3);padding-bottom:calc(var(--theme-layout-offset-v)/3)}footer.footer .footer__main .sitemap-mobile nav ul{text-align:center}footer.footer .footer__main .sitemap-mobile nav ul li{margin:calc(var(--theme-layout-offset-v)/4);display:inline-block}.base-site-header{--base-site-header-background:var(--theme-color-background-g);--base-site-header-offset:24rem;--base-site-header-space:24rem;font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-size:16rem;line-height:1.65;padding:0;width:var(--theme-layout-content-width);max-width:var(--theme-layout-width);margin:0 auto;color:var(--theme-color-background-a);box-shadow:0px 4px 80px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.12)}@media screen and (max-width:799px){.base-site-header{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1000}}@media screen and (max-width:999px){.base-site-header{--base-site-header-offset:12rem}}.base-site-header a{color:var(--theme-color-background-a);border-bottom:3rem solid transparent}.base-site-header__logo{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-weight:400;font-size:40rem;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.025em}@media screen and (max-width:999px){.base-site-header__logo{font-size:inherit}.base-site-header__logo img{width:75rem}}.base-site-header__logo figcaption{display:none}.base-site-header__search{border-bottom:none!important}.base-site-header__search>svg{width:24rem;height:24rem}.base-site-header__search path{fill:var(--theme-color-background-a)}.base-site-header__menu-meta{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-size:12rem;line-height:1.5}.base-site-header__menu-meta a[target=_blank]{position:relative;padding-right:16rem}.base-site-header__menu-meta a[target=_blank]:after{content:"";background:var(--theme-graphic-vector) center center no-repeat;background-size:contain;width:24rem;width:10rem;height:24rem;height:10rem;color:var(--theme-color-action-accent-default);position:absolute;right:0;top:3rem}.base-site-header__menu-meta>nav>ul li{position:relative}.base-site-header__menu-meta>nav>ul .trp-language-switcher-container>a>span{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.base-site-header__overlay-trigger{border-bottom:none!important}.base-site-header__overlay-trigger:after{content:""!important;width:24rem;height:24rem}.base-site-header__overlay-trigger[href="#overlay"]:after{background:var(--theme-graphic-menu) center center no-repeat;background-size:contain;width:24rem;height:24rem;-webkit-filter:grayscale(1);filter:grayscale(1)}.base-site-header__overlay-trigger[href="#"]:after{background:var(--theme-graphic-close) center center no-repeat;background-size:contain;width:24rem;height:24rem}@media screen and (min-width:1000px){.base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger{border-bottom:none!important}}.base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger:after{font-size:inherit;color:var(--theme-color-action-accent-default)!important;width:24rem!important;height:24rem}.base-site-header__menu-popout:not(.is-visible) .base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger[href="#popout"]:after{content:"";background:var(--theme-graphic-notes) center center no-repeat;background-size:contain;width:24rem;height:24rem}.base-site-header__menu-popout-nav{padding-bottom:calc(1.5*var(--base-site-header-offset));z-index:1000}@media screen and (min-width:1000px){.base-site-header__menu-popout-nav{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--base-site-header-offset))}}.base-site-header__menu-popout-nav ul{display:-ms-grid;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;position:relative}.base-site-header__menu-popout-nav ul li{padding:calc(var(--base-site-header-space)/2 - 4rem);padding-left:calc(2*var(--base-site-header-offset))}.base-site-header__menu-popout-nav ul:before{content:"";position:absolute;left:50%;top:calc(.5*var(--base-site-header-offset));bottom:calc(.5*var(--base-site-header-offset));width:1rem;background:var(--theme-color-text-on-light)}.base-site-header__menu-secondary{font-size:inherit}.base-site-header-bar{width:100%;max-width:100%;gap:0}.base-site-header-bar-row{padding:var(--base-site-header-offset)}@media screen and (max-width:999px){.base-site-header-bar-row{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-top:calc(1.3*var(--base-site-header-offset))!important;padding-left:20rem}}.base-site-header-bar-row:last-child{border-top:1rem solid var(--theme-color-text-on-light);padding-bottom:calc(var(--base-site-header-offset) - 2rem);padding-right:18rem}@media screen and (max-width:999px){.base-site-header-bar-row:last-child{padding-left:0}}.base-site-header-bar-row:not(:last-child){padding-top:calc(1.8*var(--base-site-header-offset));padding-bottom:calc(1.3*var(--base-site-header-offset))}@media screen and (max-width:999px){.base-site-header-bar-row:not(:last-child){padding-right:0;-ms-flex:1;flex:1}}.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__overlay-trigger{margin-top:-6rem;margin-left:8rem}@media screen and (min-width:1000px){.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__overlay-trigger{display:none}}.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__menu-popout{width:24rem;height:24rem}@media screen and (min-width:1000px){.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__menu-popout{top:-1.5rem}}.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__menu-popout-nav{width:500rem}.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__menu-meta{--base-site-header-space:16rem;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:flex-end;width:50%;background:var(--theme-color-background-c);background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(19,26,33,.7) 0%,rgba(19,26,33,0) 100%);padding:var(--base-site-header-space) var(--base-site-header-offset)}.base-site-header-bar .base-site-header__menu-meta a{border-bottom-width:2rem}@media screen and (max-width:999px){.base-site-header-bar{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.base-site-header-bar [class*=base-site-header__menu-]{display:none}}.base-site-header-overlay{-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;gap:0;padding:calc(3*var(--base-site-header-offset));font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:400;font-size:20rem;line-height:1.5}.base-site-header-overlay-inner{-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__overlay-trigger{margin-top:calc(-2*var(--base-site-header-offset));margin-right:calc(-2*var(--base-site-header-offset));-webkit-filter:grayscale(1);filter:grayscale(1)}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-main{-ms-flex:0;flex:0;margin-bottom:calc(var(--base-site-header-space)/2)}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-secondary{margin:calc(.5*var(--theme-layout-offset-v)) 0}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-secondary ul{-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding:calc(.5*var(--theme-layout-offset-v)) 0;border-top:1rem solid var(--theme-color-text-on-light);border-bottom:1rem solid var(--theme-color-text-on-light)}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-meta{font-size:inherit}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-meta ul{-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-meta a[target=_blank]{padding-right:20rem}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-meta a[target=_blank]:after{top:initial;bottom:3rem;width:14rem;height:14rem}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-main ul{-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-popout{max-width:100%;text-align:left}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger{text-indent:0;display:block;position:relative}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger:after{left:initial}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-popout:not(.is-visible) .base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger[href="#popout"]:after{background:var(--theme-graphic-arrow-down) center center no-repeat;background-size:contain;width:24rem;height:24rem;top:2rem}.base-site-header-overlay .base-site-header__menu-popout:not(.is-visible) .base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger[href="#"]{display:none}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header{position:relative;background-color:var(--theme-color-background-e)}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content{position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0;left:0;height:100%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-position:right}@media screen and (max-width:799px){body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header{min-height:248rem}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content{width:280rem;max-width:100%;padding:24rem 20rem;background-size:cover;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg fill=\'none\' height=\'248\' viewBox=\'0 0 286 248\' width=\'286\' xmlns=\'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\'%3E%3Cpath clip-rule=\'evenodd\' d=\'m232.467 0h-232.467v248h242.062c1.607-2.155 3.176-4.325 4.704-6.508 49.8-71.145 58.897-156.9739-14.299-241.492z\' fill=\'%23edf9fd\' fill-rule=\'evenodd\'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content .overline{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:300;font-size:14rem;line-height:1.4;color:var(--theme-color-text-subdued)}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content .title{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-size:24rem;line-height:1.3;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light)}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content .introtext{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:300;font-size:14rem;line-height:1.4;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light);margin-top:24rem}}@media screen and (min-width:800px){body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header{min-height:248rem}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content{padding:40rem 96rem;width:810rem;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=\'784\' height=\'248\' viewBox=\'0 0 784 248\' fill=\'none\' xmlns=\'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule=\'evenodd\' clip-rule=\'evenodd\' d=\'M704.968 0H0V248H758.429C800.663 171.609 794.456 85.2572 704.968 0Z\' fill=\'%23EDF9FD\'/%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content .overline{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:300;font-size:15rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--theme-color-text-subdued)}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content .title{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-size:40rem;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light)}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__header .content .introtext{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:300;font-size:15rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light);margin-top:24rem}}body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__featured{width:100%}@media screen and (min-width:800px){body.archive main.type-post .posts__archive__featured{padding:16rem 0;padding-bottom:0}}.posts__single.is-format-standard .posts__single__meta .teasertext{grid-area:teasertext;min-height:150rem}.posts__single.is-format-standard .posts__single__meta .thumbnail{grid-area:thumbnail}.posts__single.is-format-standard .posts__single__meta .sidebar{grid-area:sidebar}.posts__single.is-format-legacy .posts__single__meta .teasertext{grid-area:teasertext}.posts__single.is-format-legacy .posts__single__meta .thumbnail{grid-area:thumbnail}.posts__single.is-format-legacy .posts__single__meta .sidebar{grid-area:sidebar;margin-right:-76rem}.posts__single.is-format-video .posts__single__meta .sidebar{grid-area:sidebar;margin-right:-76rem}.posts__single.is-format-podcast .posts__single__meta .sidebar{grid-area:sidebar}.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l{display:block;width:100%;padding:24rem 20rem}@media screen and (min-width:800px){.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l{padding:24rem;display:-ms-grid;display:grid;grid-template-columns:449rem auto;gap:40rem}}.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l .image{max-width:100%}.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l .image figure{aspect-ratio:1.5}.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l .image figure img{object-fit:cover;width:100%;height:100%}@media screen and (max-width:799px){.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l .content .title{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-size:24rem;line-height:1.3;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light);margin-top:8rem}.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l .content .teasertext{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:300;font-size:14rem;line-height:1.4;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light);max-width:425rem;margin-top:16rem}}@media screen and (min-width:800px){.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l .content .title{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:500;font-size:40rem;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light);margin-top:8rem}.posts__teaser-box.is-size-l .content .teasertext{font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:300;font-size:15rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light);max-width:425rem;margin-top:16rem}}.site-layout-container{width:100%;max-width:var(--theme-layout-width);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.input-text{width:100%;display:inline-block;border:1rem solid var(--theme-color-action-disabled-on-light);border-radius:3rem;background:0 0;font-family:var(--theme-font-family);font-weight:300;font-size:15rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--theme-color-text-on-light);padding:8rem 12rem}.input-text::-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--theme-color-text-subdued)}.input-text::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--theme-color-text-subdued)}.input-text::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--theme-color-text-subdued)}.input-text.is-on-dark{color:var(--theme-color-text-on-dark);border:2rem solid var(--theme-color-focus-default);padding:12rem}.input-text.is-on-dark::-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--theme-color-text-disabled)}.input-text.is-on-dark::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--theme-color-text-disabled)}.input-text.is-on-dark::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--theme-color-text-disabled)}:root{--theme-color-background-a:#fff;--theme-color-background-b:#f5f6f7;--theme-color-background-c:#2e3e51;--theme-color-background-d:#c2f2d7;--theme-color-background-e:#edf9fd;--theme-color-background-f:#dce0e4;--theme-color-background-g:#222e3b;--theme-color-text-on-light:#2e3e51;--theme-color-text-on-dark:#fff;--theme-color-text-subdued:#677380;--theme-color-text-disabled:#95a0ad;--theme-color-text-accent-default:#194bb7;--theme-color-icon-on-light:#2e3e51;--theme-color-icon-on-dark:#fff;--theme-color-icon-subdued:#677380;--theme-color-icon-disabled:#95a0ad;--theme-color-icon-accent-default:#194bb7;--theme-color-focus-default:#e6ff59;--theme-color-action-primary-default:#194bb7;--theme-color-action-primary-hover:#e6ff59;--theme-color-action-secondary01-default:#f5f6f7;--theme-color-action-secondary01-hover:#e6ff59;--theme-color-action-secondary02-default:#cfeef8;--theme-color-action-accent-default:#e6ff59;--theme-color-action-accent-hover:#f5ffb9;--theme-color-action-disabled-on-light:#bac1cb;--theme-color-action-disabled-on-dark:#677380;--theme-font-family:"Premis",sans-serif;--theme-font-size-root:1px;--theme-font-size:16rem;--theme-font-line-height:1.5;--theme-graphic-vector:url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg width=\"10\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 10 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path id=\"Vector\" d=\"M3.33333 0V1.33333H7.72667L0 9.06L0.94 10L8.66667 2.27333V6.66667H10V0H3.33333Z\" fill=\"%23E6FF59\"/></svg>");--theme-graphic-notes:url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M21 11.01L3 11V13H21V11.01ZM3 16H15V18H3V16ZM21 6H3V8.01L21 8V6Z\" fill=\"%23E6FF59\"/></svg>");--theme-graphic-close:url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M19 6.41L17.59 5L12 10.59L6.41 5L5 6.41L10.59 12L5 17.59L6.41 19L12 13.41L17.59 19L19 17.59L13.41 12L19 6.41Z\" fill=\"%23E6FF59\"/></svg>");--theme-graphic-menu:url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M3 18H21V16H3V18ZM3 13H21V11H3V13ZM3 6V8H21V6H3Z\" fill=\"%23E6FF59\"/></svg>");--theme-graphic-arrow-down:url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M7.41 8.29492L12 12.8749L16.59 8.29492L18 9.70492L12 15.7049L6 9.70492L7.41 8.29492Z\" fill=\"white\"/></svg>");--theme-space:24rem;--theme-layout-width:100%;--theme-layout-offset-v:64rem;--theme-layout-offset-h:96rem;--theme-layout-content-width:100%;--theme-layout-content-width-narrow:635rem;--theme-layout-content-width-wide:914rem;--theme-layout-gap:24rem}@media screen and (max-width:799px){:root{--theme-font-size-root:calc(calc(100/375)*1vw);--theme-space:18rem;--theme-layout-offset-v:48rem;--theme-layout-offset-h:18rem;--theme-layout-width:100%}}@media screen and (min-width:800px) and (max-width:999px){:root{--theme-font-size-root:calc(calc(100/1000)*1vw);--theme-layout-width:100%}}@media screen and (min-width:1000px){:root{--theme-layout-width:1100px}}body{background-color:var(--theme-color-background-f)}main{background-color:var(--theme-color-background-a);width:var(--theme-layout-content-width);max-width:var(--theme-layout-width);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}</style><style>.posts__teaser-box{content-visibility:auto;contain-intrinsic-size:1px 1000px;}</style><script src="data:text/javascript;base64,IWZ1bmN0aW9uKGEpeyJ1c2Ugc3RyaWN0Ijt2YXIgYj1mdW5jdGlvbihiLGMsZCl7ZnVuY3Rpb24gZShhKXtyZXR1cm4gaC5ib2R5P2EoKTp2b2lkIHNldFRpbWVvdXQoZnVuY3Rpb24oKXtlKGEpfSl9ZnVuY3Rpb24gZigpe2kuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lciYmaS5yZW1vdmVFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCJsb2FkIixmKSxpLm1lZGlhPWR8fCJhbGwifXZhciBnLGg9YS5kb2N1bWVudCxpPWguY3JlYXRlRWxlbWVudCgibGluayIpO2lmKGMpZz1jO2Vsc2V7dmFyIGo9KGguYm9keXx8aC5nZXRFbGVtZW50c0J5VGFnTmFtZSgiaGVhZCIpWzBdKS5jaGlsZE5vZGVzO2c9altqLmxlbmd0aC0xXX12YXIgaz1oLnN0eWxlU2hlZXRzO2kucmVsPSJzdHlsZXNoZWV0IixpLmhyZWY9YixpLm1lZGlhPSJvbmx5IHgiLGUoZnVuY3Rpb24oKXtnLnBhcmVudE5vZGUuaW5zZXJ0QmVmb3JlKGksYz9nOmcubmV4dFNpYmxpbmcpfSk7dmFyIGw9ZnVuY3Rpb24oYSl7Zm9yKHZhciBiPWkuaHJlZixjPWsubGVuZ3RoO2MtLTspaWYoa1tjXS5ocmVmPT09YilyZXR1cm4gYSgpO3NldFRpbWVvdXQoZnVuY3Rpb24oKXtsKGEpfSl9O3JldHVybiBpLmFkZEV2ZW50TGlzdGVuZXImJmkuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcigibG9hZCIsZiksaS5vbmxvYWRjc3NkZWZpbmVkPWwsbChmKSxpfTsidW5kZWZpbmVkIiE9dHlwZW9mIGV4cG9ydHM/ZXhwb3J0cy5sb2FkQ1NTPWI6YS5sb2FkQ1NTPWJ9KCJ1bmRlZmluZWQiIT10eXBlb2YgZ2xvYmFsP2dsb2JhbDp0aGlzKTshZnVuY3Rpb24oYSl7aWYoYS5sb2FkQ1NTKXt2YXIgYj1sb2FkQ1NTLnJlbHByZWxvYWQ9e307aWYoYi5zdXBwb3J0PWZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7dHJ5e3JldHVybiBhLmRvY3VtZW50LmNyZWF0ZUVsZW1lbnQoImxpbmsiKS5yZWxMaXN0LnN1cHBvcnRzKCJwcmVsb2FkIil9Y2F0Y2goYil7cmV0dXJuITF9fSxiLnBvbHk9ZnVuY3Rpb24oKXtmb3IodmFyIGI9YS5kb2N1bWVudC5nZXRFbGVtZW50c0J5VGFnTmFtZSgibGluayIpLGM9MDtjPGIubGVuZ3RoO2MrKyl7dmFyIGQ9YltjXTsicHJlbG9hZCI9PT1kLnJlbCYmInN0eWxlIj09PWQuZ2V0QXR0cmlidXRlKCJhcyIpJiYoYS5sb2FkQ1NTKGQuaHJlZixkLGQuZ2V0QXR0cmlidXRlKCJtZWRpYSIpKSxkLnJlbD1udWxsKX19LCFiLnN1cHBvcnQoKSl7Yi5wb2x5KCk7dmFyIGM9YS5zZXRJbnRlcnZhbChiLnBvbHksMzAwKTthLmFkZEV2ZW50TGlzdGVuZXImJmEuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcigibG9hZCIsZnVuY3Rpb24oKXtiLnBvbHkoKSxhLmNsZWFySW50ZXJ2YWwoYyl9KSxhLmF0dGFjaEV2ZW50JiZhLmF0dGFjaEV2ZW50KCJvbmxvYWQiLGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7YS5jbGVhckludGVydmFsKGMpfSl9fX0odGhpcyk7" defer></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"><title>Autonomous Driving – electrive.com</title><meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.electrive.com/category/autonomous-driving/"><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.electrive.com/category/autonomous-driving/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="electrive.com"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"><meta property="og:type" content="object"><meta property="og:title" content="Autonomous Driving - electrive.com"><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/cropped-electrive-reduced-logo-800x800px.png"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/cropped-electrive-reduced-logo-800x800px.png"><meta property="og:image:width" content="512"><meta property="og:image:height" content="512"><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='reset-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/d9d23aafc0daf4aa5bb95501daeac676.css?ver=ac676' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/5ec9f5a146f6348b770296da55d0fd90.css?ver=0fd90' media='all' /><style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css'>.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}</style><style id='wpseopress-local-business-style-inline-css'>span.wp-block-wpseopress-local-business-field{margin-right:8px}</style><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='trp-language-switcher-style-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/51cbe6f7b8941890a37d08031e1f8b5a.css?ver=f8b5a' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='trp-popup-style-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/14e75b2d84d3a9995188ce5c8383dd53.css?ver=3dd53' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='base-site-header-logo-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/7638cdc9b7a70ffbd0a283119abdb679.css?ver=db679' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='base-site-header-menu-main-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/fa212f86feae48c35cb198a7fa5213be.css?ver=213be' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='base-site-header-menu-meta-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/089b6a23f918df53cfd03368b77e4c7d.css?ver=e4c7d' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='base-site-header-menu-popout-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/d1316683dcbf0eed2a0573ffd13d4aa1.css?ver=d4aa1' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='base-site-header-menu-secondary-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/5102ecbaaf89b2f3b5693bb1fc56f416.css?ver=6f416' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='base-site-header-overlay-trigger-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/b0c767f63cec47034caec5df9f5a3630.css?ver=a3630' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='module-base-site-header-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/2cc2f6a984f90ec4c66c8e92daeaddcb.css?ver=addcb' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='module-base-slick-library-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/04f528483e0d13f721717f20214e03f3.css?ver=e03f3' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='module-button-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/2a14def90254e1a0cfc19e601c0eb8ae.css?ver=eb8ae' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='module-faq-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/bd3919299da531751f40547d650fb519.css?ver=fb519' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='module-gallery-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/569524b35afcad6c175a38bc497444c3.css?ver=444c3' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='module-image-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/8e7910dcfc258f1fe38777cb0c5ec3b3.css?ver=ec3b3' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-ad-spaces-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/20ea4ae3f7664151716cc9a6f0acc547.css?ver=cc547' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-blocks-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/f2caca1cc2b916619fd717a54f0b5011.css?ver=b5011' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-events-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/6262164461f792b36a0b1b7b442b38a8.css?ver=b38a8' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-feedback-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/816ba82ce234e56fd9232b5757a12cca.css?ver=12cca' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-footer-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/f7407e79babd43f5f6bd7d7233f27b11.css?ver=27b11' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-header-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/2b96beff9f46b9265f381d15065eb8d4.css?ver=eb8d4' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-home-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/d6dec54e06836f665964acfad893c936.css?ver=3c936' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-jobs-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/dc6cba0d0d6ebd6c10d0b80d2045e871.css?ver=5e871' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-module-advanced-search-custom-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/7a725b1338932f669257dd05668508d4.css?ver=508d4' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-module-faq-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/1606e587998727999ca98125ccf80798.css?ver=80798' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-module-gallery-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/b1c1c517ef30188fc58cc4e1e4f23150.css?ver=23150' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-module-image-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/c96b3a983e09b71a1fe7b7ad770a8354.css?ver=a8354' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-module-richtext-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/bd1dff6e086a3941b26cba07665e608c.css?ver=e608c' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-newsletter-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/e1a5fb0938a85b5859c07e0fe740d46c.css?ver=0d46c' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-newsletter-builder-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/c6e3546129c030123c9d4b526526dbf0.css?ver=6dbf0' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-next-reads-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/8c0437496920cdaabf0eac8dec3c17f4.css?ver=c17f4' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-pages-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/9f572fe0dcbc428eb136607d09c9b80c.css?ver=9b80c' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-posts-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/8ab299cd8ea14ba0dfcf5b3c17913f01.css?ver=13f01' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-studies-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/ad87ffeb24b2c459f8bdd9ee9a92781b.css?ver=2781b' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-table-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/106edfbf7449c5118dfa51d853e5779d.css?ver=5779d' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-events-submodule-teaser-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/a10829f7fda8ca36520844fbc15b4941.css?ver=b4941' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-jobs-submodule-teaser-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/69d2ec59cfffc4d6084ea6ce61928097.css?ver=28097' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-pages-submodule-live-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/1c5f9b3095810c5315a40b844855ab69.css?ver=5ab69' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-posts-submodule-archive-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/163ce568b59aabf396b11f0b870de0b0.css?ver=de0b0' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-posts-submodule-comments-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/424e2dc0a28c1624c3e283ef27c48106.css?ver=48106' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-posts-submodule-sidebar-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/13df29dcdc193558aec926003b633caf.css?ver=33caf' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-posts-submodule-single-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/41985423feababbdd056ddae61f59db0.css?ver=59db0' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-posts-submodule-teaser-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/4cfd6025f61e8443fe255258ebc20931.css?ver=20931' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-posts-submodule-video-player-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/71e2511d5cc561b03ddfd390e46f7dd2.css?ver=f7dd2' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-seopress-submodule-breadcrumbs-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/607d858b7b3cb7512454396feea0aa57.css?ver=0aa57' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-studies-submodule-teaser-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/6209c64d60e5cc0bbf4854a3d757ed06.css?ver=7ed06' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-theme-components-submodule-interactions-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/f32cad4745a15bbc749f33851a3a2fa6.css?ver=a2fa6' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-theme-components-submodule-pagination-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/03921ddee3bae6f0027a98b3886037f5.css?ver=037f5' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-theme-components-submodule-snackbar-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/46d3ebb772bf8b1823b612b9b8890373.css?ver=90373' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-theme-components-submodule-tooltip-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/ba9a2c238e162fbe86d97700620c8902.css?ver=c8902' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-theme-submodule-block-layout-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/095593237733a335b7fbe88f2c534fa7.css?ver=34fa7' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-module-theme-submodule-block-spacing-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/9169bf74c64a14d9ff039707cc41b788.css?ver=1b788' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='theme-style-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/4d1fe909d954c57fa6b9281a3dba9983.css?ver=a9983' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='print-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/e02502c25ef20736369265f5c0a8f184.css?ver=8f184' media='print' /><link data-optimized="1" data-asynced="1" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" rel='preload' id='variables-css' href='https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/css/a6d67e7c4164288fd231e888db3dad0a.css?ver=dad0a' media='all' /> <script src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script id="trp-language-cookie-js-extra" src="data:text/javascript;base64,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" defer></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/9a35733849bfeccc1e30094a2e01b946.js?ver=1b946" id="trp-language-cookie-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-US" href="https://www.electrive.com/category/autonomous-driving/?bf=1721818464"/><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-ES" href="https://www.electrive.com/es/categoria/autonomous-driving/?bf=1721818464"/><link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.electrive.com/category/autonomous-driving/?bf=1721818464"/><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://www.electrive.com/es/categoria/autonomous-driving/?bf=1721818464"/> <script defer src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script defer src="https://tags.refinery89.com/electrivecom.js"></script><script src="data:text/javascript;base64,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" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript">// var et_pagename = ""; // var et_areas = ""; // var et_tval = 0; // var et_tsale = 0; // var et_tonr = ""; // var et_basket = "";</script> <script id="_etLoader" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-block-cookies="true" data-secure-code="5Hmz9s" src="//code.etracker.com/code/e.js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/cropped-electrive-reduced-logo-800x800px-180x180.png" sizes="32x32" /><link rel="icon" href="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/cropped-electrive-reduced-logo-800x800px-400x400.png" sizes="192x192" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/cropped-electrive-reduced-logo-800x800px-180x180.png" /><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/cropped-electrive-reduced-logo-800x800px-400x400.png" /></head><body class="archive category category-autonomous-driving category-29835 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive translatepress-en_US is-platform-com"><header class="base-site-header" id="top"><div class="base-site-header-bar"><div class="base-site-header__menu-meta"><nav class="base-site-header__menu-meta-nav"><ul id="menu-metamenu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-208719" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-208719"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/newsletter/">Newsletter</a></li><li id="menu-item-252847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-252847"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/videos/">Videos</a></li><li id="menu-item-217723" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-217723"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/conference/">Conference</a></li><li id="menu-item-208723" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-208723"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/media-kit/">Media kit</a></li><li id="menu-item-241723" class="trp-language-switcher-container menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-language_switcher menu-item-241723"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/es/categoria/autonomous-driving/?bf=1721818464"><span data-no-translation><span class="trp-ls-language-name">Spanish</span></span></a></li><li id="menu-item-208725" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-208725"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.electrive.net">electrive deutsch</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="base-site-header-bar-row"><div class="base-site-header__logo"> <a href="https://www.electrive.com"><figure> <img src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/Electrive-Product-Logo.svg" alt="electrive.com"><figcaption>the industry's leading emobility media</figcaption></figure> </a></div> <a class="base-site-header__search" href="https://www.electrive.com/search/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none"> <path d="M21.0068 19.0065H19.9534L19.5801 18.6465C20.8868 17.1265 21.6734 15.1532 21.6734 13.0065C21.6734 8.21984 17.7934 4.33984 13.0068 4.33984C8.22009 4.33984 4.34009 8.21984 4.34009 13.0065C4.34009 17.7932 8.22009 21.6732 13.0068 21.6732C15.1534 21.6732 17.1268 20.8865 18.6468 19.5798L19.0068 19.9532V21.0065L25.6734 27.6598L27.6601 25.6732L21.0068 19.0065ZM13.0068 19.0065C9.68675 19.0065 7.00675 16.3265 7.00675 13.0065C7.00675 9.68651 9.68675 7.00651 13.0068 7.00651C16.3268 7.00651 19.0068 9.68651 19.0068 13.0065C19.0068 16.3265 16.3268 19.0065 13.0068 19.0065Z" fill="white"></path> </svg> </a></div><div class="base-site-header-bar-row"><div class="base-site-header__menu-popout" id="popout"> <a class="base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger" href="#popout">All categories</a> <a class="base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger" href="#">All categories</a><nav class="base-site-header__menu-popout-nav"><ul id="menu-all-categories" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-208750" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208750"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/fuel-cell/">Fuel Cell</a></li><li id="menu-item-208713" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208713"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/off-highway/">Off-Highway</a></li><li id="menu-item-208710" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208710"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/two-wheeler/">Two-Wheeler</a></li><li id="menu-item-208709" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208709"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/politics/">Politics</a></li><li id="menu-item-208708" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208708"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/air/">Air</a></li><li id="menu-item-208751" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208751"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/data/">Data</a></li><li id="menu-item-208712" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208712"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/water/">Water</a></li><li id="menu-item-208752" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208752"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/people/">People</a></li><li id="menu-item-256855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-256855"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/autonomous-driving/" aria-current="page">Autonomous Driving</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="base-site-header__menu-main"><nav class="base-site-header__menu-main-nav"><ul id="menu-hauptmenu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-208714" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208714"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/automobile/">Automobile</a></li><li id="menu-item-208717" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208717"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/energy-infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li><li id="menu-item-208716" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208716"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/battery-fuel-cell/">Battery</a></li><li id="menu-item-208718" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208718"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/utility-vehicles/">Commercial Vehicles</a></li><li id="menu-item-208715" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208715"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/fleets/">Fleet</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="base-site-header__menu-secondary"><nav class="base-site-header__menu-secondary-nav"><ul id="menu-zweitmenu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-252405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-termin menu-item-252405"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/events/">Events</a></li><li id="menu-item-252406" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-studie menu-item-252406"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/studies/">Studies</a></li></ul></nav></div> <a class="base-site-header__overlay-trigger" href="#overlay"></a></div></div><div class="base-site-header-overlay" id="overlay"> <a class="base-site-header__overlay-trigger" href="#"></a><div class="base-site-header-overlay-inner"><div class="base-site-header__menu-main"><nav class="base-site-header__menu-main-nav"><ul id="menu-hauptmenu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208714"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/automobile/">Automobile</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208717"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/energy-infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208716"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/battery-fuel-cell/">Battery</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208718"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/utility-vehicles/">Commercial Vehicles</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208715"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/fleets/">Fleet</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="base-site-header__menu-popout" id="popout"> <a class="base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger" href="#popout">All categories</a> <a class="base-site-header__menu-popout-trigger" href="#">All categories</a><nav class="base-site-header__menu-popout-nav"><ul id="menu-all-categories-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208750"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/fuel-cell/">Fuel Cell</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208713"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/off-highway/">Off-Highway</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208710"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/two-wheeler/">Two-Wheeler</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208709"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/politics/">Politics</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208708"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/air/">Air</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208751"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/data/">Data</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208712"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/water/">Water</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208752"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/people/">People</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-256855"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/autonomous-driving/" aria-current="page">Autonomous Driving</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="base-site-header__menu-secondary"><nav class="base-site-header__menu-secondary-nav"><ul id="menu-zweitmenu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-termin menu-item-252405"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/events/">Events</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-studie menu-item-252406"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/studies/">Studies</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="base-site-header__menu-meta"><nav class="base-site-header__menu-meta-nav"><ul id="menu-metamenu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-208719"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/newsletter/">Newsletter</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-252847"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/videos/">Videos</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-217723"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/conference/">Conference</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-208723"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/media-kit/">Media kit</a></li><li class="trp-language-switcher-container menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-language_switcher menu-item-241723"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/es/categoria/autonomous-driving/?bf=1721818464"><span data-no-translation><span class="trp-ls-language-name">Spanish</span></span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-208725"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.electrive.net">electrive deutsch</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></header><div class="header-print" style="display:none"> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMzIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNTQgMzIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+" width="154" height="32" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/themes/electrive/modules/header/assets/electrive-black.jpg" alt="Logo"></div><main class="post-257352 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-autonomous-driving category-fleets tag-autonomous-driving tag-electric-shuttles tag-hamburg tag-hamburger-hochbahn tag-holon-mover tag-id-buzz tag-kit tag-moia tag-ridesharing tag-volkswagen"><article class="site-layout-container"><header class="posts__archive__header has-layout-reset is-archive-category"><div class="content"><div class="overline">Category</div><h1 class="title"><span class="do-not-translate">#</span>Autonomous Driving</h1><div class="introtext"></div></div></header><div class="posts__archive__featured has-layout-reset"> <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/07/15/tesla-delays-robotaxi-launch-by-two-months/" title="Tesla delays robotaxi launch by two months" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-l is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI3MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iNDY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNzAwIDQ2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="700" height="467" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2021/09/tesla-2021-02-min-e1707905698829-700x467.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Tesla delays robotaxi launch by two months</h2><div class="teasertext">Tesla has delayed its robotaxi launch by another two months, to allow the project teams to build more prototypes, according to insiders. Tesla has yet to officially comment to the media reports. (UPDATE BELOW)</div><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-07-15T11:41:37+02:00">15.07.2024</div></div> </a></div><div class="posts__archive has-layout-reset"><section class="listing"> <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/06/27/waymo-autonomous-ride-hailing-service-now-offered-in-san-francisco/" title="Waymo autonomous ride-hailing service now offered in San Francisco" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIyIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDIyMiI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="222" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/06/waymo-san-francisco-400x222.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Waymo autonomous ride-hailing service now offered in San Francisco</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-06-27T14:10:13+02:00">27.06.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/06/26/rimac-reveals-robotaxi-service-verne/" title="Rimac reveals robotaxi service ‘Verne’" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/06/rimac-verne-robotaxi-2024-4-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Rimac reveals robotaxi service ‘Verne’</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-06-26T13:46:53+02:00">26.06.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/06/04/nissan-trials-autonomous-leaf-cars/" title="Nissan trials autonomous cars" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/06/nissan-leaf-autonomes-fahren-autonomous-driving-japan-2024-06-min-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Nissan trials autonomous cars</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-06-04T14:57:22+02:00">04.06.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/05/28/hyundai-gears-up-to-equip-its-fuel-cell-truck-for-autonomous-driving/" title="Hyundai gears up to equip its fuel cell truck for autonomous driving" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/05/hyundai-xcient-fuel-cell-e-lkw-electric-truck-autonom-autonomous-2024-01-min-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Hyundai gears up to equip its fuel cell truck for autonomous driving</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-05-28T14:59:24+02:00">28.05.2024</div></div> </a><div class="adbar"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1697099627245-0' style='min-width: 300px; min-height: 250px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NzA5OTYyNzI0NS0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div></div> <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/05/15/renault-tests-autonomous-electric-shuttles-at-the-french-open/" title="Renault tests autonomous electric shuttles at the French Open" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/05/renault-group-experimentation-auntonomous-shuttle-roland-garros-2024-1-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Renault tests autonomous electric shuttles at the French Open</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-05-15T17:09:51+02:00">15.05.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/05/09/daimler-truck-to-develop-autonomous-freightliner-ecascadia/" title="Daimler Truck to develop autonomous Freightliner eCascadia" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/05/daimler-truck-autonom-autonomous-ecascadia-05-2024-01-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Daimler Truck to develop autonomous Freightliner eCascadia</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-05-09T14:31:18+02:00">09.05.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/05/04/hyundai-invests-nearly-one-billion-dollars-in-motional/" title="Hyundai invests nearly one billion dollars in Motional" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/11/hyundai-singapur-hmgics-3-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Hyundai invests nearly one billion dollars in Motional</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-05-04T10:00:00+02:00">04.05.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/04/09/germany-rmv-to-test-holons-autonomous-electric-shuttles-from-2026/" title="Germany: RMV to test Holon’s autonomous electric shuttles from 2026" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/04/holon-mover-rmv-2024-1400x933-1-400x267.jpeg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Germany: RMV to test Holon’s autonomous electric shuttles from 2026</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-04-09T15:55:57+02:00">09.04.2024</div></div> </a></section><section class="sidebar"><div class="posts__sidebar is-sidebar-1"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1694689074736-0' style='min-width: 300px; min-height: 250px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NDY4OTA3NDczNi0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div><div class="posts__sidebar__box site-newsletter is-box-newsletter"><h3 class="title">The industry's most trusted independent news briefing.</h3><form action="https://utf8ssl.mailemm.com/form.do" method="post" name="input" accept-charset="UTF-8"><input name="agnCI" value="651" type="hidden"> <input name="agnFN" value="webConfirm_EN" type="hidden"> <input name="agnSUBSCRIBE" value="1" type="hidden"> <input name="agnMAILINGLIST" value="10899" type="hidden"> <input name="DATASOURCE_ID" value="68278" type="hidden"> <input name="MAILTYPE" value="1" type="hidden"> <input class="input-text is-on-dark company" name="COMPANY" type="hidden" placeholder="Firma"><div class="listing"><div class="item"><h3 class="title">electrive today</h3> <span class="subline">today, Mon-Fri</span><p class="introtext">Delivered to your inbox every weekday, straight, to the point, and free of charge.</p> <a href="https://www.electrive.com/newsletter/" class="link">Learn more</a></div></div><div class="contact"> <input class="input-text" name="EMAIL" type="email" placeholder="Email address" required></div><div class="privacy"> <label class="checkbox-container"> <input type="checkbox" required> <span class="checkmark"></span> <span class="info">I accept the <a href="https://www.electrive.com/privacy/">privacy policy</a></span> </label></div><div class="submit"> <button type="submit" class="input-button has-icon-email">Subscribe now!</button></div></form></div></div></section></div><div class="adbar has-layout-reset"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1694689114030-0' style='min-width: 300px; min-height: 90px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NDY4OTExNDAzMC0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div></div><div class="posts__archive has-layout-reset"><section class="listing"> <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/04/08/gac-aion-and-didi-build-autonomous-electric-cars/" title="GAC Aion and Didi build autonomous electric cars" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/04/gac-aion-didi-chuxing-2024-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">GAC Aion and Didi build autonomous electric cars</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-04-08T13:43:35+02:00">08.04.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/04/06/doubt-over-teslas-affordable-car-and-realistic-autonomous-plans/" title="Doubt over Tesla’s affordable car and realistic autonomous plans" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/03/tesla-elon-musk-2023-01-min-e1706710017688-400x267.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Doubt over Tesla’s affordable car and realistic autonomous plans</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-04-06T15:53:44+02:00">06.04.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/03/20/vw-group-relies-on-autonomous-driving-assistants-from-mobileye/" title="VW Group relies on autonomous driving assistants from Mobileye" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/03/vw-id-buzz-mobileye-self-driving-vehicle-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">VW Group relies on autonomous driving assistants from Mobileye</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-03-20T13:42:56+01:00">20.03.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/03/07/nissan-aims-for-level-4-autonomous-driving-by-2027/" title="Nissan aims for Level 4 autonomous driving by 2027" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY2IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NiI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="266" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/03/nissan-autonomous-bev-2024-japan-e1709818842870-400x266.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Nissan aims for Level 4 autonomous driving by 2027</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-03-07T14:55:34+01:00">07.03.2024</div></div> </a><div class="adbar"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1694689257553-0' style='min-width: 300px; min-height: 90px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NDY4OTI1NzU1My0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div></div> <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/03/01/us-wary-of-chinese-evs-data-collection/" title="US wary of Chinese EVs collecting data" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/01/byd-seal-u-2024-15-min-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">US wary of Chinese EVs collecting data</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-03-01T16:12:38+01:00">01.03.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/02/08/holon-mover-attracts-investor-from-saudi-arabia/" title="Holon Mover attracts investor from Saudi Arabia" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY2IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NiI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="266" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/02/holon-mover-tasaru-2024-scaled-e1707388077954-400x266.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Holon Mover attracts investor from Saudi Arabia</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-02-08T11:33:32+01:00">08.02.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/01/04/california-struggles-to-keep-up-with-legal-framework-on-autonomous-driving/" title="California struggles to keep up with legal framework on autonomous driving" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/12/tesla-autopilot-min-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">California struggles to keep up with legal framework on autonomous driving</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2024-01-04T15:24:24+01:00">04.01.2024</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2023/10/25/robotaxi-provider-cruise-loses-operating-licence-in-california/" title="Robotaxi provider Cruise loses operating licence in California" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2018/03/general-motors-chevrolet-bolt-cruise-01-e1698242767138-400x267.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="general-motors-chevrolet-bolt-cruise-01" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Robotaxi provider Cruise loses operating licence in California</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2023-10-25T16:07:25+02:00">25.10.2023</div></div> </a><div class="adbar"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1697099805152-0' style='min-width: 300px; min-height: 250px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NzA5OTgwNTE1Mi0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div></div></section><section class="sidebar"><div class="posts__sidebar is-sidebar-2"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1694689198444-0' style='min-width: 300px; min-height: 250px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NDY4OTE5ODQ0NC0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div><div class="posts__sidebar__box is-last-commented"><h3 class="title">Last commented</h3><ol class="list"><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/18/ultratech-to-deploy-100-electric-trucks-in-india/#comment-367921" title="zu UltraTech to deploy 100 electric trucks in India">UltraTech to deploy 100 electric trucks in India</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/25/daimler-truck-sends-the-eactros-600-into-series-production/#comment-367920" title="zu Daimler Truck sends the eActros 600 into series production">Daimler Truck sends the eActros 600 into series production</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/25/renault-trucks-prepares-e-truck-with-600-km-range/#comment-367919" title="zu Renault Trucks announces electric truck with 600 km range">Renault Trucks announces electric truck with 600 km range</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/26/germany-wants-to-suspend-co2-emission-fines-for-carmakers-in-2025/#comment-367917" title="zu Germany wants to suspend CO2 emission fines for carmakers in 2025">Germany wants to suspend CO2 emission fines for carmakers in 2025</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/24/new-study-shows-ev-batteries-last-much-longer-than-expected/#comment-367915" title="zu New study shows: EV batteries last much longer than expected">New study shows: EV batteries last much longer than expected</a></li></ol></div><div class="posts__sidebar__box is-most-read"><h3 class="title">Most read</h3><ol class="list"><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/24/new-study-shows-ev-batteries-last-much-longer-than-expected/" title="New study shows: EV batteries last much longer than expected">New study shows: EV batteries last much longer than expected</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/23/ola-electric-to-launch-electric-three-wheelers-in-india/" title="Ola Electric to launch electric three-wheelers in India">Ola Electric to launch electric three-wheelers in India</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/25/renault-trucks-prepares-e-truck-with-600-km-range/" title="Renault Trucks announces electric truck with 600 km range">Renault Trucks announces electric truck with 600 km range</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/22/ilika-achieves-milestone-in-solid-state-battery-development/" title="Ilika achieves milestone in solid-state battery development">Ilika achieves milestone in solid-state battery development</a></li><li class="item"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/11/25/tesla-plans-improvements-to-superchargers/" title="Tesla plans improvements to Superchargers">Tesla plans improvements to Superchargers</a></li></ol></div></div></section></div><div class="posts__archive has-layout-reset"><section class="listing"> <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2023/10/24/callboats-autonomous-passenger-ferries-in-helsinki/" title="Callboats: Autonomous passenger ferries in Helsinki" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/10/callboats-cat-10-min-400x267.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Callboats: Autonomous passenger ferries in Helsinki</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2023-10-24T11:53:50+02:00">24.10.2023</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2023/10/20/cruise-gm-and-honda-to-offer-autonomous-ridesharing-in-japan/" title="Cruise, GM, and Honda to offer autonomous ridesharing in Japan" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-standard"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDI2NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="267" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/10/cruise-origin-honda-japan-e1697805402873-400x267.jpeg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Cruise, GM, and Honda to offer autonomous ridesharing in Japan</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2023-10-20T14:37:13+02:00">20.10.2023</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2023/09/01/schaeffler-vdl-to-develop-autonomous-shuttles/" title="Schaeffler & VDL to develop autonomous shuttles" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-none"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjAwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDIwMCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="200" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/09/schaeffler-vdl-e-shuttle-electric-shuttle-2023-01-min-400x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Schaeffler & VDL to develop autonomous shuttles</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2023-09-01T14:18:48+02:00">01.09.2023</div></div> </a><a href="https://www.electrive.com/2023/08/07/toyota-and-pony-ai-plan-china-jv-to-build-electric-robotaxis/" title="Toyota and Pony.ai plan China JV to build electric robotaxis" class="posts__teaser-box is-size-m is-format-none"><div class="image"><figure> <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjAwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDAwIDIwMCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width="400" height="200" data-src="https://www.electrive.com/media/2023/08/toyota-pony-ai-min-400x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" /></figure></div><div class="content"><h2 class="title">Toyota and Pony.ai plan China JV to build electric robotaxis</h2><div class="date post-published-date" data-published="2023-08-07T13:03:34+02:00">07.08.2023</div></div> </a></section></div><div class="c-pagination has-layout-reset"><div> <a class="input-button is-style-ghost" rel="start" href="/category/autonomous-driving/">Start</a></div><div> <a class="input-button is-style-ghost" rel="next" href="/category/autonomous-driving/?bf=1691413414">More articles</a></div></div></article></main> <template id="tp-language" data-tp-language="en_US"></template><script src="data:text/javascript;base64,dmFyIGFkdmFuY2VkX2FqYXhfaGFuZGxlcj0naHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZWxlY3RyaXZlLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3BsdWdpbnMvbW9kdWxlLWFkdmFuY2VkLWFqYXgvbW9kdWxlLWFkdmFuY2VkLWFqYXguaGFuZGxlci5waHAn" defer></script><div class="trp_model_container" id="trp_ald_modal_container" style="display: none" data-no-dynamic-translation data-no-translation><div class="trp_ald_modal" id="trp_ald_modal_popup"><div id="trp_ald_popup_text"></div><div class="trp_ald_select_and_button"><div class="trp_ald_ls_container"><div class="trp-language-switcher trp-language-switcher-container" id="trp_ald_popup_select_container" data-no-translation ><div class="trp-ls-shortcode-current-language" id="en_US" special-selector="trp_ald_popup_current_language" data-trp-ald-selected-language= "en_US"> English</div><div class="trp-ls-shortcode-language"><div class="trp-ald-popup-select" id="en_US" data-trp-ald-selected-language = "en_US"> English</div><div class="trp-ald-popup-select" id="es_ES" data-trp-ald-selected-language = "es_ES"> Spanish</div></div></div></div><div class="trp_ald_button"> <a href="https://www.electrive.com" id="trp_ald_popup_change_language"></a></div></div> <a id="trp_ald_x_button_and_textarea" href="#"> <span id="trp_ald_x_button"></span><span id="trp_ald_x_button_textarea"></span></a></div></div> <template id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_template"><div id="trp_no_text_popup_wrap"><div id="trp_no_text_popup" class="trp_ald_no_text_popup" data-no-dynamic-translation data-no-translation><div id="trp_ald_not_text_popup_ls_and_button"><div id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_div"> <span id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_text"></span></div><div class="trp_ald_ls_container"><div class="trp-language-switcher trp-language-switcher-container" id="trp_ald_no_text_select" data-no-translation ><div class="trp-ls-shortcode-current-language" id="en_US" special-selector="trp_ald_popup_current_language" data-trp-ald-selected-language="en_US"> English</div><div class="trp-ls-shortcode-language" id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_select_container"><div class="trp-ald-popup-select" id="en_US" data-trp-ald-selected-language= en_US> English</div><div class="trp-ald-popup-select" id="es_ES" data-trp-ald-selected-language="es_ES"> Spanish</div></div></div></div><div class="trp_ald_change_language_div"> <a href="https://www.electrive.com" id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_change_language"></a></div><div id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_x_button_and_textarea"> <a id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_x_button"></a><span id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_x_button_textarea"></span></div></div><div id="trp_ald_no_text_popup_x"> <button id="trp_close"></button></div></div></div> </template> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,ZnVuY3Rpb24gYWRkRXZlbnQoZXZlbnQsc2VsZWN0b3IsY2FsbGJhY2ssY29udGV4dCl7ZG9jdW1lbnQuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcihldmVudCxlPT57aWYoZS50YXJnZXQuY2xvc2VzdChzZWxlY3Rvcikpe2NhbGxiYWNrKGUpfX0pfQphZGRFdmVudCgnY2xpY2snLCcuY21wbHotc2hvdy1iYW5uZXInLGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7ZG9jdW1lbnQucXVlcnlTZWxlY3RvckFsbCgnLmNtcGx6LW1hbmFnZS1jb25zZW50JykuZm9yRWFjaChvYmo9PntvYmouY2xpY2soKX0pfSk=" defer></script> <footer class="footer"><div class="footer__breadcrumb site-layout-container"><div class="site-layout-container__inner"></div></div><div class="footer__main site-layout-container"><div class="site-layout-container__inner"><div class="row"><div class="content"><p class="wp-block-paragraph ">electrive has been following the development of electric mobility with journalistic passion and expertise since 2013. As the industry's leading trade media, we offer comprehensive coverage of the highest quality — as a central platform for the rapid development of this technology. With news, background information, driving reports, interviews, videos and advertising messages.</p></div><div class="sitemap"><nav class="footer__menu footer__menu-1"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-83204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83204"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/automobile/">Automobile</a></li><li id="menu-item-83205" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83205"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/air/">Air</a></li><li id="menu-item-83207" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83207"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/energy-infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li><li id="menu-item-83216" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83216"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/water/">Water</a></li><li id="menu-item-83206" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83206"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/battery-fuel-cell/">Battery</a></li><li id="menu-item-208862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208862"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/off-highway/">Off-Highway</a></li><li id="menu-item-83215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83215"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/utility-vehicles/">Commercial Vehicles</a></li><li id="menu-item-83210" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83210"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/politics/">Politics</a></li><li id="menu-item-83208" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83208"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/fleets/">Fleet</a></li><li id="menu-item-208863" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208863"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/data/">Data</a></li><li id="menu-item-208864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208864"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/fuel-cell/">Fuel Cell</a></li><li id="menu-item-208865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-208865"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/people/">People</a></li><li id="menu-item-83214" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-83214"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/category/two-wheeler/">Two-Wheeler</a></li></ul></nav><nav class="footer__menu footer__menu-2"><ul id="menu-footer-2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-208887" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-208887"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/newsletter/">Newsletter</a></li><li id="menu-item-208866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-208866"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/media-kit/">Media kit</a></li></ul></nav><nav class="footer__menu footer__menu-3"><ul id="menu-footer-3" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-83223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83223"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/contact/">Contact</a></li><li id="menu-item-234861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-234861"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/team/">Team</a></li><li id="menu-item-83224" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83224"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/imprint/">Imprint</a></li><li id="menu-item-94091" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-94091"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://www.electrive.com/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-170576" class="cmplz-show-banner menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-170576"><a href="#">Cookie Preferences</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="social"><nav class="footer__menu footer__menu-social"><ul id="menu-social-links" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-209026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-209026"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/electrive-global/">LinkedIn</a></li><li id="menu-item-208726" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-208726"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://x.com/ElectriveGlobal">X</a></li><li id="menu-item-208727" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-208727"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/electrivecom">Facebook</a></li><li id="menu-item-208728" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-208728"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/@electriveglobal">YouTube</a></li><li id="menu-item-208729" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-208729"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.electrive.net/feed/">RSS</a></li><li id="menu-item-208730" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-208730"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://instagram.com/electrive">Instagram</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="sitemap-mobile"><nav class="footer__menu footer__menu-mobile"><ul id="menu-footer-4" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83223"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/contact/">Contact</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-234861"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/team/">Team</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83224"><a href="https://www.electrive.com/imprint/">Imprint</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-94091"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://www.electrive.com/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="cmplz-show-banner menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-170576"><a href="#">Cookie Preferences</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div><div class="footer__copy site-layout-container"><div class="site-layout-container__inner"><p>© 2024 electrive.com</p><div><div class="module-html" > <a href="https://www.electrive.net" title="electrive deutsch" target="_blank">electrive deutsch</a></div></div></div></div></footer><section class="ad-space__top-banner"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1694689039581-0' style='min-width: 728px; min-height: 90px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NDY4OTAzOTU4MS0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div></section><section class="ad-space__desktop-skyscraper-left"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1694688972553-0' style='min-width: 120px; min-height: 600px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NDY4ODk3MjU1My0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div></section><section class="ad-space__desktop-skyscraper-right"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1694689017530-0' style='min-width: 120px; min-height: 600px;'> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,Z29vZ2xldGFnLmNtZC5wdXNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7Z29vZ2xldGFnLmRpc3BsYXkoJ2Rpdi1ncHQtYWQtMTY5NDY4OTAxNzUzMC0wJyl9KQ==" defer></script> </div></section> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/eef650d09f3a5a34cff0ea4d6c468eb4.js?ver=68eb4" id="advanced-search-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/91c0fbc21acd56b8639785701180b245.js?ver=0b245" id="base-site-header-animations-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/235bcff67cedfacc91ba93d53cb6772d.js?ver=6772d" id="module-base-slick-library-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/78f8b56a8c4e697a6ff397cfc0db174e.js?ver=b174e" id="module-gallery-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/a0d0e8d64ad8e9cd94c3c6edb4f3a3a6.js?ver=3a3a6" id="theme-module-events-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/1964ec64a2b3fdaf31b73d72bb36447a.js?ver=6447a" id="theme-module-header-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/206774d1d5606ba5fc0168106371130e.js?ver=1130e" id="theme-module-jobs-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/e6c73b35e79fd5f795cbeb942db8e3fa.js?ver=8e3fa" id="theme-module-module-gallery-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/f32b31dff1e9a0268d490e8b466662c0.js?ver=662c0" id="theme-module-module-view-count-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/15518f864af4ac15bc75cf0bf0c8b3c4.js?ver=8b3c4" id="theme-module-newsletter-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/dbe65153ad65280f4e5bc777265ec5c3.js?ver=ec5c3" id="theme-module-newsletter-builder-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/3fe844d65290a87b81efe3e1eea6790b.js?ver=6790b" id="theme-module-studies-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/2431968e7ac008c09c2c060c2197fa36.js?ver=7fa36" id="theme-module-theme-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/33983741cf3f1ed5cc2b31a73bf7758f.js?ver=7758f" id="theme-module-posts-submodule-comments-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/6bcf3d67fddd98ea3037099f82f1e3c6.js?ver=1e3c6" id="theme-module-posts-submodule-sidebar-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/6b5a69f60cae6935107b62cdebd3f1f8.js?ver=3f1f8" id="theme-module-posts-submodule-teaser-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/c19ea5c91a6c5d310945a85049b79fa2.js?ver=79fa2" id="theme-module-posts-submodule-video-player-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/b63b1e3ec18fbaae187376e15e5f1b94.js?ver=f1b94" id="theme-module-theme-components-submodule-interactions-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.electrive.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/68259badf97fb37c6e3f2393017e1560.js?ver=e1560" id="theme-module-theme-components-submodule-snackbar-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" ":"")+e}function v(t,e){nt?t.classList.remove(e):t.className=t.className.replace(new RegExp("(^|\\s+)"+e+"(\\s+|$)")," ").replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"")}function g(t){return t.llTempImage}function b(t,e){!e||(e=e._observer)&&e.unobserve(t)}function p(t,e){t&&(t.loadingCount+=e)}function h(t,e){t&&(t.toLoadCount=e)}function n(t){for(var e,n=[],a=0;e=t.children[a];a+=1)"SOURCE"===e.tagName&&n.push(e);return n}function m(t,e){(t=t.parentNode)&&"PICTURE"===t.tagName&&n(t).forEach(e)}function a(t,e){n(t).forEach(e)}function E(t){return!!t[st]}function I(t){return t[st]}function y(t){return delete t[st]}function A(e,t){var n;E(e)||(n={},t.forEach(function(t){n[t]=e.getAttribute(t)}),e[st]=n)}function k(a,t){var i;E(a)&&(i=I(a),t.forEach(function(t){var e,n;e=a,(t=i[n=t])?e.setAttribute(n,t):e.removeAttribute(n)}))}function L(t,e,n){_(t,e.class_loading),s(t,ut),n&&(p(n,1),f(e.callback_loading,t,n))}function w(t,e,n){n&&t.setAttribute(e,n)}function x(t,e){w(t,ct,l(t,e.data_sizes)),w(t,rt,l(t,e.data_srcset)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}function O(t,e,n){var a=l(t,e.data_bg_multi),i=l(t,e.data_bg_multi_hidpi);(a=at&&i?i:a)&&(t.style.backgroundImage=a,n=n,_(t=t,(e=e).class_applied),s(t,ft),n&&(e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,e),f(e.callback_applied,t,n)))}function N(t,e){!e||0<e.loadingCount||0<e.toLoadCount||f(t.callback_finish,e)}function C(t,e,n){t.addEventListener(e,n),t.llEvLisnrs[e]=n}function M(t){return!!t.llEvLisnrs}function z(t){if(M(t)){var e,n,a=t.llEvLisnrs;for(e in a){var i=a[e];n=e,i=i,t.removeEventListener(n,i)}delete t.llEvLisnrs}}function R(t,e,n){var a;delete t.llTempImage,p(n,-1),(a=n)&&--a.toLoadCount,v(t,e.class_loading),e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,n)}function T(o,r,c){var l=g(o)||o;M(l)||function(t,e,n){M(t)||(t.llEvLisnrs={});var a="VIDEO"===t.tagName?"loadeddata":"load";C(t,a,e),C(t,"error",n)}(l,function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_loaded),s(e,dt),f(n.callback_loaded,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)},function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_error),s(e,_t),f(n.callback_error,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)})}function G(t,e,n){var a,i,o,r,c;t.llTempImage=document.createElement("IMG"),T(t,e,n),E(c=t)||(c[st]={backgroundImage:c.style.backgroundImage}),o=n,r=l(a=t,(i=e).data_bg),c=l(a,i.data_bg_hidpi),(r=at&&c?c:r)&&(a.style.backgroundImage='url("'.concat(r,'")'),g(a).setAttribute(ot,r),L(a,i,o)),O(t,e,n)}function D(t,e,n){var a;T(t,e,n),a=e,e=n,(t=It[(n=t).tagName])&&(t(n,a),L(n,a,e))}function V(t,e,n){var a;a=t,(-1<yt.indexOf(a.tagName)?D:G)(t,e,n)}function F(t,e,n){var a;t.setAttribute("loading","lazy"),T(t,e,n),a=e,(e=It[(n=t).tagName])&&e(n,a),s(t,vt)}function j(t){t.removeAttribute(ot),t.removeAttribute(rt),t.removeAttribute(ct)}function P(t){m(t,function(t){k(t,Et)}),k(t,Et)}function S(t){var e;(e=At[t.tagName])?e(t):E(e=t)&&(t=I(e),e.style.backgroundImage=t.backgroundImage)}function U(t,e){var n;S(t),n=e,u(e=t)||d(e)||(v(e,n.class_entered),v(e,n.class_exited),v(e,n.class_applied),v(e,n.class_loading),v(e,n.class_loaded),v(e,n.class_error)),r(t),y(t)}function $(t,e,n,a){var i;n.cancel_on_exit&&(c(t)!==ut||"IMG"===t.tagName&&(z(t),m(i=t,function(t){j(t)}),j(i),P(t),v(t,n.class_loading),p(a,-1),r(t),f(n.callback_cancel,t,e,a)))}function q(t,e,n,a){var i,o,r=(o=t,0<=pt.indexOf(c(o)));s(t,"entered"),_(t,n.class_entered),v(t,n.class_exited),i=t,o=a,n.unobserve_entered&&b(i,o),f(n.callback_enter,t,e,a),r||V(t,n,a)}function H(t){return t.use_native&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype}function B(t,i,o){t.forEach(function(t){return(a=t).isIntersecting||0<a.intersectionRatio?q(t.target,t,i,o):(e=t.target,n=t,a=i,t=o,void(u(e)||(_(e,a.class_exited),$(e,n,a,t),f(a.callback_exit,e,n,t))));var e,n,a})}function J(e,n){var t;et&&!H(e)&&(n._observer=new IntersectionObserver(function(t){B(t,e,n)},{root:(t=e).container===document?null:t.container,rootMargin:t.thresholds||t.threshold+"px"}))}function K(t){return Array.prototype.slice.call(t)}function Q(t){return t.container.querySelectorAll(t.elements_selector)}function W(t){return c(t)===_t}function X(t,e){return e=t||Q(e),K(e).filter(u)}function Y(e,t){var n;(n=Q(e),K(n).filter(W)).forEach(function(t){v(t,e.class_error),r(t)}),t.update()}function t(t,e){var n,a,t=i(t);this._settings=t,this.loadingCount=0,J(t,this),n=t,a=this,Z&&window.addEventListener("online",function(){Y(n,a)}),this.update(e)}var Z="undefined"!=typeof window,tt=Z&&!("onscroll"in window)||"undefined"!=typeof navigator&&/(gle|ing|ro)bot|crawl|spider/i.test(navigator.userAgent),et=Z&&"IntersectionObserver"in window,nt=Z&&"classList"in document.createElement("p"),at=Z&&1<window.devicePixelRatio,it={elements_selector:".lazy",container:tt||Z?document:null,threshold:300,thresholds:null,data_src:"src",data_srcset:"srcset",data_sizes:"sizes",data_bg:"bg",data_bg_hidpi:"bg-hidpi",data_bg_multi:"bg-multi",data_bg_multi_hidpi:"bg-multi-hidpi",data_poster:"poster",class_applied:"applied",class_loading:"litespeed-loading",class_loaded:"litespeed-loaded",class_error:"error",class_entered:"entered",class_exited:"exited",unobserve_completed:!0,unobserve_entered:!1,cancel_on_exit:!0,callback_enter:null,callback_exit:null,callback_applied:null,callback_loading:null,callback_loaded:null,callback_error:null,callback_finish:null,callback_cancel:null,use_native:!1},ot="src",rt="srcset",ct="sizes",lt="poster",st="llOriginalAttrs",ut="loading",dt="loaded",ft="applied",_t="error",vt="native",gt="data-",bt="ll-status",pt=[ut,dt,ft,_t],ht=[ot],mt=[ot,lt],Et=[ot,rt,ct],It={IMG:function(t,e){m(t,function(t){A(t,Et),x(t,e)}),A(t,Et),x(t,e)},IFRAME:function(t,e){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))},VIDEO:function(t,e){a(t,function(t){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}),A(t,mt),w(t,lt,l(t,e.data_poster)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src)),t.load()}},yt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"],At={IMG:P,IFRAME:function(t){k(t,ht)},VIDEO:function(t){a(t,function(t){k(t,ht)}),k(t,mt),t.load()}},kt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"];return t.prototype={update:function(t){var e,n,a,i=this._settings,o=X(t,i);{if(h(this,o.length),!tt&&et)return H(i)?(e=i,n=this,o.forEach(function(t){-1!==kt.indexOf(t.tagName)&&F(t,e,n)}),void h(n,0)):(t=this._observer,i=o,t.disconnect(),a=t,void i.forEach(function(t){a.observe(t)}));this.loadAll(o)}},destroy:function(){this._observer&&this._observer.disconnect(),Q(this._settings).forEach(function(t){y(t)}),delete this._observer,delete this._settings,delete this.loadingCount,delete this.toLoadCount},loadAll:function(t){var e=this,n=this._settings;X(t,n).forEach(function(t){b(t,e),V(t,n,e)})},restoreAll:function(){var e=this._settings;Q(e).forEach(function(t){U(t,e)})}},t.load=function(t,e){e=i(e);V(t,e)},t.resetStatus=function(t){r(t)},Z&&function(t,e){if(e)if(e.length)for(var n,a=0;n=e[a];a+=1)o(t,n);else o(t,e)}(t,window.lazyLoadOptions),t});!function(e,t){"use strict";function a(){t.body.classList.add("litespeed_lazyloaded")}function n(){console.log("[LiteSpeed] Start Lazy Load Images"),d=new LazyLoad({elements_selector:"[data-lazyloaded]",callback_finish:a}),o=function(){d.update()},e.MutationObserver&&new MutationObserver(o).observe(t.documentElement,{childList:!0,subtree:!0,attributes:!0})}var d,o;e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener("load",n,!1):e.attachEvent("onload",n)}(window,document);</script></body></html>