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Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease - PubMed
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class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"> <label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TPI0qPQLhTjprHeUOhRVJr8bKS2O8AorBRMvLRD29KgBDusssJnOBCNDu5kfol1c"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TPI0qPQLhTjprHeUOhRVJr8bKS2O8AorBRMvLRD29KgBDusssJnOBCNDu5kfol1c"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TPI0qPQLhTjprHeUOhRVJr8bKS2O8AorBRMvLRD29KgBDusssJnOBCNDu5kfol1c"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TPI0qPQLhTjprHeUOhRVJr8bKS2O8AorBRMvLRD29KgBDusssJnOBCNDu5kfol1c"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="23307060"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TPI0qPQLhTjprHeUOhRVJr8bKS2O8AorBRMvLRD29KgBDusssJnOBCNDu5kfol1c"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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class="article-details" id="article-details"> <!-- "Filters applied" shows only when page is redirected from search --> <!-- because search found one result --> <header class="heading" id="heading"> <div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="publication-type" >Review</div> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc" data-pinger-ignore> Mod Pathol </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mod+Pathol%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mod+Pathol%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Mod Pathol" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Mod Pathol"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Mod+Pathol%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Mod Pathol"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Mod Pathol"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Mod Pathol"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2013 Apr;26(4):465-84.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.214. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2013 Jan 11. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ogino+S&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shuji Ogino">Shuji Ogino</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. shuji_ogino@dfci.harvard.edu" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lochhead+P&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Paul Lochhead">Paul Lochhead</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chan+AT&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Andrew T Chan">Andrew T Chan</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Nishihara+R&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Reiko Nishihara">Reiko Nishihara</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cho+E&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Eunyoung Cho">Eunyoung Cho</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wolpin+BM&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Brian M Wolpin">Brian M Wolpin</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Meyerhardt+JA&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jeffrey A Meyerhardt">Jeffrey A Meyerhardt</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Meissner+A&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexander Meissner">Alexander Meissner</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schernhammer+ES&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Eva S Schernhammer">Eva S Schernhammer</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fuchs+CS&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Charles S Fuchs">Charles S Fuchs</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Giovannucci+E&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Edward Giovannucci">Edward Giovannucci</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations 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class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Shuji Ogino</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Mod Pathol<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2013 Apr</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/23307060/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" 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href="/?term=Ogino+S&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shuji Ogino">Shuji Ogino</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. shuji_ogino@dfci.harvard.edu" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lochhead+P&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Paul Lochhead">Paul Lochhead</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chan+AT&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Andrew T Chan">Andrew T Chan</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Nishihara+R&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Reiko Nishihara">Reiko Nishihara</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cho+E&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Eunyoung Cho">Eunyoung Cho</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wolpin+BM&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Brian M Wolpin">Brian M Wolpin</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Meyerhardt+JA&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jeffrey A Meyerhardt">Jeffrey A Meyerhardt</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Meissner+A&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexander Meissner">Alexander Meissner</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schernhammer+ES&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Eva S Schernhammer">Eva S Schernhammer</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fuchs+CS&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Charles S Fuchs">Charles S Fuchs</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Giovannucci+E&cauthor_id=23307060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Edward Giovannucci">Edward Giovannucci</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. shuji_ogino@dfci.harvard.edu</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">23307060</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3637979&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3637979/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC3637979 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/modpathol.2012.214&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2012.214" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/modpathol.2012.214 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" 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id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Epigenetics acts as an interface between environmental/exogenous factors, cellular responses, and pathological processes. Aberrant epigenetic signatures are a hallmark of complex multifactorial diseases (including neoplasms and malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, and breast, lung, prostate, liver, and colorectal cancers). Epigenetic signatures (DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression, etc) may serve as biomarkers for risk stratification, early detection, and disease classification, as well as targets for therapy and chemoprevention. In particular, DNA methylation assays are widely applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue specimens as clinical pathology tests. To better understand the interplay between etiological factors, cellular molecular characteristics, and disease evolution, the field of 'molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE)' has emerged as an interdisciplinary integration of 'molecular pathology' and 'epidemiology'. In contrast to traditional epidemiological research including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), MPE is founded on the unique disease principle, that is, each disease process results from unique profiles of exposomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, metabolomes, microbiomes, and interactomes in relation to the macroenvironment and tissue microenvironment. MPE may represent a logical evolution of GWAS, termed 'GWAS-MPE approach'. Although epigenome-wide association study attracts increasing attention, currently, it has a fundamental problem in that each cell within one individual has a unique, time-varying epigenome. Having a similar conceptual framework to systems biology, the holistic MPE approach enables us to link potential etiological factors to specific molecular pathology, and gain novel pathogenic insights on causality. The widespread application of epigenome (eg, methylome) analyses will enhance our understanding of disease heterogeneity, epigenotypes (CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 (long interspersed nucleotide element-1; also called long interspersed nuclear element-1; long interspersed element-1; L1) hypomethylation, etc), and host-disease interactions. In this article, we illustrate increasing contribution of modern pathology to broader public health sciences, which attests pivotal roles of pathologists in the new integrated MPE science towards our ultimate goal of personalized medicine and prevention. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/11df/3637979/d74cd25cef83/nihms-446851-f0001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="750" data-image-height="563" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC3637979" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/11df/3637979/a90b1e89c9b5/nihms-446851-f0001.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="563"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A variety of endogenous and… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A variety of endogenous and exogenous etiologic factors contribute to epigenetic changes leading… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">A variety of endogenous and exogenous etiologic factors contribute to epigenetic changes leading to heterogeneity of disease processes, which is implicated by the “unique disease principle”. To simplify, only selected examples of those etiologic factors are demonstrated. There are numerous interactions between the factors, which are not depicted for simplicity.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/11df/3637979/283c777f87ce/nihms-446851-f0002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="709" data-image-height="525" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC3637979" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/11df/3637979/f898e1d6a242/nihms-446851-f0002.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="709"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="525"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Why is examining global molecular… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Why is examining global molecular phenomena so important? A. A typical study examining… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Why is examining global molecular phenomena so important? A. A typical study examining the relationship between gene X hypermethylation and disease Y, or response to treatment. Global molecular features, such as CIMP status, are not often considered. B. In reality, the significant relationship, if any, between gene X hypermethylation and disease, or treatment response, may reflect the association between CIMP and disease Y, or treatment response. CIMP status always needs to be considered as a potential confounder when examining locus-specific gene promoter hypermethylation and clinical outcome. CIMP, CpG island methylator phenotype.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/11df/3637979/c57d5f0cf1ce/nihms-446851-f0003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="750" data-image-height="563" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC3637979" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/11df/3637979/b1aa87a0494e/nihms-446851-f0003.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="563"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Biomarker analysis in normal tissue,… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Biomarker analysis in normal tissue, stool, blood and body fluids adds new dimensions… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Biomarker analysis in normal tissue, stool, blood and body fluids adds new dimensions to molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) research. 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Combination epigenetic therapy has efficacy in patients with refractory advanced non-small cell lung cancer. 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