CINXE.COM

ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js class-bg-ghost"> <HEAD><script>window.webmd = window.webmd || {};</script><script>window.__tcfapiPromise = new Promise(function (resolve) { resolve("resolving immediately as we are outside consent location");});</script><script>window.gdprMatch = false</script> <title>ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews</title> <script>window.performance.mark('page-start');</script> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="description" content="Learn more about ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID." /> <meta property="og:title" content="ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn more about ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID." /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="" /> <meta property="topicid" content="1667" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-767/alpha-lipoic-acid" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/favicon/favicon.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/favicon/favicon_144.png"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="//img.webmd.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//ssl.o.webmd.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var s_program_id=''; var s_company_type=''; var s_language_locale=''; var s_topic='1667'; var s_cap_id=''; var busref_id=''; var s_page_number='0'; var s_sensitive='false'; var s_account='webmdcom'; var s_company='webmd'; var s_business_reference='vitamin monograph'; var s_publication_source='webmd vitamins and supplements information from therapeutic research'; var s_mrt=''; var s_object_type='wbmd_pb_page'; var s_asset_id='767'; var s_channel=''; var s_unique_id='091e9c5e81e0c9c5'; var s_contains_video=''; var s_datasource='documentum'; var s_pbnm=''; var s_pbtp=''; var s_tpcot=''; var s_topic_dir='false'; var s_tug=''; var s_sponsor_brand=''; var s_sponsor_program=''; var s_package_type=''; var center_url=''; var center=''; var center_name=''; var center_id='1169'; var center_prefix=''; var s_channel_micro=''; var s_channel_mini=''; var s_channel_super_portal=''; var s_package_name='Find a Vitamin or Supplement'; var s_channel_health='vitamins and supplements'; var s_channel_topic_miniguide_guide=''; var s_site='core'; var s_assetname='vitamin-mono'; var s_searchterm=''; var image_server_url='https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live'; var is_embedded_module_top_aligned='false'; var s_mblv='false'; var s_tagemax=''; var s_tagemin=''; var s_cuih=''; var s_cuil=''; var s_cuim=''; var s_sbtyp=''; var s_tgender=''; var s_uk_user='false'; var s_server_type='Vitamins'; var s_server='sfews02l-shr-23'; var s_site_class=''; var s_intended_demographics='__'; var s_stage_condition=''; var s_refpath=''; var s_structure='cmsarticles'; var s_bu='cns'; var s_mobileweb='no'; var s_test1=''; var s_pagename_seo='www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-767-alpha-lipoic-acid'; var s_pagename='www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-767/alpha-lipoic-acid/overview'; var SPIDERVAL='__SPIDERKEY__';var SPIDERID='__SPIDERID__'; var DEVICE_NGINX='desktop';var IS_MOBILE_NGINX=false;var ContextData='[object Object]'; var s_siteclass=''; var s_pub='webmd vitamins and supplements information from therapeutic research'; var s_companytype=''; var s_vueVersion = '3.2'; </script> <link rel="preload" href="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/webmd-share-static-files/font/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-regular.899c8f78.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preload" href="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/webmd-share-static-files/font/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-700.1a4bcb3e.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preload" href="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/webmd-share-static-files/font/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-600.c85615b2.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://img.webmd.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/drugs/assets/Vitamin-Brandseeker-Desktop-Background-New.jpg"> <script> // Alloy Global Function !function(n,o){o.forEach(function(o){n[o]||((n.__alloyNS=n.__alloyNS||[]).push(o),n[o]=function(){var u=arguments;return new Promise(function(i,l){n[o].q.push([i,l,u])})},n[o].q=[])})}(window,["alloy"]); // Adobe Client Data Layer window.adobeDataLayer = window.adobeDataLayer || []; // Global Metrics CMD window.globalMetrics = window.globalMetrics || {cmd: []}; // Legacy WebMD Metrics Functions window.s_md={contextData:{}},window.wmdPageview=function(e={},n={}){let t={type:"pageview"};t=Object.assign(t,e),window.globalMetrics.cmd.push(function(){globalMetrics.sendEvent(t,n)})},window.wmdPageLink=function(e={},n={}){let t={type:"pagelink",moduleName:""};"string"==typeof e&&""!==e&&(t.moduleName=e,e={}),t=Object.assign(t,e),window.globalMetrics.cmd.push(function(){globalMetrics.sendEvent(t,n)})},window.wmdDpv=function(e={},n={}){let t={type:"dpv"};t=Object.assign(t,e),window.globalMetrics.cmd.push(function(){globalMetrics.sendEvent(t,n)})},window.wmdTrack=function(e={}){let n={type:"track",moduleName:""};"string"==typeof e&&""!==e&&(n.moduleName=e,e={}),n=Object.assign(n,e),window.globalMetrics.cmd.push(function(){globalMetrics.sendEvent(n)})},window.wmdSearchTrack=function(e={}){let n={type:"track",moduleName:""};"string"==typeof e&&""!==e&&(n.moduleName=e,e={}),n=Object.assign(n,e),window.globalMetrics.cmd.push(function(){globalMetrics.sendEvent(n)})},window.wmdSetUserSegment=function(e="",n=""){let t={type:"userSegment",userSegment:e,userPersistence:n};window.globalMetrics.cmd.push(function(){globalMetrics.sendEvent(t)})},window.wmdClearMetrics=function(e){window.globalMetrics.cmd.push(function(){window.globalMetrics.reInit({doPV:e})})}; </script> <script id="launchtags" src="//assets.adobedtm.com/2c8c1e17b98c/27339f98909a/launch-3931f206f4f7.min.js" async></script> <script src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/js/app.24598229.js" defer></script> <script src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/js/chunk-2d0c86a3.dc948c85.js" defer></script> <script src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/js/chunk-vendors.5a8c9610.js" defer></script> <script src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/js/non-critical.2625554e.js" defer></script> <script src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/js/webmd-elements.a1e025e3.js" defer></script> <link rel="prefetch" href="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/css/non-critical-1738602477551.62745ddf.css" as="style"> <script id="alloytags" src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/file-explorer/webmd/global-metrics/global-metrics.min.js" defer></script> <style>.fade-in-linear-enter-active,.fade-in-linear-leave-active{-webkit-transition:opacity .2s linear;transition:opacity .2s linear}.fade-in-linear-enter-from,.fade-in-linear-leave,.fade-in-linear-leave-active{opacity:0}.webmd-fade-in-linear-enter-active,.webmd-fade-in-linear-leave-active{-webkit-transition:opacity .2s linear;transition:opacity .2s linear}.webmd-fade-in-linear-enter,.webmd-fade-in-linear-leave,.webmd-fade-in-linear-leave-active{opacity:0}.webmd-fade-in-enter-active,.webmd-fade-in-leave-active{-webkit-transition:all .3s cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1);transition:all .3s cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1)}.webmd-fade-in-enter,.webmd-fade-in-leave-active{opacity:0}.webmd-zoom-in-center-enter-active,.webmd-zoom-in-center-leave-active{-webkit-transition:all .3s cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1);transition:all .3s cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1)}.webmd-zoom-in-center-enter,.webmd-zoom-in-center-leave-active{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:scaleX(0);transform:scaleX(0)}.webmd-zoom-in-top-enter-active,.webmd-zoom-in-top-leave-active{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:scaleY(1);transform:scaleY(1);-webkit-transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);-webkit-transform-origin:center top;transform-origin:center top}.webmd-zoom-in-top-enter-from,.webmd-zoom-in-top-leave-to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:scaleY(0);transform:scaleY(0)}.webmd-zoom-in-bottom-enter-active,.webmd-zoom-in-bottom-leave-active{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:scaleY(1);transform:scaleY(1);-webkit-transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);-webkit-transform-origin:center bottom;transform-origin:center bottom}.webmd-zoom-in-bottom-enter,.webmd-zoom-in-bottom-leave-active{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:scaleY(0);transform:scaleY(0)}.webmd-zoom-in-left-enter-active,.webmd-zoom-in-left-leave-active{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);-webkit-transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1),-webkit-transform .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1);-webkit-transform-origin:top left;transform-origin:top left}.webmd-zoom-in-left-enter,.webmd-zoom-in-left-leave-active{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:scale(.45);transform:scale(.45)}.collapse-transition{-webkit-transition:height .3s ease-in-out,padding-top .3s ease-in-out,padding-bottom .3s ease-in-out;transition:height .3s ease-in-out,padding-top .3s ease-in-out,padding-bottom .3s ease-in-out}.horizontal-collapse-transition{-webkit-transition:width .3s ease-in-out,padding-left .3s ease-in-out,padding-right .3s ease-in-out;transition:width .3s ease-in-out,padding-left .3s ease-in-out,padding-right .3s ease-in-out}.webmd-list-enter-active,.webmd-list-leave-active{-webkit-transition:all 1s;transition:all 1s}.webmd-list-enter,.webmd-list-leave-active{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-30px);transform:translateY(-30px)}.webmd-opacity-transition{-webkit-transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1);transition:opacity .3s cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1)}@font-face{font-family:element-icons;src:url("data:application/font-woff2;charset=utf-8;base64,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") format("woff2"),url("data:application/font-woff;charset=utf-8;base64,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") format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/webmd-element-icons.1174ca9e.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:auto}[class*=" webmd-icon-"],[class^=webmd-icon-]{font-family:element-icons!important;speak:none;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;line-height:1;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline-block;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.webmd-icon-thumbs-down-on:before{content:"\e915"}.webmd-icon-thumbs-up-on:before{content:"\e916"}.webmd-icon-thumbs-down-off:before{content:"\e917"}.webmd-icon-thumbs-up-off:before{content:"\e918"}.webmd-icon-archive:before{content:"\e914"}.webmd-icon-bookmark:before{content:"\e913"}.webmd-icon-email:before{content:"\e912"}.webmd-icon-printer:before{content:"\e911"}.webmd-icon-checkmark:before{content:"\e910"}.webmd-icon-close:before{content:"\e900"}.webmd-icon-dot-menu:before{content:"\e901"}.webmd-icon-down-arrow:before{content:"\e902"}.webmd-icon-filter:before{content:"\e903"}.webmd-icon-hamburger:before{content:"\e904"}.webmd-icon-left-arrow:before{content:"\e905"}.webmd-icon-right-arrow:before{content:"\e909"}.webmd-icon-up-arrow:before{content:"\e90f"}.webmd-icon-list:before{content:"\e906"}.webmd-icon-location-pin:before{content:"\e907"}.webmd-icon-map:before{content:"\e908"}.webmd-icon-search:before{content:"\e90a"}.webmd-icon-telephone:before{content:"\e90c"}.webmd-icon-transcript:before{content:"\e90d"}.webmd-icon-trends:before{content:"\e90e"}.webmd-icon-star:before{content:"\e90b"}.webmd-icon-facebook--border:before,.webmd-icon-facebook--no-border:before,.webmd-icon-facebook:before,.webmd-icon-pinterest--border:before,.webmd-icon-pinterest--no-border:before,.webmd-icon-pinterest:before,.webmd-icon-twitter--border:before,.webmd-icon-twitter--no-border:before,.webmd-icon-twitter:before,.webmd-rate__decimal:before,.webmd-rate__icon--medium.webmd-icon-star-default:before,.webmd-rate__icon--medium.webmd-icon-star-off:before,.webmd-rate__icon--medium.webmd-icon-star-on:before,.webmd-rate__icon--small.webmd-icon-star-default:before,.webmd-rate__icon--small.webmd-icon-star-off:before,.webmd-rate__icon--small.webmd-icon-star-on:before{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";display:block}.webmd-icon-facebook--border:before,.webmd-icon-facebook:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/facebook-with-border.f6038ea7.svg);height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem}.webmd-icon-twitter--border:before,.webmd-icon-twitter:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/twitter-with-border.3c076484.svg);height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem}.webmd-icon-pinterest--border:before,.webmd-icon-pinterest:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/pinterest-with-border.aaa293a6.svg);height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem}.webmd-icon-facebook--no-border:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/facebook-no-border.df8de6c1.svg);height:.9375rem;width:.5rem}.webmd-icon-twitter--no-border:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/twitter-no-border.f3bd5855.svg);height:.75rem;width:.9375rem}.webmd-icon-pinterest--no-border:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/pinterest-no-border.16237f51.svg);height:.9375rem;width:.875rem}.webmd-rate__icon--medium.webmd-icon-star-on:before,.webmd-rate__icon--small.webmd-icon-star-on:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/star-on.a8b1207e.svg)}.webmd-rate__icon--medium.webmd-icon-star-default:before,.webmd-rate__icon--medium.webmd-icon-star-off:before,.webmd-rate__icon--small.webmd-icon-star-default:before,.webmd-rate__icon--small.webmd-icon-star-off:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/star-off.094a273f.svg)}.webmd-rate__decimal:before{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/half-star.9dcd6226.svg)}.webmd-icon-more:before{content:"...";font-size:20px}.webmd-icon-loading{-webkit-animation:rotating 2s linear infinite;animation:rotating 2s linear infinite}.webmd-icon--right{margin-left:5px}.webmd-icon--left{margin-right:5px}@-webkit-keyframes rotating{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0)}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(1turn);transform:rotate(1turn)}}@keyframes rotating{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0)}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(1turn);transform:rotate(1turn)}}@font-face{font-family:Roboto Condensed;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Roboto Condensed"),local("RobotoCondensed-Regular"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-condensed-v17-latin-regular.3ada4464.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-condensed-v17-latin-regular.5c7a07a5.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-condensed-v17-latin-regular.b47c5c18.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto Condensed;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Roboto Condensed Bold"),local("RobotoCondensed-Bold"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-condensed-v17-latin-700.6b222561.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-condensed-v17-latin-700.2b92236b.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-condensed-v17-latin-700.8b5d9f3f.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Source Sans Pro;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local("Source Sans Pro Light"),local("SourceSansPro-Light"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-300.ede18477.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-300.a5002963.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-300.8a5f5480.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Source Sans Pro;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Source Sans Pro Regular"),local("SourceSansPro-Regular"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/webmd-share-static-files/font/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-regular.899c8f78.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-regular.5cc3aae6.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-regular.12335271.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Source Sans Pro;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local("Source Sans Pro Italic"),local("SourceSansPro-Italic"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-italic.dac2fca7.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-italic.86b2389f.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-italic.29806f1a.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Source Sans Pro;font-style:normal;font-weight:600;src:local("Source Sans Pro SemiBold"),local("SourceSansPro-SemiBold"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/webmd-share-static-files/font/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-600.c85615b2.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-600.a75563d7.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-600.32f95a4b.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Source Sans Pro;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Source Sans Pro Bold"),local("SourceSansPro-Bold"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/webmd-share-static-files/font/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-700.1a4bcb3e.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-700.b03f2ec2.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/source-sans-pro-v12-latin-700.07d81517.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Open Sans Regular"),local("OpenSans-Regular"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/open-sans-v16-latin-regular.33543c5c.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/open-sans-v16-latin-regular.de0869e3.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/open-sans-v16-latin-regular.049a929c.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Open Sans Bold"),local("OpenSans-Bold"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/open-sans-v16-latin-700.0edb7628.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/open-sans-v16-latin-700.1f85e92d.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/open-sans-v16-latin-700.e5111cab.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local("Roboto Light"),local("Roboto-Light"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-300.ef7c6637.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-300.b00849e0.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-300.806854d4.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;src:local("Roboto Light Italic"),local("Roboto-LightItalic"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-300italic.14286f3b.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-300italic.4df32891.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-300italic.51c5bffe.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Roboto"),local("Roboto-Regular"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-regular.479970ff.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-regular.60fa3c06.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-regular.329ae1c3.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local("Roboto Italic"),local("Roboto-Italic"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-italic.51521a2a.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-italic.fe65b833.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-italic.d4ad1feb.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local("Roboto Medium"),local("Roboto-Medium"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-500.020c97dc.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-500.87284894.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-500.8c608256.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local("Roboto Medium Italic"),local("Roboto-MediumItalic"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-500italic.db4a2a23.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-500italic.288ad9c6.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-500italic.0a36c77f.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Roboto Bold"),local("Roboto-Bold"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-700.2735a3a6.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-700.adcde98f.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-700.96559ffb.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:local("Roboto Bold Italic"),local("Roboto-BoldItalic"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-700italic.da0e7178.woff2) format("woff2"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-700italic.81f57861.woff) format("woff"),url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/fonts/roboto-v19-latin-700italic.4c13d18a.ttf) format("truetype");font-display:optional}.webmd-breadcrumb{font-family:Roboto Condensed,Arial Narrow,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0}.webmd-breadcrumb:after,.webmd-breadcrumb:before{display:table;content:""}.webmd-breadcrumb:after{clear:both}.webmd-breadcrumb__separator{margin:0 .1875rem;color:#444}.webmd-breadcrumb__separator[class*=icon]{font-size:.5rem;font-weight:400;margin:0 .5rem}.webmd-breadcrumb__item{display:inline}.webmd-breadcrumb__inner{text-decoration:none}.webmd-breadcrumb__inner,.webmd-breadcrumb__inner a{color:#187aab;cursor:pointer}.webmd-breadcrumb__inner:hover{text-decoration:underline}.webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner,.webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner:hover,.webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner a,.webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner a:hover{font-weight:400;color:#187aab;cursor:pointer}.webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__separator{display:none}.webmd-breadcrumb--material{color:#2196f3;font-size:12px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;line-height:1.5rem;vertical-align:top}.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item{float:left}.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item .webmd-breadcrumb__separator{color:#2196f3}.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item .webmd-breadcrumb__separator[class*=icon]{font-size:.375rem;font-weight:600;margin:0 .625rem 0 .5rem}.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item .webmd-breadcrumb__inner{text-decoration:none;color:#2196f3;cursor:pointer}.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item .webmd-breadcrumb__inner a{color:#2196f3;cursor:pointer}.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item .webmd-breadcrumb__inner:hover{color:#4fc3f7}.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner,.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner:hover,.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner a,.webmd-breadcrumb--material .webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child .webmd-breadcrumb__inner a:hover{font-weight:700;color:#757575;cursor:pointer}.webmd-breadcrumb.single-line{white-space:nowrap;padding:10px;width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.webmd-breadcrumb.single-line.edge-left:before,.webmd-breadcrumb.single-line.edge-right:after{background:#f1f4f4;background:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(0,#f1f4f4),to(rgba(241,244,244,0)));background:linear-gradient(90deg,#f1f4f4,rgba(241,244,244,0));width:30px;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;height:100%;z-index:10}.webmd-breadcrumb.single-line.edge-right:after{right:0;left:auto;-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.webmd-breadcrumb.single-line .webmd-breadcrumb__item:last-child{margin-right:10px}.webmd-breadcrumb.ellipsize{padding:10px;width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.webmd-breadcrumb.ellipsize .webmd-breadcrumb__item{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;overflow:hidden;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.webmd-breadcrumb.ellipsize .webmd-breadcrumb__item .webmd-breadcrumb__inner{text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap}.webmd-container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}.webmd-container.is-vertical{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.webmd-row{position:relative;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.webmd-row:after,.webmd-row:before{display:table;content:""}.webmd-row:after{clear:both}.webmd-row--flex{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.webmd-row--flex:after,.webmd-row--flex:before{display:none}.webmd-row--flex.is-justify-center{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.webmd-row--flex.is-justify-end{-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end}.webmd-row--flex.is-justify-space-between{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.webmd-row--flex.is-justify-space-around{-ms-flex-pack:distribute;justify-content:space-around}.webmd-row--flex.is-align-middle{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.webmd-row--flex.is-align-bottom{-webkit-box-align:end;-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end}[class*=webmd-col-]{float:left;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.webmd-col-0{display:none;width:0}.webmd-col-offset-0{margin-left:0}.webmd-col-pull-0{position:relative;right:0}.webmd-col-push-0{position:relative;left:0}.webmd-col-1{width:4.16667%}.webmd-col-offset-1{margin-left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-pull-1{position:relative;right:4.16667%}.webmd-col-push-1{position:relative;left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-2{width:8.33333%}.webmd-col-offset-2{margin-left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-pull-2{position:relative;right:8.33333%}.webmd-col-push-2{position:relative;left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-3{width:12.5%}.webmd-col-offset-3{margin-left:12.5%}.webmd-col-pull-3{position:relative;right:12.5%}.webmd-col-push-3{position:relative;left:12.5%}.webmd-col-4{width:16.66667%}.webmd-col-offset-4{margin-left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-pull-4{position:relative;right:16.66667%}.webmd-col-push-4{position:relative;left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-5{width:20.83333%}.webmd-col-offset-5{margin-left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-pull-5{position:relative;right:20.83333%}.webmd-col-push-5{position:relative;left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-6{width:25%}.webmd-col-offset-6{margin-left:25%}.webmd-col-pull-6{position:relative;right:25%}.webmd-col-push-6{position:relative;left:25%}.webmd-col-7{width:29.16667%}.webmd-col-offset-7{margin-left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-pull-7{position:relative;right:29.16667%}.webmd-col-push-7{position:relative;left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-8{width:33.33333%}.webmd-col-offset-8{margin-left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-pull-8{position:relative;right:33.33333%}.webmd-col-push-8{position:relative;left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-9{width:37.5%}.webmd-col-offset-9{margin-left:37.5%}.webmd-col-pull-9{position:relative;right:37.5%}.webmd-col-push-9{position:relative;left:37.5%}.webmd-col-10{width:41.66667%}.webmd-col-offset-10{margin-left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-pull-10{position:relative;right:41.66667%}.webmd-col-push-10{position:relative;left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-11{width:45.83333%}.webmd-col-offset-11{margin-left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-pull-11{position:relative;right:45.83333%}.webmd-col-push-11{position:relative;left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-12{width:50%}.webmd-col-offset-12{margin-left:50%}.webmd-col-pull-12{position:relative;right:50%}.webmd-col-push-12{position:relative;left:50%}.webmd-col-13{width:54.16667%}.webmd-col-offset-13{margin-left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-pull-13{position:relative;right:54.16667%}.webmd-col-push-13{position:relative;left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-14{width:58.33333%}.webmd-col-offset-14{margin-left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-pull-14{position:relative;right:58.33333%}.webmd-col-push-14{position:relative;left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-15{width:62.5%}.webmd-col-offset-15{margin-left:62.5%}.webmd-col-pull-15{position:relative;right:62.5%}.webmd-col-push-15{position:relative;left:62.5%}.webmd-col-16{width:66.66667%}.webmd-col-offset-16{margin-left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-pull-16{position:relative;right:66.66667%}.webmd-col-push-16{position:relative;left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-17{width:70.83333%}.webmd-col-offset-17{margin-left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-pull-17{position:relative;right:70.83333%}.webmd-col-push-17{position:relative;left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-18{width:75%}.webmd-col-offset-18{margin-left:75%}.webmd-col-pull-18{position:relative;right:75%}.webmd-col-push-18{position:relative;left:75%}.webmd-col-19{width:79.16667%}.webmd-col-offset-19{margin-left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-pull-19{position:relative;right:79.16667%}.webmd-col-push-19{position:relative;left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-20{width:83.33333%}.webmd-col-offset-20{margin-left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-pull-20{position:relative;right:83.33333%}.webmd-col-push-20{position:relative;left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-21{width:87.5%}.webmd-col-offset-21{margin-left:87.5%}.webmd-col-pull-21{position:relative;right:87.5%}.webmd-col-push-21{position:relative;left:87.5%}.webmd-col-22{width:91.66667%}.webmd-col-offset-22{margin-left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-pull-22{position:relative;right:91.66667%}.webmd-col-push-22{position:relative;left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-23{width:95.83333%}.webmd-col-offset-23{margin-left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-pull-23{position:relative;right:95.83333%}.webmd-col-push-23{position:relative;left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-24{width:100%}.webmd-col-offset-24{margin-left:100%}.webmd-col-pull-24{position:relative;right:100%}.webmd-col-push-24{position:relative;left:100%}@media (max-width:39.938em){.webmd-col-xs-0{display:none;width:0}.webmd-col-xs-offset-0{margin-left:0}.webmd-col-xs-pull-0{position:relative;right:0}.webmd-col-xs-push-0{position:relative;left:0}.webmd-col-xs-1{width:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-1{margin-left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-1{position:relative;right:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-1{position:relative;left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-2{width:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-2{margin-left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-2{position:relative;right:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-2{position:relative;left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-3{width:12.5%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-3{margin-left:12.5%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-3{position:relative;right:12.5%}.webmd-col-xs-push-3{position:relative;left:12.5%}.webmd-col-xs-4{width:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-4{margin-left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-4{position:relative;right:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-4{position:relative;left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-5{width:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-5{margin-left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-5{position:relative;right:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-5{position:relative;left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-6{width:25%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-6{margin-left:25%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-6{position:relative;right:25%}.webmd-col-xs-push-6{position:relative;left:25%}.webmd-col-xs-7{width:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-7{margin-left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-7{position:relative;right:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-7{position:relative;left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-8{width:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-8{margin-left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-8{position:relative;right:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-8{position:relative;left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-9{width:37.5%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-9{margin-left:37.5%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-9{position:relative;right:37.5%}.webmd-col-xs-push-9{position:relative;left:37.5%}.webmd-col-xs-10{width:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-10{margin-left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-10{position:relative;right:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-10{position:relative;left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-11{width:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-11{margin-left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-11{position:relative;right:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-11{position:relative;left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-12{width:50%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-12{margin-left:50%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-12{position:relative;right:50%}.webmd-col-xs-push-12{position:relative;left:50%}.webmd-col-xs-13{width:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-13{margin-left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-13{position:relative;right:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-13{position:relative;left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-14{width:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-14{margin-left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-14{position:relative;right:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-14{position:relative;left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-15{width:62.5%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-15{margin-left:62.5%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-15{position:relative;right:62.5%}.webmd-col-xs-push-15{position:relative;left:62.5%}.webmd-col-xs-16{width:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-16{margin-left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-16{position:relative;right:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-16{position:relative;left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-17{width:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-17{margin-left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-17{position:relative;right:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-17{position:relative;left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-18{width:75%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-18{margin-left:75%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-18{position:relative;right:75%}.webmd-col-xs-push-18{position:relative;left:75%}.webmd-col-xs-19{width:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-19{margin-left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-19{position:relative;right:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-19{position:relative;left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xs-20{width:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-20{margin-left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-20{position:relative;right:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-20{position:relative;left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xs-21{width:87.5%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-21{margin-left:87.5%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-21{position:relative;right:87.5%}.webmd-col-xs-push-21{position:relative;left:87.5%}.webmd-col-xs-22{width:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-22{margin-left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-22{position:relative;right:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-push-22{position:relative;left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xs-23{width:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-23{margin-left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-23{position:relative;right:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-push-23{position:relative;left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xs-24{width:100%}.webmd-col-xs-offset-24{margin-left:100%}.webmd-col-xs-pull-24{position:relative;right:100%}.webmd-col-xs-push-24{position:relative;left:100%}}@media (min-width:39.938em){.webmd-col-sm-0{display:none;width:0}.webmd-col-sm-offset-0{margin-left:0}.webmd-col-sm-pull-0{position:relative;right:0}.webmd-col-sm-push-0{position:relative;left:0}.webmd-col-sm-1{width:4.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-1{margin-left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-1{position:relative;right:4.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-1{position:relative;left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-2{width:8.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-2{margin-left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-2{position:relative;right:8.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-2{position:relative;left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-3{width:12.5%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-3{margin-left:12.5%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-3{position:relative;right:12.5%}.webmd-col-sm-push-3{position:relative;left:12.5%}.webmd-col-sm-4{width:16.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-4{margin-left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-4{position:relative;right:16.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-4{position:relative;left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-5{width:20.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-5{margin-left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-5{position:relative;right:20.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-5{position:relative;left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-6{width:25%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-6{margin-left:25%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-6{position:relative;right:25%}.webmd-col-sm-push-6{position:relative;left:25%}.webmd-col-sm-7{width:29.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-7{margin-left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-7{position:relative;right:29.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-7{position:relative;left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-8{width:33.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-8{margin-left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-8{position:relative;right:33.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-8{position:relative;left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-9{width:37.5%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-9{margin-left:37.5%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-9{position:relative;right:37.5%}.webmd-col-sm-push-9{position:relative;left:37.5%}.webmd-col-sm-10{width:41.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-10{margin-left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-10{position:relative;right:41.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-10{position:relative;left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-11{width:45.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-11{margin-left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-11{position:relative;right:45.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-11{position:relative;left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-12{width:50%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-12{margin-left:50%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-12{position:relative;right:50%}.webmd-col-sm-push-12{position:relative;left:50%}.webmd-col-sm-13{width:54.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-13{margin-left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-13{position:relative;right:54.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-13{position:relative;left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-14{width:58.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-14{margin-left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-14{position:relative;right:58.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-14{position:relative;left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-15{width:62.5%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-15{margin-left:62.5%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-15{position:relative;right:62.5%}.webmd-col-sm-push-15{position:relative;left:62.5%}.webmd-col-sm-16{width:66.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-16{margin-left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-16{position:relative;right:66.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-16{position:relative;left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-17{width:70.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-17{margin-left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-17{position:relative;right:70.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-17{position:relative;left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-18{width:75%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-18{margin-left:75%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-18{position:relative;right:75%}.webmd-col-sm-push-18{position:relative;left:75%}.webmd-col-sm-19{width:79.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-19{margin-left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-19{position:relative;right:79.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-19{position:relative;left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-sm-20{width:83.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-20{margin-left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-20{position:relative;right:83.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-20{position:relative;left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-sm-21{width:87.5%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-21{margin-left:87.5%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-21{position:relative;right:87.5%}.webmd-col-sm-push-21{position:relative;left:87.5%}.webmd-col-sm-22{width:91.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-22{margin-left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-22{position:relative;right:91.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-push-22{position:relative;left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-sm-23{width:95.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-23{margin-left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-23{position:relative;right:95.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-push-23{position:relative;left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-sm-24{width:100%}.webmd-col-sm-offset-24{margin-left:100%}.webmd-col-sm-pull-24{position:relative;right:100%}.webmd-col-sm-push-24{position:relative;left:100%}}@media (min-width:47.938em){.webmd-col-md-0{display:none;width:0}.webmd-col-md-offset-0{margin-left:0}.webmd-col-md-pull-0{position:relative;right:0}.webmd-col-md-push-0{position:relative;left:0}.webmd-col-md-1{width:4.16667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-1{margin-left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-1{position:relative;right:4.16667%}.webmd-col-md-push-1{position:relative;left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-md-2{width:8.33333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-2{margin-left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-2{position:relative;right:8.33333%}.webmd-col-md-push-2{position:relative;left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-md-3{width:12.5%}.webmd-col-md-offset-3{margin-left:12.5%}.webmd-col-md-pull-3{position:relative;right:12.5%}.webmd-col-md-push-3{position:relative;left:12.5%}.webmd-col-md-4{width:16.66667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-4{margin-left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-4{position:relative;right:16.66667%}.webmd-col-md-push-4{position:relative;left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-md-5{width:20.83333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-5{margin-left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-5{position:relative;right:20.83333%}.webmd-col-md-push-5{position:relative;left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-md-6{width:25%}.webmd-col-md-offset-6{margin-left:25%}.webmd-col-md-pull-6{position:relative;right:25%}.webmd-col-md-push-6{position:relative;left:25%}.webmd-col-md-7{width:29.16667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-7{margin-left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-7{position:relative;right:29.16667%}.webmd-col-md-push-7{position:relative;left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-md-8{width:33.33333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-8{margin-left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-8{position:relative;right:33.33333%}.webmd-col-md-push-8{position:relative;left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-md-9{width:37.5%}.webmd-col-md-offset-9{margin-left:37.5%}.webmd-col-md-pull-9{position:relative;right:37.5%}.webmd-col-md-push-9{position:relative;left:37.5%}.webmd-col-md-10{width:41.66667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-10{margin-left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-10{position:relative;right:41.66667%}.webmd-col-md-push-10{position:relative;left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-md-11{width:45.83333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-11{margin-left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-11{position:relative;right:45.83333%}.webmd-col-md-push-11{position:relative;left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-md-12{width:50%}.webmd-col-md-offset-12{margin-left:50%}.webmd-col-md-pull-12{position:relative;right:50%}.webmd-col-md-push-12{position:relative;left:50%}.webmd-col-md-13{width:54.16667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-13{margin-left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-13{position:relative;right:54.16667%}.webmd-col-md-push-13{position:relative;left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-md-14{width:58.33333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-14{margin-left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-14{position:relative;right:58.33333%}.webmd-col-md-push-14{position:relative;left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-md-15{width:62.5%}.webmd-col-md-offset-15{margin-left:62.5%}.webmd-col-md-pull-15{position:relative;right:62.5%}.webmd-col-md-push-15{position:relative;left:62.5%}.webmd-col-md-16{width:66.66667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-16{margin-left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-16{position:relative;right:66.66667%}.webmd-col-md-push-16{position:relative;left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-md-17{width:70.83333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-17{margin-left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-17{position:relative;right:70.83333%}.webmd-col-md-push-17{position:relative;left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-md-18{width:75%}.webmd-col-md-offset-18{margin-left:75%}.webmd-col-md-pull-18{position:relative;right:75%}.webmd-col-md-push-18{position:relative;left:75%}.webmd-col-md-19{width:79.16667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-19{margin-left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-19{position:relative;right:79.16667%}.webmd-col-md-push-19{position:relative;left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-md-20{width:83.33333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-20{margin-left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-20{position:relative;right:83.33333%}.webmd-col-md-push-20{position:relative;left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-md-21{width:87.5%}.webmd-col-md-offset-21{margin-left:87.5%}.webmd-col-md-pull-21{position:relative;right:87.5%}.webmd-col-md-push-21{position:relative;left:87.5%}.webmd-col-md-22{width:91.66667%}.webmd-col-md-offset-22{margin-left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-md-pull-22{position:relative;right:91.66667%}.webmd-col-md-push-22{position:relative;left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-md-23{width:95.83333%}.webmd-col-md-offset-23{margin-left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-md-pull-23{position:relative;right:95.83333%}.webmd-col-md-push-23{position:relative;left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-md-24{width:100%}.webmd-col-md-offset-24{margin-left:100%}.webmd-col-md-pull-24{position:relative;right:100%}.webmd-col-md-push-24{position:relative;left:100%}}@media (min-width:63.938em){.webmd-col-lg-0{display:none;width:0}.webmd-col-lg-offset-0{margin-left:0}.webmd-col-lg-pull-0{position:relative;right:0}.webmd-col-lg-push-0{position:relative;left:0}.webmd-col-lg-1{width:4.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-1{margin-left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-1{position:relative;right:4.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-1{position:relative;left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-2{width:8.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-2{margin-left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-2{position:relative;right:8.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-2{position:relative;left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-3{width:12.5%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-3{margin-left:12.5%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-3{position:relative;right:12.5%}.webmd-col-lg-push-3{position:relative;left:12.5%}.webmd-col-lg-4{width:16.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-4{margin-left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-4{position:relative;right:16.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-4{position:relative;left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-5{width:20.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-5{margin-left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-5{position:relative;right:20.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-5{position:relative;left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-6{width:25%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-6{margin-left:25%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-6{position:relative;right:25%}.webmd-col-lg-push-6{position:relative;left:25%}.webmd-col-lg-7{width:29.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-7{margin-left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-7{position:relative;right:29.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-7{position:relative;left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-8{width:33.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-8{margin-left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-8{position:relative;right:33.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-8{position:relative;left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-9{width:37.5%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-9{margin-left:37.5%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-9{position:relative;right:37.5%}.webmd-col-lg-push-9{position:relative;left:37.5%}.webmd-col-lg-10{width:41.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-10{margin-left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-10{position:relative;right:41.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-10{position:relative;left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-11{width:45.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-11{margin-left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-11{position:relative;right:45.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-11{position:relative;left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-12{width:50%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-12{margin-left:50%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-12{position:relative;right:50%}.webmd-col-lg-push-12{position:relative;left:50%}.webmd-col-lg-13{width:54.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-13{margin-left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-13{position:relative;right:54.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-13{position:relative;left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-14{width:58.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-14{margin-left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-14{position:relative;right:58.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-14{position:relative;left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-15{width:62.5%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-15{margin-left:62.5%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-15{position:relative;right:62.5%}.webmd-col-lg-push-15{position:relative;left:62.5%}.webmd-col-lg-16{width:66.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-16{margin-left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-16{position:relative;right:66.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-16{position:relative;left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-17{width:70.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-17{margin-left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-17{position:relative;right:70.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-17{position:relative;left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-18{width:75%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-18{margin-left:75%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-18{position:relative;right:75%}.webmd-col-lg-push-18{position:relative;left:75%}.webmd-col-lg-19{width:79.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-19{margin-left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-19{position:relative;right:79.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-19{position:relative;left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-lg-20{width:83.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-20{margin-left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-20{position:relative;right:83.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-20{position:relative;left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-lg-21{width:87.5%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-21{margin-left:87.5%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-21{position:relative;right:87.5%}.webmd-col-lg-push-21{position:relative;left:87.5%}.webmd-col-lg-22{width:91.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-22{margin-left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-22{position:relative;right:91.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-push-22{position:relative;left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-lg-23{width:95.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-23{margin-left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-23{position:relative;right:95.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-push-23{position:relative;left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-lg-24{width:100%}.webmd-col-lg-offset-24{margin-left:100%}.webmd-col-lg-pull-24{position:relative;right:100%}.webmd-col-lg-push-24{position:relative;left:100%}}@media (min-width:77.5em){.webmd-col-xl-0{display:none;width:0}.webmd-col-xl-offset-0{margin-left:0}.webmd-col-xl-pull-0{position:relative;right:0}.webmd-col-xl-push-0{position:relative;left:0}.webmd-col-xl-1{width:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-1{margin-left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-1{position:relative;right:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-1{position:relative;left:4.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-2{width:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-2{margin-left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-2{position:relative;right:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-2{position:relative;left:8.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-3{width:12.5%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-3{margin-left:12.5%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-3{position:relative;right:12.5%}.webmd-col-xl-push-3{position:relative;left:12.5%}.webmd-col-xl-4{width:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-4{margin-left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-4{position:relative;right:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-4{position:relative;left:16.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-5{width:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-5{margin-left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-5{position:relative;right:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-5{position:relative;left:20.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-6{width:25%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-6{margin-left:25%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-6{position:relative;right:25%}.webmd-col-xl-push-6{position:relative;left:25%}.webmd-col-xl-7{width:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-7{margin-left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-7{position:relative;right:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-7{position:relative;left:29.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-8{width:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-8{margin-left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-8{position:relative;right:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-8{position:relative;left:33.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-9{width:37.5%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-9{margin-left:37.5%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-9{position:relative;right:37.5%}.webmd-col-xl-push-9{position:relative;left:37.5%}.webmd-col-xl-10{width:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-10{margin-left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-10{position:relative;right:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-10{position:relative;left:41.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-11{width:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-11{margin-left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-11{position:relative;right:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-11{position:relative;left:45.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-12{width:50%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-12{margin-left:50%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-12{position:relative;right:50%}.webmd-col-xl-push-12{position:relative;left:50%}.webmd-col-xl-13{width:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-13{margin-left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-13{position:relative;right:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-13{position:relative;left:54.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-14{width:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-14{margin-left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-14{position:relative;right:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-14{position:relative;left:58.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-15{width:62.5%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-15{margin-left:62.5%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-15{position:relative;right:62.5%}.webmd-col-xl-push-15{position:relative;left:62.5%}.webmd-col-xl-16{width:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-16{margin-left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-16{position:relative;right:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-16{position:relative;left:66.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-17{width:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-17{margin-left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-17{position:relative;right:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-17{position:relative;left:70.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-18{width:75%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-18{margin-left:75%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-18{position:relative;right:75%}.webmd-col-xl-push-18{position:relative;left:75%}.webmd-col-xl-19{width:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-19{margin-left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-19{position:relative;right:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-19{position:relative;left:79.16667%}.webmd-col-xl-20{width:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-20{margin-left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-20{position:relative;right:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-20{position:relative;left:83.33333%}.webmd-col-xl-21{width:87.5%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-21{margin-left:87.5%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-21{position:relative;right:87.5%}.webmd-col-xl-push-21{position:relative;left:87.5%}.webmd-col-xl-22{width:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-22{margin-left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-22{position:relative;right:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-push-22{position:relative;left:91.66667%}.webmd-col-xl-23{width:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-23{margin-left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-23{position:relative;right:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-push-23{position:relative;left:95.83333%}.webmd-col-xl-24{width:100%}.webmd-col-xl-offset-24{margin-left:100%}.webmd-col-xl-pull-24{position:relative;right:100%}.webmd-col-xl-push-24{position:relative;left:100%}}.webmd-label,.webmd-label.labelup{font-weight:400}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion,.webmd-input__div,.webmd-input__prefix,.webmd-input__suffix{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif}.webmd-input__prefix,.webmd-input__suffix{position:absolute;text-align:center}.webmd-input-group--append .webmd-select .webmd-input.is-focus .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-group--prepend .webmd-select .webmd-input.is-focus .webmd-input__inner{border-color:transparent}.webmd-scrollbar{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.webmd-scrollbar:active>.webmd-scrollbar__bar,.webmd-scrollbar:focus>.webmd-scrollbar__bar,.webmd-scrollbar:hover>.webmd-scrollbar__bar{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:opacity .34s ease-out;transition:opacity .34s ease-out}.webmd-scrollbar__wrap{overflow:scroll!important;height:100%!important}.webmd-scrollbar__wrap--hidden-default::-webkit-scrollbar{width:0;height:0}.webmd-scrollbar__thumb{position:relative;display:block;width:0;height:0;cursor:pointer;border-radius:inherit;background-color:rgba(144,147,153,.3);-webkit-transition:background-color .3s;transition:background-color .3s}.webmd-scrollbar__thumb:hover{background-color:rgba(144,147,153,.5)}.webmd-scrollbar__bar{position:absolute;right:2px;bottom:2px;z-index:1;border-radius:4px;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .12s ease-out;transition:opacity .12s ease-out}.webmd-scrollbar__bar.is-vertical{width:6px;top:2px}.webmd-scrollbar__bar.is-vertical>div{width:100%}.webmd-scrollbar__bar.is-horizontal{height:6px;left:2px}.webmd-scrollbar__bar.is-horizontal>div{height:100%}.webmd-popper .popper__arrow,.webmd-popper .popper__arrow:after{position:absolute;display:block;width:0;height:0;border-color:transparent;border-style:solid}.webmd-popper .popper__arrow{border-width:.5rem;-webkit-filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.03));filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.03))}.webmd-popper .popper__arrow:after{content:" ";border-width:.5rem}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=top]{margin-bottom:1rem}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=top] .popper__arrow{bottom:-.5rem;left:50%;margin-right:4.5px;border-top-color:#ebeef5;border-bottom-width:0}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=top] .popper__arrow:after{bottom:1px;margin-left:-.5rem;border-top-color:#fff;border-bottom-width:0}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=bottom]{margin-top:1rem}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=bottom] .popper__arrow{top:-.5rem;left:50%;margin-right:4.5px;border-top-width:0;border-bottom-color:#ebeef5}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=bottom] .popper__arrow:after{top:1px;margin-left:-.5rem;border-top-width:0;border-bottom-color:#fff}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=right]{margin-left:1rem}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=right] .popper__arrow{top:50%;left:-.5rem;margin-bottom:4.5px;border-right-color:#ebeef5;border-left-width:0}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=right] .popper__arrow:after{bottom:-.5rem;left:1px;border-right-color:#fff;border-left-width:0}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=left]{margin-right:1rem}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=left] .popper__arrow{top:50%;right:-.5rem;margin-bottom:4.5px;border-right-width:0;border-left-color:#ebeef5}.webmd-popper[x-placement^=left] .popper__arrow:after{right:1px;bottom:-.5rem;margin-left:-.5rem;border-right-width:0;border-left-color:#fff}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input__inner{border-color:#d4d4d4;color:#444}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input__inner ::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#ababab}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input__inner ::-moz-placeholder{color:#ababab}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input__inner ::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#ababab}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input__inner :-ms-input-placeholder{color:#ababab}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input__inner ::placeholder{color:#ababab}.webmd-typeahead:active .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-typeahead:focus .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-typeahead:hover .webmd-input__inner{color:#444;border-color:#767674}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--medium{font-size:16px}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--medium .webmd-input__inner{height:40px;line-height:40px;padding:0 30px 3px 12px}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--medium .webmd-icon-search{font-size:16px;font-weight:700}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--medium:active .webmd-icon-search,.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--medium:hover .webmd-icon-search{color:#767674}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--large{font-size:18px}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--large .webmd-input__inner{height:60px;line-height:60px}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--large .webmd-icon-search{font-size:24px;font-weight:700;position:absolute;right:18px;width:1.5rem;color:#767674}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--large:active .webmd-icon-search,.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input--large:hover .webmd-icon-search{color:#767674}.webmd-typeahead .webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__inner{padding:1.125rem 3.25rem 1.5rem 1.5rem}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion{margin:.3125rem 0;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 12px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 2px 12px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:4px}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[x-placement^=bottom],.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[x-placement^=top]{margin:0 0 0 .75rem}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=medium]{min-width:11.0625rem;max-width:100%}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=medium] ul li{font-size:16px;padding:.625rem .75rem;position:relative}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=medium] ul li .image-text{padding-left:2.1875rem}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=large]{min-width:14.375rem;max-width:100%}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=large] ul li{font-size:18px;padding:.9375rem 1.5rem;position:relative}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=large] ul li .image-text{margin-left:1rem;padding-left:2.5rem}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=large] ul li .image-text p{margin:0;line-height:1.12}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.webmd-popper[size=large] ul li .image-text .description{color:#898989;margin-top:.25rem;font-size:16px;line-height:1.23}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion .imageIconMedium{bottom:4px;display:inline-block;height:1.5625rem;position:absolute;width:1.5625rem}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion .imageIconLarge{bottom:13px;display:inline-block;height:2.8125rem;position:absolute;width:2.8125rem}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__wrap{max-height:17.5rem;padding:.625rem 0;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:auto;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #e4e7ed;border-radius:4px}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__list{margin:0;padding:0}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion li{margin:0;line-height:1;cursor:pointer;color:#444;font-size:16px;list-style:none;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion li a{color:#606266}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion li.highlighted,.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion li:hover{background-color:#f6f6f6}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion li.divider{margin-top:6px;border-top:1px solid #000}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion li.divider:last-child{margin-bottom:-6px}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.is-loading{display:none}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.is-loading li{text-align:center;height:100px;line-height:100px;font-size:20px;color:#999}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.is-loading li:after{display:inline-block;content:"";height:100%;vertical-align:middle}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.is-loading li:hover{background-color:#fff}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion.is-loading .webmd-icon-loading{vertical-align:middle}.webmd-popup-parent--hidden{overflow:hidden}.webmd-dialog{position:relative;margin:0 auto 50px;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;width:50%}.webmd-dialog.is-fullscreen{width:100%;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:100%;overflow:auto}.webmd-dialog__wrapper{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;overflow:auto;margin:0}.webmd-dialog__header{padding:20px 20px 10px}.webmd-dialog__headerbtn{position:absolute;top:20px;right:20px;padding:0;background:0 0;border:none;outline:0;cursor:pointer;font-size:16px}.webmd-dialog__headerbtn .webmd-dialog__close{color:#909399}.webmd-dialog__headerbtn:focus .webmd-dialog__close,.webmd-dialog__headerbtn:hover .webmd-dialog__close{color:#409eff}.webmd-dialog__title{line-height:24px;font-size:18px;color:#303133}.webmd-dialog__body{padding:30px 20px;color:#606266;font-size:14px}.webmd-dialog__footer{padding:10px 20px 20px;text-align:right;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.webmd-dialog--center{text-align:center}.webmd-dialog--center .webmd-dialog__body{text-align:initial;padding:25px 25px 30px}.webmd-dialog--center .webmd-dialog__footer{text-align:inherit}.dialog-fade-enter-active{-webkit-animation:dialog-fade-in .3s;animation:dialog-fade-in .3s}.dialog-fade-leave-active{-webkit-animation:dialog-fade-out .3s;animation:dialog-fade-out .3s}@-webkit-keyframes dialog-fade-in{0%{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);opacity:0}to{-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0);opacity:1}}@keyframes dialog-fade-in{0%{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);opacity:0}to{-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0);opacity:1}}@-webkit-keyframes dialog-fade-out{0%{-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0);opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);opacity:0}}@keyframes dialog-fade-out{0%{-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0);opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);opacity:0}}.webmd-label,.webmd-label.labelup{line-height:1;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:normal}.webmd-label{overflow:hidden}.webmd-label,.webmd-label.labelup{font-weight:400}.webmd-input__inner{-webkit-appearance:none;font-stretch:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal}.webmd-checkbox{color:#767674;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Verdana,sans-serif;font-weight:400;position:relative;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;border-radius:.1875rem;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal}.webmd-checkbox.is-disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.webmd-checkbox.is-disabled:hover{background-color:transparent}.webmd-checkbox--hovercolorgray:hover{background-color:#ebf1f7}.webmd-checkbox--hovercolorgreen:hover{background-color:#cdf2e8}.webmd-checkbox--hovercolornone:hover{background-color:#fff}.webmd-checkbox--textcolorblack{color:#212121}.webmd-checkbox--darktext{color:#333132}.webmd-checkbox--shadowcheckbox .webmd-checkbox__inner{-webkit-box-shadow:.0625rem .0625rem .0625rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,.05);box-shadow:.0625rem .0625rem .0625rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.webmd-checkbox--material .is-checked span{background-color:#00bcd4!important}.webmd-checkbox--material .webmd-checkbox__input:before{border:none}.webmd-checkbox--material .webmd-checkbox__inner{border:2px solid #00bcd4!important;border-radius:0}.webmd-checkbox--material_secondary .is-checked span{background-color:#2196f3!important}.webmd-checkbox--material_secondary .webmd-checkbox__input:before{border:none}.webmd-checkbox--material_secondary .webmd-checkbox__inner{border:2px solid #2196f3!important;border-radius:0}@media screen and (min-width:48rem){.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small{padding:.375rem 1.5rem .25rem .375rem;line-height:1.13;font-size:1rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small .webmd-checkbox__label{line-height:1.0625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small .webmd-checkbox__inner{height:1.25rem;width:1.25rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small .webmd-checkbox__inner:after{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;content:"";position:absolute;height:1rem;width:1rem;left:0;top:0;z-index:500}}@media screen and (max-width:47.9375rem){.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small{padding:.375rem 1.75rem .375rem .375rem;line-height:1.13;font-size:1rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small .webmd-checkbox__label{line-height:1.0625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small .webmd-checkbox__inner{height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small .webmd-checkbox__inner:after{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;content:"";position:absolute;height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem;left:-.0625rem}}@media screen and (min-width:48rem){.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.11;padding:.75rem 1.9375rem .6875rem .625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium .webmd-checkbox__label{line-height:1.0625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium .webmd-checkbox__inner{height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium .webmd-checkbox__inner:after{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;content:"";position:absolute;height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem;left:-.0625rem}}@media screen and (max-width:47.9375rem){.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium{padding:.5rem 1.5rem .375rem .5rem;line-height:.069375rem;font-size:1rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium .webmd-checkbox__label{line-height:1.0625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium .webmd-checkbox__inner{height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem}.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--medium .webmd-checkbox__inner:after{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;content:"";position:absolute;height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem;left:-.0625rem}}.webmd-checkbox-button__inner,.webmd-checkbox__input{line-height:1;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle}.webmd-checkbox__input{cursor:pointer;outline:0;display:inline-block;position:relative}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-disabled .webmd-checkbox__inner{background-color:#f0f0f0;cursor:not-allowed;border-radius:3px;border:1px solid #d4d4d4}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-disabled .webmd-checkbox__inner:after{cursor:not-allowed;border-color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-disabled .webmd-checkbox__inner+.webmd-checkbox__label{cursor:not-allowed}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-disabled.is-indeterminate .webmd-checkbox__inner{background-color:#f2f6fc}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-disabled.is-indeterminate .webmd-checkbox__inner:before{background-color:#c0c4cc;border-color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-disabled+span.webmd-checkbox__label{color:#ababab;cursor:not-allowed}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkershapedefault.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkercolorgreen{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/checkbox-checkmark.07ca3b66.svg)}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkershapedefault.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkercolorwhite{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/checkmark-white.161c7df2.svg)}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkershaperounded.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkercolorgreen{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/checkmark-rounded.b99c4933.svg)}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkershaperounded.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkercolorwhite{background-image:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/checkmark-rounded-white.484397e2.svg)}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkerbackgroundwhite{background-color:#fff}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkerbackgroundgreen{background-color:#6db7ad}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkerbackgrounddarkgreen{background-color:#309a9c}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50%;background-size:77%}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-indeterminate .webmd-checkbox__inner{background-color:#fff}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-indeterminate .webmd-checkbox__inner:before{content:"";position:absolute;display:block;background-color:#fff;height:.125rem;-webkit-transform:scale(.5);transform:scale(.5);left:0;right:0;top:.3125rem}.webmd-checkbox__input.is-indeterminate .webmd-checkbox__inner:after{display:none}.webmd-checkbox__inner{display:inline-block;position:relative;border:1px solid #dcdfe6;border-radius:.1875rem;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#fff;z-index:1}.webmd-checkbox__original{opacity:0;outline:0;position:absolute;margin:0;width:0;height:0;z-index:-1}.webmd-checkbox-button,.webmd-checkbox-button__inner{display:inline-block;position:relative}.webmd-checkbox__label{display:inline-block;padding-left:.625rem}.webmd-checkbox+.webmd-checkbox{margin-left:1.875rem}.webmd-checkbox-button__inner{font-weight:500;cursor:pointer;background:#fff;border:1px solid #dcdfe6;border-left:0;-webkit-appearance:none;text-align:center;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;outline:0;margin:0;-webkit-transition:all .3s cubic-bezier(.645,.045,.355,1);transition:all .3s cubic-bezier(.645,.045,.355,1);-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;padding:12px 20px;font-size:14px;border-radius:0}.webmd-checkbox-button__inner.is-round{padding:12px 20px}.webmd-checkbox-button__inner [class*=webmd-icon-]{line-height:.9}.webmd-checkbox-button__inner [class*=webmd-icon-]+span{margin-left:.3125rem}.webmd-checkbox-button__original{opacity:0;outline:0;position:absolute;margin:0;z-index:-1}.webmd-checkbox-button.is-checked .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{background-color:#409eff}.webmd-checkbox-button.is-checked:first-child .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{border-left-color:#409eff}.webmd-checkbox-button.is-disabled .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{color:#c0c4cc;cursor:not-allowed;background-image:none;background-color:#fff;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}.webmd-checkbox-button.is-disabled:first-child .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{border-left-color:#ebeef5}.webmd-checkbox-button:first-child .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{border-left:1px solid #dcdfe6;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}.webmd-checkbox-button:last-child .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.webmd-checkbox-button--medium .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{padding:12px 24px;font-size:17px;border-radius:0}.webmd-checkbox-button--medium .webmd-checkbox-button__inner.is-round{padding:12px 24px}.webmd-checkbox-button--small .webmd-checkbox-button__inner{padding:9px 15px;font-size:12px;border-radius:0}.webmd-checkbox-button--small .webmd-checkbox-button__inner.is-round{padding:9px 15px}.webmd-checkbox-group{font-size:0}.webmd-button{font-stretch:normal;-webkit-appearance:none}.webmd-label,.webmd-message-box,.webmd-popup-parent--hidden{overflow:hidden}.webmd-button,.webmd-input__inner{-webkit-appearance:none;font-stretch:normal;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box}.webmd-button,.webmd-input__inner,.webmd-message-box.large,.webmd-textarea__inner{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box}.webmd-button,.webmd-button--medium{font-size:17px;padding:12px 24px}.v-modal-enter{-webkit-animation:v-modal-in .2s ease;animation:v-modal-in .2s ease}.v-modal-leave{-webkit-animation:v-modal-out .2s ease forwards;animation:v-modal-out .2s ease forwards}@-webkit-keyframes v-modal-in{0%{opacity:0}}@keyframes v-modal-in{0%{opacity:0}}@-webkit-keyframes v-modal-out{to{opacity:0}}@keyframes v-modal-out{to{opacity:0}}.v-modal{position:fixed;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:.6;background:#000}.webmd-button{display:inline-block;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:center;border-radius:.1875rem;white-space:nowrap;cursor:pointer;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;outline:0;margin:0;border-style:none;-webkit-transition:.1s;transition:.1s;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Verdana,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:#606266;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none}.webmd-button.material{height:36px;border-radius:4px;border-style:none;padding:0 16px;font-size:14px;font-family:Roboto,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:.5px;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;color:#fff;background-color:#00bcd4}.webmd-input__inner,.webmd-label,.webmd-label.labelup{font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal}.webmd-button.material:active,.webmd-button.material:focus,.webmd-button.material:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#0097a7}.webmd-button.material.is-shadow{-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.webmd-button.material.is-capitalized{text-transform:capitalize}.webmd-button:hover{background-color:#00588c;color:#fff}.webmd-button+.webmd-button{margin-left:.625rem}.webmd-button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none}.webmd-button.is-icon{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}.webmd-button [class*=webmd-icon-]+span{margin-left:.3125rem}.webmd-button.is-disabled:hover{color:#767674;cursor:not-allowed;background-image:none;background-color:#e8e6e6;border:.0625rem;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}.webmd-button.is-disabled.webmd-button--text{background-color:transparent}.webmd-button.is-disabled.material,.webmd-button.is-disabled.material:active,.webmd-button.is-disabled.material:focus,.webmd-button.is-disabled.material:hover{color:#767674;background-color:#e8e6e6}.webmd-button.is-disabled.material{cursor:not-allowed}.webmd-button.is-disabled.material.is-shadow:hover{-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.webmd-button.is-loading{position:relative;pointer-events:none}.webmd-button.is-loading:before{pointer-events:none;content:"";position:absolute;left:-.0625rem;top:-.0625rem;right:-.0625rem;bottom:-.0625rem;border-radius:inherit;background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.35)}.webmd-button.is-round{border-radius:1.25rem;padding:.75rem 1.75rem}.webmd-button.is-round.webmd-button--xl{padding:1.25rem 3rem;border-radius:1.875rem}.webmd-button.is-stretch{width:100%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.webmd-button--primary{background-color:#0078bf;color:#fff}.webmd-button--primary:hover{background-color:#00588c}.webmd-button--primary:disabled{background-color:#e8e6e6;color:#767674}.webmd-button--secondary{background-color:#44d4ff;color:#222}.webmd-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#1f97dc}.webmd-button--secondary:disabled{background-color:#e8e6e6;color:#767674}.webmd-button--secondary.material{color:#fff;background-color:#ff7043}.webmd-button--secondary.material:active,.webmd-button--secondary.material:focus,.webmd-button--secondary.material:hover{background-color:#ff5722}.webmd-button--ghost{background-color:#fff;color:#0078bf;border:.0625rem solid #0078bf}.webmd-button--ghost:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#0078bf;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 .0625rem #0078bf inset;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 .0625rem #0078bf}.webmd-button--ghost:disabled,.webmd-button--ghost:disabled:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#767674;border:.0625rem solid #e8e6e6}.webmd-button--ghost.material{border:1px solid #00bcd4;background-color:transparent;color:#00bcd4}.webmd-button--ghost.material:active,.webmd-button--ghost.material:focus,.webmd-button--ghost.material:hover{background-color:transparent;border-color:#0097a7;color:#0097a7}.webmd-button--ghost.material:not(.is-shadow):hover{-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}.webmd-button--ghost.material.is-disabled{border-color:#767674}.webmd-button--ghost.material.is-disabled:hover{border-style:solid}.webmd-button--large{font-size:18px;padding:14px 24px}.webmd-button--large.material{padding:24px 16px;min-width:140px;height:80px;font-size:24px;line-height:normal;border-radius:8px}.webmd-button--xl{font-size:20px;padding:20px 42px;border-radius:5px}.webmd-button--text{border-color:transparent;color:#0078bf;background:0 0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.webmd-button--text:active,.webmd-button--text:hover{color:#00588c;border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent}.webmd-button--text.is-disabled,.webmd-button--text.is-disabled:focus,.webmd-button--text.is-disabled:hover{border-color:transparent}.webmd-button--text.material{color:#00bcd4;background-color:transparent}a.webmd-button--text.material{text-decoration:underline}.webmd-button--text.material:active,.webmd-button--text.material:focus,.webmd-button--text.material:hover{color:#0097a7;background-color:transparent}.webmd-textarea{display:inline-block;font-size:16px;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%}.material .webmd-textarea textarea{resize:none}.webmd-textarea__inner{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:1px solid #d4d4d4;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;color:#ababab;display:block;font-size:inherit;line-height:1.5;padding:.3125rem .9375rem;resize:vertical;-webkit-transition:border-color .2s cubic-bezier(.645,.045,.355,1);transition:border-color .2s cubic-bezier(.645,.045,.355,1);width:100%}.webmd-textarea__inner::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#767674}.webmd-textarea__inner::-moz-placeholder{color:#767674}.webmd-textarea__inner::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#767674}.webmd-textarea__inner:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#767674}.webmd-textarea__inner::placeholder{color:#767674}.webmd-textarea__inner:hover{border-color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-textarea__inner:focus{border-color:#ababab;color:#444;outline:0}.webmd-textarea.is-disabled .webmd-textarea__inner{background-color:#f5f7fa;border-color:#e4e7ed;color:#c0c4cc;cursor:not-allowed}.webmd-textarea.is-disabled .webmd-textarea__inner::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-textarea.is-disabled .webmd-textarea__inner::-moz-placeholder{color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-textarea.is-disabled .webmd-textarea__inner::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-textarea.is-disabled .webmd-textarea__inner:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-textarea.is-disabled .webmd-textarea__inner::placeholder{color:#c0c4cc}.material-form .webmd-input__div,.material-form label{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner,.material-form label input,.material-form label textarea{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:2.8rem;border-radius:0;border:solid #9e9e9e;border-width:0 0 1px;padding:.6rem 0 .8rem;font-size:16px;line-height:normal;background-color:transparent;-webkit-transition:border .3s,-webkit-box-shadow .3s;transition:border .3s,-webkit-box-shadow .3s;transition:box-shadow .3s,border .3s;transition:box-shadow .3s,border .3s,-webkit-box-shadow .3s}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::-moz-placeholder,.material-form label input::-moz-placeholder,.material-form label textarea::-moz-placeholder{color:#999;opacity:1}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:-ms-input-placeholder,.material-form label input:-ms-input-placeholder,.material-form label textarea:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#999}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::-webkit-input-placeholder,.material-form label input::-webkit-input-placeholder,.material-form label textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#999}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus::-moz-placeholder,.material-form label input:focus::-moz-placeholder,.material-form label textarea:focus::-moz-placeholder{opacity:0}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus:-ms-input-placeholder,.material-form label input:focus:-ms-input-placeholder,.material-form label textarea:focus:-ms-input-placeholder{opacity:0}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder,.material-form label input:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder,.material-form label textarea:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus,.material-form label input:focus,.material-form label textarea:focus{border-color:#2196f3;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 #2196f3;box-shadow:0 1px 0 #2196f3}.material-form label .webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus+span,.material-form label input:focus+span,.material-form label textarea:focus+span{color:#2196f3}.material-form label span{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;-webkit-transition:color .2s ease-out;transition:color .2s ease-out;font-size:.8rem;color:#000}.webmd-input-left-icon.webmd-input--medium .webmd-icon-search-medium{margin-left:-.625rem}.webmd-input,.webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--medium{width:11.0625rem}.webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--large{width:14.375rem}.webmd-input-left-icon.webmd-input--medium,.webmd-input-right-icon.webmd-input--medium{width:18.75rem}.webmd-input-left-icon.webmd-input--large,.webmd-input-right-icon.webmd-input--large{width:34.6875rem}.webmd-label{color:#ababab;position:absolute;text-align:left;top:1.3125rem}.webmd-label,.webmd-label.labelup{font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;line-height:1}.webmd-label.labelup{color:#767674;font-size:.75rem;top:.75rem}.webmd-input-right-icon{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif}.webmd-input-right-icon .webmd-label{padding-left:1rem}.webmd-input-right-icon .webmd-input__suffix{padding:0 1.4375rem}.webmd-input-right-icon .webmd-input__suffix .webmd-input__icon.webmd-icon-large-search:before{font-size:1.5625rem}.webmd-input-right-icon .right-icon-medium{top:.75rem}.webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--large{font-size:1.125rem}.webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__inner{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;padding:0 3.5rem 0 1.5rem}.webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__suffix{padding:0 1.125rem}.webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--medium .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-right-icon.webmd-input--medium .webmd-input__inner{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;padding:0 2.5rem 0 .75rem}.webmd-input-noLabel.webmd-input--medium .webmd-input__suffix,.webmd-input-right-icon.webmd-input--medium .webmd-input__suffix{padding:0 .5625rem}.webmd-input-right-icon.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__inner{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;padding:.9375rem 3.625rem 0 1rem}.webmd-input-left-icon.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__inner{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;padding:.9375rem 1.125rem 0 2.625rem}.webmd-input-left-icon.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__prefix.labelup{top:.375rem}.webmd-input-left-icon .webmd-label{padding-left:2.625rem}.webmd-input-left-icon .webmd-input__inner{padding-left:2.5rem}.webmd-input-left-icon .webmd-input__icon.webmd-icon-large-search:before{font-size:1.125rem}.webmd-input-left-icon .left-icon-medium{top:.75rem}.webmd-input-left-icon.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner{padding-left:41px}.webmd-input-right-icon.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner{padding-right:41px}@media (min-width:47.938em){.webmd-input-left-icon.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner{padding-left:50px}.webmd-input-right-icon.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner{padding-right:50px}}.webmd-input{display:inline-block;font-size:16px;position:relative;width:100%}.webmd-input::-webkit-scrollbar{z-index:11;width:6px}.webmd-input::-webkit-scrollbar:horizontal{height:6px}.webmd-input::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:5px;width:6px;background:#b4bccc}.webmd-input::-webkit-scrollbar-corner,.webmd-input::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:#fff}.webmd-input::-webkit-scrollbar-track-piece{background:#fff;width:6px}.webmd-input.webmd-input__clear{color:#767674;cursor:pointer;font-size:16px;line-height:1rem;-webkit-transition:color .2s cubic-bezier(.645,.045,.355,1);transition:color .2s cubic-bezier(.645,.045,.355,1)}.webmd-input.webmd-input__clear:hover{color:#909399}.webmd-input__inner{border:1px solid #d4d4d4;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;color:#444;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;height:40px;line-height:1;padding:0 .9375rem 0 1rem;text-align:left;width:100%}.webmd-input__inner::-webkit-input-placeholder{margin:.75rem}.webmd-input__inner::-moz-placeholder{margin:.75rem}.webmd-input__inner::-ms-input-placeholder{margin:.75rem}.webmd-input__inner:-ms-input-placeholder{margin:.75rem}.webmd-input__inner::placeholder{margin:.75rem}.webmd-input__inner:hover{border-color:#c0c4cc}.webmd-input.is-active .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input__inner:focus{border-color:#ababab;outline:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner{height:100%;border-style:none;border-radius:6px;padding:9px 8px;font-family:Roboto,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:15px;color:#000}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::-moz-placeholder{color:#757575;opacity:1}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#757575}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#757575}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus::-moz-placeholder{opacity:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus:-ms-input-placeholder{opacity:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::-ms-input-placeholder{margin:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::-webkit-input-placeholder{margin:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::-moz-placeholder{margin:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner:-ms-input-placeholder{margin:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner::placeholder{margin:0}@media (min-width:47.938em){.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner{height:48px}}@media (min-width:993px){.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__inner{font-size:20px}}.webmd-input__div{color:#444;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;outline:0;position:relative}.webmd-input__div.material{margin-bottom:8px;font-family:Roboto,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}.webmd-input__prefix,.webmd-input__suffix{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;-webkit-transition:all .3s;position:absolute;text-align:center}.webmd-input__suffix{color:#ababab;height:100%;pointer-events:none;right:0;top:0;-webkit-transition:all .3s;transition:all .3s;width:1.5rem}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__suffix{position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);left:auto;right:16px;width:auto;height:auto;padding:0;color:#616161;-webkit-transition-property:none;transition-property:none}.webmd-input__suffix-inner{pointer-events:all}.webmd-input__prefix{color:#ababab;height:100%;left:.625rem;top:0;-webkit-transition:all .3s;transition:all .3s}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__prefix{position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);left:16px;height:auto;color:#616161;-webkit-transition-property:none;transition-property:none}.webmd-input__icon{height:100%;line-height:40;text-align:center;-webkit-transition:all .3s;transition:all .3s;width:1.5625rem}.webmd-input__icon:after{content:"";display:inline-block;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__icon{width:auto;height:auto;font-size:15px;line-height:1;-webkit-transition-property:none;transition-property:none}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__icon:after{display:none}@media (min-width:47.938em){.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__suffix{right:15px}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__prefix{left:15px}.webmd-input__div.material .webmd-input__icon{font-size:20px}}.webmd-input__validateIcon{pointer-events:none}.webmd-input--medium{font-size:16px}.webmd-input--medium .webmd-input__icon{line-height:40px}.webmd-input--medium:focus-within .webmd-input__icon{color:#767674}.webmd-input--large{font-size:20px}.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__inner{height:60px}.webmd-input--large .webmd-input__icon{line-height:60px}.webmd-input--large:focus-within .webmd-input__icon{color:#767674}.webmd-input-group{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;display:inline-table;line-height:normal;width:100%}.webmd-input-group>.webmd-input__inner{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.webmd-input-group__append,.webmd-input-group__prepend{background-color:#f5f7fa;border:1px solid #dcdfe6;border-radius:4px;color:#909399;display:table-cell;padding:0 1.25rem;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;width:.0625rem}.webmd-input-group--prepend .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-group__append{border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-left-radius:0}.webmd-input-group--append .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-group__prepend{border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}.webmd-input-group__append:focus,.webmd-input-group__prepend:focus{outline:0}.webmd-input-group__append .webmd-button,.webmd-input-group__append .webmd-select,.webmd-input-group__prepend .webmd-button,.webmd-input-group__prepend .webmd-select{display:inline-block;margin:-.625rem -1.25rem}.webmd-input-group__append button.webmd-button,.webmd-input-group__append div.webmd-select .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-group__append div.webmd-select:hover .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-group__prepend button.webmd-button,.webmd-input-group__prepend div.webmd-select .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-group__prepend div.webmd-select:hover .webmd-input__inner{background-color:transparent;border-bottom:0;border-color:transparent;border-top:0;color:inherit}.webmd-input-group__append .webmd-button,.webmd-input-group__append .webmd-input,.webmd-input-group__prepend .webmd-button,.webmd-input-group__prepend .webmd-input{font-size:inherit}.webmd-input-group__prepend{border-right:0}.webmd-input-group__append{border-left:0}.webmd-input-group--append .webmd-select .webmd-input.is-focus .webmd-input__inner,.webmd-input-group--prepend .webmd-select .webmd-input.is-focus .webmd-input__inner{border-color:transparent}.webmd-input__inner::-ms-clear{display:none;height:0;width:0}.webmd-message-box{border-radius:3px;border:1px solid #ebeef5;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 22px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.11),0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.22);box-shadow:0 2px 22px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.11),0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.22);background-color:#fff;display:inline-block;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.webmd-message-box .webmd-button--ghost,.webmd-message-box .webmd-button--primary{width:6.25rem}.webmd-message-box.large{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1.24;padding:2.625rem 2.5rem 1rem;max-width:33.75rem;width:95vw}.webmd-message-box.large .webmd-message-box__header{padding-bottom:.75rem}.webmd-message-box.large .webmd-message-box__title{font-size:1.5rem}.webmd-message-box.large .webmd-message-box__headerbtn{font-size:1.5rem;right:-1.5rem;top:-1.5rem}.webmd-message-box.large .webmd-message-box__content{font-size:1.0625rem}.webmd-message-box.large .webmd-message-box__message p{line-height:1.24;margin:0}.webmd-message-box.large .webmd-message-box__btns{padding-top:.5rem}.webmd-message-box.medium{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;padding:1.75rem 2.5rem .125rem 1.25rem;width:19rem}.webmd-message-box.medium .webmd-message-box__header{padding-bottom:.5rem}.webmd-message-box.medium .webmd-message-box__title{font-size:1rem}.webmd-message-box.medium .webmd-message-box__headerbtn{font-size:1rem;right:-28px;top:-16px}.webmd-message-box.medium .webmd-message-box__content{font-size:.875rem}.webmd-message-box.medium .webmd-message-box__message p{line-height:1.3;margin:0}.webmd-message-box.medium .webmd-message-box__btns{padding-top:.25rem}.webmd-message-box__wrapper{bottom:0;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;text-align:center;top:0}.webmd-message-box__wrapper:after{content:"";display:inline-block;height:100%;width:0;vertical-align:middle}.webmd-message-box__header{position:relative}.webmd-message-box__title{color:#222;font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0}.webmd-message-box__headerbtn{border:none;background:0 0;cursor:pointer;font-size:16px;outline:0;position:absolute;padding:0}.webmd-message-box__headerbtn .webmd-message-box__close{color:#909399}.webmd-message-box__headerbtn:focus .webmd-message-box__close,.webmd-message-box__headerbtn:hover .webmd-message-box__close{color:#231f20}.webmd-message-box__content{color:#222;position:relative}.webmd-message-box__btns{padding:1rem 0;text-align:center}.webmd-message-box__btns button:nth-child(2){margin-left:.5rem}.webmd-message-box__btns-reverse{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}.msgbox-fade-enter-active{-webkit-animation:msgbox-fade-in .3s;animation:msgbox-fade-in .3s}.msgbox-fade-leave-active{-webkit-animation:msgbox-fade-out .3s;animation:msgbox-fade-out .3s}@-webkit-keyframes msgbox-fade-in{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0)}}@keyframes msgbox-fade-in{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0)}}@-webkit-keyframes msgbox-fade-out{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0)}}@keyframes msgbox-fade-out{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0);transform:translate3d(0,-20px,0)}} /*! normalize.css v7.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */audio,canvas,progress,video{display:inline-block}progress,sub,sup{vertical-align:baseline}html{line-height:1.15;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,main,menu,nav,section{display:block}h1{margin:.67em 0}figure{margin:1em 40px}hr{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}a{background-color:transparent;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:objects}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}dfn{font-style:italic}mark{background-color:#ff0;color:#000}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}img{border-style:none}body.is-component,html.is-component,svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=reset],[type=submit],button,html [type=button]{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=button]:-moz-focusring,[type=reset]:-moz-focusring,[type=submit]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}fieldset{padding:.35em .75em .625em}legend{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal}textarea{overflow:auto}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}summary{display:list-item}[hidden],template{display:none}body,html{margin:0;padding:0;height:100%;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:16px}body.material,html.material{font:400 14px/1.5 Roboto,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;min-width:375px;background-color:#fafafa}body.material b,body.material strong,h2,h3,h4{font-weight:700}body.material h1,body.material h2,body.material h3,body.material h4,body.material h5,body.material h6,body.material p{margin:0 0 .5rem;line-height:1.5}body.material *,body.material :after,body.material :before,html.material *,html.material :after,html.material :before{-webkit-box-sizing:inherit;box-sizing:inherit}@media (min-width:47.938em){body.material,html.material{font-size:14.5px}}@media (min-width:77.5em){body.material,html.material{font-size:15px}}html.material{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}body.material{color:#424242}body.material a{text-decoration:underline;color:#00838f}body.material a:active,body.material a:focus,body.material a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#006064}body.material img{max-width:100%;height:auto;vertical-align:top}body.material h1,body.material h3{font-weight:400}body.material h2,body.material h4,body.material h5{font-weight:300}body.material h1 a,body.material h2 a,body.material h3 a,body.material h4 a,body.material h5 a,body.material h6 a{font-weight:inherit}body.material h1{margin-bottom:5px;font-size:24px;line-height:1.125;color:#3f51b5}@media (min-width:47.938em){body.material h1{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:32px;line-height:1.09375}}@media (min-width:77.5em){body.material h1{margin-bottom:13px;font-size:40px;line-height:1.075}}body.material h2{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:24px;line-height:1;color:#5c6bc0}@media (min-width:77.5em){body.material h2{font-size:30px}}body.material h3{font-size:16px;line-height:1.1875;color:#616161;text-transform:uppercase}@media (min-width:77.5em){body.material h3{font-size:18px;line-height:1.1666666667}}body.material h4{margin-bottom:.912rem;font-size:16px;line-height:2;color:#424242}body.material h5{font-size:15px;color:#424242}body.material h6{font-size:14px;color:#212121}h1,h2,h3,h4{color:#333132}body.material:not(.webfont-ready){font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}p{line-height:1.24}h1{font-size:3rem;line-height:1.04}h2{font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.06}h3{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.08}h4{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.13}@media (min-width:47.938em){body,html{font-size:16px}p{line-height:1.43}}</style> <style>@media(min-width:47.938em){#auto-hover-open .ad-101{position:unset!important}#auto-hover-open .v-modal{z-index:2000010!important}#auto-hover-open .webmd-dialog__wrapper{z-index:2000100!important}}@media(max-width:47.938em){#auto-hover-open .global-nav{position:unset!important}}.newsletter-wrapper{padding-top:.5rem}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .webmd-dialog{width:38.125rem;min-height:36rem}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .newsletter-main.overlay,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay{display:block}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;min-height:20.625rem;padding:1.875rem 3.125rem}@media(max-width:47.938em){.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content{padding:1.5rem 1.25rem}}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content p,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content p,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content p,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content p{padding:0;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:28.8px;color:#1b1b1b;margin-top:0}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content h2,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content h2,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content h2,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content h2{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem;padding:0;font-size:2rem;line-height:2.625rem;letter-spacing:.32px}@media(max-width:47.938em){.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content h2,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content h2,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content h2,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2.1rem;margin-bottom:.25rem}}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content .see-more-container,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content .see-more-container,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content .see-more-container,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content .see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-top:1rem}@media only screen and (max-width:64rem){.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content .see-more-container,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content .see-more-container,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content .see-more-container,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content .see-more-container{margin-bottom:.75rem}}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content .see-more-container .see-more-btn,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content .see-more-container .see-more-btn,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content .see-more-container .see-more-btn,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content .see-more-container .see-more-btn{background:#3557ff;border-radius:4px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600;line-height:28.8px;min-width:150px;padding:8px 16px;text-decoration:none}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .error-content .sub-title-text,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .err-reg.overlay .success-content .sub-title-text,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .error-content .sub-title-text,.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .success-reg.overlay .success-content .sub-title-text{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:28.8px}.newsletter-wrapper .addBorder{border-top:5px solid #e8e6e6;padding:0!important}.newsletter-wrapper .inline-suc-msg{display:none}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container{padding:.5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container h2{font-size:1.5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container h3{font-size:1rem}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right{border-top:5px solid #e8e6e6;padding:.5rem 0 0;margin:0 0 2.8125rem}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .newsletter-main img{display:none}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .newsletter-main h3{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:.875rem;text-transform:uppercase}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .newsletter-main .webmd-checkbox__label{font-size:.9375rem}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .email-container{padding:.25rem 0;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .email-container img{display:none}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .email-container .email-input{margin-bottom:.75rem}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .err-reg,.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .success-reg{text-align:left}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.right .err-reg .nl-header-container h2{text-transform:uppercase}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.middle .newsletter-main .webmd-logo-container{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.middle .newsletter-main .nl-header-container h3{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;margin:.75rem 0}.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container.middle .newsletter-main .nl-header-container h4{display:none}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog{background-color:#edf0ff;border-radius:.1875rem;margin-top:0!important;text-align:center;top:7%;width:46.25rem}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__body,.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__header{padding:0}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__headerbtn{right:.5rem;top:.5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__headerbtn:hover .webmd-dialog__close{color:#fff}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__close{background-color:#fff;color:#fff;border-radius:50%;padding:.0625rem;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__close:before{left:0;position:relative;color:#3557ff;font-size:12px;top:.0625rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .hover-webmd-logo{display:inline-block;line-height:normal;padding:.25rem 0 .5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhover-image-container img{border-radius:4px;height:14.5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container{max-height:31.25rem;padding:1.75rem 3.125rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-header-container h2{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:2rem;line-height:2.625rem;letter-spacing:.02rem;font-weight:700;margin-top:0;padding:.25rem 0;padding-top:0}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-header-container h3{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400;line-height:160%;margin-bottom:1rem;text-align:left}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container .email-input{margin-right:0;width:67%!important}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input{color:#1b1b1b;border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400;height:3.125rem;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.01125rem;margin-right:0;padding:0 1.5625rem;text-align:left}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#ababab}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input::-moz-placeholder{color:#ababab}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#ababab}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#ababab}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input::placeholder{color:#ababab}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button{border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;height:3.125rem;font-size:1.375rem;letter-spacing:.01375rem;margin-top:0;padding:0 1.5625rem;width:9.125rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button.webmd-button--primary{background-color:#3557ff}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button.webmd-button--primary:disabled{background:#b3b3b3!important;color:#676767}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button span{font-weight:600}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-disclaimer{color:#1b1b1b;padding:1rem 0;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.05rem;letter-spacing:.0375rem;text-align:left}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-disclaimer a{color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container{display:block}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container input{color:#ababab;text-align:center}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container button{margin-top:1rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nl-disclaimer{color:#1b1b1b;padding:1rem 0;text-align:center}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nl-disclaimer a{text-decoration:none}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .multie-nl-container{display:block}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .success-content,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .success-content{padding:2.1875rem 1.5625rem;width:100%;text-align:center}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .error-content a,.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .success-content a,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .error-content a,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .success-content a{color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .error-content a:hover,.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .success-content a:hover,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .error-content a:hover,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .success-content a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .hover-webmd-logo,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .hover-webmd-logo{margin-bottom:1.4375rem}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .follow-checkmark,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .follow-checkmark{display:block;margin:0 auto 1rem}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay h2,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay h2{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:2rem;line-height:2.625rem;font-weight:700;margin:.5rem 0}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay h2 span,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay h2 span{font-weight:700}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay p,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay p{border-bottom:none;color:#000;padding:.5rem 1rem 1rem}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .nl-header-container{text-align:center}.nl-header-container{text-align:left}.nl-header-container h2{font-size:1.6875rem;margin:.5rem 0}.nl-header-container h3{font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;margin-top:.25rem}.newsletter-daily-logo{height:auto;max-height:2rem;width:6rem}.email-container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.email-container .email-input{width:100%!important;margin-right:.5rem}.email-container button{height:2.5rem;width:7.0625rem}.email-container .webmd-input__inner:focus{border:1px solid #e9e9e9;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 0 5px rgba(21,106,149,.7);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 0 5px rgba(21,106,149,.7);outline:0}.nl-disclaimer{display:block;font-family:Roboto Condensed,Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.25;padding-bottom:1rem;padding-top:.75rem;text-align:left}.nl-disclaimer a{color:#187aab;text-decoration:none}.success-reg{text-align:center}.success-reg h2{font-size:1.5rem;margin-top:.25rem;margin-bottom:1rem}@media only screen and (max-width:64rem){.success-reg h2{margin-bottom:.25rem}}.success-reg p{border-bottom:1px solid #e9e9e9;font-size:1rem;padding-bottom:.5rem}.success-reg .see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-top:1rem}@media only screen and (max-width:64rem){.success-reg .see-more-container{margin-bottom:.75rem}}.success-reg .see-more-container .see-more-btn{background:#3557ff;border-radius:4px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600;line-height:28.8px;min-width:150px;padding:8px 16px;text-decoration:none}.success-reg .sub-title-text{font-size:1.125rem}.err-reg{font-size:1rem;text-align:center}.multie-nl-container{display:inline-block;padding-bottom:.25rem;text-align:left}.multie-nl-container .webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small{display:block;padding:.375rem 1.5rem .25rem 0}.multie-nl-container .webmd-checkbox+.webmd-checkbox{margin-left:0}.multie-nl-container .webmd-checkbox__input.is-focus .webmd-checkbox__inner{outline:auto;outline-color:#9bf}@media only screen and (max-width:47.938em){.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container{padding:0}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .webmd-dialog{top:2rem;width:100%;min-height:30rem}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog{height:auto;max-width:25rem;top:2%;width:95%}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__headerbtn{top:.5625rem;right:.5625rem}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__close{padding:0}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .hover-webmd-logo{padding:1rem 0 .125rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhover-image-container img{height:auto}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container{max-width:25rem;padding:1.5rem 1.25rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-header-container h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2.1rem;margin:0;padding-bottom:0}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-header-container h3{margin-bottom:0}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container{display:block;padding:12px 0 0 0}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container .email-input{width:100%!important}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button{border-radius:.25rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-disclaimer{line-height:.9rem;letter-spacing:.0375rem;padding-bottom:0}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container{padding:1rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container .email-input{margin-bottom:.5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container button{margin-top:.25rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nl-disclaimer{font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.33;padding:.5rem 1rem 1rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhover-image-container img{width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .success-content{padding:1rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .hover-webmd-logo{margin-bottom:1rem;padding-top:.25rem}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .follow-checkmark{display:block;margin:0 auto .5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay h2{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.09;padding:.5rem 2rem}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay h2 span{font-weight:700}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay p{border-bottom:none;color:#000;margin-top:.5rem;padding:0 .5rem .5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .error-content{width:100%}.right .webmd-checkbox__label{margin-right:2rem}}@media only screen and (min-width:48rem){.ia-nl{min-width:46.875rem;padding-left:0}.ia-nl .newsletter-main{background-color:#edf0ff;border-radius:.25rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin:1.25rem 0 1.875rem 0;min-height:0;min-width:25rem;padding:2.125rem;width:46.875rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;margin-bottom:1.25rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .nl-header-container h3{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:0}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .nl-header-container h4{display:block!important;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.6;margin:0}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .image-container{display:block;height:8rem;overflow:inherit;width:65%}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .image-container img{border-radius:4px;border-style:none;float:right;height:8rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .success-reg{margin-right:1.125rem;text-align:start}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .success-reg h2{color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;margin:0}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .success-reg p{border-bottom:0;color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.6;margin:.75rem 0 0 0;padding-bottom:0}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .success-reg p a{color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .header-container .success-reg p a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container{padding:0;width:100%}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .webmd-logo-container{display:none!important}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .sucess-webmd-logo{margin-bottom:1.25rem;margin-top:2.5rem;text-align:center}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .series-select{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;gap:.8125rem;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:.75rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__label{padding-left:.375rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#1b1b1b;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:.7px;margin-left:0!important;padding:0!important}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__input{height:1.125rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox:hover{background:transparent}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox .webmd-checkbox__inner{border:2px solid #3557ff;height:1.1375rem;width:1.125rem;border-radius:.3125rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner{background:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iOSIgaGVpZ2h0PSI3IiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xLjM4NCAzLjExNWwyLjI1IDIuMDE5IDMuNzUtNC4wMzgiIHN0cm9rZT0iIzM1NTdGRiIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIyIiBzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcD0icm91bmQiIHN0cm9rZS1saW5lam9pbj0icm91bmQiLz48L3N2Zz4=") no-repeat;background-position:50%;background-size:.5625rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .email-container .email-input{margin-right:0;width:100%!important}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .email-container .email-input .webmd-input__inner{border:1px solid #cccce7;border-radius:5px 0 0 5px;color:#1b1b1b;font-size:.875rem;height:45px;letter-spacing:.14px;padding:0 .75rem 0 .75rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .email-container button{border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;height:45px;line-height:1.6;padding:0 .25rem;width:25.6%}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .email-container .webmd-button--primary{background-color:#3557ff}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .email-container .webmd-button--primary:disabled{background-color:#b3b3b3;color:#676767}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .nl-disclaimer{color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.4;padding-bottom:0}.ia-nl .newsletter-main .content-container .nl-disclaimer a{color:#3557ff}}@media only screen and (min-width:48rem)and (max-width:51.1875rem){.ia-nl{min-width:44.5rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main{width:44.5rem}}.footer-nl-social .nl-header-container h4{display:block!important;color:#fff;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.1111rem}.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start}@media only screen and (max-width:47.875rem){.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}}.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__label{color:#fff;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.6rem}.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox:hover{background:initial;color:initial;border:initial}.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__inner{border:.125rem solid #3557ff;background-color:#000625}.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox{display:inline-block;padding-right:0;padding-left:.125rem}@media only screen and (max-width:47.875rem){.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox{margin-left:0}}.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner{background-color:#000625}.footer-nl-social .content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__input.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkershapedefault.webmd-checkbox--checkmarkercolorgreen{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iOSIgaGVpZ2h0PSI3IiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xLjM4NCAzLjExNWwyLjI1IDIuMDE5IDMuNzUtNC4wMzgiIHN0cm9rZT0iIzM1NTdGRiIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIyIiBzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcD0icm91bmQiIHN0cm9rZS1saW5lam9pbj0icm91bmQiLz48L3N2Zz4=)}.nlhov-content-container .series-select{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:.75rem;margin-bottom:2rem}.nlhov-content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__label{padding-left:.3125rem}.nlhov-content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#1b1b1b;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-left:0!important;padding:0!important}.nlhov-content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox__input{height:1.125rem}.nlhov-content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox:hover{background:transparent}.nlhov-content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox .webmd-checkbox__inner{border:2px solid #3557ff;height:1.1375rem;width:1.125rem;border-radius:5px}.nlhov-content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox.is-checked .webmd-checkbox__inner{background:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iOSIgaGVpZ2h0PSI3IiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xLjM4NCAzLjExNWwyLjI1IDIuMDE5IDMuNzUtNC4wMzgiIHN0cm9rZT0iIzM1NTdGRiIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIyIiBzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcD0icm91bmQiIHN0cm9rZS1saW5lam9pbj0icm91bmQiLz48L3N2Zz4=") no-repeat;background-position:50%;background-size:.5625rem}@media only screen and (max-width:47.938em){.nlhov-content-container .series-select{display:block;margin-bottom:0}.nlhov-content-container .series-select .webmd-checkbox{padding-bottom:10px!important}}.footer-nl-social .success-reg h2{font-weight:600;line-height:50px;text-align:left}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.footer-nl-social .success-reg h2{text-align:center}}.footer-nl-social .success-reg .see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:self-start;-ms-flex-align:self-start;align-items:self-start;-webkit-box-pack:left;-ms-flex-pack:left;justify-content:left}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.footer-nl-social .success-reg .see-more-container{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.footer-nl-social .success-reg .sub-title-text{color:#fff;line-height:20px}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.footer-nl-social .success-reg .sub-title-text{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.in-art-ty h2,.right-cont h2{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.375rem;font-weight:700;line-height:30.8px;margin-bottom:.75rem}@media(max-width:64rem){.in-art-ty h2,.right-cont h2{font-size:2rem;line-height:42px;margin-bottom:1rem}}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.in-art-ty h2,.right-cont h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:33.6px;margin-bottom:.25rem}}.in-art-ty .see-more-container,.right-cont .see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:left;-ms-flex-align:left;align-items:left;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:left;-ms-flex-pack:left;justify-content:left;margin-top:1rem}@media(max-width:64rem){.in-art-ty .see-more-container,.right-cont .see-more-container{margin-bottom:.75rem}}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.in-art-ty .see-more-container,.right-cont .see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.in-art-ty .see-more-container .see-more-btn,.right-cont .see-more-container .see-more-btn{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:#3557ff;border-radius:4px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;line-height:28.8px;min-width:150px;padding:8px 16px;text-decoration:none}.in-art-ty .sub-title-text,.right-cont .sub-title-text{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:28.8px}.vn-scrim:before{background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);content:"";height:100%;left:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;visibility:hidden;z-index:100000;-webkit-transition:all .4s ease;transition:all .4s ease}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-scrim:before{-webkit-transition-delay:.2s;transition-delay:.2s}}.vn-scrim.vn-open:before{opacity:1;visibility:visible;-webkit-transition-delay:0s;transition-delay:0s}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-scrim.vn-open:before :not(.lite){visibility:hidden}}html body{margin-top:3rem;padding-top:0;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}@media(max-width:37.5rem){html body main{margin-top:1rem}}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){html body{margin-top:0}}html.class-bg-ghost{background:#f8f8f8}.vn-typeahead-suggestions{background:#fff;border-radius:5px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;left:0!important;margin:0 8px!important;height:24.875rem;overflow:hidden;top:6.875rem!important;width:calc(100% - 1rem)}.vn-typeahead-suggestions .webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__wrap{border:0;border-radius:0}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-typeahead-suggestions.lite{top:8.625rem!important}}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-typeahead-suggestions{max-width:calc(400px - 1rem)!important}}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion{z-index:1000000!important}.vn-skip-to-main{background:#fff;border-radius:0 0 5px 5px;color:#1b1b1b;display:block;height:1.875rem;padding:.3rem;margin:0 .5rem;position:fixed;text-decoration:none;top:-100px;-webkit-transition:top .3s ease;transition:top .3s ease;z-index:100001}.vn-skip-to-main:focus{top:0}.vn-wrapper{background:#00157c;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;position:fixed;top:0;-webkit-transition:transform .5s ease;transition:transform .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:100000}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper.lite{padding:0 1.5rem}}.vn-wrapper.no-stick{position:relative}.vn-wrapper *{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:normal}.vn-wrapper.vn-slide-up{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%)}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper{position:relative}}@media(max-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper{padding:0 1rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-dt{display:none!important}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-dt{display:block!important}}.vn-wrapper .vn-mb{display:block}@media(min-width:48rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-mb{display:none!important}}.vn-wrapper .vn-tb{display:none}@media(min-width:48rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-tb{display:block}}.vn-wrapper .vn-mt{display:block}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-mt{display:none!important}}.vn-wrapper .vn-hidden{visibility:hidden!important}.vn-wrapper .vn-trans{opacity:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-none{display:none!important}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-none{display:none!important}}.vn-wrapper .vn-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:3rem;margin:0 auto;max-width:77.5rem;z-index:1}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-container{height:4.6875rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-container.lite{max-width:100%}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-container.lite{height:3.5rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:none;border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;line-height:1;padding:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn:not(.lite){margin-right:1.166875rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn:not(.lite){margin-right:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn i{font-size:2.25rem;width:2.25rem;overflow:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn svg{fill:currentColor;pointer-events:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search i{font-size:1.875rem;width:1.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search:not(.lite){margin-right:0}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search:not(.lite) i{font-size:1.625rem;width:1.625rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search.lite i{font-size:2rem;width:2rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo-div{height:.9375rem;margin:0 .625rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo-div{height:1.5625rem;margin:0 1.25rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo,.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-prog-logo{line-height:1}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo img,.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-prog-logo img{display:block;height:1.3125rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo img,.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-prog-logo img{height:1.625rem}}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo img:not(.lite){width:7.25rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-logo img{height:.875rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-logo img{height:1.4375rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-prog-logo img{height:.9375rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-prog-logo img{height:1.5625rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links{background:#f9f9fc;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:calc(100vh - 3rem);left:-140vw;overflow:auto;padding:.5rem;position:fixed;top:3rem;-webkit-transition:left .5s ease;transition:left .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:100}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links{max-width:25rem}}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links.lite{height:calc(100vh - 3.5rem);top:3.5rem}}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links:not(.lite){background:none;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;height:100%;left:0;max-width:100%;overflow:visible;padding:0;position:relative;top:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open{left:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open.vn-slide-out{left:-100vw}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open.vn-slide-out{left:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:3rem;margin-bottom:.25rem;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:0;-ms-flex-order:-1;order:-1}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite){background:#fff;border:1px solid #c6cedb;border-radius:5px;opacity:0;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;position:absolute;right:2.8125rem;top:.8125rem;width:38%;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease;visibility:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite).vn-open{visibility:visible;opacity:1}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite) input{border:0;height:2.8125rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper>div{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper>div>div{width:100%}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input{border:1px solid #cccce7;border-right:0;border-radius:5px 0 0 5px;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;font-size:1.125rem;height:3rem;padding:0 1.375rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::-moz-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper button{background:#3557ff;border:0;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;height:3rem;padding:0 .75rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper button:not(.lite){border-radius:5px;font-weight:400;height:2.375rem;margin:.25rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list>li{background:#fff;border-radius:.3125rem;font-weight:700;height:3rem;margin-top:.125rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list>li a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#1b1b1b;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:100%;padding:0 1.125rem 0 .9375rem;text-decoration:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list>li a .webmd-icon-right-arrow{color:#3557ff}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite){-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 1rem 0 .875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li{background:none;height:100%;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;position:relative}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li.vn-link{text-align:center;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li>a{border-radius:5px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.0625rem;font-weight:600;height:auto;padding:.5rem .625rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li>a span{text-align:center}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li>a i{font-size:.625rem;margin-left:.3125rem;-webkit-transition:transform .3s ease;transition:transform .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover>a{background:#fff;color:#00157c}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover>a i{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover .vn-menu-section{left:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible>a,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible)>a{background:#fff;color:#1b1b1b}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible>a i,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible)>a i{-webkit-transform:rotateX(180deg);transform:rotateX(180deg)}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible .vn-menu-section,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible) .vn-menu-section{left:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible}}@media(min-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:not(:nth-child(7)){margin-right:1rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section{background:#f9f9fc;height:calc(100vh - 3rem);right:-140vw;overflow:auto;padding:0 1.5rem 6.25rem 1.5rem;position:fixed;top:3rem;-webkit-transition:all .5s ease;transition:all .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:10}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.lite{height:calc(100vh - 3.5rem);top:3.5rem}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section{max-width:25rem;left:-140vw;right:auto}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.open{left:0;right:auto}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.open{right:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #c6cedb;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:.75rem 0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header .nav-title{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1;margin:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header a{color:#3557ff;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header a img{margin-right:.5rem;width:.8125rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul{margin:.75rem 0;list-style:none;padding:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li a{color:#1b1b1b;display:block;padding:.75rem 0;text-decoration:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li a:hover{color:#3557ff}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li hr{border:1px solid #c6cedb}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite){background:#fff;border-radius:0 0 5px 5px;border-top:0;left:-20px;margin-left:-3.75rem;max-width:none;height:auto;opacity:0;padding:1.875rem 2.875rem;position:absolute;top:4.6875rem;width:18.75rem;visibility:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) hr{display:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul{margin:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #c6cedb}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li:last-of-type{border-bottom:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li.vn-see-all a{-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline;color:#3557ff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li.vn-see-all a img{height:.75rem;margin-right:.5rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1{width:60.9375rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul{-webkit-columns:4;-moz-columns:4;columns:4;-webkit-column-gap:2.875rem;-moz-column-gap:2.875rem;column-gap:2.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(7),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(14),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(21){border-bottom:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3{width:35rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul{-webkit-columns:2;-moz-columns:2;columns:2;-webkit-column-gap:2.875rem;-moz-column-gap:2.875rem;column-gap:2.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul li:nth-child(8),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul li:nth-child(16){border-bottom:0}}@media(min-width:64.0625rem)and (max-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1{margin-left:-8.75rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-back{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:none;border:0;color:#3557ff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:1rem 0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-back i{font-size:.75rem;margin-right:.3125rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions{margin-top:1rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite){-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-left:1px solid #cccce7;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:1.1875rem 0;padding-left:1.25rem}}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe{border-left:none}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe .vn-signin{padding-left:.9375rem}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe .vn-signin{padding-left:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-signin{color:#3557ff;font-weight:600;padding:0 1.5rem;text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-signin:not(.lite){-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:1.0625rem;padding:0;margin:0 .9375rem;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-loggedin{background:none;border:0;color:#3557ff;font-weight:600;height:3rem;padding:0 1.5rem;text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-loggedin:not(.lite){-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:0;padding:0;margin:0 1.25rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-loggedin:not(.lite):before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/person.59072d56.svg) no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";display:block;height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe{display:inline-block;padding-top:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe>button{background:none;border:1px solid #3557ff;border-radius:5px;color:#3557ff;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;padding:.5rem .625rem .5rem .729375rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe>button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #fff;outline-offset:3px}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe>button:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/mobile-mail.a5bfeb82.svg) no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";display:inline-block;height:.833125rem;margin-right:.25rem;vertical-align:bottom;width:1.041875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe .webmd-dialog__wrapper{background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8)}@media(min-width:64.0625rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite){-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button{border-color:#cccce7;color:#fff}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#00157c;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button:hover:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/mail-navblue.7c5ef9b6.svg) no-repeat}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/mail.c6992733.svg) no-repeat}}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe.vn-mob-gn-sub{margin-left:auto;margin-right:.75rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe.vn-mob-gn-sub>button{border:none;border-radius:0;border-right:1px solid #c6cedb;color:#fff;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:600}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe.vn-mob-gn-sub>button:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/mail.c6992733.svg) no-repeat;background-size:.8125rem;height:.666875rem;width:.833125rem}.vn-menu-mask{display:none}.vn-menu-mask.active{display:block;height:100vh;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100vw;z-index:99}@media screen and (max-width:calc(48rem - 1px)){#ContentPane10 .ad-container-101,#ContentPane10 .ad-container-2025{background:#f7f7f7;bottom:0;height:5rem!important;min-height:5rem!important;position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:1025}#ContentPane10 .ad-container-101:empty,#ContentPane10 .ad-container-2025:empty{display:inherit}#ContentPane10 .ad-container-101 .ad.ad-2025,#ContentPane10 .ad-container-2025 .ad.ad-2025{height:5rem!important;min-height:5rem!important;padding:1rem 0 0 0}#ContentPane10 .ad-container-101 .ad.ad-2025>div:first-child:after,#ContentPane10 .ad-container-2025 .ad.ad-2025>div:first-child:after{bottom:auto;color:#6b6b6b;left:50%;padding:0;position:absolute;top:.4375rem;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%);transform:translate(-50%)}}@media screen and (min-width:81.25rem){.global-container-1 .ad-container-101{min-height:8.25rem}.global-container-1 .ad-container-101 .ad.ad-101>div:first-child:after{top:.75rem}}.webmd-onc .ad-container-121{min-height:37.5rem}.webmd-onc .ad.ad-121{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;margin-top:0;position:sticky;top:9.375rem}@media screen and (min-width:767px)and (max-width:1024px){html:not(.webmd-cpf):not(.webmd-blogs):not(.webmd-qa-center):not(.webmd-appt-prep) .ad-container-101{background:#f7f7f7;bottom:0;position:fixed!important;width:100%;z-index:1025}}.right-rail-ad-container{padding-top:15px}.ad-wrapper:empty{display:none}.ad-container-101{min-height:8.25rem;position:relative;margin-top:16px}.ad-container-108{min-height:90px}.ad-container-113{min-height:38.125rem}@media only screen and (min-width:768px)and (max-width:1024px){.ad-container-121{padding-top:15px}}.ad-container-121,.ad-container-137{min-height:16.25rem}.ad-container-1923,.ad-container-2026{min-height:15.625rem}.ad-container-2108{min-height:80px}.ad-container-2025,.ad-container-2025 .ad.ad-2025{height:80px!important;min-height:3.125rem!important}.ad{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin:0 auto;padding:1em 0;position:relative;text-align:center}.ad>div:first-child{display:inline-block;border:1px solid #e8e6e6!important;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;padding:4px}@media screen and (max-width:39.938em){.ad>div:first-child{border:0!important}}@media screen and (max-width:812px)and (orientation:landscape){.ad>div:first-child{border:0!important}}@media screen and (max-width:39.938em){.ad>div:first-child:before{color:#676767;content:"Advertisement";display:block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:14.4px;padding-left:.625rem;padding-top:.375rem;position:absolute;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-100%)!important;transform:translate(-50%,-100%)!important;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:400;line-height:13.19px;left:50%;padding:0;padding-bottom:4px}:lang(en) .ad>div:first-child:before{content:"Advertisement"}:lang(de) .ad>div:first-child:before{content:"Werbung"}:lang(fr) .ad>div:first-child:before{content:"la publicité"}:lang(es) .ad>div:first-child:before{content:"el anuncio"}}.ad>div:first-child:after{color:#676767;content:"Advertisement";display:block;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:14.4px;padding-left:.625rem;padding-top:.375rem;position:absolute;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0;top:-1.308rem;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%);height:1px!important}:lang(en) .ad>div:first-child:after{content:"Advertisement"}:lang(de) .ad>div:first-child:after{content:"Werbung"}:lang(fr) .ad>div:first-child:after{content:"la publicité"}:lang(es) .ad>div:first-child:after{content:"el anuncio"}@media screen and (max-width:47.938em){.ad>div:first-child:after{top:-2px;-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg);transform:rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform-origin:top left;transform-origin:top left}}@media screen and (max-width:39.938em){.ad>div:first-child:after{display:none}}.ad.ad-102>div:first-child,.ad.ad-1922>div:first-child,.ad.ad-2051>div:first-child,.ad.ad-5000>div:first-child{display:block}.ad.noborder>div:first-child{border:none!important}.ad.nolabel>div:first-child:after{content:""}.ad.ad-2051{position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;z-index:9999999}.ad.ad-102,.ad.ad-2051{padding:0}.ad.ad-102>div:first-child,.ad.ad-2051>div:first-child{border:0!important;padding:0}.ad.ad-102>div:first-child>iframe,.ad.ad-2051>div:first-child>iframe{width:100%;height:3.125rem}.ad.ad-102>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-2051>div:first-child:after{content:""!important}.ad.ad-101>div:first-child:after{top:-.333rem!important}.ad.ad-101{min-height:8.25rem}.ad.ad-121,.ad.ad-137{min-height:16.25rem}.ad.ad-113{min-height:38.125rem;padding-top:0}.ad.ad-1923,.ad.ad-2026{min-height:15.625rem}.ad.ad-901>div:first-child,.ad.ad-920>div:first-child,.ad.ad-921>div:first-child,.ad.ad-922>div:first-child,.ad.ad-1901>div:first-child,.ad.ad-1920>div:first-child,.ad.ad-1921>div:first-child,.ad.ad-1922>div:first-child,.ad.ad-5000>div:first-child,.ad.ad-5002>div:first-child,.ad.ad-5003>div:first-child,.ad.ad-5004>div:first-child,.ad.ad-5054>div:first-child{border:none!important;margin:0;padding:0}@media screen and (max-width:39.938em){.ad.ad-901>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-920>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-921>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-922>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-1901>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-1920>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-1921>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-1922>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-5000>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-5002>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-5003>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-5004>div:first-child:before,.ad.ad-5054>div:first-child:before{content:""!important}}.ad.ad-901>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-920>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-921>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-922>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-1901>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-1920>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-1921>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-1922>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-5000>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-5002>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-5003>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-5004>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-5054>div:first-child:after{content:""!important}.ad.ad-922>div:first-child{display:block;margin:1rem 0;padding:0}@media screen and (max-width:47.938em){.ad{padding:.825rem 0}}.ad .ad-101,.ad .ad-2025{margin:0 auto}.ad .ad-922,.ad .ad-1922{margin:1rem 0;padding:0}.main-container-3 .ad{margin:2.8125rem 0;padding:0;width:100%}@media screen and (max-width:47.938em){.main-container-3 .ad{padding:.825rem 0}.main-container-3 .ad .main-container-3 .ad{margin:0 0 1.875rem}}.main-container-3 .ad-921{margin:0}.ad.ad-101>div:first-child{min-height:5.625rem}.ad.ad-101>div:first-child:after{bottom:0}.ad.ad-113>div:first-child{min-height:36.125rem}.ad.ad-113>div:first-child:after{bottom:0}.ad.ad-121>div:first-child,.ad.ad-137>div:first-child{margin-bottom:1rem;min-height:15rem}.ad.ad-121>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-137>div:first-child:after{bottom:0}.ad.ad-108>div:first-child{min-height:90px}.ad.ad-2108>div:first-child{min-height:80px}.ad.ad-2025>div:first-child{min-height:3.125rem}.ad.ad-2025>div:first-child:after{bottom:5px}.ad.ad-2026{margin:1.875rem 0}.ad.ad-923,.ad.ad-1923{margin-bottom:1.25rem!important}.ad.ad-903,.ad.ad-1903{margin:0;padding:0}.ad.ad-903>div:first-child,.ad.ad-1903>div:first-child{border:0!important}.ad.ad-903>div:first-child:after,.ad.ad-1903>div:first-child:after{display:none}@media(max-width:565px){.breadcrumb.vit-menu{margin-left:25%!important}}.brdcrmb-wrapper{display:contents}.brdcrmb-wrapper .webmd-collapse-item__arrow{margin-right:8px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .3s;transition:-webkit-transform .3s;transition:transform .3s;transition:transform .3s,-webkit-transform .3s;float:right;line-height:48px;font-weight:300}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-close{display:none}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section{z-index:98}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title{background-color:#f5f3f2!important;height:25px;line-height:24px;font-weight:700;padding-left:8px;font-size:14px;cursor:pointer}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title i{margin-right:6px;line-height:24px!important}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title [class*=" webmd-icon-"],.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title [class^=webmd-icon-]{font-family:element-icons!important;speak:none;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;line-height:1;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline-block;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title .webmd-icon-down-arrow:before{content:""}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title .menu-toggle{display:inline-block;line-height:1}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title .menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon,.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title .menu-toggle .menu-toggle-text{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.brdcrmb-wrapper .breadCrumb-title .menu-toggle .menu-toggle-icon{margin-left:5px}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section{background:#f5f3f2;color:#4a4a4a;display:block;height:25px;left:6%;margin-top:-10px;top:4px;position:relative;width:70px}@media(max-width:767px){.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section{left:2%}}@media(min-width:1240px){.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section{left:8.5%}}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1239px){.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section{left:7%}}@media(min-width:768px)and (max-width:810px){.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section{left:4%}}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content{width:170px;background:#f5f3f2;position:relative;z-index:999999999;-webkit-box-shadow:0 4px 7px 0 hsla(0,0%,40.8%,.5);box-shadow:0 4px 7px 0 hsla(0,0%,40.8%,.5)}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list{padding-bottom:25px;font-size:13px;color:#303133;line-height:1.7692307692}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist{margin:0 12px 0 8px;padding:12px 0}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist h3,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist h3,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist h3{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist h3 a,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist h3 a,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist h3 a{color:#4a4a4a;text-decoration:none}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist h3 a:hover,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist h3 a:hover,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist h3 a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist ul,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist ul,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist ul{list-style-type:none;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist ul li,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist ul li,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist ul li{margin-bottom:.5rem}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist ul li a,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist ul li a,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist ul li a{color:#4a4a4a;font-family:Roboto Condensed,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:.1;text-decoration:none}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .firstlist ul li a:hover,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .secondlist ul li a:hover,.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section .breadCrumb-content .breadCrumb-list .thirdlist ul li a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.brdcrmb-wrapper.is-active .webmd-collapse-item__arrow{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.vitamins-header{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-attachment:fixed;background-size:cover;background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url(https://img.webmd.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/drugs/assets/Vitamin-Brandseeker-Desktop-Background-New.jpg);-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;min-height:171px;padding-bottom:31px;text-align:center;width:100%}@media only screen and (max-width:39.938em){.vitamins-header{background-attachment:scroll;background-size:cover}}@media not all and (min-resolution:0.001dpcm){.vitamins-header{background-image:url(https://img.webmd.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/drugs/assets/Vitamin-Brandseeker-Desktop-Background-New.jpg)}}.vitamins-header .heading{color:#00157c;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:45px;margin:23px 0 5px 0;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize!important}@media only screen and (max-width:39.938em){.vitamins-header .heading{font-size:26px;padding:0 20px}}.vitamins-header .heading .combain-title{display:inline-block}.vitamins-header .transformTextCap{text-transform:none!important}.vitamins-header .other-names,.vitamins-header .other-names-nojs{color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:10px;margin:0 auto;width:650px;max-width:650px}@media only screen and (max-width:39.938em){.vitamins-header .other-names,.vitamins-header .other-names-nojs{padding:10px 22px;width:auto}}.vitamins-header .data-toggle{color:#1b1b1b;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600}.vitamins-header .data-toggle:hover{color:#3557ff}.vitamins-header .data-toggle .common-drugs-btn-icon{font-size:10px;font-weight:700}.vitamins-header .other-names{display:block}.vitamins-header .other-names-nojs{display:none}.no-js .vitamins-header .combain-title{display:inline-block}.no-js .top-level-nav{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.no-js .webmd-collapse-item__header{padding-left:7px}.no-js .other-names-nojs{display:block!important;color:#083c19;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:10px;margin:0 auto;width:650px;max-width:650px}@media(min-width:768px){.no-js .other-names-nojs{width:100%;max-width:650px;padding:11px 0 15px 0!important}}@media(max-width:767px){.no-js .other-names-nojs{width:auto;max-width:auto;padding:10px 22px}}.webmd-breadcrumb__item{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;letter-spacing:.7px;line-height:1.4}@media(max-width:767px){.webmd-breadcrumb__item{font-size:14px}}.webmd-breadcrumb__item span{color:#1b1b1b!important;cursor:default}.webmd-breadcrumb__item a{color:#1b1b1b;text-decoration:none}.webmd-breadcrumb__item a:hover{color:#3557ff}.webmd-breadcrumb__inner:hover{text-decoration:none}.webmd-breadcrumb__inner a:hover{text-decoration:none!important}.tabs-container-holder{margin-top:-36px}@media only screen and (min-width:39.939em){.tabs-container-holder{min-height:65px}}@media only screen and (max-width:39.938em){.tabs-container-holder{min-height:45px}}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:46em){.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container{position:relative;-webkit-box-shadow:0 15px 10px -15px #c0c4cc;box-shadow:0 15px 10px -15px #c0c4cc}}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;list-style:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:0}@media only screen and (max-width:64em){.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.1}}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #cccce7;border-right:1px solid #cccce7;border-top:1px solid #cccce7;-webkit-box-sizing:inherit;box-sizing:inherit;color:#313131;cursor:pointer;float:left;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.4375rem;padding:18px 26px}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li a{text-decoration:none;color:#1b1b1b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li a:hover{color:#fff}}@media only screen and (max-width:64em){.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li{padding:12px 20px;font-size:1.125rem;height:45px}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li:hover{background-color:#3557ff}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li:hover a{color:#fff}}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li:first-child{border:1px solid #cccce7;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;margin-left:10px}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li:last-child{border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li.active-tab{background-color:#3557ff;color:#083c19;font-weight:700}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .auto-tabs li.active-tab a{color:#fff}.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .fade{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.tabs-container-holder .tabs-container .fade{position:absolute;display:block;list-style-type:none;width:40px;height:40px;border-top:1px solid #c5e6e8;border-right:none;top:0;right:0;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,color-stop(-22%,hsla(0,0%,100%,0)),color-stop(69%,#fff));background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,0) -22%,#fff 69%)}}.fix-tabs{position:fixed;z-index:999999}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.fix-tabs{left:0}}@media only screen and (max-width:46em){.fix-tabs{left:0;margin-top:0}}@media(max-width:767px){body .adjust-header{top:0!important}}.no-js .Vitamin-title{text-transform:lowercase;display:inline-block}.no-js .Vitamin-title:first-line{text-transform:capitalize}.no-js .other-names{display:none}.fix-ad-mobile{background:#f8f8f8;left:0;position:fixed;top:50px;width:100%;z-index:10}#ContentPane10 .module.ad.fix-ad{background:#f8f8f8;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;z-index:99999}.fix-tabs{background:#f8f8f8;margin-top:0;position:fixed!important;top:0;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease-out;transition:all .3s ease-out;z-index:999}@media only screen and (max-width:46em){.fix-tabs{left:0}}.active-tab{display:block!important}html.class-bg-ghost .ad-section-header.fix-ad,html.class-bg-ghost .ad-section-header .module.ad.fix-ad{background:#f8f8f8!important}.no-data-text{color:#313131;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;text-align:center;width:100%;min-height:80px}.no-data-text span{text-transform:capitalize}.vitamins-monograph-content-headline{color:#1b1b1b;display:table;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:30px;font-weight:600;line-height:42px;margin:40px 0 20px;padding-right:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:320px)and (max-width:768px){.vitamins-monograph-content-headline{margin:30px 0}}@media only screen and (max-width:64em){.vitamins-monograph-content-headline{font-size:1.875rem;margin-bottom:17px}}.vitamins-monograph-content-headline span{bottom:-1px;position:relative}@media(min-width:1025px){.vitamins-monograph-content-headline span{padding-right:16px}}@media(max-width:1024px){.vitamins-monograph-content-headline span{padding-right:8px}}.overview-page .overview-content{color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.67}@media(min-width:1024px){.overview-page .overview-content{font-size:20px}}.overview-page .overview-content a{border-bottom:2px solid #f1f1f1;border-bottom-style:none;color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.overview-page .overview-content a:hover{border-bottom-color:#3557ff;border-bottom-style:solid}.overview-page .how-works-header{color:#1c2833;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:700}@media(max-width:39.938em){.overview-page .mobile-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.modal-mask{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);display:table;height:135%;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .3s ease;transition:opacity .3s ease;width:100%;z-index:999999;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto}modal-wrapper{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.modal-container{background-color:#fff;background:#fcfcfc;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.33);box-shadow:0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.33);-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;left:50%;max-height:570px;margin-top:50px;margin:0 auto;overflow:auto;padding:15px 14px;position:absolute;top:35%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%)!important;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)!important;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease;width:438px}@media(max-width:425px){.modal-container{width:315px}}.modal-container .modal-close{cursor:pointer;font-size:0;position:absolute;right:.4rem;text-indent:0;top:.1rem}@media(max-width:767px){.modal-container .modal-close{right:5px!important}.modal-container .modal-close:before{font-size:1.7rem!important}}.modal-container .modal-close:before{color:#767674;content:"×";display:inline-block;font-family:icons,sans-serif;font-size:3.125rem;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1;text-decoration:inherit;text-transform:none}@media(max-width:425px){.modal-container .modal-close{right:.05rem}}.modal-container .modal-default-button{float:right}.modal-container .modal-header{margin-bottom:14px;margin-top:0}.information-overlay h4{font-size:1.25rem}.information-overlay p{font-size:1rem}.uses-container .vitamins-monograph-content-headline{white-space:nowrap!important}@media(max-width:320px){.uses-container h2{font-size:1.775rem;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.uses-container h3{color:#1b1b1b}.uses-container .question-mark-cont .question-mark{height:20px;width:20px;margin-bottom:10px;color:#3557ff}.uses-container .question-mark-cont .question-mark:hover{color:#00157c}.uses-container .uses-content{color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.67}@media(min-width:1024px){.uses-container .uses-content{font-size:20px}}.uses-container .uses-content a{border-bottom:2px solid #f1f1f1;border-bottom-style:none;color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.uses-container .uses-content a:hover{border-bottom-color:#3557ff;border-bottom-style:solid}@media(max-width:39.938em){.uses-container .mobile-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.uses-container .pop-over-dialog{width:500px;margin-top:8vh!important}@media(max-width:39.938em){.uses-container .pop-over-dialog{width:315px;margin-top:7vh!important}}.uses-container .pop-over-dialog .webmd-dialog__header{padding:0}.uses-container .pop-over-dialog .webmd-dialog__body{padding:5px 25px 30px}.uses-container .pop-over-dialog .webmd-dialog__body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.stop-scroll{overflow:hidden}.webmd-dialog__wrapper{z-index:100002!important}.v-modal{z-index:100001!important}.information-overlay h4{border-bottom:1px solid #e1e1e1;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;padding-bottom:12px}.information-overlay h4,.information-overlay p{color:#000;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif}.information-overlay p{font-size:14px}.information-overlay p span{font-weight:700}.side-effects-page .side-effects-content{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.67;color:#1b1b1b}@media(min-width:1024px){.side-effects-page .side-effects-content{font-size:20px}}.side-effects-page .side-effects-content a{border-bottom:2px solid #f1f1f1;border-bottom-style:none;color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.side-effects-page .side-effects-content a:hover{border-bottom-color:#3557ff;border-bottom-style:solid}.side-effects-page .how-works-header{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:700;color:#1c2833}@media(max-width:39.938em){.side-effects-page .mobile-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}@media(max-width:767px){.vitamins-monograph-content-headline-holder{margin:40px 0 20px}}@media(min-width:320px){.precautions-page .precautions-page-heaading{margin:30px 0}}.precautions-page .no-marg{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.precautions-page .precautions-content{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.67;margin-top:17px;color:#1b1b1b}@media(min-width:1024px){.precautions-page .precautions-content{font-size:20px}}.precautions-page .precautions-content a{border-bottom:2px solid #f1f1f1;border-bottom-style:none;color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.precautions-page .precautions-content a:hover{border-bottom-color:#3557ff;border-bottom-style:solid}.precautions-page .how-works-header{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:700;color:#1c2833}@media(max-width:39.938em){.precautions-page .mobile-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.interactions-page .fifth-para-ad{margin-left:0!important}.interactions-page .question-mark-cont .question-mark{height:20px;width:20px;margin-bottom:10px;color:#3557ff}.interactions-page .question-mark-cont .question-mark:hover{color:#00157c}.interactions-page .interactions-content{color:#1b1b1b;cursor:auto;font-size:18px;pointer-events:none;text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:1024px){.interactions-page .interactions-content{font-size:20px}}.interactions-page .interactions-content a{border-bottom:2px solid #f1f1f1;border-bottom-style:none;color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.interactions-page .interactions-content a:hover{border-bottom-color:#3557ff;border-bottom-style:solid}.interactions-page .interactions-content ul{list-style-type:none;padding:0;margin:0!important}.interactions-page .interactions-content ul li:last-child p{margin-bottom:0!important}.interactions-page .interactions-header{color:#1c2833;font-size:24px;font-weight:700;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif}@media(max-width:39.938em){.interactions-page .mobile-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.interactions-page .pop-over-dialog-interactions{width:500px;margin-top:24vh!important}@media(max-width:39.938em){.interactions-page .pop-over-dialog-interactions{width:315px}}.interactions-page .pop-over-dialog-interactions .webmd-dialog__header{padding:0}.interactions-page .pop-over-dialog-interactions .webmd-dialog__body{padding:5px 25px 30px}.interactions-page .pop-over-dialog-interactions .webmd-dialog__body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.dosing-page .dosage-content{color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.67}@media(min-width:1024px){.dosing-page .dosage-content{font-size:20px}}.dosing-page .dosage-content b{color:#1c2833;cursor:auto;pointer-events:none;text-decoration:none}.dosing-page .dosage-content a{border-bottom:2px solid #f1f1f1;border-bottom-style:none;color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.dosing-page .dosage-content a:hover{border-bottom-color:#3557ff;border-bottom-style:solid}@media(max-width:39.938em){.dosing-page .mobile-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.navigate-tabs{clear:both;color:#3557ff;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin-top:3rem;padding-bottom:4rem;text-align:center}@media(max-width:39.938em){.navigate-tabs{padding-top:0;margin-top:20px}}.navigate-tabs:hover{cursor:pointer}.navigate-tabs .prev-link{background-color:#3557ff;float:left;font-weight:600;padding:19px}.navigate-tabs .prev-link:hover{background:#d2d9ff}.navigate-tabs .prev-link:hover span{color:#3557ff}@media(max-width:39.938em){.navigate-tabs .prev-link{width:140px;padding:10px}}.navigate-tabs .prev-link .webmd-icon-left-arrow{color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:14px;float:left;margin-top:2px}@media(max-width:39.938em){.navigate-tabs .prev-link .webmd-icon-left-arrow{margin-top:8px}}.navigate-tabs .prev-link .link-color{font-size:18px;font-weight:600;text-align:center;color:#fff;float:left;padding-left:16px}@media(max-width:39.938em){.navigate-tabs .prev-link .link-color{float:left;padding-top:6px}}.navigate-tabs .next-link{background-color:#3557ff;float:right;font-weight:600;padding:19px 30px}.navigate-tabs .next-link:hover{background:#d2d9ff}.navigate-tabs .next-link:hover span{color:#3557ff}@media(max-width:39.938em){.navigate-tabs .next-link{padding:16px 28px;width:140px}}.navigate-tabs .next-link .webmd-icon-right-arrow{color:#fff;font-size:14px;float:right;display:inline-block;margin-top:2px}.navigate-tabs .next-link .link-color{font-size:18px;font-weight:600;text-align:center;color:#fff}@media(max-width:39.938em){.navigate-tabs .next-link .link-color{margin-right:10px;float:right}}.navigate-tabs .next-link,.navigate-tabs .prev-link{width:144px;height:55px;border-radius:6px;text-decoration:none}@media(max-width:39.938em){.navigate-tabs .next-link,.navigate-tabs .prev-link{width:115px}}.amazonAd{clear:both}.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5004,.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5054{max-width:680px}@media only screen and (max-width:64em){.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5004,.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5054{max-width:355px}}@media only screen and (max-width:39.938em){.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5004,.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5054{max-width:none}}.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5004>.ad>div,.amazonAd .ad-container-pos-5054>.ad>div{border:0!important}.amazonAd .ad:not(.nolabel)>div:first-child:after{content:""}.main-container-3{margin-top:40px!important}.main-container-2{padding-left:0!important}.monograph-page{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}@media only screen and (min-width:1025px){.monograph-page{width:845px;padding-left:0;padding-right:9.125rem}}@media(min-width:1025px)and (max-width:1056px){.monograph-page{padding-left:10px;padding-right:40%}}@media(min-width:768px)and (max-width:1023px){.monograph-page{font-size:18px;padding:0 0 100px 0!important}}@media(max-width:767px){.monograph-page{font-size:18px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;width:100%}}.fifth-para-ad{display:none}.vitamins-monograph-content .fifth-para-ad{display:block;text-align:center}@media(min-width:47.938em)and (max-width:1239px){.vitamins-monograph-content .fifth-para-ad{display:none}}.vitamins-monograph-content ul .fifth-para-ad{margin-left:-40px}#ContentPane13 .vit-menu-toggle{z-index:9!important}.top-level-nav{padding-bottom:.5rem}@media(min-width:320px)and (max-width:767px){.top-level-nav{margin:8px 0;padding-bottom:0}}@media(min-width:768px)and (max-width:1023px){.top-level-nav{margin-left:-1rem}}@media(min-width:1024px)and (max-width:1024px){.top-level-nav{margin-left:4rem}}@media(min-width:1025px)and (max-width:1239px){.top-level-nav{margin-left:6rem}}@media(min-width:1240px){.top-level-nav{margin:0 auto;max-width:78rem;position:relative;padding-right:28rem}}.top-level-nav .nav-container{display:-webkit-box}.brdcrmb-wrapper .linklist-section{top:14px}.vitamins-breadcrumb{padding-left:5rem;margin-top:-10px}@media(min-width:320px)and (max-width:767px){.vitamins-breadcrumb{padding-left:.5rem;margin-left:.5rem}}@media(min-width:768px)and (max-width:809px){.vitamins-breadcrumb{padding-left:3rem}}@media(min-width:810px)and (max-width:900px){.vitamins-breadcrumb{padding-left:4rem}}@media(max-width:320px){.vitamins-breadcrumb{padding-left:1rem}}.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb>span:last-child>span{text-decoration:none;cursor:default}.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb>span:last-child>span a{color:#444;text-transform:capitalize}.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb>span:last-child>span:hover,.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb>span:last-child>span a:hover{color:#444;cursor:default}.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb .breadcrumb{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.43;margin-top:1rem!important}.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb .breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb__separator{margin:.625rem}@media screen and (max-width:63.938em){.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb .breadcrumb{font-size:.75rem;width:calc(100% - 5rem)}.vitamins-breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb .breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb__separator{margin:0 .313rem}}.webmd-breadcrumb__inner>a{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;text-decoration:none}.webmd-breadcrumb__inner>a:hover{text-decoration:underline}@media(max-width:767px){.webmd-breadcrumb__inner>a{font-size:12px}}@media(min-width:320px)and (max-width:767px){#ed-rcmmnddforyou,#ed-urr{padding:1rem}.webmd-special-section{padding:1rem!important}}.vit-menu-toggle .webmd-collapse-item__wrap{-webkit-box-shadow:0 4px 7px 0 hsla(0,0%,40.8%,.5);box-shadow:0 4px 7px 0 hsla(0,0%,40.8%,.5)}@media screen and (max-width:47.938em){.mobile-ad .ad,.mobilead-container .ad{padding:16px 0!important}.dosing-ad,.uses-ad{margin-left:-2rem}.interactions-page .fifth-para-ad{margin-left:-10px}.overview-ad,.overview-page .fifth-para-ad,.precautions-ad,.precautions-page .fifth-para-ad,.side-effects-page .fifth-para-ad,.sideeffects-ad{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:24px;min-height:388px}}@media screen and (max-width:39.938rem){#ads-pos-2026-lazy>div:first-child:after,.ad-2026>div:first-child:after{left:50%;padding:0;top:0;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%);transform:translate(-50%)}.ad.ad-2026>div:first-child{min-height:18rem}.ad.ad-2025>div:first-child{min-height:3.125rem;min-width:300px}}@media(max-width:767px){.monograph-page .reset-style,.monograph-page .reset-style-li{margin-bottom:0!important}.monograph-page .pre-ads-space,.monograph-page .reset-style+.mobile-ad,.monograph-page .reset-style-li+.mobile-ad{min-height:388px}.monograph-page .interactions-content [data-interactions-content="2"],.monograph-page .interactions-content [data-interactions="9"],.monograph-page .udpated-br,.monograph-page .udpated-br-lazy,.monograph-page .udpated-li,.monograph-page .udpated-li-lazy{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:388px}.monograph-page .fifth-para-ad{min-height:328px;margin-top:1.875rem;margin-bottom:1.875rem}}.no-js .dosing-page,.no-js .interactions-page,.no-js .overview-page,.no-js .precautions-page,.no-js .side-effects-page,.no-js .uses-container{display:block!important}.no-js .webmd-breadcrumb>li:nth-child(2) .webmd-breadcrumb__separator{font-size:.5rem;margin:0 .5rem;font-family:element-icons!important;speak:none;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;line-height:1;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline-block;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}.no-js .webmd-breadcrumb>li:nth-child(2) .webmd-breadcrumb__separator:before{content:""}@media(max-width:767px){.no-js #ed-rcmmnddforyou,.no-js #ed-urr,.no-js .monograph-page{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}}@media(max-width:767px){.no-js .monograph-page .udpated-br,.no-js .monograph-page .udpated-li{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:324px}.no-js .monograph-page .interactions-content [data-interactions-content="2"] .interactions-content [data-interactions="9"],.no-js .monograph-page .udpated-br-lazy,.no-js .monograph-page .udpated-li-lazy{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:300px}.no-js .monograph-page .fifth-para-ad{min-height:250px;margin-top:1.875rem;margin-bottom:1.875rem}}#ContentPane40 .ad-121{margin-top:0!important}.ad-141{margin:3.5rem 0;left:0;min-height:6.25rem;width:45.5rem}.tab-content{display:inline-block!important;width:100%}@media(max-width:767px){.pre-next-links{display:none}}.sub-container .module-ed-rcmmnddforyou,.sub-container:not(:first-child) .module-unified-right-rail.module-ed-urr{display:none}.position-fixed{position:fixed!important;top:70px!important}.static-top-div{position:sticky;top:85px}.static-top-ads{position:sticky!important;top:95px}.sub-container.last-container .static-top-div{position:relative!important;top:0!important}.sub-container.last-container .more-about-section,.sub-container.last-container .more-about-webmd{display:block}@media(min-width:768px){.fifth-para-ad,.last-para-ad{min-height:244px}}@media screen and (max-width:47.938rem){.mobile-ad{min-height:322px;margin:30px 0 10px 0!important}.mobile-ad .ad.ad-2026{margin:0!important}}.mobile-ad-inside-center{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;text-align:center}.main-container-3{float:right!important;letter-spacing:-.017069rem}.main-container-3 .ad{margin:16px 0!important}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.main-container-3 .ad{margin-left:-24px!important}}.sub-container.last-container .static-top-div{position:relative;top:0}.sub-container.last-container .module-ed-rcmmnddforyou{display:block}br.closest-br{display:none}.section-content-holder{display:inline-block;width:100%}.section-content-holder .disclaimer-text{display:inline-block;width:100%;margin-bottom:12px}.question-mark{cursor:pointer}</style> <style>body[data-content-masked]{overflow:hidden}.global-container-1,.global-container-2,footer,header,main{clear:both}main{margin:0 auto;max-width:77.5rem;position:relative}.main-container{float:left;-webkit-transition:width .4s ease;transition:width .4s ease;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.main-container-1{width:200px}.main-container-2{max-width:68em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative;width:calc(100% - 300px);padding:0 95px 0 0}.main-container-2 .ad>div{width:100%}@media screen and (min-width:64rem){.main-container-2:after{content:"";background:#c6cedb;position:absolute;right:95px;height:calc(100% - 78px);width:1px;top:78px}}@media screen and (min-width:64rem){.main-container-2 #ContentPane28{padding-left:3.5rem;padding-right:8.8125rem}}.main-container-3{width:300px;padding-top:16px}@media screen and (max-width:63.938em){.main-container-1{background:#f5f3f2;-webkit-box-shadow:-5px 10px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:-5px 10px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.1);display:none;height:70vh;max-width:17.5rem;overflow-y:scroll;position:absolute;right:1.25rem;top:2.75rem;width:40vw;z-index:5100000}.main-container-1.expanded,html.print article footer .main-container-1.sources{display:block}.main-container-1.expanded .left-nav-toggle:before,html.print article footer .main-container-1.sources .left-nav-toggle:before{content:""}.main-container-2{padding-left:0;width:calc(100% - 312px)}}@media screen and (max-width:47.938em){body{padding:5rem 0 0}.main-container-1{right:0;width:75vw}.main-container-2{padding:0;width:100%}.main-container-3{display:block;width:100%}}@media(min-width:47.948em)and (max-width:77.438em){main{padding:0 1.25rem}}@media print{.ad,.article [data-e2e=social-sharebar],.global-nav__wrapper>:not(.global-nav__logo),[data-js=global-container-2],[data-js=global-footer],[data-js=main-container-1],[data-js=main-container-2] [data-e2e=brdcrmb],[data-js=main-container-3]{display:none!important}article{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.364}article h1{font-size:2.182em;margin:1rem 0}}#ContentPane36 .ad.ad-5001>div:first-child{border:0 solid #e8e6e6!important;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;padding:4px}:lang(en) #ContentPane36 .ad.ad-5001>div:first-child:after{content:""}#ContentPane36 .ad.ad-5000>div:first-child{border:0 solid #e8e6e6!important;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;padding:4px}:lang(en) #ContentPane36 .ad.ad-5000>div:first-child:after{content:""}@media(max-width:767px){.global-nav-search-container.global-nav__search.webmd-row{width:31.2px}.global-nav-search-container.global-nav__search.webmd-row .global-nav-search-submit{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}}@media(min-width:768px){.nav-container{padding-right:10px}}</style> <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/css/load-dynamic-1738602477551.76c2b25e.css"> </noscript> </head> <body> <div id="app"><div id="app"><div class="page-skwebmdton"><div data-e2e="vitamins-brandseeker-router"></div><div></div><span></span></div><header class="global-header" role="banner" tabindex="-1" data-js="global-header"><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" span="24" id="ContentPane1" tabindex="-1"><div class=""><a href="#main-container" class="vn-skip-to-main"> Skip to main content </a><nav class="vn-wrapper" style="" aria-label="Primary Site Menu" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><div class="vn-container hdr-site-1 hdr-site-3"><button class="vn-menu-btn vn-menu vn-mt" style="" aria-controls="vn-links" id="vn-menu-toggle" aria-label="Open Menu" aria-expanded="false"><svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="36" viewbox="0 96 960 960" width="36"><path d="M153.333 816q-14.166 0-23.75-9.617Q120 796.766 120 782.55q0-14.216 9.583-23.716 9.584-9.5 23.75-9.5h653.334q14.166 0 23.75 9.617Q840 768.568 840 782.784q0 14.216-9.583 23.716-9.584 9.5-23.75 9.5H153.333Zm0-206.667q-14.166 0-23.75-9.617Q120 590.099 120 575.883q0-14.216 9.583-23.716 9.584-9.5 23.75-9.5h653.334q14.166 0 23.75 9.617Q840 561.901 840 576.117q0 14.216-9.583 23.716-9.584 9.5-23.75 9.5H153.333Zm0-206.667q-14.166 0-23.75-9.617Q120 383.432 120 369.216q0-14.216 9.583-23.716 9.584-9.5 23.75-9.5h653.334q14.166 0 23.75 9.617Q840 355.234 840 369.45q0 14.216-9.583 23.716-9.584 9.5-23.75 9.5H153.333Z"></path></svg></button><div class="vn-logo-container"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/" class="vn-logo" data-metrics-module="core" data-metrics-link="logo"><img class="" src="https://img.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/logos/webmd/web/webmd_logo_white.svg" alt="Logo for WebMD"></a><!----><!----></div><div class="vn-menu-mask"></div><div class="vn-links" aria-labelledby="vn-menu-toggle" id="vn-links"><ul class="vn-links-list"><li class="vn-mt" data-metrics-module="core"><a href="https://www.webmd.com" data-metrics-link="home"> Home </a></li><!--[--><li class="" tabindex="0" data-metrics-module="hdr-site-1"><a id="vn-link-hdr-site-1" aria-controls="vn-menu-hdr-site-1" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Conditions" data-metrics-link="0" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc">Conditions <i class="webmd-icon-right-arrow vn-mt"></i><i class="webmd-icon-down-arrow vn-dt"></i></a><div class="vn-menu-section hdr-site-1" id="vn-menu-hdr-site-1" aria-labelledby="vn-link-hdr-site-1"><button class="vn-back vn-mt" data-metrics-link="back" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc"><i class="webmd-icon-left-arrow"></i> Back </button><header class="vn-menu-section-header vn-mt"><span class="nav-title">Conditions</span><a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/health-topics" data-metrics-link="all"><img src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/arrow-right.cddcbeb3.svg" alt> View All </a></header><ul v-if="false"><!--[--><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="1">ADD/ADHD</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/allergies/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="2">Allergies</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="3">Arthritis</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/atrial-fibrillation/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="4">Atrial fibrillation</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="5">Breast Cancer</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/cancer/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="6">Cancer</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="7">Crohn&#39;s Disease</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/depression/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="8">Depression</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="9">Diabetes</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/dvt/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="10">DVT</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="11">Eczema</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="12">Eye Health</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="13">Heart Disease</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="14">HIV &amp; AIDS</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/lung/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="15">Lung Disease</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/lupus/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="16">Lupus</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="17">Mental Health</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="18">Multiple Sclerosis</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="19">Migraine</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="20">Pain Management</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="21">Psoriasis</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/psoriatic-arthritis/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="22">Psoriatic Arthritis</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="23">Rheumatoid Arthritis</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="24">Sexual Conditions</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="25">Skin Problems</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="26">Sleep Disorders</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="27">Ulcerative Colitis</a></li><!--]--><li class="vn-see-all vn-dt"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/health-topics" data-metrics-link="all"><img alt src="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/img/arrow-right.cddcbeb3.svg"> View All </a></li></ul></div></li><li class="" tabindex="0" data-metrics-module="hdr-site-2"><a id="vn-link-hdr-site-2" aria-controls="vn-menu-hdr-site-2" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Drugs &amp; Supplements" data-metrics-link="0" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc">Drugs &amp; Supplements <i class="webmd-icon-right-arrow vn-mt"></i><i class="webmd-icon-down-arrow vn-dt"></i></a><div class="vn-menu-section hdr-site-2" id="vn-menu-hdr-site-2" aria-labelledby="vn-link-hdr-site-2"><button class="vn-back vn-mt" data-metrics-link="back" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc"><i class="webmd-icon-left-arrow"></i> Back </button><header class="vn-menu-section-header vn-mt"><span class="nav-title">Drugs &amp; Supplements</span><!----></header><ul v-if="false"><!--[--><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/index" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="1">Drugs</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/index" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="2">Supplements</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/pill-identification/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="3">Pill Identifier</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/interaction-checker/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="4">Interaction Checker</a></li><!--]--><!----></ul></div></li><li class="" tabindex="0" data-metrics-module="hdr-site-3"><a id="vn-link-hdr-site-3" aria-controls="vn-menu-hdr-site-3" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Well-Being" data-metrics-link="0" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc">Well-Being <i class="webmd-icon-right-arrow vn-mt"></i><i class="webmd-icon-down-arrow vn-dt"></i></a><div class="vn-menu-section hdr-site-3" id="vn-menu-hdr-site-3" aria-labelledby="vn-link-hdr-site-3"><button class="vn-back vn-mt" data-metrics-link="back" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc"><i class="webmd-icon-left-arrow"></i> Back </button><header class="vn-menu-section-header vn-mt"><span class="nav-title">Well-Being</span><!----></header><ul v-if="false"><!--[--><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="1">Aging Well</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="2">Baby</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="3">Birth Control</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/children/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="4">Children&#39;s Health</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/diet/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="5">Diet &amp; Weight Management</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="6">Fitness &amp; Exercise</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="7">Food &amp; Recipes</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/balance/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="8">Health &amp; Balance</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/beauty/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="9">Healthy Beauty</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/men/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="10">Men&#39;s Health</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/parenting/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="11">Parenting</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/pets/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="12">Pet Health</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/baby/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="13">Pregnancy</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="14">Sex &amp; Relationships</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/teens/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="15">Teen Health</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/women/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="16">Women&#39;s Health</a></li><!--]--><!----></ul></div></li><li class="vn-link" tabindex data-metrics-module="hdr-site-4"><a href="https://symptoms.webmd.com" data-metrics-link="0">Symptom Checker</a><!----></li><li class="vn-link" tabindex data-metrics-module="hdr-site-5"><a href="https://doctor.webmd.com/" data-metrics-link="0">Find a Doctor</a><!----></li><li class="" tabindex="0" data-metrics-module="hdr-site-6"><a id="vn-link-hdr-site-6" aria-controls="vn-menu-hdr-site-6" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="More" data-metrics-link="0" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc">More <i class="webmd-icon-right-arrow vn-mt"></i><i class="webmd-icon-down-arrow vn-dt"></i></a><div class="vn-menu-section hdr-site-6" id="vn-menu-hdr-site-6" aria-labelledby="vn-link-hdr-site-6"><button class="vn-back vn-mt" data-metrics-link="back" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc"><i class="webmd-icon-left-arrow"></i> Back </button><header class="vn-menu-section-header vn-mt"><span class="nav-title">More</span><!----></header><ul v-if="false"><!--[--><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/news/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="1">News</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://blogs.webmd.com/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="2">Blogs</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/podcasts/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="3">Podcasts</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/webinar/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="4">Webinars</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://member.webmd.com/subscribe" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="5">Newsletters</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://doctor.webmd.com/choice-awards" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="6">Best Hospitals</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/facebook-groups" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="7">Support Groups</a></li><li itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/orthopedics/default.htm" itemprop="url" data-metrics-link="8">Orthopedics</a></li><!--]--><!----></ul></div></li><!--]--><li class="vn-mt" data-metrics-module="hdr-site-7"><a data-metrics-link="0" data-metrics-type="ad-hoc"> Privacy &amp; More <i class="webmd-icon-right-arrow"></i></a></li></ul><div class="vn-actions"><div class="newsletter-wrapper overlay vn-subscribe"><span></span><button class="webmd-button webmd-button--secondary webmd-button--medium" type="button"><!--v-if--><!--v-if--><span><!--[--> Subscribe <!--]--></span></button><div class="webmd-dialog__wrapper" style="display:none;"><div class="webmd-dialog" style="margin-top:15vh;"><div class="webmd-dialog__header"><!--[--><span class="webmd-dialog__title"></span><!--]--><button type="button" class="webmd-dialog__headerbtn" aria-label="Close"><i class="webmd-dialog__close webmd-icon webmd-icon-close"></i></button></div><!--v-if--><!--v-if--></div></div></div><a class="vn-signin" href="https://member.webmd.com/signin?appid=1&amp;returl=https://www.webmd.com" data-metrics-module="reg-login"> Log In </a><button class="vn-menu-btn vn-search vn-dt" aria-label="Search"><svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="30" viewbox="0 96 960 960" width="30"><path d="M768 911.333 532.667 676q-30 25.333-69.64 39.667Q423.388 730 378.667 730q-108.441 0-183.554-75.167Q120 579.667 120 472.667T195.167 290.5q75.166-75.167 182.5-75.167 107.333 0 182.166 75.167 74.834 75.167 74.834 182.267 0 43.233-14 82.9-14 39.666-40.667 73l237 235.667q9.667 9.294 9.667 22.814 0 13.519-10.609 24.127Q806.333 921 791.852 921T768 911.333ZM378 663.334q79.167 0 134.583-55.834Q568 551.667 568 472.667q0-79.001-55.417-134.834Q457.167 282 378 282q-79.722 0-135.528 55.833t-55.806 134.834q0 79 55.806 134.833Q298.278 663.334 378 663.334Z"></path></svg></button></div><form class="vn-search-wrapper" action="https://www.webmd.com/search/search_results/default.aspx"><div class="webmd-typeahead vn-typeahead" required aria-haspopup="listbox" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false" aria-owns="webmd-typeahead" matchwidth="false"><div class="webmd-input__div webmd-input-noLabel webmd-input--medium"><!--[--><!--v-if--><!--v-if--><input class="webmd-input__inner" type="text" autocomplete="off" value name="query" placeholder="Search WebMD" valuekey="value" matchwidth="false" triggeronfocus="false" triggeratlength="3" selectwhenunmatched="false" debounce="300" placement="bottom-start" hideloading="false" popperappendtobody="true" aria-label="Enter search terms"><!--v-if--><!--v-if--><!--v-if--><!--]--></div><div class="webmd-autocomplete-suggestion webmd-popper" style="display:none;" role="region" size="medium"><div class="webmd-scrollbar"><div style="" class="webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__wrap webmd-scrollbar__wrap webmd-scrollbar__wrap--hidden-default"><!--[--><ul class="webmd-scrollbar__view webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__list" style=""><!--[--><!--]--></ul><!--]--></div><div class="webmd-scrollbar__bar is-horizontal"><div class="webmd-scrollbar__thumb" style="width:0;transform:translateX(0%);ms-transform:translateX(0%);webkit-transform:translateX(0%);"></div></div><div class="webmd-scrollbar__bar is-vertical"><div class="webmd-scrollbar__thumb" style="height:0;transform:translateY(0%);ms-transform:translateY(0%);webkit-transform:translateY(0%);"></div></div></div></div></div><button type="submit" class=""> Search </button></form></div><div class="newsletter-wrapper overlay vn-subscribe vn-mt vn-mob-gn-sub"><span></span><button class="webmd-button webmd-button--secondary webmd-button--medium" type="button"><!--v-if--><!--v-if--><span><!--[--> Subscribe <!--]--></span></button><div class="webmd-dialog__wrapper" style="display:none;"><div class="webmd-dialog" style="margin-top:15vh;"><div class="webmd-dialog__header"><!--[--><span class="webmd-dialog__title"></span><!--]--><button type="button" class="webmd-dialog__headerbtn" aria-label="Close"><i class="webmd-dialog__close webmd-icon webmd-icon-close"></i></button></div><!--v-if--><!--v-if--></div></div></div><button class="vn-menu-btn vn-search vn-mt" style="" aria-label="Search"><svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="30" viewbox="0 96 960 960" width="30"><path d="M768 911.333 532.667 676q-30 25.333-69.64 39.667Q423.388 730 378.667 730q-108.441 0-183.554-75.167Q120 579.667 120 472.667T195.167 290.5q75.166-75.167 182.5-75.167 107.333 0 182.166 75.167 74.834 75.167 74.834 182.267 0 43.233-14 82.9-14 39.666-40.667 73l237 235.667q9.667 9.294 9.667 22.814 0 13.519-10.609 24.127Q806.333 921 791.852 921T768 911.333ZM378 663.334q79.167 0 134.583-55.834Q568 551.667 568 472.667q0-79.001-55.417-134.834Q457.167 282 378 282q-79.722 0-135.528 55.833t-55.806 134.834q0 79 55.806 134.833Q298.278 663.334 378 663.334Z"></path></svg></button></div><div></div></nav><!----></div></div></header><div class="webmd-row container global-container-1" style="" tabindex="-1" data-js="global-container-1"><div class="ad-section-header"><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" span="24" id="ContentPane10" tabindex="-1"><div class="top-ads-holder"><div class="ad-wrapper ad-container-101"><span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" span="24" id="ContentPane13" tabindex="-1"><div class="top-level-nav"><div class="nav-container"><div class="brdcrmb-wrapper" id="brdcrmb-wrapper" chronic-id="091e9c5e81e36787"><div class="module linklist-section"><div class="vit-menu-toggle"><div class="breadCrumb-title"><i class="webmd-collapse-item__arrow webmd-icon-down-arrow"></i> MENU <i class="header-icon webmd-icon-info"></i></div><!----></div></div></div><div class="vitamins-breadcrumb"><ul class="webmd-breadcrumb" aria-label="Breadcrumb"><!--[--><div class="breadcrumb"><ul data-metrics-module="brdcrmb"></ul></div><li class="webmd-breadcrumb__item"><span class="webmd-breadcrumb__inner" role><!--[--><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/index"> Vitamins &amp; Supplements </a><!--]--></span><i class="webmd-breadcrumb__separator"></i></li><li class="webmd-breadcrumb__item"><span class="webmd-breadcrumb__inner" role><!--[--><a>alpha-lipoic acid</a><!--]--></span><i class="webmd-breadcrumb__separator"></i></li><!--]--></ul><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Vitamins &amp; Supplements","item":"https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/index"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"alpha-lipoic acid"}]}</script></div></div></div></div><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" span="24" id="ContentPane15" tabindex="-1"><div class="header-section-template" chronic-id="091e9c5e81e2c5f5"><div class="header-section"><div class="vitamins-header"><h1 class="heading"><span class="Vitamin-title">ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID</span><span class="transformTextCap"> - Uses, Side Effects, <span class="combain-title"> and More </span></span></h1><div class="other-names"> OTHER NAME(S): A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alp <span> ... </span><span class="data-toggle"><span> Show More <i class="webmd-icon-down-arrow common-drugs-btn-icon"></i></span><!----></span></div><div class="other-names-nojs"> OTHER NAME(S): A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alp <span> ... </span><span class="data-toggle"><span> Show More <i class="webmd-icon-down-arrow common-drugs-btn-icon"></i></span></span></div></div></div><div class="tabs-container-holder"><div class="tabs-container"><ul class="auto-tabs"><!--[--><li class="tab-1 active-tab" data-target="overview-content" data-menu="tab-menu" data-clientheight="0"><a href="javascript:void()">Overview</a></li><li class="tab-2" data-target="uses-content" data-menu="tab-menu" data-clientheight="0"><a href="javascript:void()">Uses</a></li><li class="tab-3" data-target="sideeffects-content" data-menu="tab-menu" data-clientheight="0"><a href="javascript:void()">Side Effects</a></li><li class="tab-4" data-target="precautions-content" data-menu="tab-menu" data-clientheight="0"><a href="javascript:void()">Precautions</a></li><li class="tab-5" data-target="interactions-content" data-menu="tab-menu" data-clientheight="0"><a href="javascript:void()">Interactions</a></li><li class="tab-6" data-target="dosing-content" data-menu="tab-menu" data-clientheight="0"><a href="javascript:void()">Dosing</a></li><!--]--><li><a href="https://reviews.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientreview-767-ALPHA-LIPOIC-ACID"> Reviews (260) </a></li></ul><li class="fade"></li></div></div></div></div></div><main id="global-main" role="main" tabindex="-1" data-js="global-main" class="resp-3-col"><div class="webmd-row" style="" span="24"><div tabindex="-1" class="main-container main-container-1" data-js="main-container-1"></div><div class="webmd-col webmd-col-24 webmd-col-xs-24 webmd-col-sm-24 webmd-col-md-17 webmd-col-lg-13 webmd-col-xl-13 main-container main-container-2" style="" id="main-container" tabindex="-1" data-js="main-container-2"><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane28" tabindex="-1"><div class="monograph-page" id="monograph-page" chronic-id="091e9c5e81e2787d"><div class="overview-page center-content tab-content active-tab" active-tab="true" id="overview-container"><h2 class="vitamins-monograph-content-headline"><span><svg width="24" height="26" viewbox="0 0 24 26" fill="none" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2.83331 25.25C2.2604 25.25 1.76995 25.046 1.36197 24.638C0.953989 24.2301 0.75 23.7396 0.75 23.1667V4.83331C0.75 4.2604 0.953989 3.76995 1.36197 3.36197C1.76995 2.95399 2.2604 2.75 2.83331 2.75H8.85419C9.0139 2.0139 9.38716 1.4132 9.97397 0.947906C10.5608 0.482635 11.2361 0.25 12 0.25C12.7639 0.25 13.4392 0.482635 14.026 0.947906C14.6128 1.4132 14.9861 2.0139 15.1458 2.75H21.1667C21.7396 2.75 22.2301 2.95399 22.638 3.36197C23.046 3.76995 23.25 4.2604 23.25 4.83331V23.1667C23.25 23.7396 23.046 24.2301 22.638 24.638C22.2301 25.046 21.7396 25.25 21.1667 25.25H2.83331ZM2.83331 23.1667H21.1667V4.83331H2.83331V23.1667ZM6.79166 20.25H13.3125C13.6076 20.25 13.855 20.1498 14.0547 19.9495C14.2543 19.7491 14.3542 19.5009 14.3542 19.2047C14.3542 18.9085 14.2543 18.6615 14.0547 18.4636C13.855 18.2656 13.6076 18.1667 13.3125 18.1667H6.79166C6.49653 18.1667 6.24914 18.2669 6.04947 18.4672C5.84982 18.6676 5.75 18.9158 5.75 19.212C5.75 19.5082 5.84982 19.7552 6.04947 19.9531C6.24914 20.151 6.49653 20.25 6.79166 20.25ZM6.79166 15.0417H17.2083C17.5035 15.0417 17.7509 14.9415 17.9505 14.7411C18.1502 14.5408 18.25 14.2925 18.25 13.9963C18.25 13.7002 18.1502 13.4531 17.9505 13.2552C17.7509 13.0573 17.5035 12.9583 17.2083 12.9583H6.79166C6.49653 12.9583 6.24914 13.0585 6.04947 13.2589C5.84982 13.4592 5.75 13.7075 5.75 14.0037C5.75 14.2998 5.84982 14.5469 6.04947 14.7448C6.24914 14.9427 6.49653 15.0417 6.79166 15.0417ZM6.79166 9.83331H17.2083C17.5035 9.83331 17.7509 9.73314 17.9505 9.53278C18.1502 9.33243 18.25 9.08417 18.25 8.788C18.25 8.49183 18.1502 8.24479 17.9505 8.04688C17.7509 7.84896 17.5035 7.75 17.2083 7.75H6.79166C6.49653 7.75 6.24914 7.85018 6.04947 8.05053C5.84982 8.25089 5.75 8.49915 5.75 8.79531C5.75 9.09148 5.84982 9.33852 6.04947 9.53644C6.24914 9.73435 6.49653 9.83331 6.79166 9.83331ZM12 4.16666C12.2847 4.16666 12.5295 4.06423 12.7344 3.85938C12.9392 3.6545 13.0417 3.40971 13.0417 3.125C13.0417 2.84027 12.9392 2.59548 12.7344 2.39063C12.5295 2.18575 12.2847 2.08331 12 2.08331C11.7153 2.08331 11.4705 2.18575 11.2656 2.39063C11.0608 2.59548 10.9583 2.84027 10.9583 3.125C10.9583 3.40971 11.0608 3.6545 11.2656 3.85938C11.4705 4.06423 11.7153 4.16666 12 4.16666Z" fill="#3557FF"></path></svg></span>Overview </h2><div><div class="vitamins-monograph-content overview-content">Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. It is used to break down carbohydrates and to make energy.<br/><br/> Alpha-lipoic acid can be eaten in foods, such as red meat, carrots, beets, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes. It is also available in <a href="https://www.webmd.com/men/video/lamm-supplements-diet" crossLinkId="1600841" keywordSetId="9847" externalId="091e9c5e800ccbab" keywordId="40266" chronic_id="091e9c5e800ccbab" crossLinkType="Video" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">supplements</a>. Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain <a href="https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/liver-and-hepatic-diseases" crossLinkId="1909768" keywordSetId="51561" externalId="091e9c5e81b881fe" keywordId="118047" chronic_id="091e9c5e81b881fe" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">liver diseases</a>.<br class='udpated-br' /><br/> People most commonly use alpha-lipoic acid for <a href="https://www.webmd.com/brain/nerve-pain-and-nerve-damage-symptoms-and-causes" crossLinkId="58569" keywordSetId="10418" externalId="091e9c5e8027ef13" keywordId="42698" chronic_id="091e9c5e8027ef13" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">nerve pain</a> in people with diabetes. It is also used for <a href="https://www.webmd.com/obesity/video/obesity-risks" crossLinkId="1542808" keywordSetId="1635" externalId="091e9c5e80047f6f" keywordId="7982" chronic_id="091e9c5e80047f6f" crossLinkType="Video" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">obesity</a>, altitude sickness, aging <a href="https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-skin" crossLinkId="70837" keywordSetId="26541" externalId="091e9c5e80396037" keywordId="60205" chronic_id="091e9c5e80396037" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">skin</a>, high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood" crossLinkId="1506783" keywordSetId="28544" externalId="091e9c5e8056ea80" keywordId="62987" chronic_id="091e9c5e8056ea80" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">blood</a>, and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses. <br/><br/> </div><!----></div><!----><div class="fifth-para-ad mobile-ads-holder ads-loaded"><span></span></div></div><div class="uses-container tab-content" id="uses-container"><h2 class="vitamins-monograph-content-headline"><span><svg width="18" height="24" viewbox="0 0 18 24" fill="none" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M9.00881 18.6875C9.41527 18.6875 9.75564 18.5457 10.0299 18.2622C10.3042 17.9786 10.4414 17.6343 10.4414 17.2292V15.3333H12.3997C12.8048 15.3333 13.1492 15.1911 13.4327 14.9066C13.7163 14.622 13.8581 14.2766 13.8581 13.8701C13.8581 13.4636 13.7163 13.1198 13.4327 12.8386C13.1492 12.5573 12.8048 12.4167 12.3997 12.4167H10.4414V10.5C10.4414 10.0903 10.3042 9.74826 10.0299 9.47397C9.75564 9.19966 9.41527 9.0625 9.00881 9.0625C8.60235 9.0625 8.25686 9.19966 7.97234 9.47397C7.68784 9.74826 7.54559 10.0903 7.54559 10.5V12.4167H5.60806C5.20298 12.4167 4.85866 12.5589 4.57509 12.8434C4.29153 13.128 4.14975 13.4734 4.14975 13.8799C4.14975 14.2864 4.29153 14.6302 4.57509 14.9114C4.85866 15.1927 5.20298 15.3333 5.60806 15.3333H7.54559V17.25C7.54559 17.6597 7.68784 18.0017 7.97234 18.276C8.25686 18.5503 8.60235 18.6875 9.00881 18.6875ZM2.33722 23.25C1.7643 23.25 1.27385 23.046 0.865875 22.638C0.457896 22.2301 0.253906 21.7396 0.253906 21.1667V6.60416C0.253906 6.03124 0.457896 5.54079 0.865875 5.13281C1.27385 4.72483 1.7643 4.52084 2.33722 4.52084H15.6706C16.2435 4.52084 16.734 4.72483 17.1419 5.13281C17.5499 5.54079 17.7539 6.03124 17.7539 6.60416V21.2708C17.7539 21.8472 17.5499 22.3212 17.1419 22.6927C16.734 23.0642 16.2435 23.25 15.6706 23.25H2.33722ZM2.33722 21.2708H15.6706V6.60416H2.33722V21.2708ZM2.54556 2.83331C2.25044 2.83331 2.00304 2.73314 1.80337 2.53278C1.60373 2.33243 1.50391 2.08417 1.50391 1.788C1.50391 1.49183 1.60373 1.24479 1.80337 1.04688C2.00304 0.848958 2.25044 0.75 2.54556 0.75H15.4831C15.7782 0.75 16.0256 0.850177 16.2252 1.05053C16.4249 1.25089 16.5247 1.49915 16.5247 1.79531C16.5247 2.09148 16.4249 2.33852 16.2252 2.53644C16.0256 2.73435 15.7782 2.83331 15.4831 2.83331H2.54556Z" fill="#3557FF"></path></svg></span>Uses &amp; <span class="question-mark-cont"> Effectiveness <svg class="question-mark" width="14" height="14" viewbox="0 0 14 14" fill="currentColor" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M5.99842 10C6.19393 10 6.35975 9.9325 6.49586 9.79746C6.63197 9.66252 6.70002 9.49724 6.70002 9.30163C6.70002 9.10611 6.6325 8.9403 6.49746 8.80419C6.36252 8.66808 6.19724 8.60002 6.00163 8.60002C5.80611 8.60002 5.6403 8.66754 5.50419 8.80259C5.36808 8.93753 5.30002 9.10281 5.30002 9.29842C5.30002 9.49393 5.36755 9.65975 5.50259 9.79586C5.63753 9.93197 5.80281 10 5.99842 10ZM6.00411 12.1C5.23333 12.1 4.50766 11.9542 3.82711 11.6625C3.14655 11.3709 2.55107 10.9698 2.04065 10.4594C1.53023 9.94898 1.12919 9.35369 0.837524 8.67352C0.545858 7.99336 0.400024 7.26662 0.400024 6.49332C0.400024 5.72001 0.545858 4.99551 0.837524 4.31982C1.12919 3.64412 1.53023 3.05107 2.04065 2.54065C2.55107 2.03023 3.14636 1.62919 3.82652 1.33752C4.50669 1.04586 5.23343 0.900024 6.00673 0.900024C6.78004 0.900024 7.50454 1.04586 8.18023 1.33752C8.85593 1.62919 9.44898 2.03023 9.9594 2.54065C10.4698 3.05107 10.8709 3.64519 11.1625 4.32302C11.4542 5.00095 11.6 5.72526 11.6 6.49594C11.6 7.26672 11.4542 7.99238 11.1625 8.67294C10.8709 9.3535 10.4698 9.94898 9.9594 10.4594C9.44898 10.9698 8.85486 11.3709 8.17702 11.6625C7.49909 11.9542 6.77479 12.1 6.00411 12.1ZM6.00002 11.05C7.26391 11.05 8.33822 10.6077 9.22294 9.72294C10.1077 8.83822 10.55 7.76391 10.55 6.50002C10.55 5.23614 10.1077 4.16183 9.22294 3.27711C8.33822 2.39239 7.26391 1.95002 6.00002 1.95002C4.73614 1.95002 3.66183 2.39239 2.77711 3.27711C1.89239 4.16183 1.45002 5.23614 1.45002 6.50002C1.45002 7.76391 1.89239 8.83822 2.77711 9.72294C3.66183 10.6077 4.73614 11.05 6.00002 11.05ZM6.04713 3.99169C6.2932 3.99169 6.50728 4.07049 6.68938 4.22809C6.87148 4.38559 6.96252 4.58251 6.96252 4.81886C6.96252 5.03547 6.89933 5.22641 6.77294 5.39169C6.64655 5.55697 6.50072 5.70766 6.33544 5.84377C6.11183 6.03822 5.91252 6.25697 5.73752 6.50002C5.56252 6.74308 5.47989 7.0153 5.48961 7.31669C5.48961 7.4528 5.53861 7.56218 5.63661 7.64482C5.73461 7.72745 5.84894 7.76877 5.97961 7.76877C6.11961 7.76877 6.23822 7.72745 6.33544 7.64482C6.43266 7.56218 6.49586 7.4528 6.52502 7.31669C6.57364 7.1028 6.666 6.914 6.80211 6.75027C6.93822 6.58645 7.08405 6.43012 7.23961 6.28127C7.46322 6.06739 7.64551 5.82919 7.78648 5.56669C7.92745 5.30419 7.99794 5.02225 7.99794 4.72086C7.99794 4.22502 7.80593 3.81426 7.4219 3.48857C7.03787 3.16287 6.58136 3.00002 6.05238 3.00002C5.68692 3.00002 5.34134 3.08023 5.01565 3.24065C4.68995 3.40107 4.42911 3.63814 4.23311 3.95188C4.15689 4.06592 4.13579 4.191 4.16982 4.32711C4.20384 4.46322 4.28405 4.56044 4.41044 4.61877C4.54655 4.68683 4.68266 4.70141 4.81877 4.66252C4.95489 4.62364 5.06669 4.55072 5.15419 4.44377C5.26114 4.30766 5.39239 4.19829 5.54794 4.11565C5.7035 4.03301 5.86989 3.99169 6.04713 3.99169Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></h2><div><!----><div class="vitamins-monograph-content uses-content"></div><!----><div class="vitamins-monograph-content uses-content"></div><h3> Possibly Effective for </h3><div class="vitamins-monograph-content uses-content"><ul> <li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/video/diagnosing-treating-nerve-pain" crossLinkId="1596825" keywordSetId="10418" externalId="091e9c5e804bb184" keywordId="42698" chronic_id="091e9c5e804bb184" crossLinkType="Video" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">Nerve pain</a> in people with diabetes (<a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-neuropathy" crossLinkId="1582687" keywordSetId="8581" externalId="091e9c5e80008426" keywordId="33971" chronic_id="091e9c5e80008426" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">diabetic neuropathy</a>). Taking 600-1800 mg of alpha-lipoic acid by <a href="https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/ss/slideshow-mouth-problems" crossLinkId="1624516" keywordSetId="40982" externalId="091e9c5e802bb621" keywordId="93494" chronic_id="091e9c5e802bb621" crossLinkType="Slideshows" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">mouth</a> or by IV seems to improve symptoms such as burning, pain, and numbness in the legs and arms of people with diabetes. Lower doses of alpha-lipoic acid don't seem to work. IV products can only be given by a <a href="https://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/rm-quiz-insurance-basics" crossLinkId="1619843" keywordSetId="33248" externalId="091e9c5e80cee26e" keywordId="73362" chronic_id="091e9c5e80cee26e" crossLinkType="Tools" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">healthcare</a> provider.</li> <li class='udpated-li'>High levels of cholesterol or other fats (<a href="https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/tests-for-high-cholesterol-lipid-panel" crossLinkId="59018" keywordSetId="49961" externalId="091e9c5e8028abb6" keywordId="114556" chronic_id="091e9c5e8028abb6" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">lipids</a>) in the blood (<a href="https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/hyperlipidemia-overview" crossLinkId="1899328" keywordSetId="47197" externalId="091e9c5e813edc56" keywordId="108779" chronic_id="091e9c5e813edc56" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">hyperlipidemia</a>). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by <a href="https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/rm-quiz-mouth-myths" crossLinkId="1619208" keywordSetId="40982" externalId="091e9c5e80d71be5" keywordId="93494" chronic_id="091e9c5e80d71be5" crossLinkType="Tools" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">mouth</a> for up to 4 years seems to lower <a href="https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/understanding-numbers" crossLinkId="8342" keywordSetId="8382" externalId="091e9c5e800081fd" keywordId="108937" chronic_id="091e9c5e800081fd" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">total cholesterol</a> and low-density lipoprotein (<a href="https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/ldl-cholesterol-the-bad-cholesterol" crossLinkId="59022" keywordSetId="1461" externalId="091e9c5e8028aaf6" keywordId="42789" chronic_id="091e9c5e8028aaf6" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">LDL</a> or "bad") cholesterol in people with or without hyperlipidemia.</li> <li>Obesity. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth can slightly reduce <a href="https://www.webmd.com/obesity/healthy-weight" crossLinkId="1903515" keywordSetId="8910" externalId="091e9c5e816856bb" keywordId="35915" chronic_id="091e9c5e816856bb" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">body weight</a> in adults who are overweight. </li></ul> </div><h3> Possibly Ineffective for </h3><div class="vitamins-monograph-content uses-content"><ul> <li>Liver disease in people who drink alcohol. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for up to 6 months does not improve <a href="https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/liver-function-test-lft" crossLinkId="1514148" keywordSetId="32870" externalId="091e9c5e8068dce6" keywordId="72818" chronic_id="091e9c5e8068dce6" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">liver function</a> or reduce <a href="https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-liver" crossLinkId="73851" keywordSetId="10464" externalId="091e9c5e80348a30" keywordId="42791" chronic_id="091e9c5e80348a30" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">liver</a> damage in people with alcohol-related liver disease.</li> <li>Altitude sickness. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth along with <a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1001-vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid.aspx?activeingredientid=1001&amp;activeingredientname=vitamin-c-(ascorbic-acid)" crossLinkId="1884444" keywordSetId="31339" externalId="1001" keywordId="69419" chronic_id="" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">vitamin C</a> and <a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-954-vitamin-e.aspx?activeingredientid=954&amp;activeingredientname=vitamin-e" crossLinkId="1884399" keywordSetId="41108" externalId="954" keywordId="93779" chronic_id="" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">vitamin E</a> does not seem to prevent altitude sickness.</li> <li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/kidney-stones/picture-of-the-kidneys" crossLinkId="72677" keywordSetId="26662" externalId="091e9c5e803f72c0" keywordId="60461" chronic_id="091e9c5e803f72c0" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">Kidney</a> damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth with or without standard <a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dehydration-adults" crossLinkId="900" keywordSetId="1077" externalId="091e9c5e8000b073" keywordId="94660" chronic_id="091e9c5e8000b073" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">hydration</a> therapy during a coronary angiography doesn't seem to prevent kidney damage caused by contrast agents.</li> <li>Diabetes. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth or by IV does not improve blood sugar levels in people with <a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-2-diabetes" crossLinkId="1582839" keywordSetId="2021" externalId="091e9c5e80010f55" keywordId="8505" chronic_id="091e9c5e80010f55" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">type 2 diabetes</a>. </li> <li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/vision-basics" crossLinkId="3407" keywordSetId="1184" externalId="091e9c5e800076b7" keywordId="35136" chronic_id="091e9c5e800076b7" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">Vision</a> problems in people with diabetes (<a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetic-retinopathy" crossLinkId="1582790" keywordSetId="8582" externalId="091e9c5e80007e43" keywordId="33972" chronic_id="091e9c5e80007e43" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">diabetic retinopathy</a>). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for 24 months doesn't improve <a href="https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/picture-of-the-eyes" crossLinkId="72347" keywordSetId="26646" externalId="091e9c5e803ffc74" keywordId="60424" chronic_id="091e9c5e803ffc74" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">eye</a> damage from diabetes.</li> <li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/types-dementia" crossLinkId="1218" keywordSetId="47107" externalId="091e9c5e80008c55" keywordId="108635" chronic_id="091e9c5e80008c55" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">Dementia</a> in people with advanced <a href="https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/understanding-aids-hiv-basics" crossLinkId="1565792" keywordSetId="1340" externalId="091e9c5e80008960" keywordId="7583" chronic_id="091e9c5e80008960" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">HIV</a>/AIDS. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth has no effect on thinking problems in people with HIV.</li> <li class='udpated-li-lazy'>High levels of fats called triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth doesn't seem to reduce <a href="https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/lowering-triglyceride-levels" crossLinkId="1560504" keywordSetId="2010" externalId="091e9c5e8028e149" keywordId="71913" chronic_id="091e9c5e8028e149" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">triglyceride levels</a> in most people.</li> </ul> There is interest in using alpha-lipoic acid for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful. </div><!----><div class="vitamins-monograph-content uses-content"></div><!----><div class="vitamins-monograph-content uses-content"></div></div><div class="uses-ad mobile-ad mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div><div class="fifth-para-ad ads-loaded mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div><div class="webmd-dialog__wrapper" style="display:none;"><div class="webmd-dialog webmd-dialog--center pop-over-dialog" style="margin-top:15vh;"><div class="webmd-dialog__header"><!--[--><span class="webmd-dialog__title"></span><!--]--><button type="button" class="webmd-dialog__headerbtn" aria-label="Close"><i class="webmd-dialog__close webmd-icon webmd-icon-close"></i></button></div><!--v-if--><!--v-if--></div></div></div><div class="side-effects-page tab-content" id="sideeffects-container"><h2 class="vitamins-monograph-content-headline"><span><svg width="28" height="28" viewbox="0 0 28 28" fill="none" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.0074 2.4997C13.8566 2.4997 14.6701 2.57782 15.4479 2.73407C16.2257 2.89032 17.0972 3.15941 18.0625 3.54135L15.2083 4.8226C14.8611 4.73927 14.526 4.67851 14.2031 4.64032C13.8802 4.60211 13.4792 4.58301 13 4.58301C12.625 4.58301 12.2153 4.60732 11.7708 4.65595C11.3264 4.70455 10.9097 4.78788 10.5208 4.90595C11.8542 6.57261 13.316 7.91463 14.9062 8.93201C16.4965 9.94936 18.5764 10.3747 21.1459 10.208H21.2917L22.1354 12.1976C19.6632 12.5101 17.4028 12.2636 15.3542 11.458C13.3056 10.6525 11.5347 9.3608 10.0417 7.58301C9.32639 9.2983 8.31771 10.767 7.01562 11.9893C5.71354 13.2115 4.2361 14.1455 2.58331 14.7914C2.58331 17.7705 3.59547 20.2862 5.61978 22.3383C7.64409 24.3903 10.1042 25.4164 13 25.4164C15.9306 25.4164 18.4028 24.3921 20.4167 22.3434C22.4306 20.2948 23.4306 17.8469 23.4167 14.9997C23.4167 14.5969 23.3959 14.2375 23.3542 13.9216C23.3125 13.6056 23.2709 13.2983 23.2292 12.9997L24.5 10.0726C24.8472 10.9615 25.1007 11.7775 25.2604 12.5205C25.4201 13.2636 25.5 14.09 25.5 14.9997C25.5 16.708 25.1788 18.3209 24.5365 19.8382C23.8941 21.3556 23.0121 22.6803 21.8906 23.8122C20.7691 24.9441 19.4479 25.8417 17.9271 26.5049C16.4063 27.1681 14.7639 27.4997 13 27.4997C11.2639 27.4997 9.63543 27.175 8.11459 26.5257C6.59376 25.8764 5.2691 24.9875 4.14063 23.8591C3.01215 22.7306 2.12326 21.4059 1.47397 19.8851C0.824656 18.3643 0.5 16.7358 0.5 14.9997C0.5 13.2358 0.829865 11.5917 1.48959 10.0674C2.1493 8.5431 3.04686 7.22018 4.18228 6.09866C5.3177 4.97712 6.64235 4.09691 8.15625 3.45804C9.67015 2.81914 11.2872 2.4997 13.0074 2.4997ZM9.12969 14.6664C9.59183 14.6664 9.9809 14.8259 10.2969 15.145C10.6129 15.4641 10.7708 15.8547 10.7708 16.3169C10.7708 16.779 10.6113 17.1681 10.2922 17.4841C9.97308 17.8 9.58246 17.958 9.12031 17.958C8.65817 17.958 8.2691 17.7985 7.95312 17.4794C7.63715 17.1603 7.47916 16.7697 7.47916 16.3075C7.47916 15.8454 7.63871 15.4563 7.95781 15.1403C8.27692 14.8243 8.66754 14.6664 9.12969 14.6664ZM16.9005 14.6664C17.3627 14.6664 17.7517 14.8259 18.0677 15.145C18.3837 15.4641 18.5417 15.8547 18.5417 16.3169C18.5417 16.779 18.3821 17.1681 18.063 17.4841C17.7439 17.8 17.3533 17.958 16.8912 17.958C16.429 17.958 16.0399 17.7985 15.724 17.4794C15.408 17.1603 15.25 16.7697 15.25 16.3075C15.25 15.8454 15.4096 15.4563 15.7287 15.1403C16.0478 14.8243 16.4384 14.6664 16.9005 14.6664ZM22.875 0.770508L24.25 3.89551L27.3125 5.20801L24.25 6.54135L22.875 9.66635L21.4792 6.54135L18.4167 5.20801L21.4792 3.89551L22.875 0.770508ZM2.96872 12.2809C3.98955 11.8296 5.05901 11.0067 6.17709 9.81219C7.29516 8.61776 8.10071 7.19761 8.59375 5.55176C7.03125 6.29482 5.80902 7.24274 4.92706 8.39551C4.04513 9.5483 3.39234 10.8434 2.96872 12.2809Z" fill="#3557FF"></path></svg></span>Side Effects </h2><div><div class="vitamins-monograph-content side-effects-content"><b>When taken by mouth</b>: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when taken for up to 4 years. It is usually well-tolerated. The most common side effects are headache, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. <br/><br/> <b>When applied to the skin</b>: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when used as a cream for up to 12 weeks. It might cause a rash in some people. </div></div><div class="sideeffects-ad mobile-ad mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div><div class="fifth-para-ad ads-loaded mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div></div><div class="precautions-page tab-content" id="precautions-container"><div class="vitamins-monograph-content-headline-holder"><h2 class="vitamins-monograph-content-headline"><span><svg width="26" height="24" viewbox="0 0 26 24" fill="none" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.04969 23.2503C0.848316 23.2503 0.670181 23.2026 0.515285 23.1071C0.360389 23.0116 0.23992 22.8857 0.153879 22.7295C0.0612745 22.5753 0.010337 22.4083 0.0010662 22.2285C-0.0081838 22.0486 0.0427537 21.8684 0.153879 21.6878L12.0914 1.06284C12.2025 0.882274 12.3362 0.750326 12.4924 0.666992C12.6487 0.583659 12.8171 0.541992 12.9976 0.541992C13.1782 0.541992 13.3466 0.583659 13.5028 0.666992C13.6591 0.750326 13.7928 0.882274 13.9039 1.06284L25.8414 21.6878C25.9525 21.8684 26.0034 22.0486 25.9942 22.2285C25.9849 22.4083 25.934 22.5753 25.8414 22.7295C25.7553 22.8857 25.6349 23.0116 25.48 23.1071C25.3251 23.2026 25.1469 23.2503 24.9456 23.2503H1.04969ZM2.85178 21.167H23.1435L12.9976 3.66699L2.85178 21.167ZM13.0846 19.5628C13.3808 19.5628 13.6278 19.4627 13.8258 19.2623C14.0237 19.062 14.1226 18.8137 14.1226 18.5175C14.1226 18.2214 14.0225 17.9743 13.8221 17.7764C13.6217 17.5785 13.3735 17.4795 13.0773 17.4795C12.7811 17.4795 12.5341 17.5797 12.3362 17.7801C12.1383 17.9804 12.0393 18.2287 12.0393 18.5248C12.0393 18.821 12.1395 19.068 12.3398 19.266C12.5402 19.4639 12.7884 19.5628 13.0846 19.5628ZM13.0846 16.0003C13.3808 16.0003 13.6278 15.9005 13.8258 15.7009C14.0237 15.5012 14.1226 15.2538 14.1226 14.9587V10.292C14.1226 9.99685 14.0225 9.74945 13.8221 9.5498C13.6217 9.35016 13.3735 9.25034 13.0773 9.25034C12.7811 9.25034 12.5341 9.35016 12.3362 9.5498C12.1383 9.74945 12.0393 9.99685 12.0393 10.292V14.9587C12.0393 15.2538 12.1395 15.5012 12.3398 15.7009C12.5402 15.9005 12.7884 16.0003 13.0846 16.0003Z" fill="#3557FF"></path></svg></span>Special Precautions <span> and Warnings </span></h2><!----></div><div><div class="vitamins-monograph-content precautions-content"><b>When taken by mouth</b>: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when taken for up to 4 years. It is usually well-tolerated. The most common side effects are headache, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. <br/><br/> <b>When applied to the skin</b>: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when used as a cream for up to 12 weeks. It might cause a rash in some people. <hr style="clear:both;border: 1px solid transparent;"><b>Pregnancy</b>: When taken by mouth, alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe. It's been used safely during pregnancy in doses of up to 600 mg daily for up to 4 weeks. <br class='udpated-br' /><br/> <b>Breast-feeding</b>: There isn't enough reliable information to know if alpha-lipoic acid is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.<br/><br/> <b>Children</b>: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe in children aged 10-17 years when taken by mouth in doses up to 600 mg daily for 3 months. But it is possibly unsafe for children to take large amounts of alpha-lipoic acid by mouth. Seizures, vomiting, and unconsciousness have been reported for children aged 14 months to 16 years who took up to 2400 mg of alpha-lipoic acid as a single dose.<br/><br class='udpated-br-lazy' /> <b>Surgery</b>: Alpha-lipoic acid can decrease blood sugar levels. Alpha-lipoic acid might interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop taking alpha-lipoic acid 2 weeks before elective surgical procedures.<br/><br/> <b>Excessive use of alcohol/<a href="https://www.webmd.com/brain/wernicke-korsakoff-syndrome-facts" crossLinkId="1907340" keywordSetId="10086" externalId="091e9c5e818dcd96" keywordId="41771" chronic_id="091e9c5e818dcd96" crossLinkType="Article" directive="friendlyurl" object_type="wbmd_pb_page">thiamine deficiency</a></b>: Alcohol can lower the amount of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid when there is a shortage of thiamine might cause serious health problems. If you drink a lot of alcohol and take alpha-lipoic acid, you should take a thiamine supplement.<br/><br/> </div></div><div class="precautions-ad mobile-ad mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div><div class="fifth-para-ad ads-loaded mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div></div><div class="interactions-page center-content tab-content" id="interactions-container"><h2 class="vitamins-monograph-content-headline"><span><svg width="26" height="28" viewbox="0 0 26 28" fill="none" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M18.5208 25.1042L20.1042 23.5L17.5 20.8958L15.8958 22.4792C15.5208 22.8542 15.3368 23.2917 15.3438 23.7917C15.3507 24.2917 15.5347 24.7292 15.8958 25.1042C16.2708 25.4653 16.7083 25.6493 17.2083 25.6562C17.7083 25.6632 18.1458 25.4792 18.5208 25.1042ZM21.5417 22.0625L23.1458 20.4792C23.5208 20.1042 23.7049 19.6667 23.6979 19.1667C23.691 18.6667 23.5 18.2292 23.125 17.8542C22.75 17.4792 22.3175 17.2917 21.8275 17.2917C21.3375 17.2917 20.9019 17.4792 20.5208 17.8542L18.9375 19.4583L21.5417 22.0625ZM19.9896 26.5729C19.2188 27.3437 18.2917 27.7291 17.2083 27.7291C16.125 27.7291 15.1979 27.3437 14.4271 26.5729C13.6563 25.8021 13.2708 24.875 13.2708 23.7917C13.2708 22.7083 13.6563 21.7812 14.4271 21.0104L19.0521 16.3854C19.8229 15.6146 20.75 15.2292 21.8333 15.2292C22.9167 15.2292 23.8438 15.6146 24.6146 16.3854C25.3854 17.1562 25.7708 18.0833 25.7708 19.1667C25.7708 20.25 25.3854 21.1771 24.6146 21.9479L19.9896 26.5729ZM2.83331 25.25C2.2604 25.25 1.76995 25.046 1.36197 24.638C0.953989 24.2301 0.75 23.7396 0.75 23.1667V4.83331C0.75 4.2604 0.953989 3.76995 1.36197 3.36197C1.76995 2.95399 2.2604 2.75 2.83331 2.75H8.85419C9.0139 2.0139 9.38716 1.4132 9.97397 0.947906C10.5608 0.482635 11.2361 0.25 12 0.25C12.7639 0.25 13.4392 0.482635 14.026 0.947906C14.6128 1.4132 14.9861 2.0139 15.1458 2.75H21.1667C21.7396 2.75 22.2301 2.95399 22.638 3.36197C23.046 3.76995 23.25 4.2604 23.25 4.83331V13.3021C22.9028 13.2118 22.5556 13.1597 22.2083 13.1458C21.8611 13.1319 21.5139 13.1493 21.1667 13.1979V4.83331H2.83331V23.1667H11.2188C11.184 23.5139 11.1771 23.8611 11.1979 24.2083C11.2188 24.5556 11.2743 24.9028 11.3646 25.25H2.83331ZM12 4.16666C12.2847 4.16666 12.5295 4.06423 12.7344 3.85938C12.9392 3.6545 13.0417 3.40971 13.0417 3.125C13.0417 2.84027 12.9392 2.59548 12.7344 2.39062C12.5295 2.18575 12.2847 2.08331 12 2.08331C11.7153 2.08331 11.4705 2.18575 11.2656 2.39062C11.0608 2.59548 10.9583 2.84027 10.9583 3.125C10.9583 3.40971 11.0608 3.6545 11.2656 3.85938C11.4705 4.06423 11.7153 4.16666 12 4.16666ZM5.75 9.83331V7.75H18.25V9.83331H5.75ZM5.75 15.0417V12.9583H18.25V14.3333C18.1528 14.3958 18.0538 14.4705 17.9531 14.5573C17.8524 14.6441 17.7535 14.7361 17.6562 14.8333L17.4479 15.0417H5.75ZM5.75 20.25V18.1667H14.3229L12.9375 19.5521C12.8125 19.6771 12.7031 19.7934 12.6094 19.901C12.5156 20.0087 12.4236 20.125 12.3333 20.25H5.75Z" fill="#3557FF"></path></svg></span>Interactions <span class="question-mark-cont"><svg class="question-mark" width="14" height="14" viewbox="0 0 14 14" fill="currentColor" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M5.99842 10C6.19393 10 6.35975 9.9325 6.49586 9.79746C6.63197 9.66252 6.70002 9.49724 6.70002 9.30163C6.70002 9.10611 6.6325 8.9403 6.49746 8.80419C6.36252 8.66808 6.19724 8.60002 6.00163 8.60002C5.80611 8.60002 5.6403 8.66754 5.50419 8.80259C5.36808 8.93753 5.30002 9.10281 5.30002 9.29842C5.30002 9.49393 5.36755 9.65975 5.50259 9.79586C5.63753 9.93197 5.80281 10 5.99842 10ZM6.00411 12.1C5.23333 12.1 4.50766 11.9542 3.82711 11.6625C3.14655 11.3709 2.55107 10.9698 2.04065 10.4594C1.53023 9.94898 1.12919 9.35369 0.837524 8.67352C0.545858 7.99336 0.400024 7.26662 0.400024 6.49332C0.400024 5.72001 0.545858 4.99551 0.837524 4.31982C1.12919 3.64412 1.53023 3.05107 2.04065 2.54065C2.55107 2.03023 3.14636 1.62919 3.82652 1.33752C4.50669 1.04586 5.23343 0.900024 6.00673 0.900024C6.78004 0.900024 7.50454 1.04586 8.18023 1.33752C8.85593 1.62919 9.44898 2.03023 9.9594 2.54065C10.4698 3.05107 10.8709 3.64519 11.1625 4.32302C11.4542 5.00095 11.6 5.72526 11.6 6.49594C11.6 7.26672 11.4542 7.99238 11.1625 8.67294C10.8709 9.3535 10.4698 9.94898 9.9594 10.4594C9.44898 10.9698 8.85486 11.3709 8.17702 11.6625C7.49909 11.9542 6.77479 12.1 6.00411 12.1ZM6.00002 11.05C7.26391 11.05 8.33822 10.6077 9.22294 9.72294C10.1077 8.83822 10.55 7.76391 10.55 6.50002C10.55 5.23614 10.1077 4.16183 9.22294 3.27711C8.33822 2.39239 7.26391 1.95002 6.00002 1.95002C4.73614 1.95002 3.66183 2.39239 2.77711 3.27711C1.89239 4.16183 1.45002 5.23614 1.45002 6.50002C1.45002 7.76391 1.89239 8.83822 2.77711 9.72294C3.66183 10.6077 4.73614 11.05 6.00002 11.05ZM6.04713 3.99169C6.2932 3.99169 6.50728 4.07049 6.68938 4.22809C6.87148 4.38559 6.96252 4.58251 6.96252 4.81886C6.96252 5.03547 6.89933 5.22641 6.77294 5.39169C6.64655 5.55697 6.50072 5.70766 6.33544 5.84377C6.11183 6.03822 5.91252 6.25697 5.73752 6.50002C5.56252 6.74308 5.47989 7.0153 5.48961 7.31669C5.48961 7.4528 5.53861 7.56218 5.63661 7.64482C5.73461 7.72745 5.84894 7.76877 5.97961 7.76877C6.11961 7.76877 6.23822 7.72745 6.33544 7.64482C6.43266 7.56218 6.49586 7.4528 6.52502 7.31669C6.57364 7.1028 6.666 6.914 6.80211 6.75027C6.93822 6.58645 7.08405 6.43012 7.23961 6.28127C7.46322 6.06739 7.64551 5.82919 7.78648 5.56669C7.92745 5.30419 7.99794 5.02225 7.99794 4.72086C7.99794 4.22502 7.80593 3.81426 7.4219 3.48857C7.03787 3.16287 6.58136 3.00002 6.05238 3.00002C5.68692 3.00002 5.34134 3.08023 5.01565 3.24065C4.68995 3.40107 4.42911 3.63814 4.23311 3.95188C4.15689 4.06592 4.13579 4.191 4.16982 4.32711C4.20384 4.46322 4.28405 4.56044 4.41044 4.61877C4.54655 4.68683 4.68266 4.70141 4.81877 4.66252C4.95489 4.62364 5.06669 4.55072 5.15419 4.44377C5.26114 4.30766 5.39239 4.19829 5.54794 4.11565C5.7035 4.03301 5.86989 3.99169 6.04713 3.99169Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></h2><div><div class="vitamins-monograph-content interactions-content"><!----><ul><h3>Moderate Interaction</h3><p data-interactions-content="0"> Be cautious with this combination </p><!--[--><li data-interactions="0"><h3 class="interactions-header">Medications for cancer (Antitumor antibiotics) interacts with ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID</h3><p data-interactions-content="1">Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.</p></li><li data-interactions="1"><h3 class="interactions-header">Thyroid hormone interacts with ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID</h3><p data-interactions-content="2">Alpha-lipoic acid seems to decrease how well thyroid hormone works in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid with thyroid hormone might decrease the effects of the thyroid hormone.</p></li><li data-interactions="2"><h3 class="interactions-header">Medications for cancer (Alkylating Agents) interacts with ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID</h3><p data-interactions-content="3">Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of some medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.</p></li><li data-interactions="3"><h3 class="interactions-header">Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID</h3><p data-interactions-content="4">Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.</p></li><!--]--></ul><ul><h3>Minor Interaction</h3><p data-interactions-content="5"> Be watchful with this combination </p><!--[--><li data-interactions="4"><h3 class="interactions-header">Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID</h3><p data-interactions-content="6">Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar levels. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.</p></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><div class="interactions-ad mobile-ad mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div><div class="fifth-para-ad ads-loaded mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div><div class="webmd-dialog__wrapper" style="display:none;"><div class="webmd-dialog webmd-dialog--center pop-over-dialog-interactions" style="margin-top:15vh;"><div class="webmd-dialog__header"><!--[--><span class="webmd-dialog__title"></span><!--]--><button type="button" class="webmd-dialog__headerbtn" aria-label="Close"><i class="webmd-dialog__close webmd-icon webmd-icon-close"></i></button></div><!--v-if--><!--v-if--></div></div></div><div class="dosing-page center-content tab-content" id="dosing-container"><h2 class="vitamins-monograph-content-headline"><span><svg width="25" height="27" viewbox="0 0 25 27" fill="none" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M7.7923 26.125L5.70898 24.5625V19.0417H4.0423C3.4798 19.0417 2.99195 18.8351 2.57877 18.4219C2.16558 18.0087 1.95898 17.5208 1.95898 16.9583V7.16666H1.75064C1.45549 7.16666 1.2081 7.06648 1.00845 6.86613C0.808807 6.66577 0.708984 6.41751 0.708984 6.12134C0.708984 5.82518 0.808807 5.57814 1.00845 5.38022C1.2081 5.1823 1.45549 5.08334 1.75064 5.08334H5.70898V2.58331H4.87564C4.5805 2.58331 4.3331 2.48314 4.13345 2.28278C3.93381 2.08243 3.83398 1.83417 3.83398 1.538C3.83398 1.24183 3.93381 0.994792 4.13345 0.796875C4.3331 0.598958 4.5805 0.5 4.87564 0.5H8.62564C8.92079 0.5 9.16818 0.600177 9.36783 0.800531C9.56747 1.00089 9.6673 1.24915 9.6673 1.54531C9.6673 1.84148 9.56747 2.08852 9.36783 2.28644C9.16818 2.48435 8.92079 2.58331 8.62564 2.58331H7.7923V5.08334H11.7506C12.0458 5.08334 12.2932 5.18352 12.4928 5.38387C12.6925 5.58423 12.7923 5.83249 12.7923 6.12866C12.7923 6.42482 12.6925 6.67186 12.4928 6.86978C12.2932 7.0677 12.0458 7.16666 11.7506 7.16666H11.5423V16.9583C11.5423 17.5208 11.3357 18.0087 10.9225 18.4219C10.5093 18.8351 10.0215 19.0417 9.45898 19.0417H7.7923V26.125ZM4.0423 16.9583H9.45898V14.6667H7.06314C6.8687 14.6667 6.69857 14.5937 6.55273 14.4479C6.4069 14.3021 6.33398 14.1319 6.33398 13.9375C6.33398 13.7431 6.4069 13.5729 6.55273 13.4271C6.69857 13.2813 6.8687 13.2083 7.06314 13.2083H9.45898V10.9167H7.06314C6.8687 10.9167 6.69857 10.8437 6.55273 10.6979C6.4069 10.5521 6.33398 10.3819 6.33398 10.1875C6.33398 9.99306 6.4069 9.82293 6.55273 9.67709C6.69857 9.53126 6.8687 9.45834 7.06314 9.45834H9.45898V7.16666H4.0423V16.9583ZM16.7506 25.5C16.1881 25.5 15.7003 25.2934 15.2871 24.8802C14.8739 24.467 14.6673 23.9792 14.6673 23.4167V15.1667C14.6673 14.5209 14.7576 14.0174 14.9381 13.6563C15.1187 13.2951 15.3375 12.9688 15.5944 12.6771C15.9347 12.3021 16.1777 12.0087 16.3236 11.7969C16.4694 11.5851 16.5423 11.3611 16.5423 11.125V10.2917H16.334C16.0388 10.2917 15.7914 10.1915 15.5918 9.99113C15.3922 9.79077 15.2923 9.54251 15.2923 9.24634C15.2923 8.95018 15.3948 8.70314 15.5996 8.50522C15.8045 8.3073 16.0493 8.20834 16.334 8.20834H22.584C22.8791 8.20834 23.1265 8.30852 23.3262 8.50887C23.5258 8.70923 23.6256 8.95749 23.6256 9.25366C23.6256 9.54982 23.5258 9.79687 23.3262 9.99478C23.1265 10.1927 22.8791 10.2917 22.584 10.2917H22.3756V11.125C22.3756 11.3472 22.4624 11.5833 22.636 11.8333C22.8097 12.0833 23.0701 12.3958 23.4173 12.7708C23.6743 13.0625 23.8774 13.3785 24.0267 13.7188C24.176 14.059 24.2506 14.5417 24.2506 15.1667V23.4167C24.2506 23.9792 24.044 24.467 23.6309 24.8802C23.2177 25.2934 22.7298 25.5 22.1673 25.5H16.7506ZM16.7506 15.9167H22.1673V15.1667C22.1673 14.8125 22.0666 14.5 21.8652 14.2292C21.6638 13.9583 21.4416 13.6736 21.1986 13.375C20.9138 13.0208 20.6916 12.6771 20.5319 12.3438C20.3722 12.0104 20.2923 11.6042 20.2923 11.125V10.2917H18.6256V11.125C18.6256 11.5833 18.551 11.9792 18.4017 12.3125C18.2524 12.6458 18.0354 12.9896 17.7506 13.3438C17.5076 13.6424 17.2802 13.9323 17.0684 14.2135C16.8565 14.4948 16.7506 14.8125 16.7506 15.1667V15.9167ZM16.7506 19.6667H22.1673V17.375H16.7506V19.6667ZM16.7506 23.4167H22.1673V21.125H16.7506V23.4167Z" fill="#3557FF"></path></svg></span>Dosing </h2><div><div class="vitamins-monograph-content dosage-content">Alpha-lipoic acid has most often been used by adults in doses of 600-1800 mg by mouth daily for up to 6 months. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.</div></div><div class="dosing-ad mobile-ad mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div><div class="fifth-para-ad ads-loaded mobile-ads-holder"><span></span></div></div><div class="section-content-holder"><div class="view-ref-container"><a class="view-ref" tabindex="0"> View References </a><div class="pop-up" style="display:none;"><label class="ref-heading"> REFERENCES: </label><span class="close-popup"></span><div><!--[--><p class="references">Al&#39;-Zamil&#39;, M. K. and Brezheva, E. V. [Implication of alpha-lipoic acid preparations in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy]. Zh.Nevrol.Psikhiatr.Im S.S.Korsakova 2008;108(2):27-30. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bailey, D. M. and Davies, B. Acute mountain sickness; prophylactic benefits of antioxidant vitamin supplementation at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2001;2(1):21-29. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bangma, H. R., Smit, G. P., Kuks, J. B., Grevink, R. G., and Wolffenbuttel, B. H. [Two patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain disease]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 10-18-2008;152(42):2298-2301. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bartlett, H. E. and Eperjesi, F. Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008;28(6):503-523. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Becker, S., Schmidt, C., Berghaus, A., Tschiesner, U., Olzowy, B., and Reichel, O. Does laryngopharyngeal reflux cause intraoral burning sensations? A preliminary study. Eur Arch.Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(9):1375-1381. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bergqvist-Karlsson, A., Thelin, I., and Bergendorff, O. Contact dermatitis to alpha-lipoic acid in an anti-wrinkle cream. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(1):56-57. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Berkson, B. M., Rubin, D. M., and Berkson, A. J. Revisiting the ALA/N (alpha-lipoic acid/low-dose naltrexone) protocol for people with metastatic and nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer: a report of 3 new cases. Integr Cancer Ther 2009;8(4):416-422. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Berkson, B. M., Rubin, D. M., and Berkson, A. J. The long-term survival of a patient with pancreatic cancer with metastases to the liver after treatment with the intravenous alpha-lipoic acid/low-dose naltrexone protocol. Integr.Cancer Ther 2006;5(1):83-89. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bierhaus, A., Chevion, S., Chevion, M., Hofmann, M., Quehenberger, P., Illmer, T., Luther, T., Berentshtein, E., Tritschler, H., Muller, M., Wahl, P., Ziegler, R., and Nawroth, P. P. Advanced glycation end product-induced activation of NF-kappaB is suppressed by alpha-lipoic acid in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes 1997;46(9):1481-1490. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Borcea, V., Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Wolff, S. P., Klevesath, M., Hofmann, M., Urich, H., Wahl, P., Ziegler, R., Tritschler, H., Halliwell, B., and Nawroth, P. P. alpha-Lipoic acid decreases oxidative stress even in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control and albuminuria. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 1999;22(11-12):1495-1500. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bregovskii, V. B., Posokhina, O. V., and Karpova, I. A. [Predictors of alpha-lipoic acid treatment efficacy in diabetic polyneuropathy of the lower limbs]. Ter.Arkh. 2005;77(10):15-19. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Breithaupt-Grogler, K., Niebch, G., Schneider, E., Erb, K., Hermann, R., Blume, H. H., Schug, B. S., and Belz, G. G. Dose-proportionality of oral thioctic acid--coincidence of assessments via pooled plasma and individual data. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999;8(1):57-65. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bruckner, I., Bustan, C., Adamescu, E., and Dobjanschi, C. Diabetic neuropathy--choices of treatment. Rom.J Intern Med 2002;40(1-4):53-60. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Byun, C. H., Koh, J. M., Kim, D. K., Park, S. I., Lee, K. U., and Kim, G. S. alpha-Lipoic Acid Inhibits TNF-alpha-Induced Apoptosis in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. J Bone Miner.Res 2005;20(7):1125-1135. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Cagini, C., Leontiadis, A., Ricci, M. A., Bartolini, A., Dragoni, A., and Pellegrino, R. M. Study of alpha-lipoic acid penetration in the human aqueous after topical administration. Clin Experiment.Ophthalmol. 2010;38(6):572-576. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Chaparro, L. E., Wiffen, P. J., Moore, R. A., and Gilron, I. Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;7:CD008943. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Chen LY, Zhang YD &amp; Zhu FY. Effects of alpha lipoic acid and prostaglandin E1 on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Practical Diabetology 2008;4:50-51.</p><p class="references">Constantinescu, A., Pick, U., Handelman, G. J., Haramaki, N., Han, D., Podda, M., Tritschler, H. J., and Packer, L. Reduction and transport of lipoic acid by human erythrocytes. Biochem.Pharmacol. 7-17-1995;50(2):253-261. View abstract.</p><p class="references">de, Moraes M., do Amaral Bezerra, B. A., da Rocha Neto, P. C., de Oliveira Soares, A. C., Pinto, L. P., and de Lisboa Lopes, Costa A. Randomized trials for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: an evidence-based review of the literature. J Oral Pathol.Med. 2012;41(4):281-287. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Doggrell, S. A. Alpha-lipoic acid, an anti-obesity agent? Expert.Opin.Investig.Drugs 2004;13(12):1641-1643. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Dunschede, F., Erbes, K., Kircher, A., Westermann, S., Seifert, J., Schad, A., Oliver, K., Kiemer, A. K., and Theodor, J. Reduction of ischemia reperfusion injury after liver resection and hepatic inflow occlusion by alpha-lipoic acid in humans. World J Gastroenterol 11-14-2006;12(42):6812-6817. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Eremeeva, M. E. and Silverman, D. J. Effects of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on human umbilical vein endothelial cells infected with Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect.Immun. 1998;66(5):2290-2299. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Estrada, D. E., Ewart, H. S., Tsakiridis, T., Volchuk, A., Ramlal, T., Tritschler, H., and Klip, A. Stimulation of glucose uptake by the natural coenzyme alpha-lipoic acid/thioctic acid: participation of elements of the insulin signaling pathway. Diabetes 1996;45(12):1798-1804. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Evans, J. L., Heymann, C. J., Goldfine, I. D., and Gavin, L. A. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and fructosamine-lowering effect of a novel, controlled-release formulation of alpha-lipoic acid. Endocr.Pract. 2002;8(1):29-35. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Evans, JL and Goldfine, ID. Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 2000;2(3):401-413.</p><p class="references">Fedin, A. I., Kuznetsov, M. R., Beresten&#39;, N. F., Kuznetsova, V. F., Kholopova, E. A., Ibragimov, T. M., Tugdumov, B. V., and Dubrovin, E. E. [Correction of disordered cerebral blood flow autoregulation in atherosclerosis]. Angiol.Sosud.Khir. 2009;15(3):21-26. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Femiano, F. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): an open trial of comparative efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) with other therapies. Minerva Stomatol. 2002;51(9):405-409. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Fu Y. Effects of alpha lipoic acid and mecobalamin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine. 2008;28:81-83.</p><p class="references">Ghibu, S., Richard, C., Delemasure, S., Vergely, C., Mogosan, C., and Muresan, A. [An endogenous dithiol with antioxidant properties: alpha-lipoic acid, potential uses in cardiovascular diseases]. Ann Cardiol.Angeiol.(Paris) 2008;57(3):161-165. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gianturco, V., Bellomo, A., D&#39;Ottavio, E., Formosa, V., Iori, A., Mancinella, M., Troisi, G., and Marigliano, V. Impact of therapy with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on the oxidative stress in the controlled NIDDM: a possible preventive way against the organ dysfunction? Arch.Gerontol.Geriatr. 2009;49 Suppl 1:129-133. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gleiter, C. H., Schug, B. S., Hermann, R., Elze, M., Blume, H. H., and Gundert-Remy, U. Influence of food intake on the bioavailability of thioctic acid enantiomers. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50(6):513-514. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gregus, Z., Stein, A. F., Varga, F., and Klaassen, C. D. Effect of lipoic acid on biliary excretion of glutathione and metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992;114(1):88-96. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Guais, A., Baronzio, G., Sanders, E., Campion, F., Mainini, C., Fiorentini, G., Montagnani, F., Behzadi, M., Schwartz, L., and Abolhassani, M. Adding a combination of hydroxycitrate and lipoic acid (METABLOC) to chemotherapy improves effectiveness against tumor development: experimental results and case report. Invest New Drugs 2012;30(1):200-211. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Haak, E. S., Usadel, K. H., Kohleisen, M., Yilmaz, A., Kusterer, K., and Haak, T. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the neurovascular reflex arc in patients with diabetic neuropathy assessed by capillary microscopy. Microvasc.Res. 1999;58(1):28-34. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hahm, J. R., Kim, B. J., and Kim, K. W. Clinical experience with thioctacid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Korean diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications 2004;18(2):79-85. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Han, D., Sen, C. K., Roy, S., Kobayashi, M. S., Tritschler, H. J., and Packer, L. Protection against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in C6 glial cells by thiol antioxidants. Am J Physiol 1997;273(5 Pt 2):R1771-R1778. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Handelman, G. J., Han, D., Tritschler, H., and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoic acid reduction by mammalian cells to the dithiol form, and release into the culture medium. Biochem Pharmacol 5-18-1994;47(10):1725-1730. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Harris, R. A., Nishiyama, S. K., Wray, D. W., Tedjasaputra, V., Bailey, D. M., and Richardson, R. S. The effect of oral antioxidants on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation following 5 and 10 min of ischemia. Eur J Appl.Physiol 2009;107(4):445-453. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hatzitolios, A., Iliadis, F., Katsiki, N., and Baltatzi, M. Is the anti-hypertensive effect of dietary supplements via aldehydes reduction evidence based? A systematic review. Clin Exp.Hypertens. 2008;30(7):628-639. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Heinisch, B. B., Francesconi, M., Mittermayer, F., Schaller, G., Gouya, G., Wolzt, M., and Pleiner, J. Alpha-lipoic acid improves vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Eur J Clin Invest 2010;40(2):148-154. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Heitzer, T., Finckh, B., Albers, S., Krohn, K., Kohlschutter, A., and Meinertz, T. Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid and ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in diabetic patients: relation to parameters of oxidative stress. Free Radic.Biol Med 7-1-2001;31(1):53-61. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Henriksen, E. J., Jacob, S., Streeper, R. S., Fogt, D. L., Hokama, J. Y., and Tritschler, H. J. Stimulation by alpha-lipoic acid of glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle of lean and obese Zucker rats. Life Sci 1997;61(8):805-812. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Huang H, Zhu KS Wang P Qu JC Ji XF &amp; Song M. The effects of lipoic acid and prostaglandin E1 on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Health 2008;11:29-30.</p><p class="references">Huang, E. A. and Gitelman, S. E. The effect of oral alpha-lipoic acid on oxidative stress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr.Diabetes 2008;9(3 Pt 2):69-73. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jacob, S., Streeper, R. S., Fogt, D. L., Hokama, J. Y., Tritschler, H. J., Dietze, G. J., and Henriksen, E. J. The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid enhances insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes 1996;45(8):1024-1029. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jain, S. K. and Lim, G. Lipoic acid decreases lipid peroxidation and protein glycosylation and increases (Na(+) + K(+))- and Ca(++)-ATPase activities in high glucose- treated human erythrocytes. Free Radic.Biol.Med 2000;29(11):1122-1128. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jameel, N. M., Shekhar, M. A., and Vishwanath, B. S. Alpha-lipoic acid: an inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci 12-14-2006;80(2):146-153. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jang, W. G., Kim, H. S., Park, K. G., Park, Y. B., Yoon, K. H., Han, S. W., Hur, S. H., Park, K. S., and Lee, I. K. Analysis of proteome and transcriptome of tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells with or without alpha lipoic acid. Proteomics. 2004;4(11):3383-3393. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Janson, M. Orthomolecular medicine: the therapeutic use of dietary supplements for anti-aging. Clin Interv.Aging 2006;1(3):261-265. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kahler, W., Kuklinski, B., Ruhlmann, C., and Plotz, C. [Diabetes mellitus--a free radical-associated disease. Results of adjuvant antioxidant supplementation]. Z Gesamte Inn.Med 1993;48(5):223-232. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kamenova, P. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid. Hormones.(Athens.) 2006;5(4):251-258. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kawabata, T. and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoate can protect against glycation of serum albumin, but not low density lipoprotein. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 8-30-1994;203(1):99-104. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Khanna, S., Atalay, M., Laaksonen, D. E., Gul, M., Roy, S., and Sen, C. K. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation: tissue glutathione homeostasis at rest and after exercise. J Appl.Physiol 1999;86(4):1191-1196. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Khanna, S., Atalay, M., Lodge, J. K., Laaksonen, D. E., Roy, S., Hanninen, O., Packer, L., and Sen, C. K. Skeletal muscle and liver lipoyllysine content in response to exercise, training and dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int. 1998;46(2):297-306. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kim, E., Park, D. W., Choi, S. H., Kim, J. J., and Cho, H. S. A preliminary investigation of alpha-lipoic acid treatment of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(2):138-146. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Konrad, D., Somwar, R., Sweeney, G., Yaworsky, K., Hayashi, M., Ramlal, T., and Klip, A. The antihyperglycemic drug alpha-lipoic acid stimulates glucose uptake via both GLUT4 translocation and GLUT4 activation: potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in GLUT4 activation. Diabetes 2001;50(6):1464-1471. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kravchuk, IuA, Mekhtiev, S. N., Uspenskii, IuP, Grinevich, V. B., and Koblov, S. V. [Device laboratory and postmortem parallels in alcoholic hepatitis during combined therapy using thioctic (alpha-lipoic) acid]. Klin.Med (Mosk) 2004;82(6):55-57. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Larkin, J., Bea, L., and Sharma, A. A cost effective complement to managing the vitamin D deficient and anemic dialysis patient in the bundled world. Nephrol.News Issues 2012;26(8):22-4, 26. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lee, T. and Dugoua, J. J. Nutritional supplements and their effect on glucose control. Curr.Diab.Rep. 2011;11(2):142-148. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lee, W. J., Lee, I. K., Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. M., Koh, E. H., Won, J. C., Han, S. M., Kim, M. S., Jo, I., Oh, G. T., Park, I. S., Youn, J. H., Park, S. W., Lee, K. U., and Park, J. Y. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents endothelial dysfunction in obese rats via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 2005;25(12):2488-2494. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lee, W. J., Song, K. H., Koh, E. H., Won, J. C., Kim, H. S., Park, H. S., Kim, M. S., Kim, S. W., Lee, K. U., and Park, J. Y. Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 7-8-2005;332(3):885-891. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Li J, Xu QL. Effects of shuxuening and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Modern Drug Application. 2008;2:49-50.</p><p class="references">Lopez-Erauskin, J., Fourcade, S., Galino, J., Ruiz, M., Schluter, A., Naudi, A., Jove, M., Portero-Otin, M., Pamplona, R., Ferrer, I., and Pujol, A. Antioxidants halt axonal degeneration in a mouse model of X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(1):84-92. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lu YH. Observation of -lipoic acid and ligutrazine curing diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Medical Recapitulate 2009;2:62.</p><p class="references">Lukaszuk, J. Schultz T. Prawitz A. and Hofmann E. R-Alpha Lipoic Acid Effect on HbA1c in Type-2 Diabetics. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 2009;6(1):1-14.</p><p class="references">Madeddu, C., Dessi, M., Panzone, F., Serpe, R., Antoni, G., Cau, M. C., Montaldo, L., Mela, Q., Mura, M., Astara, G., Tanca, F. M., Maccio, A., and Mantovani, G. Randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment with carnitine + celecoxib +/- megestrol acetate for patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome. Clin Nutr 2012;31(2):176-182. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Maitra, I., Serbinova, E., Trischler, H., and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents buthionine sulfoximine-induced cataract formation in newborn rats. Free Radic.Biol.Med 1995;18(4):823-829. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Gramignano, G., Lusso, M. R., Serpe, R., Massa, E., Astara, G., and Deiana, L. A phase II study with antioxidants, both in the diet and supplemented, pharmaconutritional support, progestagen, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 showing efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and oxidative stress. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(5):1030-1034. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Gramignano, G., Serpe, R., Massa, E., Dessi, M., Tanca, F. M., Sanna, E., Deiana, L., Panzone, F., Contu, P., and Floris, C. Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment for patients with cancer cachexia: interim results. Nutrition 2008;24(4):305-313. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Mura, L., Gramignano, G., Lusso, M. R., Massa, E., Mocci, M., and Serpe, R. Antioxidant agents are effective in inducing lymphocyte progression through cell cycle in advanced cancer patients: assessment of the most important laboratory indexes of cachexia and oxidative stress. J Mol Med 2003;81(10):664-673. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Martins, V. D., Manfredini, V., Peralba, M. C., and Benfato, M. S. Alpha-lipoic acid modifies oxidative stress parameters in sickle cell trait subjects and sickle cell patients. Clin Nutr 2009;28(2):192-197. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mazloom, Z. and Ansar H. The Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetics. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;11(3):245-250.</p><p class="references">McCormick, R. K. Osteoporosis: integrating biomarkers and other diagnostic correlates into the management of bone fragility. Altern.Med Rev. 2007;12(2):113-145. View abstract.</p><p class="references">McNeilly, A. M., Davison, G. W., Murphy, M. H., Nadeem, N., Trinick, T., Duly, E., Novials, A., and McEneny, J. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and exercise training on cardiovascular disease risk in obesity with impaired glucose tolerance. Lipids Health Dis 2011;10:217. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mignini, F., Streccioni, V., Tomassoni, D., Traini, E., and Amenta, F. Comparative crossover, randomized, open-label bioequivalence study on the bioequivalence of two formulations of thioctic acid in healthy volunteers. Clin Exp.Hypertens. 2007;29(8):575-586. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mijnhout, G. S., Alkhalaf, A., Kleefstra, N., and Bilo, H. J. Alpha lipoic acid: a new treatment for neuropathic pain in patients with diabetes? Neth.J Med 2010;68(4):158-162. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Milazzo, L., Menzaghi, B., Caramma, I., Nasi, M., Sangaletti, O., Cesari, M., Zanone, Poma B., Cossarizza, A., Antinori, S., and Galli, M. Effect of antioxidants on mitochondrial function in HIV-1-related lipoatrophy: a pilot study. AIDS Res.Hum.Retroviruses 2010;26(11):1207-1214. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mitsui, Y., Schmelzer, J. D., Zollman, P. J., Mitsui, M., Tritschler, H. J., and Low, P. A. Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J Neurol.Sci. 2-1-1999;163(1):11-16. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mittermayer, F., Pleiner, J., Francesconi, M., and Wolzt, M. Treatment with alpha-lipoic acid reduces asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Transl.Res 2010;155(1):6-9. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mollo, R., Zaccardi, F., Scalone, G., Scavone, G., Rizzo, P., Navarese, E. P., Manto, A., Pitocco, D., Lanza, G. A., Ghirlanda, G., and Crea, F. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on platelet reactivity in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2012;35(2):196-197. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Morcos, M., Borcea, V., Isermann, B., Gehrke, S., Ehret, T., Henkels, M., Schiekofer, S., Hofmann, M., Amiral, J., Tritschler, H., Ziegler, R., Wahl, P., and Nawroth, P. P. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the progression of endothelial cell damage and albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus: an exploratory study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001;52(3):175-183. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Moreira, P. I., Harris, P. L., Zhu, X., Santos, M. S., Oliveira, C. R., Smith, M. A., and Perry, G. Lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine decrease mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease patient fibroblasts. J Alzheimers.Dis 2007;12(2):195-206. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Muller, U. and Krieglstein, J. Prolonged pretreatment with alpha-lipoic acid protects cultured neurons against hypoxic, glutamate-, or iron-induced injury. J Cereb.Blood Flow Metab 1995;15(4):624-630. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Najm, W. and Lie, D. Herbals used for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Prim.Care 2010;37(2):237-254. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Nebbioso, M., Federici, M., Rusciano, D., Evangelista, M., and Pescosolido, N. Oxidative stress in preretinopathic diabetes subjects and antioxidants. Diabetes Technol.Ther 2012;14(3):257-263. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Negrisanu, G., Rosu, M., Bolte, B., Lefter, D., and Dabelea, D. Effects of 3-month treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Rom.J Intern Med 1999;37(3):297-306. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ou, P., Tritschler, H. J., and Wolff, S. P. Thioctic (lipoic) acid: a therapeutic metal-chelating antioxidant? Biochem.Pharmacol. 6-29-1995;50(1):123-126. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Palacka, P., Kucharska, J., Murin, J., Dostalova, K., Okkelova, A., Cizova, M., Waczulikova, I., Moricova, S., and Gvozdjakova, A. Complementary therapy in diabetic patients with chronic complications: a pilot study. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2010;111(4):205-211. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Podda, M., Tritschler, H. J., Ulrich, H., and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation prevents symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 10-14-1994;204(1):98-104. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Qiao YC. Effects of lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rational Drug Use. 2009;2:62.</p><p class="references">Ramos, L. F., Kane, J., McMonagle, E., Le, P., Wu, P., Shintani, A., Ikizler, T. A., and Himmelfarb, J. Effects of combination tocopherols and alpha lipoic acid therapy on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2011;21(3):211-218. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Reichel G, Doberenz M, Both R, and et al. Function of cardiac nerves in diabetics during alpha-lipoic-acid-therapy. J Neurol Sci 1997;150(5):S209.</p><p class="references">Rett K, Wicklmayr M, Ruus P, and et al. Lipoic acid acutely ameliorates insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Und Stoffwechsel 1996;5(3 suppl):59-63.</p><p class="references">Rivinius, C. Burning mouth syndrome: Identification, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad.Nurse Pract. 2009;21(8):423-429. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rooney, J. P. The role of thiols, dithiols, nutritional factors and interacting ligands in the toxicology of mercury. Toxicology 5-20-2007;234(3):145-156. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rosa, F. T., Zulet, M. A., Marchini, J. S., and Martinez, J. A. Bioactive compounds with effects on inflammation markers in humans. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012;63(6):749-765. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rutkove, S. B. A 52-year-old woman with disabling peripheral neuropathy: review of diabetic polyneuropathy. JAMA 10-7-2009;302(13):1451-1458. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Salinthone, S., Yadav, V., Schillace, R. V., Bourdette, D. N., and Carr, D. W. Lipoic acid attenuates inflammation via cAMP and protein kinase A signaling. PLoS.One. 2010;5(9) View abstract.</p><p class="references">Schimmelpfennig W, Renger F, Wack R, and et al. [Results of a prospective double-blind study with alpha-lipoic acid against placebo in alcoholic liver damage] (Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Doppelblindstudie mit Alpha-Liponsäure gegen Plazebo bei alkoholischen Leberschäden). Dtsch Gesundheitswes 1983;38(18):690-693.</p><p class="references">Scholich, H., Murphy, M. E., and Sies, H. Antioxidant activity of dihydrolipoate against microsomal lipid peroxidation and its dependence on alpha-tocopherol. Biochim.Biophys Acta 2-20-1989;1001(3):256-261. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Singh, U. and Jialal, I. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(11):646-657. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Skalska, S., Kucera, P., Goldenberg, Z., Stefek, M., Kyselova, Z., Jariabka, P., Gajdosikova, A., Klobucnikova, K., Traubner, P., and Stolc, S. Neuropathy in a rat model of mild diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin: effects of the antioxidant stobadine in comparison with a high-dose alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Gen.Physiol Biophys 2010;29(1):50-58. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Smith, A. R. and Hagen, T. M. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in aging: loss of Akt-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and partial restoration by (R)-alpha-lipoic acid. Biochem Soc Trans. 2003;31(Pt 6):1447-1449. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sola, S., Mir, M. Q., Cheema, F. A., Khan-Merchant, N., Menon, R. G., Parthasarathy, S., and Khan, B. V. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation 1-25-2005;111(3):343-348. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Spisakova, M., Cizek, Z., and Melkova, Z. Ethacrynic and alpha-lipoic acids inhibit vaccinia virus late gene expression. Antiviral Res 2009;81(2):156-165. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Statsenko, M. E., Poletaeva, L. V., Turkina, S. V., Apukhtin, A. F., and Dudchenko, G. P. [Mildronate effects on oxidant stress in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic peripheral (sensomotor) neuropathy]. Ter.Arkh. 2008;80(10):27-30. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Suarez, P. and Clark, G. T. Burning mouth syndrome: an update on diagnosis and treatment methods. J Calif.Dent.Assoc. 2006;34(8):611-622. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sung, M. J., Kim, W., Ahn, S. Y., Cho, C. H., Koh, G. Y., Moon, S. O., Kim, D. H., Lee, S., Kang, K. P., Jang, K. Y., and Park, S. K. Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial fractalkine expression. Circ.Res 10-28-2005;97(9):880-890. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Suo LN &amp; Zhang D. Effects of lipoic acid and mecobalamin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2009;24:1104-1105.</p><p class="references">Tang, J., Wingerchuk, D. M., Crum, B. A., Rubin, D. I., and Demaerschalk, B. M. Alpha-lipoic acid may improve symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurologist. 2007;13(3):164-167. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Tankova, T., Cherninkova, S., and Koev, D. Treatment for diabetic mononeuropathy with alpha-lipoic acid. Int J Clin.Pract. 2005;59(6):645-650. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Teichert, J., Hermann, R., Ruus, P., and Preiss, R. Plasma kinetics, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid following oral administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2003;43(11):1257-1267. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Tsai, F. J., Wang, Y. D., Chen, C. C., Hsieh, C., Cheng, Z. J., and Wu, Y. J. Evaluation of the antioxidative capability of commonly used antioxidants in dermocosmetics by in vivo detection of protein carbonylation in human stratum corneum. J Photochem.Photobiol.B 7-2-2012;112:7-15. View abstract.</p><p class="references">VIATRIS GmbH. NATHAN II Study, data on file.</p><p class="references">Wang J, Song W Huang J &amp; Qu YC. Effects of prostaglandin E1 and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Practical Training of Medicine 2007;23:1325-1326.</p><p class="references">Wenzel, U., Nickel, A., and Daniel, H. alpha-Lipoic acid induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by increasing mitochondrial respiration with a concomitant O2-*-generation. Apoptosis. 2005;10(2):359-368. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Wray, D. W., Nishiyama, S. K., Harris, R. A., Zhao, J., McDaniel, J., Fjeldstad, A. S., Witman, M. A., Ives, S. J., Barrett-O&#39;Keefe, Z., and Richardson, R. S. Acute reversal of endothelial dysfunction in the elderly after antioxidant consumption. Hypertension 2012;59(4):818-824. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Wray, D. W., Nishiyama, S. K., Monnet, A., Wary, C., Duteil, S. S., Carlier, P. G., and Richardson, R. S. Antioxidants and aging: NMR-based evidence of improved skeletal muscle perfusion and energetics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2009;297(5):H1870-H1875. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Wray, D. W., Uberoi, A., Lawrenson, L., Bailey, D. M., and Richardson, R. S. Oral antioxidants and cardiovascular health in the exercise-trained and untrained elderly: a radically different outcome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009;116(5):433-441. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Wu YX, Shi F &amp; Ling L. Effects of lipoic acid and prostaglandin E1on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Sun Yat-sen University. 2008;29(S3):124-126.</p><p class="references">Xia W, Zhang L &amp; Wen SL. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on painful neuropathy of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Henan University. 2008;27:53-54.</p><p class="references">Xiang GD, Pu JH, Snu HL, and Zhao LS. Alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Exp.Clin Endocrinol.Diabetes 2010;118(9):625-629. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Xiang, G. D., Sun, H. L., Zhao, L. S., Hou, J., Yue, L., and Xu, L. The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction induced by acute hyperglycaemia during OGTT in impaired glucose tolerance. Clin Endocrinol.(Oxf) 2008;68(5):716-723. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Xiang, G., Pu, J., Yue, L., Hou, J., and Sun, H. alpha-lipoic acid can improve endothelial dysfunction in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Metabolism 2011;60(4):480-485. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Yaworsky, K., Somwar, R., Ramlal, T., Tritschler, H. J., and Klip, A. Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia 2000;43(3):294-303. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zakrzewska, J. M., Forssell, H., and Glenny, A. M. Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome. Cochrane.Database.Syst Rev 2005;(1):CD002779. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zembron-Lacny, A., Ostapiuk, J., and Szyszka, K. Effects of sulphur-containing compounds on plasma redox status in muscle-damaging exercise. Chin J Physiol 10-31-2009;52(5):289-294. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zembron-Lacny, A., Slowinska-Lisowska, M., Szygula, Z., Witkowski, K., and Szyszka, K. The comparison of antioxidant and hematological properties of N-acetylcysteine and alpha-lipoic acid in physically active males. Physiol Res 2009;58(6):855-861. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zembron-Lacny, A., Szyszka, K., and Szygula, Z. Effect of cysteine derivatives administration in healthy men exposed to intense resistance exercise by evaluation of pro-antioxidant ratio. J Physiol Sci 2007;57(6):343-348. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zhang XL, Feng YL Zhou BA &amp; Wei GY. Effects of mecobalamin and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2009;24:1104-1105.</p><p class="references">Zhao YY. Combined therapeutic effects of -lipoic acid and mecobalamin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Practical Training of Medicine 2008;24:4289-4290.</p><p class="references">Zhou L. Effects of cilostazol and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Medicine and Health Care. 2009;17:10-11.</p><p class="references">Ziegler, D., Reljanovic, M., Mehnert, H., and Gries, F. A. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials. Exp Clin Endocrinol.Diabetes 1999;107(7):421-430. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zou JJ, Zheng JY Zhao Y Tang W Shi YQ &amp; Liu ZM. Effects and safety of combined therapy of -lipoic acid, mecobalamin and prostaglandin E1 for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Shanghai Medical Journal 2008;31:364-365.</p><p class="references">Sanders LLO, de Souza Menezes CE, Chaves Filho AJM, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid as adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia: an open-label trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Dec;37(6):697-701. View abstract.</p><p class="references">). Ziegler D., Low P. A., Litchy W. J., Boulton A. J., Vinik A. I., Freeman R., Samigullin R., Tritschler H., Munzel U., Maus J., Schütte K., Dyck P. J. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with a-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34(9):2054-2060. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Abdelrahman KA, Ibrahim AS, Osman AM, Aly MG, Ali AS, Farrag WS. Alpha lipoic acid with pulsed radiofrequency in treatment of chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: A prospective, randomized study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021;100(24):e26344. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Abu-Zaid A, Baradwan S, Bukhari IA, et al. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ahmadi M, Keshavarz SA, Abbasi B. Effects of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on serum lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ARYA Atheroscler 2022;18(4):1-8. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Alleva R., Nasole E., Di Donato F., Borghi B., Neuzil J., Tomasetti M. alpha-Lipoic acid supplementation inhibits oxidative damage, accelerating chronic wound healing in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;333(2):404-410. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Alleva R., Tomasetti M., Sartini D., Emanuelli M., Nasole E., Di Donato F., Borghi B., Santarelli L., Neuzil J. alpha-Lipoic acid modulates extracellular matrix and angiogenesis gene expression in non-healing wounds treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Mol Med 2008;14(3-4):175-183. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Altenkirch H, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Wagner HM, et al. Effects of lipoic acid in hexacarbon-induced neuropathy. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990;12:619-22. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Altunina N, Bondarchuk O. EFFECTS OF ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID ON GLYCEMIC STATUS IN 2 TYPE DIABETES PATIENTS WITH ?HRONIC CORONARY SYNDROME. Wiad Lek 2022;75(12):3074-3079. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ametov A. S., Novosadova M. V., Barinov A. N., Samigullin R., Trischler H. J. [Long-term effect of 3-week intravenous alpha-lipoic acid administration in symptomatic diabetic polyneutropathy with clinical manifestations]. Ter Arkh 2010;82(12):61-64. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid. Diabetes Care 2003;26:770-6. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Anon. Alpha-lipoic acid. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:308-10. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ansar H., Mazloom Z., Kazemi F., Hejazi N. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on blood glucose, insulin resistance and glutathione peroxidase of type 2 diabetic patients. Saudi Med J 2011;32(6):584-588. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Aslfalah H, Jamilian M, Ansarihadipour H, Abdollahi M, Khosrowbeygi A. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the lipid profile and lipid ratios in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A clinical trial study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2020;18(12):1029-1038. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bae S. C., Jung W. J., Lee E. J., Yu R., Sung M. K. Effects of antioxidant supplements intervention on the level of plasma inflammatory molecules and disease severity of rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(1):56-62. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Baicus C, Purcarea A, von Elm E, Delcea C, Furtunescu FL. Alpha-lipoic acid for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024;1(1):CD012967. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Baillie J. K., Thompson A. A., Irving J. B., Bates M. G., Sutherland A. I., Macnee W., Maxwell S. R., Webb D. J. Oral antioxidant supplementation does not prevent acute mountain sickness: double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. QJM 2009;102(5):341-348. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Banik S, Ghosh A, Sato H, Onoue S. The efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in the management of burning mouth syndrome: An updated systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. Health Sci Rep 2023;6(4):e1186. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Basile GA, Iannuzzo F, Xerra F, et al. Cognitive and Mood Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation in a Nonclinical Elder Sample: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023;20(3):2358. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Baur A, Harrer T, Peukert M, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid is an effective inhibitor of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) replication. Klin Wochenschr 1991;69:722-4. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Beitner H. Randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study on the clinical efficacy of a cream containing 5% alpha-lipoic acid related to photoaging of facial skin. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:841-9. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Berkson BM. Thioctic acid in treatment of hepatotoxic mushroom (Phalloides) poisoning (letter). N Engl J Med 1979;300:371.</p><p class="references">Bertolotto F., Massone A. Combination of alpha lipoic acid and superoxide dismutase leads to physiological and symptomatic improvements in diabetic neuropathy. Drugs R D 2012;12(1):29-34. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, Bast A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol 1997;29:315-31. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Block G, Jensen C, Dietrich M, et al. Plasma C-reactive protein concentrations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:141-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bobe G, Michels AJ, Zhang WJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of long-term (R)-&amp;alpha;-lipoic acid supplementation promotes weight loss in overweight or obese adults without altering baseline elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations. J Nutr. 2020: 150(9):2336-2345. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bonetti M, Lauritano D, Ottaviani GM, et al. New Approach to Chronic Back Pain Treatment: A Case Control Study. Biomedicines 2022;11(1):73. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bonetti M, Lauritano D, Ottaviani GM, et al. Oxygen-ozone therapy associated with alpha lipoic acid plus palmitoylethanolamide and myrrh versus ozone therapy in the combined treatment of sciatic pain due to herniated discs: observational study on 318 patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(9):5716. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Boriani F, Granchi D, Roatti G, Merlini L, Sabattini T, Baldini N. Alpha-lipoic acid after median nerve decompression at the carpal tunnel: a randomized controlled trial. J Hand Surg Am. 2017 Apr;42(4):236-42.View abstract.</p><p class="references">Brennan BP, Jensen JE, Hudson JI, Coit CE, Beaulieu A, Pope HG Jr, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM. A placebo-controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine and a-lipoic acid in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):627-35. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Burekovic A., Terzic M., Alajbegovic S., Vukojevic Z., Hadzic N. The role of alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic polyneuropathy treatment. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2008;8(4):341-345. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Bustamante J, Lodge JK, Marcocci L, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid in liver metabolism and disease. Free Rad Biol Med 1998;24:1023-39. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Cantone E, D&#39;Ascanio L, De Luca P, et al. Persistent COVID-19 parosmia and olfactory loss post olfactory training: randomized clinical trial comparing central and peripheral-acting therapeutics. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Carbone M., Pentenero M., Carrozzo M., Ippolito A., Gandolfo S. Lack of efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Pain 2009;13(5):492-496. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Cavalcanti D. R., da Silveira F. R. Alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome--a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Oral Pathol Med 2009;38(3):254-261. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Cavestro C, Bedogni G, Molinari F, Mandrino S, Rota E, Frigeri MC. Alpha-lipoic acid shows promise to improve migraine in patients with insulin resistance: a 6-month exploratory study. J Med Food. 2017 Oct 4. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Chang J. W., Lee E. K., Kim T. H., Min W. K., Chun S., Lee K. U., Kim S. B., Park J. S. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on the plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in diabetic end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis: a pilot study. Am J Nephrol 2007;27(1):70-74. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Christy J, Noorani S, Sy F, Al-Eryani K, Enciso R. Efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in patients with burning mouth syndrome compared to that of placebo or other interventions: a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2022;22(5):323-38. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Cicek M, Yildirir A, Okyay K, et al. Use of alpha-lipoic acid in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients. Ren Fail 2013;35(5):748-53. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Conklin KA. Cancer chemotherapy and antioxidants. J Nutr 2004;134:3201S-3204S. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Conlon BJ, Aran JM, Erre JP, Smith DW. Attenuation of aminoglycoside-induced cochlear damage with the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Hear Res 1999;128:40-4. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Corazza M, Arlotti E, Schettini N, Pacetti L, Bianchi A, Borghi A. Allergic contact dermatitis due to a-lipoic acid in a topical over-the-counter product: A case report. Contact Dermatitis 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">D&#39;Orio M, De Vitis R, Taccardo G, et al. Clinical usefulness of nutraceutics with acetyl-L-carnitine, a-lipoic acid, phosphatidylserine, curcumin, C, E and B-group vitamins in patients awaiting for carpal tunnel release during COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled open label prospective study. Acta Biomed 2023;94(S2):e2023050. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Dana Consortium on the therapy of HIV dementia and related cognitive disorders. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of deprenyl and thioctic acid in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 1998;50:645-51. View abstract.</p><p class="references">De Lima DN Jr, Costa Filho CWL, Frota IJ, et al. a-Lipoic acid as adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023;43(1):39-45. View abstract.</p><p class="references">de Oliveira A. M., Rondó P. H., Luzia L. A., D&#39;Abronzo F. H., Illison V. K. The effects of lipoic acid and a-tocopherol supplementation on the lipid profile and insulin sensitivity of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;92(2):253-260. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Dell&#39;Anna M. L., Mastrofrancesco A., Sala R., Venturini M., Ottaviani M., Vidolin A. P., Leone G., Calzavara P. G., Westerhof W., Picardo, M. Antioxidants and narrow band-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32(6):631-636. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Derosa G, D&#39;Angelo A, Preti P, Maffioli P. Safety and efficacy of alpha lipoic acid during 4 years of observation: A retrospective, clinical trial in healthy subjects in primary prevention. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:5367-5374. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Desideri I, Francolini G, Becherini C, et al. Use of an alpha lipoic, methylsulfonylmethane and bromelain dietary supplement (Opera) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy management, a prospective study. Med Oncol. 2017 Mar;34(3):46.View abstract.</p><p class="references">Desideri I, Lucidi S, Francolini G, et al. Use of an alfa-lipoic, methylsulfonylmethane, Boswellia serrata and bromelain dietary supplement (OPERA®) for aromatase inhibitors-related arthralgia management (AIA): a prospective phase II trial (NCT04161833). Med Oncol 2022;39(8):113. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Di Geronimo G., Caccese A. F., Caruso L., Soldati A., Passaretti U. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with alpha-lipoic acid. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2009;13(2):133-139. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Divkovic A, Radic K, Sabitovic D, et al. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions-double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2022;10(12):2434. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Donato, A. J., Uberoi, A., Bailey, D. M., Wray, D. W., and Richardson, R. S. Exercise-induced brachial artery vasodilation: effects of antioxidants and exercise training in elderly men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2010;298(2):H671-H678. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Dong L, Yang F, Li J, Li Y, Yu X, Zhang X. Effect of oral alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on sperm parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Basic Clin Androl 2022;32(1):23. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Du X., Edelstein D., Brownlee M. Oral benfotiamine plus alpha-lipoic acid normalises complication-causing pathways in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51(10):1930-1932. View abstract.</p><p class="references">EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, et al. Scientific opinion on the relationship between intake of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) and the risk of insulin autoimmune syndrome. EFSA J 2021;19(6):e06577. View abstract.</p><p class="references">El Amrousy D, El-Afify D. Effects of alpha lipoic acid as a supplement in obese children and adolescents. Cytokine. 2020;130:155084. View abstract.</p><p class="references">El-Nahas MR, Elkannishy G, Abdelhafez H, Elkhamisy ET, El-Sehrawy AA. Oral alpha lipoic acid treatment for symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, du Plessis S, Phahladira L, van Niekerk E, van Rensburg SJ, Harvey BH. A randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids plus an antioxidant for relapse prevention after antipsychotic discontinuation in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014 Sep;158(1-3):230-5. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Esposito C, Ugo Garzarella E, Santarcangelo C, et al. Safety and efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid oral supplementation in the reduction of pain with unknown etiology: A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;144:112308. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Femiano F., Gombos F., Scully C. Burning Mouth Syndrome: open trial of psychotherapy alone, medication with alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid), and combination therapy. Med Oral 2004;9(1):8-13. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Femiano F., Gombos F., Scully C. Burning mouth syndrome: the efficacy of lipoic acid on subgroups. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18(6):676-678. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Femiano F., Gombos F., Scully C., Busciolano M., Luca P. D. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): controlled open trial of the efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) on symptomatology. Oral Dis 2000;6(5):274-277. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Femiano F., Scully C. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): double blind controlled study of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) therapy. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31(5):267-269. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Figueiredo LP, Paim PVDSL, Cerqueira-Silva T, Barreto CC, Lessa MM. Alpha-lipoic acid does not improve olfactory training results in olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a double-blind randomized trial. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2023;90(1):101356. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Filina A. A., Davydova N. G., Endrikhovskii S. N., Shamshinova A. M. [Lipoic acid as a means of metabolic therapy of open-angle glaucoma]. Vestn Oftalmol 1995;111(4):6-8. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Fogacci F, Rizzo M, Krogager C, et al. Safety evaluation of a-lipoic acid supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical studies. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(10):1011. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Fruzzetti F, Benelli E, Fidecicchi T, et al. Clinical and Metabolic Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Associated with Two Different Doses of Myo-Inositol in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Endocrinol. 2020;2020:2901393. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T, Palla G, Gambacciani M. Long-term treatment with a-lipoic acid and myo-inositol positively affects clinical and metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2020;36(2):152-155. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Fuchs J, Schofer H, Milbradt R, et al. Studies on lipoate effects on blood redox state in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:1359-62. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Furukawa N, Miyamura N, Nishida K, et al. Possible relevance of alpha lipoic acid contained in a health supplement in a case of insulin autoimmune syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;75:366-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Galasko D. R., Peskind E., Clark C. M., Quinn J. F., Ringman J. M., Jicha G. A., Cotman C., Cottrell B., Montine T. J., Thomas R. G., Aisen P. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. Arch Neurol 2012;69(7):836-841. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Genazzani AD, Battipaglia C, Rusce L, et al. Alpha lipoic acid administration improved both peripheral sensitivity to insulin and liver clearance of insulin reducing potential risk of diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight/obese PCOS patients. Gynecol Endocrinol 2024;40(1):2341701. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Genazzani AD, Prati A, Marchini F, Petrillo T, Napolitano A, Simoncini T. Differential insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in overweight/obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients undergoing to myo-inositol (MYO), alpha lipoic acid (ALA), or combination of both. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(12):1088-1093. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of alpha-lipoic acid for the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: the IMPALA trial. Pain. 2021;162(2):561-568. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of a combination of alpha-lipoic acid and pregabalin for neuropathic pain: the PAIN-CARE trial. Pain 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, Holden RR, Milev R, Towheed T. Combination analgesic development for enhanced clinical efficacy (the CADENCE trial): a double-blind, controlled trial of an alpha-lipoic acid-pregabalin combination for fibromyalgia pain. Pain 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gleiter CH, Schreeb KH, Freudenthaler S, et al. Lack of interaction between thioctic acid, glibenclamide and acarbose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:819-25. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Grandi G, Pignatti L, Ferrari F, Dante G, Neri I, Facchinetti F. Vaginal alpha-lipoic acid shows an anti-inflammatory effect on the cervix, preventing its shortening after primary tocolysis. A pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 Sep;30(18):2243-49.View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gu X. M., Zhang S. S., Wu J. C., Tang Z. Y., Lu Z. Q., Li H., Liu C., Chen L., Ning, G. [Efficacy and safety of high-dose a-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2010;90(35):2473-2476. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gullo D, Evans JL, Sortino G, Goldfine ID, Vigneri R. Insulin autoimmune syndrome (Hirata Disease) in European Caucasians taking a-lipoic acid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;81(2):204-9. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gülsah Ö, Bekir DE. Efficacy of intravenous alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of neuropathic pain due to carpal tunnel syndrome. Ideggyogy Sz 2023;76(9-10):319-326. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Guo Y, Jones D, Palmer JL, et al. Oral alpha-lipoic acid to prevent chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Support Care Cancer 2014;22(5):1223-31. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Gurer H, Ozgunes H, Oztezcan S, Ercal N. Antioxidant role of alpha-lipoic acid in lead toxicity. Free Rad Biol Med 1999;27:75-81. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Haak E., Usadel K. H., Kusterer K., Amini P., Frommeyer R., Tritschler H. J., Haak T. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on microcirculation in patients with peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000;108(3):168-174. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Habibi M, Abbasi B, Fakhari Zavareh Z, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid ameliorates sperm DNA damage and chromatin integrity in men with high DNA damage: a triple blind randomized clinical trial. Cell J 2022;24(10):603-11. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Habibi M, Fakhari Zavareh Z, Abbasi B, et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation for Male Partner of Couples with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Post hoc analysis in Clinical Trial. Int J Fertil Steril 2023;17(1):67-74. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hadzik B, Grass H, Mayatepek E, Daldrup T, Hoehn T. Fata non-accidental alpha-lipoic acid intoxication in an adolescent girl. Klin Padiatr. 2014 Sep;226(5):292-4. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hager K, Marahrens A, Kenklies M, Riederer P, Munch G. Alpha-lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Azheimer type dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001;32(3);275-282.</p><p class="references">Hager K., Kenklies M., McAfoose J., Engel J., Münch G. Alpha-lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer&#39;s disease--a 48 months follow-up analysis. J Neural Transm Suppl 2007;(72):189-193. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Haghighatdoost F, Gholami A, Hariri M. Alpha-lipoic acid effect on leptin and adiponectin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(5):649-657. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Haghighatdoost F, Hariri M. Does alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2019;847:1-10. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hakimizad R, Soltani R, Khorvash F, Marjani M, Dastan F. The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine, alpha-lipoic acid, and coenzyme Q10 combination in preventing anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Iran J Pharm Res 2021;20(3):431-40. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Halabi Z, El Helou C, Al Balushi H, et al. Alpha Lipoic Acid Toxicity: The First Reported Mortality in an Adult Patient After Multiorgan Failure. J Emerg Med 2023;64(2):190-194. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Han T., Bai J., Liu W., Hu Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of a-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167(4):465-471. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Haramaki N, Assadnazari H, Zimmer G, et al. The influence of vitamin E and dihydrolipoic acid on cardiac energy and glutathione status under hypoxia-reoxygenation. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995;37:591-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Haritoglou C., Gerss J., Hammes H. P., Kampik A., Ulbig M. W. Alpha-lipoic acid for the prevention of diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmologica 2011;226(3):127-137. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hegazy SK, Tolba OA, Mostafa TM, Eid MA, El-Afify DR. Alpha-lipoic acid improves subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2013;10(1):58-67. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hodeeb YM, El-Rewiny EM, Gaafar AM, Zayed AN, Hasan MS, Elsaie ML. The effect of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on sperm functions in idiopathic asthenozoospermic patients: a case-controlled study. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2022. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Holotiuk IS, Kryzhanivska AY, Holotiuk SI, Holotiuk VV, Maliborska SV. EFFECTIVENESS OF ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID AND IPIDACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN PREVENTION OF PACLITAXEL-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY ASSESSED BY ELECTRONEUROMYOGRAPHY OF SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL AND SURAL NERVES. Exp Oncol 2022;44(4):300-306. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hong Y, Peng J, Cai X, Zhang X, Liao Y, Lan L. Clinical efficacy of alprostadil combined with alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy. Open Med (Wars). 2017 Oct 5;12:323-27.View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hosseinpour-Arjmand S, Amirkhizi F, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on inflammatory markers and body composition in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019;44(2):258-67. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Hsieh RY, Huang IC, Chen C, Sung JY. Effects of Oral Alpha-Lipoic Acid Treatment on Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023;15(16):3634. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Huang Z, Wan X, Liu J, et al. Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant a-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013;15(10):859-69. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Iannuzzo F, Basile GA, Campolo D, et al. Metabolic and clinical effect of alpha-lipoic acid administration in schizophrenic subjects stabilized with atypical antipsychotics: A 12-week, open-label, uncontrolled study. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2022;3:100116. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Isenmann E, Trittel L, Diel P. The effects of alpha lipoic acid on muscle strength recovery after a single and a short-term chronic supplementation - a study in healthy well-trained individuals after intensive resistance and endurance training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):61. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Iuliano S, Greco F, Seminara G, et al. Positive effects of dietary supplementation with nutraceuticals on male subclinical hypogonadism: a pilot study. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Izzo V, Greco C, Corradini D, et al. Insulin autoimmune syndrome in an Argentine woman taking a-lipoic acid: A case report and review of the literature. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2018;6:2050313X18819601. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Schiemann AL, et al. Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid. Arzneimittelforschung 1995;45:872-4. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Tritschler HJ, et al. Improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose-disposal in type 2 diabetes after repeated parenteral administration of thioctic acid. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabet 1996;104:284-8. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jacob S, Ruus P, Hermann R, et al. Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, pilot trial. Free Rad Biol Med 1999;27:309-14. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jamshidi K, Abdollahzad H, Nachvak M, Rezaei M, Golpayegani MR, Sharifi Zahabi E. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in ß-thalassemia major patients: A clinical trial crossover study. J Blood Med. 2020;11:131-139. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Janssen K, Mensink RP, Cox FJ, et al. Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:255-62. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jariwalla R. J., Lalezari J., Cenko D., Mansour S. E., Kumar A., Gangapurkar B., Nakamura D. Restoration of blood total glutathione status and lymphocyte function following alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in patients with HIV infection. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(2):139-146. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jiang Z, Tan Z, Meng F, Li X. Curative effects of valsartan alone or combined with alpha-lipoic acid on inflammatory cytokines and renal function in early-stage diabetic kidney disease. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019;29(10):1009-1011. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jibril AT, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S. Efficacy and safety of oral alpha-lipoic acid supplementation for type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized trials. Endocr Connect 2022;11(10):e220322. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jo SH, Kim SA, Kim HS, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: the ALIVE study - a prospective randomized trial. Cardiology 2013;126(3):159-66. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jörg J., Metz F., Scharafinski, H. [Drug treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin B preparations. A clinical and neurophysiologic study]. Nervenarzt 1988;59(1):36-44. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Jurisic-Erzen D, Starcevic-Klasan G, Ivanac D, Peharec S, Girotto D, Jerkovic R. The effects of alpha-lipoic acid on diabetic myopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017 Jun 28.View abstract.</p><p class="references">Karaarslan U, Isgüder R, Bag Ö, et al. Alpha lipoic acid intoxication, treatment and outcome. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013;51(6):522. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Karkabounas S, Papadopoulos N, Anastasiadou C, et al. Effects of a-lipoic Acid, carnosine, and thiamine supplementation in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind study. J Med Food. 2018;21(12):1197-1203. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kelishadi MR, Naeini AA, Khorvash F, Askari G, Heidari Z. The beneficial effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation as a potential adjunct treatment in episodic migraines. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):271. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Khabbazi T., Mahdavi R., Safa J., Pour-Abdollahi P. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and serum lipid profile levels in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2012;22(2):244-250. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kieburtz K, Schifitto G, McDermott M, and et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of deprenyl and thioctic acid in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 1998;50(3):645-651.</p><p class="references">Kim BJ, Hunter A, Brucker AJ, et al. Orally administered alpha lipoic acid as a treatment for geographic atrophy: A randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4(9):889-898. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kishi T, Sakuma K, Miura G, et al. Alpha Lipoic Acid for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023;43(5):477-478. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kishi Y, Schmelzer JD, Yao JK, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid: effect on glucose uptake, sorbitol pathway, and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1999;48:2045-51. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Koh E. H., Lee W. J., Lee S. A., Kim E. H., Cho E. H., Jeong E., Kim D. W., Kim M. S., Park J. Y., Park K. G., Lee H. J., Lee I. K., Lim S., Jang H. C., Lee K. H., Lee K. U. Effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on body weight in obese subjects. Am J Med 2011;124(1):85-88. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Koh, J. M., Lee, Y. S., Byun, C. H., Chang, E. J., Kim, H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, H. H., and Kim, G. S. Alpha-lipoic acid suppresses osteoclastogenesis despite increasing the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in human bone marrow stromal cells. J Endocrinol. 2005;185(3):401-413. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Konrad T, Vicini P, Kusterer K, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:280-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Korkina L. G., Afanas&#39;ef I. B., Diplock A. T. Antioxidant therapy in children affected by irradiation from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Biochem Soc Trans 1993;21 ( Pt 3)(3):314S. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Kucukgoncu S, Zhou E, Lucas KB, Tek C. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2017 May;18(4):594-601. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology 1999;13:1003-8. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lai S, Petramala L, Muscaritoli M, et al. a-lipoic acid in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nutrition. 2020;71:110594. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Laky B, Bruckmann C, Blumenschein J, Durstberger G, Haririan H. Effect of a multi-nutrient supplement as an adjunct to nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol 2024; 95: 101-113. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Latini E, Bonasia G, Petroselli L, et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Palmitoylethanolamide, Myrrh, and Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Improve Pharmacological Therapy in Acute Painful Lumbosacral Radiculopathy due to Herniated Disc. Pain Physician 2023;26(4):E363-E373. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lee SJ, Jeong SJ, Lee YC, et al. Effects of high-dose alpha-lipoic acid on heart rate variability of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2017 Aug;41(4):275-83. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lee, S. H., Kim, M. J., Kim, B. J., Kim, S. R., Chun, S., Ryu, J. S., Kim, G. S., Lee, M. C., Koh, J. M., and Chung, S. J. Homocysteine-lowering therapy or antioxidant therapy for bone loss in Parkinson&#39;s disease. Mov Disord. 2-15-2010;25(3):332-340. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Leong J. Y., van der Merwe J., Pepe S., Bailey M., Perkins A., Lymbury R., Esmore D., Marasco S., Rosenfeldt F. Perioperative metabolic therapy improves redox status and outcomes in cardiac surgery patients: a randomised trial. Heart Lung Circ 2010;19(10):584-591. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Letizia Mauro G, Cataldo P, Barbera G, Sanfilippo A. a-Lipoic acid and superoxide dismutase in the management of chronic neck pain: a prospective randomized study. Drugs R D 2014;14(1):1-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Li N, Yan W, Hu X, et al. Effects of oral a-lipoic acid administration on body weight in overweight or obese subjects: a crossover randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017;86(5):680-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Libonati GA, Leone A, Martellucci S, et al. Prevention of Recurrent Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: The Role of Combined Supplementation with Vitamin D and Antioxidants. Audiol Res. 2022 Aug 22;12(4):445-456. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Liu F., Zhang Y., Yang M., Liu B., Shen Y. D., Jia W. P., Xiang K. S. [Curative effect of alpha-lipoic acid on peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: a clinical study]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007;87(38):2706-2709. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lopez-D&#39;alessandro E., Escovich L. Combination of alpha lipoic acid and gabapentin, its efficacy in the treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011;16(5):e635-e640. View abstract.</p><p class="references">López-Jornet P., Camacho-Alonso F., and Leon-Espinosa, S. Efficacy of alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome: a randomized, placebo-treatment study. J Oral Rehabil 2009;36(1):52-57. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Lott I. T., Doran E., Nguyen V. Q., Tournay A., Head E., Gillen D. L. Down syndrome and dementia: a randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation. Am J Med Genet A 2011;155A(8):1939-1948. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Maesaka H, Komiya K, Misugi K, Tada K. Hyperalaninemia hyperpyruvicemia and lactic acidosis due to pyruvate carboxylase deficiency of the liver; treatment with thiamine and lipoic acid. Eur J Pediatr 1976;122:159-68. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Magis D., Ambrosini A., Sandor P., Jacquy J., Laloux P., Schoenen J. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thioctic acid in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 2007;47(1):52-57. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mahmoudinezhad M, Farhangi MA. Alpha lipoic acid supplementation affects serum lipids in a dose and duration-dependent manner in different health status. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2021. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Marino R., Torretta S., Capaccio P., Pignataro L., Spadari F. Different therapeutic strategies for burning mouth syndrome: preliminary data. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;39(8):611-616. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Marshall AW, Graul RS, Morgan MY, Sherlock S. Treatment of alcohol-related liver disease with thioctic acid: a six-month, randomized, double-blind trial. Gut 1982;23:1088-93. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Matalon R, Stumpf DA, Michals K, et al. Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency with primary lactic acidosis: favorable response to treatment with oral lipoic acid. J Pediatr 1984;104:65-9. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mazloom Z., Ansar H. The Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetics. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;11(3):245-250.</p><p class="references">Memeo A., Loiero M. Thioctic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of sciatic pain caused by a herniated disc: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study. Clin Drug Investig 2008;28(8):495-500. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Merin JP, Matsuyama M, Kira T, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid blocks HIV-1 LTR-dependent expression of hygromycin resistance in THP-1 stable transformants. FEBS Lett 1996;394:9-13. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mishra A, Reeta KH, Sarangi SC, Maiti R, Sood M. Effect of add-on alpha lipoic acid on psychopathology in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022;239(11):3525-35. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Moffa S, Improta I, Rocchetti S, Mezza T, Giaccari A. Potential cause-effect relationship between insulin autoimmune syndrome and alpha lipoic acid: Two case reports. Nutrition. 2019;57:1-4. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Mohammadshahi M, Zakizadeh E, Ahmadi-Angali K, Ravanbakhsh M, Helli B. The synergic effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and electrical isotonic contraction on anthropometric measurements and the serum levels of VEGF, NO, sirtuin-1, and PGC1-&amp;alpha; in obese people undergoing a weight loss diet. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020:1-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Moretti R, Angeletti C, Minora S. Multiple organ failure and shock following acute alpha lipoic acid (ALA) intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019;57(8):749-751. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Murina F, Graziottin A, Felice R, Gambini D. Alpha lipoic acid plus omega-3 fatty acids for vestibulodynia associated with painful bladder syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2017;39(3):131-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Murray GL, Colombo J. (r)Alpha lipoic acid is a safe, effective pharmacologic therapy of chronic orthostatic hypotension associated with low sympathetic tone. Int J Angiol. 2019;28(3):188-193. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, Schmelzer JD, et al. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Care 1995;18:1160-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Namazi N, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Alpha-lipoic acid supplement in obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2017 Jun 8 pii:S0261-5614(17)30212-1.View abstract.</p><p class="references">Orellana-Donoso M, López-Chaparro M, Barahona-Vásquez M, et al. Effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in patients with neuropathic pain associated with type I and type II diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023;102(44):e35368. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:359-78. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:227-50. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Packer L. Antioxidant properties of lipoic acid and its therapeutic effects in prevention of diabetes complications and cataracts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;738:257-64. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Parente E, Colannino G, Picconi O, Monastra G. Safety of oral alpha-lipoic acid treatment in pregnant women: a retrospective observational study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Sep;21(18):4219-27. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Passiatore M, Perna A, De-Vitis R, Taccardo G. The use of alfa-lipoic acid-R (ALA-R) in patients with mild-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomised controlled open label prospective study. Malays Orthop J. 2020;14(1):1-6. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Podymova S. D., Davletshina I. V. [Efficacy of using alpha-lipoic acid (berlition) in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2008;(5):77-84. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Polat S, Kiliçaslan Ö, Sönmez FT. Alpha-lipoic acid intoxication in an adolescent girl: Case report and review of the literature. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2020;55(3):328-330. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Porasuphatana S., Suddee S., Nartnampong A., Konsil J., Harnwong B., Santaweesuk A. Glycemic and oxidative status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012;21(1):12-21. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Porcaro G, Laganà AS, Neri I, Aragona C. The Association of High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid (HMWHA), Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), Magnesium, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin D Improves Subchorionic Hematoma Resorption in Women with Threatened Miscarriage: A Pilot Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2024;13(3):706. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Prado MB Jr, Adiao KJB. Ranking Alpha Lipoic Acid and Gamma Linolenic Acid in Terms of Efficacy and Safety in the Management of Adults With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes 2024;48(4):233-243. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Prasad KN. Rationale for using high-dose multiple dietary antioxidants as an adjunct to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. J Nutr 2004;134:3182S-3S. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Puliappadamb HM, Satpathy AK, Mishra BR, Maiti R, Jena M. Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Add-on Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Migraine Prophylaxis in an Adolescent Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rago R, Gallo M, Dal Lago A, et al. Controlled, prospective, observational study on the efficiency and tolerability of a combination of potential Nrf2-inducing antioxidants and micronutrients as pre-treatment for ICSI in dyspermic patients with previous failure. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(7):1645-1652. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rahman S. T., Merchant N., Haque T., Wahi J., Bhaheetharan S., Ferdinand K. C., Khan B. V. The impact of lipoic acid on endothelial function and proteinuria in quinapril-treated diabetic patients with stage I hypertension: results from the QUALITY study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012;17(2):139-145. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rahmanabadi A , Mahboob S , Amirkhizi F , Hosseinpour-Arjmand S , Ebrahimi-Mameghani M . Oral a-lipoic acid supplementation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effects on adipokines and liver histology features. Food Funct. 2019;10(8):4941-4952. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ran GL, Li YP, Lu LC, Lan SH. Disease-modifying therapies for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications 2024;38(2):108691. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ranieri M., Sciuscio M., Cortese A. M., Santamato A., Di Teo L., Ianieri G., Bellomo R. G., Stasi M., Megna M. The use of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and rehabilitation in the treatment of back pain: effect on health-related quality of life. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009;22(3 Suppl):45-50. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rees-Jones RW, Larsen PR. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine content of desiccated thyroid tablets. Metabolism 1977;26(11):1213-1218. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Reljanovic M, Reichel G, Rett K, et al. Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): A 2-year, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy [abstract]. Free Radic Res 1999;31:171-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Rezaei Kelishadi M, Alavi Naeini A, Askari G, Khorvash F, Heidari Z. The efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in improving oxidative, inflammatory, and mood status in women with episodic migraine in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(9):e14455. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Roldan EJ, Perez Lloret A. Thioctic acid in Amanita poisoning (letter). Crit Care Med 1986;14:753-4.</p><p class="references">Roszkowska AM, Spinella R, Oliverio GW, et al. Effects of the topical use of the natural antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on the ocular surface of diabetic patients with dry eye symptoms. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2022;27(7):202. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ruhnau KJ, Meissner HP, Finn JR, et al. Effects of 3-week oral treatment with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid) in symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 1999;16:1040-3. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sabanovic M, Jasic M, Odobasic A, et al. Alpha lipoic acid reduces symptoms and inflammation biomarkers in patients with chronic hemorrhoidal illness. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2018;88(5-6):281-90. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sabeel AI, Kurkus J, Lindholm T. Intensive Hemodialysis and Hemoperfusion Treatment of Amanita Mushroom Poisoning. Mycopathologia 1995;131:107-14. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sacchetto L, Monzani D, Apa E, et al. The Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in the Treatment of Chronic Subjective Tinnitus through the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory Scores. Audiol Res 2023;13(4):484-494. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sachse G, Willms B. Efficacy of thioctic acid in the therapy of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Hormone Metab Res Suppl 1980;9:105-7. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sadykova H. G., Nazhmutdinova, D. K. [Structural and functional condition of the left ventricle in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with diabetic autonomic neuropathy]. Lik Sprava 2009;(1-2):22-28. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sanz-González SM, Raga-Cervera J, Aguirre Lipperheide M, et al. Effect of an oral supplementation with a formula containing R-lipoic acid in glaucoma patients. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2020 Mar;95(3):120-129. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sardu C, Santulli G, Santamaria M, et al. Effects of alpha lipoic acid on multiple cytokines and biomarkers and recurrence of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of catheter ablation. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(9):1382-1386. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sarezky D, Raquib AR, Dunaief JL, Kim BJ. Tolerability in the elderly population of high-dose alpha lipoic acid: a potential antioxidant therapy for the eye. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016 Sep 29;10:1899-1903. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Scaturro D, Vitagliani F, Tomasello S, Sconza C, Respizzi S, Letizia Mauro G. Combined Rehabilitation with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Resveratrol, and Cholecalciferolin Discogenic Sciatica in Young People: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023;59(12):2197. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Schimmelpfennig W, Renger F, Wack R, et al. [Results of a prospective double-blind study with alpha-lipoic acid against placebo in alcoholic liver damage] (Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Doppelblindstudie mit Alpha-Liponsäure gegen Plazebo bei alkoholischen Leberschäden). Dtsch Gesundheitswes 1983;38(18):690-693</p><p class="references">Segermann J, Hotze A, Ulrich H, Rao GS. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine and on serum lipid-, protein- and glucose levels. Arzneimittelforschung 1991;41:1294-8. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sehgal T, Ohri U, Mittal N, Attri P, Dishant F. A Case of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome in an Indian Male Taking Alpha-Lipoic Acid. Cureus 2023;15(8):e43743. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Serhiyenko VA, Serhiyenko LM, Sehin VB, Serhiyenko AA. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on arterial stiffness parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Endocr Regul 2021;55(4):224-233. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sharifi-Zahabi E, Abdollahzad H, Mostafa Nachvak S, et al. Effects of alpha lipoic acid on iron overload, lipid profile and oxidative stress indices in ß-thalassemia major patients: A cross-over randomised controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(6):e14062. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Streeper RS, Henriksen EJ, Jacob S, et al. Differential effects of lipoic acid stereoisomers on glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1997;273:E185-91. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Su F, Xia Q. Effects of Valsartan and Amlodipine Tablets Combined with a-Lipoic Acid on T-AOC, IL-6 and ß2-MG Levels in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. Altern Ther Health Med 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sun F, Jiang D, Cai J. Effects of valsartan combined with a-lipoic acid on renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord 2021;21(1):178. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sun Y, Guan X, Wang H, et al. Randomized clinical trial of combined therapy with oral a-lipoic acid and NB-UVB for nonsegmental stable vitiligo. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(1):e14610. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sun Y. D., Dong Y. D., Fan R., Zhai L. L., Bai Y. L., Jia L. H. Effect of (R)-a-lipoic acid supplementation on serum lipids and antioxidative ability in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ann Nutr Metab 2012;60(4):293-297. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Sun-Edelstein, C. and Mauskop, A. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clin J Pain 2009;25(5):446-452. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Suzuki YJ, Aggarwal BB, Packer L. Alpha-lipoic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation in human T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;189:1709-15. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Tankova T., Koev D., Dakovska, L. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy (controlled, randomized, open-label study). Rom J Intern Med 2004;42(2):457-464. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Tarnopolsky, M. A. and Raha, S. Mitochondrial myopathies: diagnosis, exercise intolerance, and treatment options. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(12):2086-2093. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Teichert J, Kern J, Tritschler HJ. Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;36:625-8. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Thom E. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the clinical efficacy of oral treatment with DermaVite on ageing symptoms of the skin. J Int Med Res 2005;33(3):267-272. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Tolunay O, Celik T, Komur M, Gezgin AE, Kaya MS, Celik U. A rare cause of status epilepticus: alpha lipoic acid intoxication, case report and review of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015 Nov;19(6):730-2. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Tromba L, Perla FM, Carbotta G, Chiesa C, Pacifico L. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight/obese youths: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Nutrients 2019;11(2). pii: E375. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vajdi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation significantly reduces the risk of obesity in an updated systematic review and dose response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(6):e13493. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vajdi M, Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials on the effects of Alpha-Lipoic acid supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2021. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vajdi M, Noshadi N, Hassanizadeh S, Bonyadian A, Seyedhosseini-Ghaheh H, Askari G. The effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on blood pressure in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;10:1272837. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vakali E, Rigopoulos D, Carrillo AE, Flouris AD, Dinas PC. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on human diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Velasco-Amador JP, Prados-Carmona Á, Navarro-Triviño FJ. Contact urticaria syndrome caused by alpha-lipoic acid in a master formula for vulvar lichen sclerosus. Contact Dermatitis 2023;89(2):136-137. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vg A, G S, C K, V A. A pilot study suggesting several benefits of alpha lipoic acid in patients with diabetes. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2023. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vilas GL, Aldonatti C, San Martin de Viale LC, Rios de Molina MC. Effect of Alpha-lipoic acid amide on hexachlorobenzene porphyria. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1999;47:815-23. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Vincent KR, Taylor AG. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in peripheral arterial disease: a pilot study. J Alt Complement Med 2007;13:577-84. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Vita PM, Restelli A, Caspani P, et al. [Chronic use of glucomannan in the dietary treatment of severe obesity]. Minerva Med 1992;83:135-9. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Volchegorskii I. A., Alekseev M. N., Volchegorskaia M. I., Rassokhina L. M. [Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and mexidol on neuro- and the affective status in patients at early stages of diabetic foot syndrome]. Klin Med (Mosk) 2008;86(10):52-59. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Volchegorskii I. A., Rassokhina L. M., Koliadich M. I., Alekseev M. I. [Comparative study of alpha-lipoic acid and mexidol effects on affective status, cognitive functions and quality of life in diabetes mellitus patients]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2011;74(11):17-23. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Werida RH, Elshafiey RA, Ghoneim A, Elzawawy S, Mostafa TM. Role of alpha-lipoic acid in counteracting paclitaxel- and doxorubicin-induced toxicities: a randomized controlled trial in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2022;30(9):7281-92. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Witman M. A., McDaniel J., Fjeldstad A. S., Ives S. J., Zhao J., Nativi J. N., Stehlik J., Wray D. W., Richardson R. S. A differing role of oxidative stress in the regulation of central and peripheral hemodynamics during exercise in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012;303(10):H1237-H1244. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Xu Q, Pan J, Yu J, et al. Meta-analysis of methylcobalamin alone and in combination with lipoic acid in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013;101(2):99-105. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Yoshida I, Sweetman L, Kulovich S, et al. Effect of lipoic acid in patient with defective activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. Pediatr Res 1990;27:75-9. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Yousefi M, Kavianpour M, Hesami S, Rashidi Nooshabadi M, Khadem Haghighian H. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid at the combination with mefenamic acid in girls with primary dysmenorrhea: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(9):782-786. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Yukina M, Nuralieva N, Solovyev M, Troshina E, Vasilyev E. Insulin autoimmune syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2020;2020:19-0159. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zembron-Lacny, A., Slowinska-Lisowska, M., Szygula, Z., Witkowski, K., Stefaniak, T., and Dziubek, W. Assessment of the antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy men exposed to muscle-damaging exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60(2):139-143. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zhang L, Zhang HY, Huang FC, Huang Q, Liu C, Li JR. Study on the clinical value of alprostadil combined with alpha-lipoic acid in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with erectile dysfunction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Sep;20(18):3930-33. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zhang Y., Han P., Wu N., He B., Lu Y., Li S., Liu Y., Zhao S., Liu L., Li Y. Amelioration of lipid abnormalities by a-lipoic acid through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(8):1647-1653. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Zhang, W. J., Wei, H., Hagen, T., and Frei, B. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A 3-6-2007;104(10):4077-4082. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau K, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A 7-month, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). Diabetes Care 1999;22:1296-301. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A 3-week, multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995;38:1425-33. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004;21:114-21. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F, et al. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1997;20:369-73. View abstract.</p><p class="references">Ziegler D., Ametov A., Barinov A., Dyck P. J., Gurieva I., Low P. A., Munzel U., Yakhno N., Raz I., Novosadova M., Maus J., Samigullin, R. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006;29(11):2365-2370. View abstract.</p><!--]--></div></div></div><div class="find-other-holder"><div class="find-other-vitamins"><button class="search-btn"> Search Vitamins </button><button class="related-btn"> Related Vitamins </button></div><div class="other-vitamins-finder"><div class="search-panel"><div class="vitamin-panel"><div><div class="webmd-typeahead" aria-haspopup="listbox" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false" aria-owns="webmd-typeahead" matchwidth="false"><div class="webmd-input__div webmd-input-noLabel webmd-input--medium webmd-input--suffix"><!--[--><!--v-if--><!--v-if--><input class="webmd-input__inner" type="text" autocomplete="off" value placeholder="Enter vitamin or supplement" valuekey="value" matchwidth="false" triggeronfocus="false" triggeratlength="0" selectwhenunmatched="false" debounce="300" placement="bottom-start" hideloading="false" popperappendtobody="true" aria-label="Enter search terms"><!--v-if--><span class="webmd-input__suffix"><span class="webmd-input__suffix-inner"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><i class="webmd-input__icon webmd-icon-search webmd-input__icon"></i><!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--v-if--><!--]--></div><div class="webmd-autocomplete-suggestion webmd-popper" style="display:none;" role="region" size="medium"><div class="webmd-scrollbar"><div style="" class="webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__wrap webmd-scrollbar__wrap webmd-scrollbar__wrap--hidden-default"><!--[--><ul class="webmd-scrollbar__view webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__list" style=""><!--[--><!--]--></ul><!--]--></div><div class="webmd-scrollbar__bar is-horizontal"><div class="webmd-scrollbar__thumb" style="width:0;transform:translateX(0%);ms-transform:translateX(0%);webkit-transform:translateX(0%);"></div></div><div class="webmd-scrollbar__bar is-vertical"><div class="webmd-scrollbar__thumb" style="height:0;transform:translateY(0%);ms-transform:translateY(0%);webkit-transform:translateY(0%);"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vitamins-monograph-common-searches" data-metrics-module="vs-cmndrgs"><ul><li>Common Searches: </li><!--[--><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-767/alpha-lipoic-acid" data-metrics-link="1">Alpha Lipoic Acid</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-816/apple-cider-vinegar" data-metrics-link="2">Apple Cider Vinegar</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-857/black-cohosh" data-metrics-link="3">Black Cohosh</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-781/calcium" data-metrics-link="4">Calcium</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-932/chromium" data-metrics-link="5">Chromium</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-938/coenzyme-q10" data-metrics-link="6">Coenzyme Q - 10</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-331/dhea" data-metrics-link="7">DHEA</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-991/flaxseed" data-metrics-link="8">Flaxseed</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1017/folic-acid" data-metrics-link="9">Folic Acid</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-333/ginkgo" data-metrics-link="10">Ginkgo</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-807/glucosamine" data-metrics-link="11">Glucosamine</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-940/melatonin" data-metrics-link="12">Melatonin</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-924/niacin-and-niacinamide-vitamin-b3" data-metrics-link="13">Niacin</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-998/magnesium" data-metrics-link="14">Magnesium</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-790/lactobacillus-acidophilus" data-metrics-link="15">Probiotics</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-925/red-yeast-rice" data-metrics-link="16">Red Yeast Rice</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-329/st-johns-wort" data-metrics-link="17">St. John&#39;s Wort</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1001/vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid" data-metrics-link="18">Vitamin C</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-929/vitamin-d" data-metrics-link="19">Vitamin D</a></li><li><a href="/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-954/vitamin-e" data-metrics-link="20">Vitamin E</a></li><!--]--></ul><div class="expand-links"><a class="button-expand" data-metrics-link="xpnd"> Show More <span class="webmd-icon-down-arrow common-searches-btn-icon"></span></a><a class="button-collapse" data-metrics-link="clps"> Show Less <span class="webmd-icon-up-arrow common-searches-btn-icon"></span></a></div></div></div><div class="related-vitamins" style="display:none;"><p class="sub-title"><span> Select a condition to view a list of vitamins </span></p><div class="vitamins-container"><!--[--><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-958/Age-related-cognitive-decline">Age-related cognitive decline</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-959/Age-related-macular-degeneration-AMD">Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-964/Aging-skin">Aging skin</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-964/Aging-skin">Aging skin</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-973/Alcohol-related-liver-disease">Alcohol-related liver disease</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-980/Altitude-sickness">Altitude sickness</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-981/Alzheimer-disease">Alzheimer disease</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-984/Amanita-mushroom-poisoning">Amanita mushroom poisoning</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1017/Atrial-fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1024/Back-pain">Back pain</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1031/Beta-thalassemia">Beta-thalassemia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1035/Bipolar-disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1058/Cancer">Cancer</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1064/Cardiovascular-disease-CVD">Cardiovascular disease (CVD)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1065/Carpal-tunnel-syndrome">Carpal tunnel syndrome</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1066/Cataracts">Cataracts</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1070/Cervical-dysplasia">Cervical dysplasia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1083/Chronic-fatigue-syndrome-CFS">Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1140/Dementia">Dementia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1145/Diabetes">Diabetes</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1145/Diabetes">Diabetes</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1147/Diabetic-nephropathy">Diabetic nephropathy</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1148/Diabetic-neuropathy">Diabetic neuropathy</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1149/Diabetic-retinopathy">Diabetic retinopathy</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1156/Dry-eye">Dry eye</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1176/Erectile-dysfunction-ED">Erectile dysfunction (ED)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1196/Fibromyalgia">Fibromyalgia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1216/Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1230/Heart-failure">Heart failure</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1236/Hemorrhoids">Hemorrhoids</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1258/HIVAIDS-related-dementia">HIV/AIDS-related dementia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1261/HIVAIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1275/Hyperlipidemia">Hyperlipidemia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1280/Hypertension">Hypertension</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1283/Hypertriglyceridemia">Hypertriglyceridemia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1315/Interstitial-cystitis">Interstitial cystitis</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1385/Migraine-headache">Migraine headache</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1389/Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1401/Muscle-strength">Muscle strength</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1422/Neuropathic-pain">Neuropathic pain</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1431/Obesity">Obesity</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1441/Orthostatic-hypotension">Orthostatic hypotension</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1466/Periodontitis">Periodontitis</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1467/Peripheral-arterial-disease-PAD">Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1469/Peripheral-neuropathy">Peripheral neuropathy</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1488/Polycystic-ovary-syndrome-PCOS">Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1552/Rheumatoid-arthritis-RA">Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1552/Rheumatoid-arthritis-RA">Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1559/Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1621/Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1626/Toxin-induced-liver-damage">Toxin-induced liver damage</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1648/Vertigo">Vertigo</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1656/Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1656/Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1661/Weight-loss">Weight loss</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1663/Wilson-disease">Wilson disease</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1666/Wound-healing">Wound healing</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1666/Wound-healing">Wound healing</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1668/Wrinkled-skin">Wrinkled skin</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1712/Contrast-induced-nephropathy">Contrast induced nephropathy</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1720/Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1728/Preterm-labor">Preterm labor</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1808/Herniated-disc">Herniated disc</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1855/Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1862/Age-related-testosterone-deficiency">Age-related testosterone deficiency</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1872/Impaired-glucose-tolerance-Prediabetes">Impaired glucose tolerance (Prediabetes)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1872/Impaired-glucose-tolerance-Prediabetes">Impaired glucose tolerance (Prediabetes)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1928/Nonalcoholic-steatohepatitis-NASH">Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-1937/Metabolic-syndrome">Metabolic syndrome</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2036/Neck-pain">Neck pain</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2052/Coronary-artery-bypass-graft-CABG-surgery">Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2052/Coronary-artery-bypass-graft-CABG-surgery">Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2072/Infertility">Infertility</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2092/Sciatica">Sciatica</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2123/Radiation-exposure">Radiation exposure</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2229/Male-infertility">Male infertility</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2256/Burning-mouth-syndrome">Burning mouth syndrome</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2348/Anthracycline-cardiotoxicity">Anthracycline cardiotoxicity</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2376/Nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-NAFLD">Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2438/Aromatase-inhibitor-induced-arthralgia">Aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2450/Antipsychotic-induced-metabolic-side-effects">Antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2476/Chemotherapy-induced-peripheral-neuropathy">Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2477/Chronic-kidney-disease-CKD">Chronic kidney disease (CKD)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2560/Pain-chronic">Pain (chronic)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2566/Lyme-disease">Lyme disease</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2571/Coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19">Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/condition-2628/Antipsychotic-induced-hyperprolactinemia">Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia</a></div><!--]--></div><div class="view-link"> View More <span class="common-vitamins-btn-icon webmd-icon-down-arrow"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="you-might-also-like"><h3>You Might Also Like</h3><div class="link-list"><!--[--><div class="links" data-metrics-module="dr-relatedto"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/video/dme-risk" data-metrics-link="1">Are You at Risk for Diabetic Macular Edema?</a></div><div class="links" data-metrics-module="dr-relatedto"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/change-type-2-diabetes-meds" data-metrics-link="2">Should You Change Your Type 2 Diabetes Medication?</a></div><div class="links" data-metrics-module="dr-relatedto"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-2-diabetes" data-metrics-link="3">Type 2 Diabetes Management Tips</a></div><!--]--></div><!----><!----></div><!----><!----><div class="disclaimer-text"><p><b>CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION:</b> This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. </p><p> This copyrighted material is licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. <br> Licensed from <a href="https://www.trchealthcare.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Therapeutic Research Center, LLC</a><br> Copyright © 1995-2024 by Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. All Rights Reserved. </p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="main-container main-container-3" id="sidebar-container" tabindex="-1" data-js="main-container-3"><div class="sub-container"><div class="webmd-row pane additional-ads" style="" id="ContentPane40" tabindex="-1"><div class="ad-wrapper ad-container-121"><span></span></div></div><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane41" tabindex="-1"><aside data-e2e="ed-urr" class="module module-unified-right-rail module-ed-urr" id="ed-urr" data-metrics-module="ed-urr" role><header><div class="header-container"><h3>More on Vitamins &amp; Supplements</h3></div><!----></header><div class="webmd-row unified_right_inner_v2_rdr" style=""><div class="tow_list"><!--[--><div class="entry_fmt"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/ss/slideshow-herbs-supplements-avoid" data-metrics-module="ed-urr" data-metrics-link="1othr"><h4 class="tow-no-image-h4">What to Know Before You Take Herbal Supplements</h4><p></p></a></div><div class="entry_fmt"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/vitamins-minerals-how-much-should-you-take" data-metrics-module="ed-urr" data-metrics-link="2othr"><h4 class="tow-no-image-h4">Vitamins and Minerals: How Much Should You Take?</h4><p></p></a></div><div class="entry_fmt"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/ss/slideshow-signs-lack-vitamin-b12" data-metrics-module="ed-urr" data-metrics-link="3othr"><h4 class="tow-no-image-h4">Signs You’re Low on Vitamin B12</h4><p></p></a></div><!--]--><div></div></div></div></aside></div><div class="webmd-row pane additional-ads" style="" id="ContentPane42" tabindex="-1"><div class="ad-wrapper ad-container-137"><span></span></div></div><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane43" tabindex="-1"><div style="display:contents;"><!--[--><aside class="module module-unified-right-rail module-ed-rcmmnddforyou" data-chronicle="091e9c5e820f9cd6" id="ed-rcmmnddforyou" data-e2e="ed-rcmmnddforyou" data-module-type="EditorialModule" data-metrics-module="ed-rcmmnddforyou"><header><h3>Recommended for You</h3></header><div class="unified_right_inner_rdr"><!--[--><div class="entry_fmt"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/st-johns-wort" data-metrics-module="ed-rcmmnddforyou" data-metrics-link="1"><h4>St. John&#39;s Wort for Depression</h4></a></div><div class="entry_fmt"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/garcinia-cambogia-weight-loss" data-metrics-module="ed-rcmmnddforyou" data-metrics-link="2"><h4>Garcinia Cambogia: Is It Safe for Weight Loss?</h4></a></div><div class="entry_fmt"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/supplement-guide-vitamin-k" data-metrics-module="ed-rcmmnddforyou" data-metrics-link="3"><h4>Vitamin K: How Much Do You Need?</h4></a></div><!--]--></div></aside><!--]--></div></div><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane44" tabindex="-1"><WebmdSpecialSection chronic-id="091e9c5e81e589d8"></WebmdSpecialSection></div></div></div></div></main><div class="webmd-row container global-container-2" style="" span="24" tabindex="-1" data-js="global-container-2"><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane47" tabindex="-1"><div class="ad-wrapper ad-container-922"><span></span></div></div></div><footer role="contentinfo" tabindex="-1" data-js="global-footer"><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane55" tabindex="-1"><footer class="webmd-footer" data-js="global-footer" role="contentinfo" tabindex="-1"><!----><!----><div class="footer-container" data-metrics-module="ftr"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://preferences.trustarc.com"><div class="footer-noscript-list"><ul><!--[--><li class="footer-noscript-group"><h3>Policies</h3><ul><!--[--><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-editorial-policy">Editorial Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-advertising-policy">Advertising Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/webmd-corrections-policies">Correction Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-terms-and-conditions-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li><!--]--></ul></li><li class="footer-noscript-group"><h3>About</h3><ul><!--[--><li><a href="https://customercare.webmd.com/hc/en-us">Contact Us</a></li><li><a href="https://jobs.jobvite.com/webmd" rel="nofollow">Careers</a></li><li><a href="https://member.webmd.com/subscribe">Newsletter</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/webmdapp">WebMD App</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/corporate/default.htm">Corporate</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmdhealthservices.com" rel="nofollow">WebMD Health Services</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/sitemap">Site Map</a></li><!--]--></ul></li><li class="footer-noscript-group"><h3>For Advertisers</h3><ul><!--[--><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/mediakit">Advertise with Us</a></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul><div class="global-footer-certificates"><ul><!--[--><li><a href="https://privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid=07326333-3522-463d-81bf-f00fd7171fff" target="_blank" rel="nofollow,noopener" data-metrics-link="ftr_trust"><img src="https://privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid=07326333-3522-463d-81bf-f00fd7171fff" alt="TRUSTe" title="TRUSTe Privacy Certification" height="37" width="116" loading="lazy"></a></li><li><span data-metrics-link="ftr_tag"><img src="https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/layout/shared/tag-registered.png?resize=*:60px" alt="TAG Registered Seal" title="TAG Registered Seal" height="54" width="55" loading="lazy"></span></li><li><span style="cursor:pointer;" onclick="TRUSTeWidget.Tab.link()" data-metrics-link="ftr_adchoices"><img src="https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/oncology/1/footer-images/ad-choice.png" alt="Adchoices" title="Adchoices" height="21" width="74" loading="lazy"></span></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><div class="global-footer-bottom-container"><div class="global-footer-copyright"><p> © 2005 - 2025 WebMD LLC, an <a href="https://www.internetbrands.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Internet Brands</a> company. All rights reserved. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. <a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/additional-info">See additional information.</a></p></div><div class="global-footer-logo"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/" data-metrics-link="logo"><img src="https://img.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/oncology/1/images/webmd-logo-white.svg" alt="Logo for WebMD" title="WebMD: Better information. Better health." height="26" width="110" loading="lazy"></a></div></div></div></footer></div></footer><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane99" tabindex="-1"><div data-e2e="global-placeholder-bottom"><!----><!----></div><div><div class="ad-wrapper ad-container-901"><span></span></div></div></div></div></div> <script>window.__INITIAL_STATE__={"pagedata":{"omniture":{"s_program_id":"","s_company_type":"","s_language_locale":"","s_topic":"1667","s_cap_id":"","busref_id":"","s_page_number":"0","s_sensitive":"false","s_account":"webmdcom","s_company":"webmd","s_business_reference":"vitamin monograph","s_publication_source":"webmd vitamins and supplements information from therapeutic research","s_mrt":"","s_object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","s_asset_id":"767","s_channel":"","s_unique_id":"091e9c5e81e0c9c5","s_contains_video":"","s_datasource":"documentum","s_pbnm":"","s_pbtp":"","s_tpcot":"","s_topic_dir":"false","s_tug":"","s_sponsor_brand":"","s_sponsor_program":"","s_package_type":"","center_url":"","center":"","center_name":"","center_id":"1169","center_prefix":"","s_channel_micro":"","s_channel_mini":"","s_channel_super_portal":"","s_package_name":"Find a Vitamin or Supplement","s_channel_health":"vitamins and supplements","s_channel_topic_miniguide_guide":"","s_site":"core","s_assetname":"vitamin-mono","s_searchterm":"","image_server_url":"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.webmd.com\u002Fdtmcms\u002Flive","is_embedded_module_top_aligned":"false","s_mblv":"false","s_tagemax":"","s_tagemin":"","s_cuih":"","s_cuil":"","s_cuim":"","s_sbtyp":"","s_tgender":"","s_uk_user":"false","s_server_type":"Vitamins","s_server":"sfews02l-shr-23","s_site_class":"","s_intended_demographics":"__","s_stage_condition":"","s_refpath":null,"s_structure":"cmsarticles","s_bu":"cns","s_mobileweb":"no","s_test1":"","s_pagename_seo":"www.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientmono-767-alpha-lipoic-acid","s_pagename":"www.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid\u002Foverview","ContextData":{},"s_siteclass":"","s_pub":"webmd vitamins and supplements information from therapeutic research","s_companytype":""},"ad":{"chronicalIdPosMapping":{"091e9c5e8137aeea":"Top 728x90 (Top Ad Label)","091e9c5e8137aeec":"Right Rail 300x250","091e9c5e81e365d7":"Right Rail Bottom 300x250","091e9c5e81641fd1":"Above Footer (1x8)","091e9c5e813aa1a8":"1x1 Pixel"},"targets":{"art":"","pg":"1","cc":"","env":"0","hcent":"","leaf":"","mcent":"","mic":"","sec":"","pug":"","scent":"","tmg":"","tug":"","uri":"%2fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid","rd":"1","tex":"vuejs","kw":"","drg":"767","app":"8","segm":"0","pt":"1667","ppsp":null,"excl_cat":"Age122_Age234_B24_Age121_cust104_O8_G473_E11_R529_bty21_H40_H35_H25_food_fit_K7_M05_A080_cust4_gen2_F10_I10_M32_K4_H360_gen1_diet1_A692_cust2_cust022_F48_disx12_violence_supplements_cust031_testono_testdrug_I2510_Zinc_sex2_N18_i519_gil735_G00_F43_F33_F31_F20_E10_cust040_sex3_O92_F52_cust017_Age11_7031501_24462_cust048_O03_N97_N46_nn5_G30_cust056_cust058_cust062_L93_cust076_cust074_cust065_par_cust080_I802_49999411_cust084_cust090_C43_Age133_H54_E781_E780_Age21_F65_I509_M797_cust075_52565_K21_A15_B972_cust119_cust124_cust082_B342_cust126_H16_C55","custom_params":null},"blockCodes":"_age122_age234_b24_age121_cust104_o8_g473_e11_r529_bty21_h40_h35_h25_food_fit_k7_m05_a080_cust4_gen2_f10_i10_m32_k4_h360_gen1_diet1_a692_cust2_cust022_f48_disx12_violence_supplements_cust031_testono_testdrug_i2510_zinc_sex2_n18_i519_gil735_g00_f43_f33_f31_f20_e10_cust040_sex3_o92_f52_cust017_age11_7031501_24462_cust048_o03_n97_n46_nn5_g30_cust056_cust058_cust062_l93_cust076_cust074_cust065_par_cust080_i802_49999411_cust084_cust090_c43_age133_h54_e781_e780_age21_f65_i509_m797_cust075_52565_k21_a15_b972_cust119_cust124_cust082_b342_cust126_h16_c55_","isMobile":"false"},"meta":{"wbmd_no_index":false,"page_title":"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews","meta_description":"Learn more about ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID.","meta_keywords":"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID, effectiveness, satisfaction, ease of use, uses, user ratings, user reviews, side effects, safety, interactions, medical information, medical advice, natural treatment, warnings, products","og_tags":{},"canonicalurl":"","is_external_searchable":true,"preconnect":"\u002F\u002Fimg.lb.wbmdstatic.com"},"asset_isdeleted":false,"tugs":[],"assetrelations":[],"newsletterMapping":{"message_id":962,"newsletter_category_id":11,"sample_image_url":"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.webmd.com\u002Fvim\u002Flive\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Fnewsletterpreview\u002Fgood-health.png","title":"Sign up for our free Good Health Newsletter","sub_title":"Get wellness tips to help you live happier and healthier","hover_image_url":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Ftocs\u002Fhealthctr\u002FFB_Group_Image\u002Fgoodhealth-cropped.jpg","landing_image_url":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Ftocs\u002Fhealthctr\u002FFB_Group_Image\u002Fgoodhealth-cropped.jpg","create_date":"03\u002F12\u002F2019 03:26:38","update_date":"06\u002F07\u002F2022 13:20:37","last_updated":"04\u002F10\u002F2024 06:00:33","default_newsletters_vendor_ids":"WhatsNewWMD,BrandedOffWMD,NewsAlertsWMD","thankYouMessageLink":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fnewsletters","thankYouMessageTitle":"Thanks for subscribing!","thankYouMessageSubTitle":"View all of our health and wellness newsletters","thankYouMessageLinkTextButton":"See More"},"headHTML":"\u003Clink rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.webmd.com\u002Fvim\u002Flive\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Fdrugs\u002Fassets\u002FVitamin-Brandseeker-Desktop-Background-New.jpg\"\u003E","disable_omniture_load":false,"query":{},"jsonld":"{\"@graph\":[{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"DietarySupplement\",\"name\":\"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID\",\"description\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. It is used to break down carbohydrates and to make energy. Alpha-lipoic acid can be eaten in foods, such as red meat, carrots, beets, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes. It is also available in supplements . Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain liver diseases . People most commonly use alpha-lipoic acid for nerve pain in people with diabetes. It is also used for obesity , altitude sickness, aging skin , high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the blood , and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses. ...\",\"alternateName\":\"A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R, Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque,Acide Lipoïque, Acide Thioctique, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique, Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl), Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque, Acide 6,8-Thioctique, Acido Alfa Lipoico, ALA, Biletan, DHLA, Dihydrolipoic Acid, Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Lipoic Acid, Lipoicin, R-ALA, R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, (+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid, (R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid,R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid, (R)-Lipoic Acid, R-Lipoic Acid, RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Lipoic Acid, Sodium-R-Lipoate, Thioctacid, Thioctan,Thioctic Acid.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\"}]}","canonicalurl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid","rootClasses":{}},"vitamins_data":{"related_treatments_mvs":["{\"Title\":\"Are You at Risk for Diabetic Macular Edema?\",\"Url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Fvideo\u002Fdme-risk\",\"Order\":\"1\"}","{\"Title\":\"Should You Change Your Type 2 Diabetes Medication?\",\"Url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Fchange-type-2-diabetes-meds\",\"Order\":\"7\"}","{\"Title\":\"Type 2 Diabetes Management Tips\",\"Url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Ftype-2-diabetes\",\"Order\":\"2\"}"],"Clinical_References_mvs":["Al'-Zamil', M. K. and Brezheva, E. V. [Implication of alpha-lipoic acid preparations in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy]. Zh.Nevrol.Psikhiatr.Im S.S.Korsakova 2008;108(2):27-30. View abstract.","Bailey, D. M. and Davies, B. Acute mountain sickness; prophylactic benefits of antioxidant vitamin supplementation at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2001;2(1):21-29. View abstract.","Bangma, H. R., Smit, G. P., Kuks, J. B., Grevink, R. G., and Wolffenbuttel, B. H. [Two patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain disease]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 10-18-2008;152(42):2298-2301. View abstract.","Bartlett, H. E. and Eperjesi, F. Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008;28(6):503-523. View abstract.","Becker, S., Schmidt, C., Berghaus, A., Tschiesner, U., Olzowy, B., and Reichel, O. Does laryngopharyngeal reflux cause intraoral burning sensations? A preliminary study. Eur Arch.Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(9):1375-1381. View abstract.","Bergqvist-Karlsson, A., Thelin, I., and Bergendorff, O. Contact dermatitis to alpha-lipoic acid in an anti-wrinkle cream. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(1):56-57. View abstract.","Berkson, B. M., Rubin, D. M., and Berkson, A. J. Revisiting the ALA\u002FN (alpha-lipoic acid\u002Flow-dose naltrexone) protocol for people with metastatic and nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer: a report of 3 new cases. Integr Cancer Ther 2009;8(4):416-422. View abstract.","Berkson, B. M., Rubin, D. M., and Berkson, A. J. The long-term survival of a patient with pancreatic cancer with metastases to the liver after treatment with the intravenous alpha-lipoic acid\u002Flow-dose naltrexone protocol. Integr.Cancer Ther 2006;5(1):83-89. View abstract.","Bierhaus, A., Chevion, S., Chevion, M., Hofmann, M., Quehenberger, P., Illmer, T., Luther, T., Berentshtein, E., Tritschler, H., Muller, M., Wahl, P., Ziegler, R., and Nawroth, P. P. Advanced glycation end product-induced activation of NF-kappaB is suppressed by alpha-lipoic acid in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes 1997;46(9):1481-1490. View abstract.","Borcea, V., Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Wolff, S. P., Klevesath, M., Hofmann, M., Urich, H., Wahl, P., Ziegler, R., Tritschler, H., Halliwell, B., and Nawroth, P. P. alpha-Lipoic acid decreases oxidative stress even in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control and albuminuria. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 1999;22(11-12):1495-1500. View abstract.","Bregovskii, V. B., Posokhina, O. V., and Karpova, I. A. [Predictors of alpha-lipoic acid treatment efficacy in diabetic polyneuropathy of the lower limbs]. Ter.Arkh. 2005;77(10):15-19. View abstract.","Breithaupt-Grogler, K., Niebch, G., Schneider, E., Erb, K., Hermann, R., Blume, H. H., Schug, B. S., and Belz, G. G. Dose-proportionality of oral thioctic acid--coincidence of assessments via pooled plasma and individual data. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999;8(1):57-65. View abstract.","Bruckner, I., Bustan, C., Adamescu, E., and Dobjanschi, C. Diabetic neuropathy--choices of treatment. Rom.J Intern Med 2002;40(1-4):53-60. View abstract.","Byun, C. H., Koh, J. M., Kim, D. K., Park, S. I., Lee, K. U., and Kim, G. S. alpha-Lipoic Acid Inhibits TNF-alpha-Induced Apoptosis in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. J Bone Miner.Res 2005;20(7):1125-1135. View abstract.","Cagini, C., Leontiadis, A., Ricci, M. A., Bartolini, A., Dragoni, A., and Pellegrino, R. M. Study of alpha-lipoic acid penetration in the human aqueous after topical administration. Clin Experiment.Ophthalmol. 2010;38(6):572-576. View abstract.","Chaparro, L. E., Wiffen, P. J., Moore, R. A., and Gilron, I. Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;7:CD008943. View abstract.","Chen LY, Zhang YD & Zhu FY. Effects of alpha lipoic acid and prostaglandin E1 on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Practical Diabetology 2008;4:50-51.","Constantinescu, A., Pick, U., Handelman, G. J., Haramaki, N., Han, D., Podda, M., Tritschler, H. J., and Packer, L. Reduction and transport of lipoic acid by human erythrocytes. Biochem.Pharmacol. 7-17-1995;50(2):253-261. View abstract.","de, Moraes M., do Amaral Bezerra, B. A., da Rocha Neto, P. C., de Oliveira Soares, A. C., Pinto, L. P., and de Lisboa Lopes, Costa A. Randomized trials for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: an evidence-based review of the literature. J Oral Pathol.Med. 2012;41(4):281-287. View abstract.","Doggrell, S. A. Alpha-lipoic acid, an anti-obesity agent? Expert.Opin.Investig.Drugs 2004;13(12):1641-1643. View abstract.","Dunschede, F., Erbes, K., Kircher, A., Westermann, S., Seifert, J., Schad, A., Oliver, K., Kiemer, A. K., and Theodor, J. Reduction of ischemia reperfusion injury after liver resection and hepatic inflow occlusion by alpha-lipoic acid in humans. World J Gastroenterol 11-14-2006;12(42):6812-6817. View abstract.","Eremeeva, M. E. and Silverman, D. J. Effects of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on human umbilical vein endothelial cells infected with Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect.Immun. 1998;66(5):2290-2299. View abstract.","Estrada, D. E., Ewart, H. S., Tsakiridis, T., Volchuk, A., Ramlal, T., Tritschler, H., and Klip, A. Stimulation of glucose uptake by the natural coenzyme alpha-lipoic acid\u002Fthioctic acid: participation of elements of the insulin signaling pathway. Diabetes 1996;45(12):1798-1804. View abstract.","Evans, J. L., Heymann, C. J., Goldfine, I. D., and Gavin, L. A. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and fructosamine-lowering effect of a novel, controlled-release formulation of alpha-lipoic acid. Endocr.Pract. 2002;8(1):29-35. View abstract.","Evans, JL and Goldfine, ID. Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 2000;2(3):401-413.","Fedin, A. I., Kuznetsov, M. R., Beresten', N. F., Kuznetsova, V. F., Kholopova, E. A., Ibragimov, T. M., Tugdumov, B. V., and Dubrovin, E. E. [Correction of disordered cerebral blood flow autoregulation in atherosclerosis]. Angiol.Sosud.Khir. 2009;15(3):21-26. View abstract.","Femiano, F. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): an open trial of comparative efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) with other therapies. Minerva Stomatol. 2002;51(9):405-409. View abstract.","Fu Y. Effects of alpha lipoic acid and mecobalamin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine. 2008;28:81-83.","Ghibu, S., Richard, C., Delemasure, S., Vergely, C., Mogosan, C., and Muresan, A. [An endogenous dithiol with antioxidant properties: alpha-lipoic acid, potential uses in cardiovascular diseases]. Ann Cardiol.Angeiol.(Paris) 2008;57(3):161-165. View abstract.","Gianturco, V., Bellomo, A., D'Ottavio, E., Formosa, V., Iori, A., Mancinella, M., Troisi, G., and Marigliano, V. Impact of therapy with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on the oxidative stress in the controlled NIDDM: a possible preventive way against the organ dysfunction? Arch.Gerontol.Geriatr. 2009;49 Suppl 1:129-133. View abstract.","Gleiter, C. H., Schug, B. S., Hermann, R., Elze, M., Blume, H. H., and Gundert-Remy, U. Influence of food intake on the bioavailability of thioctic acid enantiomers. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50(6):513-514. View abstract.","Gregus, Z., Stein, A. F., Varga, F., and Klaassen, C. D. Effect of lipoic acid on biliary excretion of glutathione and metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992;114(1):88-96. View abstract.","Guais, A., Baronzio, G., Sanders, E., Campion, F., Mainini, C., Fiorentini, G., Montagnani, F., Behzadi, M., Schwartz, L., and Abolhassani, M. Adding a combination of hydroxycitrate and lipoic acid (METABLOC) to chemotherapy improves effectiveness against tumor development: experimental results and case report. Invest New Drugs 2012;30(1):200-211. View abstract.","Haak, E. S., Usadel, K. H., Kohleisen, M., Yilmaz, A., Kusterer, K., and Haak, T. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the neurovascular reflex arc in patients with diabetic neuropathy assessed by capillary microscopy. Microvasc.Res. 1999;58(1):28-34. View abstract.","Hahm, J. R., Kim, B. J., and Kim, K. W. Clinical experience with thioctacid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Korean diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications 2004;18(2):79-85. View abstract.","Han, D., Sen, C. K., Roy, S., Kobayashi, M. S., Tritschler, H. J., and Packer, L. Protection against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in C6 glial cells by thiol antioxidants. Am J Physiol 1997;273(5 Pt 2):R1771-R1778. View abstract.","Handelman, G. J., Han, D., Tritschler, H., and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoic acid reduction by mammalian cells to the dithiol form, and release into the culture medium. Biochem Pharmacol 5-18-1994;47(10):1725-1730. View abstract.","Harris, R. A., Nishiyama, S. K., Wray, D. W., Tedjasaputra, V., Bailey, D. M., and Richardson, R. S. The effect of oral antioxidants on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation following 5 and 10 min of ischemia. Eur J Appl.Physiol 2009;107(4):445-453. View abstract.","Hatzitolios, A., Iliadis, F., Katsiki, N., and Baltatzi, M. Is the anti-hypertensive effect of dietary supplements via aldehydes reduction evidence based? A systematic review. Clin Exp.Hypertens. 2008;30(7):628-639. View abstract.","Heinisch, B. B., Francesconi, M., Mittermayer, F., Schaller, G., Gouya, G., Wolzt, M., and Pleiner, J. Alpha-lipoic acid improves vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Eur J Clin Invest 2010;40(2):148-154. View abstract.","Heitzer, T., Finckh, B., Albers, S., Krohn, K., Kohlschutter, A., and Meinertz, T. Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid and ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in diabetic patients: relation to parameters of oxidative stress. Free Radic.Biol Med 7-1-2001;31(1):53-61. View abstract.","Henriksen, E. J., Jacob, S., Streeper, R. S., Fogt, D. L., Hokama, J. Y., and Tritschler, H. J. Stimulation by alpha-lipoic acid of glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle of lean and obese Zucker rats. Life Sci 1997;61(8):805-812. View abstract.","Huang H, Zhu KS Wang P Qu JC Ji XF & Song M. The effects of lipoic acid and prostaglandin E1 on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Health 2008;11:29-30.","Huang, E. A. and Gitelman, S. E. The effect of oral alpha-lipoic acid on oxidative stress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr.Diabetes 2008;9(3 Pt 2):69-73. View abstract.","Jacob, S., Streeper, R. S., Fogt, D. L., Hokama, J. Y., Tritschler, H. J., Dietze, G. J., and Henriksen, E. J. The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid enhances insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes 1996;45(8):1024-1029. View abstract.","Jain, S. K. and Lim, G. Lipoic acid decreases lipid peroxidation and protein glycosylation and increases (Na(+) + K(+))- and Ca(++)-ATPase activities in high glucose- treated human erythrocytes. Free Radic.Biol.Med 2000;29(11):1122-1128. View abstract.","Jameel, N. M., Shekhar, M. A., and Vishwanath, B. S. Alpha-lipoic acid: an inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci 12-14-2006;80(2):146-153. View abstract.","Jang, W. G., Kim, H. S., Park, K. G., Park, Y. B., Yoon, K. H., Han, S. W., Hur, S. H., Park, K. S., and Lee, I. K. Analysis of proteome and transcriptome of tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells with or without alpha lipoic acid. Proteomics. 2004;4(11):3383-3393. View abstract.","Janson, M. Orthomolecular medicine: the therapeutic use of dietary supplements for anti-aging. Clin Interv.Aging 2006;1(3):261-265. View abstract.","Kahler, W., Kuklinski, B., Ruhlmann, C., and Plotz, C. [Diabetes mellitus--a free radical-associated disease. Results of adjuvant antioxidant supplementation]. Z Gesamte Inn.Med 1993;48(5):223-232. View abstract.","Kamenova, P. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid. Hormones.(Athens.) 2006;5(4):251-258. View abstract.","Kawabata, T. and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoate can protect against glycation of serum albumin, but not low density lipoprotein. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 8-30-1994;203(1):99-104. View abstract.","Khanna, S., Atalay, M., Laaksonen, D. E., Gul, M., Roy, S., and Sen, C. K. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation: tissue glutathione homeostasis at rest and after exercise. J Appl.Physiol 1999;86(4):1191-1196. View abstract.","Khanna, S., Atalay, M., Lodge, J. K., Laaksonen, D. E., Roy, S., Hanninen, O., Packer, L., and Sen, C. K. Skeletal muscle and liver lipoyllysine content in response to exercise, training and dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int. 1998;46(2):297-306. View abstract.","Kim, E., Park, D. W., Choi, S. H., Kim, J. J., and Cho, H. S. A preliminary investigation of alpha-lipoic acid treatment of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(2):138-146. View abstract.","Konrad, D., Somwar, R., Sweeney, G., Yaworsky, K., Hayashi, M., Ramlal, T., and Klip, A. The antihyperglycemic drug alpha-lipoic acid stimulates glucose uptake via both GLUT4 translocation and GLUT4 activation: potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in GLUT4 activation. Diabetes 2001;50(6):1464-1471. View abstract.","Kravchuk, IuA, Mekhtiev, S. N., Uspenskii, IuP, Grinevich, V. B., and Koblov, S. V. [Device laboratory and postmortem parallels in alcoholic hepatitis during combined therapy using thioctic (alpha-lipoic) acid]. Klin.Med (Mosk) 2004;82(6):55-57. View abstract.","Larkin, J., Bea, L., and Sharma, A. A cost effective complement to managing the vitamin D deficient and anemic dialysis patient in the bundled world. Nephrol.News Issues 2012;26(8):22-4, 26. View abstract.","Lee, T. and Dugoua, J. J. Nutritional supplements and their effect on glucose control. Curr.Diab.Rep. 2011;11(2):142-148. View abstract.","Lee, W. J., Lee, I. K., Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. M., Koh, E. H., Won, J. C., Han, S. M., Kim, M. S., Jo, I., Oh, G. T., Park, I. S., Youn, J. H., Park, S. W., Lee, K. U., and Park, J. Y. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents endothelial dysfunction in obese rats via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 2005;25(12):2488-2494. View abstract.","Lee, W. J., Song, K. H., Koh, E. H., Won, J. C., Kim, H. S., Park, H. S., Kim, M. S., Kim, S. W., Lee, K. U., and Park, J. Y. Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 7-8-2005;332(3):885-891. View abstract.","Li J, Xu QL. Effects of shuxuening and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Modern Drug Application. 2008;2:49-50.","Lopez-Erauskin, J., Fourcade, S., Galino, J., Ruiz, M., Schluter, A., Naudi, A., Jove, M., Portero-Otin, M., Pamplona, R., Ferrer, I., and Pujol, A. Antioxidants halt axonal degeneration in a mouse model of X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(1):84-92. View abstract.","Lu YH. Observation of -lipoic acid and ligutrazine curing diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Medical Recapitulate 2009;2:62.","Lukaszuk, J. Schultz T. Prawitz A. and Hofmann E. R-Alpha Lipoic Acid Effect on HbA1c in Type-2 Diabetics. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 2009;6(1):1-14.","Madeddu, C., Dessi, M., Panzone, F., Serpe, R., Antoni, G., Cau, M. C., Montaldo, L., Mela, Q., Mura, M., Astara, G., Tanca, F. M., Maccio, A., and Mantovani, G. Randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment with carnitine + celecoxib +\u002F- megestrol acetate for patients with cancer-related anorexia\u002Fcachexia syndrome. Clin Nutr 2012;31(2):176-182. View abstract.","Maitra, I., Serbinova, E., Trischler, H., and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents buthionine sulfoximine-induced cataract formation in newborn rats. Free Radic.Biol.Med 1995;18(4):823-829. View abstract.","Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Gramignano, G., Lusso, M. R., Serpe, R., Massa, E., Astara, G., and Deiana, L. A phase II study with antioxidants, both in the diet and supplemented, pharmaconutritional support, progestagen, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 showing efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related anorexia\u002Fcachexia and oxidative stress. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(5):1030-1034. View abstract.","Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Gramignano, G., Serpe, R., Massa, E., Dessi, M., Tanca, F. M., Sanna, E., Deiana, L., Panzone, F., Contu, P., and Floris, C. Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment for patients with cancer cachexia: interim results. Nutrition 2008;24(4):305-313. View abstract.","Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Mura, L., Gramignano, G., Lusso, M. R., Massa, E., Mocci, M., and Serpe, R. Antioxidant agents are effective in inducing lymphocyte progression through cell cycle in advanced cancer patients: assessment of the most important laboratory indexes of cachexia and oxidative stress. J Mol Med 2003;81(10):664-673. View abstract.","Martins, V. D., Manfredini, V., Peralba, M. C., and Benfato, M. S. Alpha-lipoic acid modifies oxidative stress parameters in sickle cell trait subjects and sickle cell patients. Clin Nutr 2009;28(2):192-197. View abstract.","Mazloom, Z. and Ansar H. The Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetics. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;11(3):245-250.","McCormick, R. K. Osteoporosis: integrating biomarkers and other diagnostic correlates into the management of bone fragility. Altern.Med Rev. 2007;12(2):113-145. View abstract.","McNeilly, A. M., Davison, G. W., Murphy, M. H., Nadeem, N., Trinick, T., Duly, E., Novials, A., and McEneny, J. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and exercise training on cardiovascular disease risk in obesity with impaired glucose tolerance. Lipids Health Dis 2011;10:217. View abstract.","Mignini, F., Streccioni, V., Tomassoni, D., Traini, E., and Amenta, F. Comparative crossover, randomized, open-label bioequivalence study on the bioequivalence of two formulations of thioctic acid in healthy volunteers. Clin Exp.Hypertens. 2007;29(8):575-586. View abstract.","Mijnhout, G. S., Alkhalaf, A., Kleefstra, N., and Bilo, H. J. Alpha lipoic acid: a new treatment for neuropathic pain in patients with diabetes? Neth.J Med 2010;68(4):158-162. View abstract.","Milazzo, L., Menzaghi, B., Caramma, I., Nasi, M., Sangaletti, O., Cesari, M., Zanone, Poma B., Cossarizza, A., Antinori, S., and Galli, M. Effect of antioxidants on mitochondrial function in HIV-1-related lipoatrophy: a pilot study. AIDS Res.Hum.Retroviruses 2010;26(11):1207-1214. View abstract.","Mitsui, Y., Schmelzer, J. D., Zollman, P. J., Mitsui, M., Tritschler, H. J., and Low, P. A. Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J Neurol.Sci. 2-1-1999;163(1):11-16. View abstract.","Mittermayer, F., Pleiner, J., Francesconi, M., and Wolzt, M. Treatment with alpha-lipoic acid reduces asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Transl.Res 2010;155(1):6-9. View abstract.","Mollo, R., Zaccardi, F., Scalone, G., Scavone, G., Rizzo, P., Navarese, E. P., Manto, A., Pitocco, D., Lanza, G. A., Ghirlanda, G., and Crea, F. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on platelet reactivity in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2012;35(2):196-197. View abstract.","Morcos, M., Borcea, V., Isermann, B., Gehrke, S., Ehret, T., Henkels, M., Schiekofer, S., Hofmann, M., Amiral, J., Tritschler, H., Ziegler, R., Wahl, P., and Nawroth, P. P. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the progression of endothelial cell damage and albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus: an exploratory study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001;52(3):175-183. View abstract.","Moreira, P. I., Harris, P. L., Zhu, X., Santos, M. S., Oliveira, C. R., Smith, M. A., and Perry, G. Lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine decrease mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease patient fibroblasts. J Alzheimers.Dis 2007;12(2):195-206. View abstract.","Muller, U. and Krieglstein, J. Prolonged pretreatment with alpha-lipoic acid protects cultured neurons against hypoxic, glutamate-, or iron-induced injury. J Cereb.Blood Flow Metab 1995;15(4):624-630. View abstract.","Najm, W. and Lie, D. Herbals used for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Prim.Care 2010;37(2):237-254. View abstract.","Nebbioso, M., Federici, M., Rusciano, D., Evangelista, M., and Pescosolido, N. Oxidative stress in preretinopathic diabetes subjects and antioxidants. Diabetes Technol.Ther 2012;14(3):257-263. View abstract.","Negrisanu, G., Rosu, M., Bolte, B., Lefter, D., and Dabelea, D. Effects of 3-month treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Rom.J Intern Med 1999;37(3):297-306. View abstract.","Ou, P., Tritschler, H. J., and Wolff, S. P. Thioctic (lipoic) acid: a therapeutic metal-chelating antioxidant? Biochem.Pharmacol. 6-29-1995;50(1):123-126. View abstract.","Palacka, P., Kucharska, J., Murin, J., Dostalova, K., Okkelova, A., Cizova, M., Waczulikova, I., Moricova, S., and Gvozdjakova, A. Complementary therapy in diabetic patients with chronic complications: a pilot study. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2010;111(4):205-211. View abstract.","Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. View abstract.","Podda, M., Tritschler, H. J., Ulrich, H., and Packer, L. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation prevents symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 10-14-1994;204(1):98-104. View abstract.","Qiao YC. Effects of lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rational Drug Use. 2009;2:62.","Ramos, L. F., Kane, J., McMonagle, E., Le, P., Wu, P., Shintani, A., Ikizler, T. A., and Himmelfarb, J. Effects of combination tocopherols and alpha lipoic acid therapy on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2011;21(3):211-218. View abstract.","Reichel G, Doberenz M, Both R, and et al. Function of cardiac nerves in diabetics during alpha-lipoic-acid-therapy. J Neurol Sci 1997;150(5):S209.","Rett K, Wicklmayr M, Ruus P, and et al. Lipoic acid acutely ameliorates insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Und Stoffwechsel 1996;5(3 suppl):59-63.","Rivinius, C. Burning mouth syndrome: Identification, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad.Nurse Pract. 2009;21(8):423-429. View abstract.","Rooney, J. P. The role of thiols, dithiols, nutritional factors and interacting ligands in the toxicology of mercury. Toxicology 5-20-2007;234(3):145-156. View abstract.","Rosa, F. T., Zulet, M. A., Marchini, J. S., and Martinez, J. A. Bioactive compounds with effects on inflammation markers in humans. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012;63(6):749-765. View abstract.","Rutkove, S. B. A 52-year-old woman with disabling peripheral neuropathy: review of diabetic polyneuropathy. JAMA 10-7-2009;302(13):1451-1458. View abstract.","Salinthone, S., Yadav, V., Schillace, R. V., Bourdette, D. N., and Carr, D. W. Lipoic acid attenuates inflammation via cAMP and protein kinase A signaling. PLoS.One. 2010;5(9) View abstract.","Schimmelpfennig W, Renger F, Wack R, and et al. [Results of a prospective double-blind study with alpha-lipoic acid against placebo in alcoholic liver damage] (Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Doppelblindstudie mit Alpha-Liponsäure gegen Plazebo bei alkoholischen Leberschäden). Dtsch Gesundheitswes 1983;38(18):690-693.","Scholich, H., Murphy, M. E., and Sies, H. Antioxidant activity of dihydrolipoate against microsomal lipid peroxidation and its dependence on alpha-tocopherol. Biochim.Biophys Acta 2-20-1989;1001(3):256-261. View abstract.","Singh, U. and Jialal, I. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(11):646-657. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.","Skalska, S., Kucera, P., Goldenberg, Z., Stefek, M., Kyselova, Z., Jariabka, P., Gajdosikova, A., Klobucnikova, K., Traubner, P., and Stolc, S. Neuropathy in a rat model of mild diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin: effects of the antioxidant stobadine in comparison with a high-dose alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Gen.Physiol Biophys 2010;29(1):50-58. View abstract.","Smith, A. R. and Hagen, T. M. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in aging: loss of Akt-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and partial restoration by (R)-alpha-lipoic acid. Biochem Soc Trans. 2003;31(Pt 6):1447-1449. View abstract.","Sola, S., Mir, M. Q., Cheema, F. A., Khan-Merchant, N., Menon, R. G., Parthasarathy, S., and Khan, B. V. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation 1-25-2005;111(3):343-348. View abstract.","Spisakova, M., Cizek, Z., and Melkova, Z. Ethacrynic and alpha-lipoic acids inhibit vaccinia virus late gene expression. Antiviral Res 2009;81(2):156-165. View abstract.","Statsenko, M. E., Poletaeva, L. V., Turkina, S. V., Apukhtin, A. F., and Dudchenko, G. P. [Mildronate effects on oxidant stress in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic peripheral (sensomotor) neuropathy]. Ter.Arkh. 2008;80(10):27-30. View abstract.","Suarez, P. and Clark, G. T. Burning mouth syndrome: an update on diagnosis and treatment methods. J Calif.Dent.Assoc. 2006;34(8):611-622. View abstract.","Sung, M. J., Kim, W., Ahn, S. Y., Cho, C. H., Koh, G. Y., Moon, S. O., Kim, D. H., Lee, S., Kang, K. P., Jang, K. Y., and Park, S. K. Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial fractalkine expression. Circ.Res 10-28-2005;97(9):880-890. View abstract.","Suo LN & Zhang D. Effects of lipoic acid and mecobalamin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2009;24:1104-1105.","Tang, J., Wingerchuk, D. M., Crum, B. A., Rubin, D. I., and Demaerschalk, B. M. Alpha-lipoic acid may improve symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurologist. 2007;13(3):164-167. View abstract.","Tankova, T., Cherninkova, S., and Koev, D. Treatment for diabetic mononeuropathy with alpha-lipoic acid. Int J Clin.Pract. 2005;59(6):645-650. View abstract.","Teichert, J., Hermann, R., Ruus, P., and Preiss, R. Plasma kinetics, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid following oral administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2003;43(11):1257-1267. View abstract.","Tsai, F. J., Wang, Y. D., Chen, C. C., Hsieh, C., Cheng, Z. J., and Wu, Y. J. Evaluation of the antioxidative capability of commonly used antioxidants in dermocosmetics by in vivo detection of protein carbonylation in human stratum corneum. J Photochem.Photobiol.B 7-2-2012;112:7-15. View abstract.","VIATRIS GmbH. NATHAN II Study, data on file.","Wang J, Song W Huang J & Qu YC. Effects of prostaglandin E1 and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Practical Training of Medicine 2007;23:1325-1326.","Wenzel, U., Nickel, A., and Daniel, H. alpha-Lipoic acid induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by increasing mitochondrial respiration with a concomitant O2-*-generation. Apoptosis. 2005;10(2):359-368. View abstract.","Wray, D. W., Nishiyama, S. K., Harris, R. A., Zhao, J., McDaniel, J., Fjeldstad, A. S., Witman, M. A., Ives, S. J., Barrett-O'Keefe, Z., and Richardson, R. S. Acute reversal of endothelial dysfunction in the elderly after antioxidant consumption. Hypertension 2012;59(4):818-824. View abstract.","Wray, D. W., Nishiyama, S. K., Monnet, A., Wary, C., Duteil, S. S., Carlier, P. G., and Richardson, R. S. Antioxidants and aging: NMR-based evidence of improved skeletal muscle perfusion and energetics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2009;297(5):H1870-H1875. View abstract.","Wray, D. W., Uberoi, A., Lawrenson, L., Bailey, D. M., and Richardson, R. S. Oral antioxidants and cardiovascular health in the exercise-trained and untrained elderly: a radically different outcome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009;116(5):433-441. View abstract.","Wu YX, Shi F & Ling L. Effects of lipoic acid and prostaglandin E1on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Sun Yat-sen University. 2008;29(S3):124-126.","Xia W, Zhang L & Wen SL. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on painful neuropathy of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Henan University. 2008;27:53-54.","Xiang GD, Pu JH, Snu HL, and Zhao LS. Alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Exp.Clin Endocrinol.Diabetes 2010;118(9):625-629. View abstract.","Xiang, G. D., Sun, H. L., Zhao, L. S., Hou, J., Yue, L., and Xu, L. The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction induced by acute hyperglycaemia during OGTT in impaired glucose tolerance. Clin Endocrinol.(Oxf) 2008;68(5):716-723. View abstract.","Xiang, G., Pu, J., Yue, L., Hou, J., and Sun, H. alpha-lipoic acid can improve endothelial dysfunction in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Metabolism 2011;60(4):480-485. View abstract.","Yaworsky, K., Somwar, R., Ramlal, T., Tritschler, H. J., and Klip, A. Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia 2000;43(3):294-303. View abstract.","Zakrzewska, J. M., Forssell, H., and Glenny, A. M. Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome. Cochrane.Database.Syst Rev 2005;(1):CD002779. View abstract.","Zembron-Lacny, A., Ostapiuk, J., and Szyszka, K. Effects of sulphur-containing compounds on plasma redox status in muscle-damaging exercise. Chin J Physiol 10-31-2009;52(5):289-294. View abstract.","Zembron-Lacny, A., Slowinska-Lisowska, M., Szygula, Z., Witkowski, K., and Szyszka, K. The comparison of antioxidant and hematological properties of N-acetylcysteine and alpha-lipoic acid in physically active males. Physiol Res 2009;58(6):855-861. View abstract.","Zembron-Lacny, A., Szyszka, K., and Szygula, Z. Effect of cysteine derivatives administration in healthy men exposed to intense resistance exercise by evaluation of pro-antioxidant ratio. J Physiol Sci 2007;57(6):343-348. View abstract.","Zhang XL, Feng YL Zhou BA & Wei GY. Effects of mecobalamin and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2009;24:1104-1105.","Zhao YY. Combined therapeutic effects of -lipoic acid and mecobalamin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Practical Training of Medicine 2008;24:4289-4290.","Zhou L. Effects of cilostazol and -lipoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Medicine and Health Care. 2009;17:10-11.","Ziegler, D., Reljanovic, M., Mehnert, H., and Gries, F. A. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials. Exp Clin Endocrinol.Diabetes 1999;107(7):421-430. View abstract.","Zou JJ, Zheng JY Zhao Y Tang W Shi YQ & Liu ZM. Effects and safety of combined therapy of -lipoic acid, mecobalamin and prostaglandin E1 for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Shanghai Medical Journal 2008;31:364-365.","Sanders LLO, de Souza Menezes CE, Chaves Filho AJM, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid as adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia: an open-label trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Dec;37(6):697-701. View abstract.","). Ziegler D., Low P. A., Litchy W. J., Boulton A. J., Vinik A. I., Freeman R., Samigullin R., Tritschler H., Munzel U., Maus J., Schütte K., Dyck P. J. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with a-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34(9):2054-2060. View abstract.","Abdelrahman KA, Ibrahim AS, Osman AM, Aly MG, Ali AS, Farrag WS. Alpha lipoic acid with pulsed radiofrequency in treatment of chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: A prospective, randomized study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021;100(24):e26344. View abstract.","Abu-Zaid A, Baradwan S, Bukhari IA, et al. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2023. View abstract.","Ahmadi M, Keshavarz SA, Abbasi B. Effects of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on serum lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ARYA Atheroscler 2022;18(4):1-8. View abstract.","Alleva R., Nasole E., Di Donato F., Borghi B., Neuzil J., Tomasetti M. alpha-Lipoic acid supplementation inhibits oxidative damage, accelerating chronic wound healing in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;333(2):404-410. View abstract.","Alleva R., Tomasetti M., Sartini D., Emanuelli M., Nasole E., Di Donato F., Borghi B., Santarelli L., Neuzil J. alpha-Lipoic acid modulates extracellular matrix and angiogenesis gene expression in non-healing wounds treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Mol Med 2008;14(3-4):175-183. View abstract.","Altenkirch H, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Wagner HM, et al. Effects of lipoic acid in hexacarbon-induced neuropathy. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990;12:619-22. View abstract.","Altunina N, Bondarchuk O. EFFECTS OF ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID ON GLYCEMIC STATUS IN 2 TYPE DIABETES PATIENTS WITH ?HRONIC CORONARY SYNDROME. Wiad Lek 2022;75(12):3074-3079. View abstract.","Ametov A. S., Novosadova M. V., Barinov A. N., Samigullin R., Trischler H. J. [Long-term effect of 3-week intravenous alpha-lipoic acid administration in symptomatic diabetic polyneutropathy with clinical manifestations]. Ter Arkh 2010;82(12):61-64. View abstract.","Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid. Diabetes Care 2003;26:770-6. View abstract.","Anon. Alpha-lipoic acid. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:308-10. View abstract.","Ansar H., Mazloom Z., Kazemi F., Hejazi N. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on blood glucose, insulin resistance and glutathione peroxidase of type 2 diabetic patients. Saudi Med J 2011;32(6):584-588. View abstract.","Aslfalah H, Jamilian M, Ansarihadipour H, Abdollahi M, Khosrowbeygi A. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the lipid profile and lipid ratios in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A clinical trial study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2020;18(12):1029-1038. View abstract.","Bae S. C., Jung W. J., Lee E. J., Yu R., Sung M. K. Effects of antioxidant supplements intervention on the level of plasma inflammatory molecules and disease severity of rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(1):56-62. View abstract.","Baicus C, Purcarea A, von Elm E, Delcea C, Furtunescu FL. Alpha-lipoic acid for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024;1(1):CD012967. View abstract.","Baillie J. K., Thompson A. A., Irving J. B., Bates M. G., Sutherland A. I., Macnee W., Maxwell S. R., Webb D. J. Oral antioxidant supplementation does not prevent acute mountain sickness: double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. QJM 2009;102(5):341-348. View abstract.","Banik S, Ghosh A, Sato H, Onoue S. The efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in the management of burning mouth syndrome: An updated systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. Health Sci Rep 2023;6(4):e1186. View abstract.","Basile GA, Iannuzzo F, Xerra F, et al. Cognitive and Mood Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation in a Nonclinical Elder Sample: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023;20(3):2358. View abstract.","Baur A, Harrer T, Peukert M, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid is an effective inhibitor of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) replication. Klin Wochenschr 1991;69:722-4. View abstract.","Beitner H. Randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study on the clinical efficacy of a cream containing 5% alpha-lipoic acid related to photoaging of facial skin. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:841-9. View abstract.","Berkson BM. Thioctic acid in treatment of hepatotoxic mushroom (Phalloides) poisoning (letter). N Engl J Med 1979;300:371.","Bertolotto F., Massone A. Combination of alpha lipoic acid and superoxide dismutase leads to physiological and symptomatic improvements in diabetic neuropathy. Drugs R D 2012;12(1):29-34. View abstract.","Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, Bast A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol 1997;29:315-31. View abstract.","Block G, Jensen C, Dietrich M, et al. Plasma C-reactive protein concentrations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:141-7. View abstract.","Bobe G, Michels AJ, Zhang WJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of long-term (R)-&alpha;-lipoic acid supplementation promotes weight loss in overweight or obese adults without altering baseline elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations. J Nutr. 2020: 150(9):2336-2345. View abstract.","Bonetti M, Lauritano D, Ottaviani GM, et al. New Approach to Chronic Back Pain Treatment: A Case Control Study. Biomedicines 2022;11(1):73. View abstract.","Bonetti M, Lauritano D, Ottaviani GM, et al. Oxygen-ozone therapy associated with alpha lipoic acid plus palmitoylethanolamide and myrrh versus ozone therapy in the combined treatment of sciatic pain due to herniated discs: observational study on 318 patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(9):5716. View abstract.","Boriani F, Granchi D, Roatti G, Merlini L, Sabattini T, Baldini N. Alpha-lipoic acid after median nerve decompression at the carpal tunnel: a randomized controlled trial. J Hand Surg Am. 2017 Apr;42(4):236-42.View abstract.","Brennan BP, Jensen JE, Hudson JI, Coit CE, Beaulieu A, Pope HG Jr, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM. A placebo-controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine and a-lipoic acid in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):627-35. View abstract.","Burekovic A., Terzic M., Alajbegovic S., Vukojevic Z., Hadzic N. The role of alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic polyneuropathy treatment. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2008;8(4):341-345. View abstract.","Bustamante J, Lodge JK, Marcocci L, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid in liver metabolism and disease. Free Rad Biol Med 1998;24:1023-39. View abstract.","Cantone E, D'Ascanio L, De Luca P, et al. Persistent COVID-19 parosmia and olfactory loss post olfactory training: randomized clinical trial comparing central and peripheral-acting therapeutics. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024. View abstract.","Carbone M., Pentenero M., Carrozzo M., Ippolito A., Gandolfo S. Lack of efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Pain 2009;13(5):492-496. View abstract.","Cavalcanti D. R., da Silveira F. R. Alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome--a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Oral Pathol Med 2009;38(3):254-261. View abstract.","Cavestro C, Bedogni G, Molinari F, Mandrino S, Rota E, Frigeri MC. Alpha-lipoic acid shows promise to improve migraine in patients with insulin resistance: a 6-month exploratory study. J Med Food. 2017 Oct 4. View abstract.","Chang J. W., Lee E. K., Kim T. H., Min W. K., Chun S., Lee K. U., Kim S. B., Park J. S. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on the plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in diabetic end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis: a pilot study. Am J Nephrol 2007;27(1):70-74. View abstract.","Christy J, Noorani S, Sy F, Al-Eryani K, Enciso R. Efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in patients with burning mouth syndrome compared to that of placebo or other interventions: a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2022;22(5):323-38. View abstract.","Cicek M, Yildirir A, Okyay K, et al. Use of alpha-lipoic acid in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients. Ren Fail 2013;35(5):748-53. View abstract.","Conklin KA. Cancer chemotherapy and antioxidants. J Nutr 2004;134:3201S-3204S. View abstract.","Conlon BJ, Aran JM, Erre JP, Smith DW. Attenuation of aminoglycoside-induced cochlear damage with the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Hear Res 1999;128:40-4. View abstract.","Corazza M, Arlotti E, Schettini N, Pacetti L, Bianchi A, Borghi A. Allergic contact dermatitis due to a-lipoic acid in a topical over-the-counter product: A case report. Contact Dermatitis 2023. View abstract.","D'Orio M, De Vitis R, Taccardo G, et al. Clinical usefulness of nutraceutics with acetyl-L-carnitine, a-lipoic acid, phosphatidylserine, curcumin, C, E and B-group vitamins in patients awaiting for carpal tunnel release during COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled open label prospective study. Acta Biomed 2023;94(S2):e2023050. View abstract.","Dana Consortium on the therapy of HIV dementia and related cognitive disorders. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of deprenyl and thioctic acid in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 1998;50:645-51. View abstract.","De Lima DN Jr, Costa Filho CWL, Frota IJ, et al. a-Lipoic acid as adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023;43(1):39-45. View abstract.","de Oliveira A. M., Rondó P. H., Luzia L. A., D'Abronzo F. H., Illison V. K. The effects of lipoic acid and a-tocopherol supplementation on the lipid profile and insulin sensitivity of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;92(2):253-260. View abstract.","Dell'Anna M. L., Mastrofrancesco A., Sala R., Venturini M., Ottaviani M., Vidolin A. P., Leone G., Calzavara P. G., Westerhof W., Picardo, M. Antioxidants and narrow band-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32(6):631-636. View abstract.","Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Preti P, Maffioli P. Safety and efficacy of alpha lipoic acid during 4 years of observation: A retrospective, clinical trial in healthy subjects in primary prevention. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:5367-5374. View abstract.","Desideri I, Francolini G, Becherini C, et al. Use of an alpha lipoic, methylsulfonylmethane and bromelain dietary supplement (Opera) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy management, a prospective study. Med Oncol. 2017 Mar;34(3):46.View abstract.","Desideri I, Lucidi S, Francolini G, et al. Use of an alfa-lipoic, methylsulfonylmethane, Boswellia serrata and bromelain dietary supplement (OPERA®) for aromatase inhibitors-related arthralgia management (AIA): a prospective phase II trial (NCT04161833). Med Oncol 2022;39(8):113. View abstract.","Di Geronimo G., Caccese A. F., Caruso L., Soldati A., Passaretti U. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with alpha-lipoic acid. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2009;13(2):133-139. View abstract.","Divkovic A, Radic K, Sabitovic D, et al. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions-double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2022;10(12):2434. View abstract.","Donato, A. J., Uberoi, A., Bailey, D. M., Wray, D. W., and Richardson, R. S. Exercise-induced brachial artery vasodilation: effects of antioxidants and exercise training in elderly men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2010;298(2):H671-H678. View abstract.","Dong L, Yang F, Li J, Li Y, Yu X, Zhang X. Effect of oral alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on sperm parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Basic Clin Androl 2022;32(1):23. View abstract.","Du X., Edelstein D., Brownlee M. Oral benfotiamine plus alpha-lipoic acid normalises complication-causing pathways in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51(10):1930-1932. View abstract.","EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, et al. Scientific opinion on the relationship between intake of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) and the risk of insulin autoimmune syndrome. EFSA J 2021;19(6):e06577. View abstract.","El Amrousy D, El-Afify D. Effects of alpha lipoic acid as a supplement in obese children and adolescents. Cytokine. 2020;130:155084. View abstract.","El-Nahas MR, Elkannishy G, Abdelhafez H, Elkhamisy ET, El-Sehrawy AA. Oral alpha lipoic acid treatment for symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020. View abstract.","Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, du Plessis S, Phahladira L, van Niekerk E, van Rensburg SJ, Harvey BH. A randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids plus an antioxidant for relapse prevention after antipsychotic discontinuation in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014 Sep;158(1-3):230-5. View abstract.","Esposito C, Ugo Garzarella E, Santarcangelo C, et al. Safety and efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid oral supplementation in the reduction of pain with unknown etiology: A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;144:112308. View abstract.","Femiano F., Gombos F., Scully C. Burning Mouth Syndrome: open trial of psychotherapy alone, medication with alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid), and combination therapy. Med Oral 2004;9(1):8-13. View abstract.","Femiano F., Gombos F., Scully C. Burning mouth syndrome: the efficacy of lipoic acid on subgroups. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18(6):676-678. View abstract.","Femiano F., Gombos F., Scully C., Busciolano M., Luca P. D. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): controlled open trial of the efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) on symptomatology. Oral Dis 2000;6(5):274-277. View abstract.","Femiano F., Scully C. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): double blind controlled study of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) therapy. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31(5):267-269. View abstract.","Figueiredo LP, Paim PVDSL, Cerqueira-Silva T, Barreto CC, Lessa MM. Alpha-lipoic acid does not improve olfactory training results in olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a double-blind randomized trial. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2023;90(1):101356. View abstract.","Filina A. A., Davydova N. G., Endrikhovskii S. N., Shamshinova A. M. [Lipoic acid as a means of metabolic therapy of open-angle glaucoma]. Vestn Oftalmol 1995;111(4):6-8. View abstract.","Fogacci F, Rizzo M, Krogager C, et al. Safety evaluation of a-lipoic acid supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical studies. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(10):1011. View abstract.","Fruzzetti F, Benelli E, Fidecicchi T, et al. Clinical and Metabolic Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Associated with Two Different Doses of Myo-Inositol in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Endocrinol. 2020;2020:2901393. View abstract.","Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T, Palla G, Gambacciani M. Long-term treatment with a-lipoic acid and myo-inositol positively affects clinical and metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2020;36(2):152-155. View abstract.","Fuchs J, Schofer H, Milbradt R, et al. Studies on lipoate effects on blood redox state in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:1359-62. View abstract.","Furukawa N, Miyamura N, Nishida K, et al. Possible relevance of alpha lipoic acid contained in a health supplement in a case of insulin autoimmune syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;75:366-7. View abstract.","Galasko D. R., Peskind E., Clark C. M., Quinn J. F., Ringman J. M., Jicha G. A., Cotman C., Cottrell B., Montine T. J., Thomas R. G., Aisen P. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. Arch Neurol 2012;69(7):836-841. View abstract.","Genazzani AD, Battipaglia C, Rusce L, et al. Alpha lipoic acid administration improved both peripheral sensitivity to insulin and liver clearance of insulin reducing potential risk of diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight\u002Fobese PCOS patients. Gynecol Endocrinol 2024;40(1):2341701. View abstract.","Genazzani AD, Prati A, Marchini F, Petrillo T, Napolitano A, Simoncini T. Differential insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in overweight\u002Fobese polycystic ovary syndrome patients undergoing to myo-inositol (MYO), alpha lipoic acid (ALA), or combination of both. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(12):1088-1093. View abstract.","Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of alpha-lipoic acid for the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: the IMPALA trial. Pain. 2021;162(2):561-568. View abstract.","Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of a combination of alpha-lipoic acid and pregabalin for neuropathic pain: the PAIN-CARE trial. Pain 2023. View abstract.","Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, Holden RR, Milev R, Towheed T. Combination analgesic development for enhanced clinical efficacy (the CADENCE trial): a double-blind, controlled trial of an alpha-lipoic acid-pregabalin combination for fibromyalgia pain. Pain 2023. View abstract.","Gleiter CH, Schreeb KH, Freudenthaler S, et al. Lack of interaction between thioctic acid, glibenclamide and acarbose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:819-25. View abstract.","Grandi G, Pignatti L, Ferrari F, Dante G, Neri I, Facchinetti F. Vaginal alpha-lipoic acid shows an anti-inflammatory effect on the cervix, preventing its shortening after primary tocolysis. A pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 Sep;30(18):2243-49.View abstract.","Gu X. M., Zhang S. S., Wu J. C., Tang Z. Y., Lu Z. Q., Li H., Liu C., Chen L., Ning, G. [Efficacy and safety of high-dose a-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2010;90(35):2473-2476. View abstract.","Gullo D, Evans JL, Sortino G, Goldfine ID, Vigneri R. Insulin autoimmune syndrome (Hirata Disease) in European Caucasians taking a-lipoic acid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;81(2):204-9. View abstract.","Gülsah Ö, Bekir DE. Efficacy of intravenous alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of neuropathic pain due to carpal tunnel syndrome. Ideggyogy Sz 2023;76(9-10):319-326. View abstract.","Guo Y, Jones D, Palmer JL, et al. Oral alpha-lipoic acid to prevent chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Support Care Cancer 2014;22(5):1223-31. View abstract.","Gurer H, Ozgunes H, Oztezcan S, Ercal N. Antioxidant role of alpha-lipoic acid in lead toxicity. Free Rad Biol Med 1999;27:75-81. View abstract.","Haak E., Usadel K. H., Kusterer K., Amini P., Frommeyer R., Tritschler H. J., Haak T. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on microcirculation in patients with peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000;108(3):168-174. View abstract.","Habibi M, Abbasi B, Fakhari Zavareh Z, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid ameliorates sperm DNA damage and chromatin integrity in men with high DNA damage: a triple blind randomized clinical trial. Cell J 2022;24(10):603-11. View abstract.","Habibi M, Fakhari Zavareh Z, Abbasi B, et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation for Male Partner of Couples with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Post hoc analysis in Clinical Trial. Int J Fertil Steril 2023;17(1):67-74. View abstract.","Hadzik B, Grass H, Mayatepek E, Daldrup T, Hoehn T. Fata non-accidental alpha-lipoic acid intoxication in an adolescent girl. Klin Padiatr. 2014 Sep;226(5):292-4. View abstract.","Hager K, Marahrens A, Kenklies M, Riederer P, Munch G. Alpha-lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Azheimer type dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001;32(3);275-282.","Hager K., Kenklies M., McAfoose J., Engel J., Münch G. Alpha-lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer's disease--a 48 months follow-up analysis. J Neural Transm Suppl 2007;(72):189-193. View abstract.","Haghighatdoost F, Gholami A, Hariri M. Alpha-lipoic acid effect on leptin and adiponectin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(5):649-657. View abstract.","Haghighatdoost F, Hariri M. Does alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2019;847:1-10. View abstract.","Hakimizad R, Soltani R, Khorvash F, Marjani M, Dastan F. The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine, alpha-lipoic acid, and coenzyme Q10 combination in preventing anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Iran J Pharm Res 2021;20(3):431-40. View abstract.","Halabi Z, El Helou C, Al Balushi H, et al. Alpha Lipoic Acid Toxicity: The First Reported Mortality in an Adult Patient After Multiorgan Failure. J Emerg Med 2023;64(2):190-194. View abstract.","Han T., Bai J., Liu W., Hu Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of a-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167(4):465-471. View abstract.","Haramaki N, Assadnazari H, Zimmer G, et al. The influence of vitamin E and dihydrolipoic acid on cardiac energy and glutathione status under hypoxia-reoxygenation. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995;37:591-7. View abstract.","Haritoglou C., Gerss J., Hammes H. P., Kampik A., Ulbig M. W. Alpha-lipoic acid for the prevention of diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmologica 2011;226(3):127-137. View abstract.","Hegazy SK, Tolba OA, Mostafa TM, Eid MA, El-Afify DR. Alpha-lipoic acid improves subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2013;10(1):58-67. View abstract.","Hodeeb YM, El-Rewiny EM, Gaafar AM, Zayed AN, Hasan MS, Elsaie ML. The effect of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on sperm functions in idiopathic asthenozoospermic patients: a case-controlled study. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2022. View abstract.","Holotiuk IS, Kryzhanivska AY, Holotiuk SI, Holotiuk VV, Maliborska SV. EFFECTIVENESS OF ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID AND IPIDACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN PREVENTION OF PACLITAXEL-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY ASSESSED BY ELECTRONEUROMYOGRAPHY OF SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL AND SURAL NERVES. Exp Oncol 2022;44(4):300-306. View abstract.","Hong Y, Peng J, Cai X, Zhang X, Liao Y, Lan L. Clinical efficacy of alprostadil combined with alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy. Open Med (Wars). 2017 Oct 5;12:323-27.View abstract.","Hosseinpour-Arjmand S, Amirkhizi F, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on inflammatory markers and body composition in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019;44(2):258-67. View abstract.","Hsieh RY, Huang IC, Chen C, Sung JY. Effects of Oral Alpha-Lipoic Acid Treatment on Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023;15(16):3634. View abstract.","Huang Z, Wan X, Liu J, et al. Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant a-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013;15(10):859-69. View abstract.","Iannuzzo F, Basile GA, Campolo D, et al. Metabolic and clinical effect of alpha-lipoic acid administration in schizophrenic subjects stabilized with atypical antipsychotics: A 12-week, open-label, uncontrolled study. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2022;3:100116. View abstract.","Isenmann E, Trittel L, Diel P. The effects of alpha lipoic acid on muscle strength recovery after a single and a short-term chronic supplementation - a study in healthy well-trained individuals after intensive resistance and endurance training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):61. View abstract.","Iuliano S, Greco F, Seminara G, et al. Positive effects of dietary supplementation with nutraceuticals on male subclinical hypogonadism: a pilot study. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023. View abstract.","Izzo V, Greco C, Corradini D, et al. Insulin autoimmune syndrome in an Argentine woman taking a-lipoic acid: A case report and review of the literature. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2018;6:2050313X18819601. View abstract.","Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Schiemann AL, et al. Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid. Arzneimittelforschung 1995;45:872-4. View abstract.","Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Tritschler HJ, et al. Improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose-disposal in type 2 diabetes after repeated parenteral administration of thioctic acid. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabet 1996;104:284-8. View abstract.","Jacob S, Ruus P, Hermann R, et al. Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, pilot trial. Free Rad Biol Med 1999;27:309-14. View abstract.","Jamshidi K, Abdollahzad H, Nachvak M, Rezaei M, Golpayegani MR, Sharifi Zahabi E. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in ß-thalassemia major patients: A clinical trial crossover study. J Blood Med. 2020;11:131-139. View abstract.","Janssen K, Mensink RP, Cox FJ, et al. Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:255-62. View abstract.","Jariwalla R. J., Lalezari J., Cenko D., Mansour S. E., Kumar A., Gangapurkar B., Nakamura D. Restoration of blood total glutathione status and lymphocyte function following alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in patients with HIV infection. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(2):139-146. View abstract.","Jiang Z, Tan Z, Meng F, Li X. Curative effects of valsartan alone or combined with alpha-lipoic acid on inflammatory cytokines and renal function in early-stage diabetic kidney disease. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019;29(10):1009-1011. View abstract.","Jibril AT, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S. Efficacy and safety of oral alpha-lipoic acid supplementation for type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized trials. Endocr Connect 2022;11(10):e220322. View abstract.","Jo SH, Kim SA, Kim HS, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: the ALIVE study - a prospective randomized trial. Cardiology 2013;126(3):159-66. View abstract.","Jörg J., Metz F., Scharafinski, H. [Drug treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin B preparations. A clinical and neurophysiologic study]. Nervenarzt 1988;59(1):36-44. View abstract.","Jurisic-Erzen D, Starcevic-Klasan G, Ivanac D, Peharec S, Girotto D, Jerkovic R. The effects of alpha-lipoic acid on diabetic myopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017 Jun 28.View abstract.","Karaarslan U, Isgüder R, Bag Ö, et al. Alpha lipoic acid intoxication, treatment and outcome. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013;51(6):522. View abstract.","Karkabounas S, Papadopoulos N, Anastasiadou C, et al. Effects of a-lipoic Acid, carnosine, and thiamine supplementation in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind study. J Med Food. 2018;21(12):1197-1203. View abstract.","Kelishadi MR, Naeini AA, Khorvash F, Askari G, Heidari Z. The beneficial effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation as a potential adjunct treatment in episodic migraines. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):271. View abstract.","Khabbazi T., Mahdavi R., Safa J., Pour-Abdollahi P. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and serum lipid profile levels in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2012;22(2):244-250. View abstract.","Kieburtz K, Schifitto G, McDermott M, and et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of deprenyl and thioctic acid in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 1998;50(3):645-651.","Kim BJ, Hunter A, Brucker AJ, et al. Orally administered alpha lipoic acid as a treatment for geographic atrophy: A randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4(9):889-898. View abstract.","Kishi T, Sakuma K, Miura G, et al. Alpha Lipoic Acid for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023;43(5):477-478. View abstract.","Kishi Y, Schmelzer JD, Yao JK, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid: effect on glucose uptake, sorbitol pathway, and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1999;48:2045-51. View abstract.","Koh E. H., Lee W. J., Lee S. A., Kim E. H., Cho E. H., Jeong E., Kim D. W., Kim M. S., Park J. Y., Park K. G., Lee H. J., Lee I. K., Lim S., Jang H. C., Lee K. H., Lee K. U. Effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on body weight in obese subjects. Am J Med 2011;124(1):85-88. View abstract.","Koh, J. M., Lee, Y. S., Byun, C. H., Chang, E. J., Kim, H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, H. H., and Kim, G. S. Alpha-lipoic acid suppresses osteoclastogenesis despite increasing the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand\u002Fosteoprotegerin ratio in human bone marrow stromal cells. J Endocrinol. 2005;185(3):401-413. View abstract.","Konrad T, Vicini P, Kusterer K, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:280-7. View abstract.","Korkina L. G., Afanas'ef I. B., Diplock A. T. Antioxidant therapy in children affected by irradiation from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Biochem Soc Trans 1993;21 ( Pt 3)(3):314S. View abstract.","Kucukgoncu S, Zhou E, Lucas KB, Tek C. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2017 May;18(4):594-601. View abstract.","Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology 1999;13:1003-8. View abstract.","Lai S, Petramala L, Muscaritoli M, et al. a-lipoic acid in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nutrition. 2020;71:110594. View abstract.","Laky B, Bruckmann C, Blumenschein J, Durstberger G, Haririan H. Effect of a multi-nutrient supplement as an adjunct to nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol 2024; 95: 101-113. View abstract.","Latini E, Bonasia G, Petroselli L, et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Palmitoylethanolamide, Myrrh, and Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Improve Pharmacological Therapy in Acute Painful Lumbosacral Radiculopathy due to Herniated Disc. Pain Physician 2023;26(4):E363-E373. View abstract.","Lee SJ, Jeong SJ, Lee YC, et al. Effects of high-dose alpha-lipoic acid on heart rate variability of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2017 Aug;41(4):275-83. View abstract.","Lee, S. H., Kim, M. J., Kim, B. J., Kim, S. R., Chun, S., Ryu, J. S., Kim, G. S., Lee, M. C., Koh, J. M., and Chung, S. J. Homocysteine-lowering therapy or antioxidant therapy for bone loss in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2-15-2010;25(3):332-340. View abstract.","Leong J. Y., van der Merwe J., Pepe S., Bailey M., Perkins A., Lymbury R., Esmore D., Marasco S., Rosenfeldt F. Perioperative metabolic therapy improves redox status and outcomes in cardiac surgery patients: a randomised trial. Heart Lung Circ 2010;19(10):584-591. View abstract.","Letizia Mauro G, Cataldo P, Barbera G, Sanfilippo A. a-Lipoic acid and superoxide dismutase in the management of chronic neck pain: a prospective randomized study. Drugs R D 2014;14(1):1-7. View abstract.","Li N, Yan W, Hu X, et al. Effects of oral a-lipoic acid administration on body weight in overweight or obese subjects: a crossover randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017;86(5):680-7. View abstract.","Libonati GA, Leone A, Martellucci S, et al. Prevention of Recurrent Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: The Role of Combined Supplementation with Vitamin D and Antioxidants. Audiol Res. 2022 Aug 22;12(4):445-456. View abstract.","Liu F., Zhang Y., Yang M., Liu B., Shen Y. D., Jia W. P., Xiang K. S. [Curative effect of alpha-lipoic acid on peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: a clinical study]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007;87(38):2706-2709. View abstract.","Lopez-D'alessandro E., Escovich L. Combination of alpha lipoic acid and gabapentin, its efficacy in the treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011;16(5):e635-e640. View abstract.","López-Jornet P., Camacho-Alonso F., and Leon-Espinosa, S. Efficacy of alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome: a randomized, placebo-treatment study. J Oral Rehabil 2009;36(1):52-57. View abstract.","Lott I. T., Doran E., Nguyen V. Q., Tournay A., Head E., Gillen D. L. Down syndrome and dementia: a randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation. Am J Med Genet A 2011;155A(8):1939-1948. View abstract.","Maesaka H, Komiya K, Misugi K, Tada K. Hyperalaninemia hyperpyruvicemia and lactic acidosis due to pyruvate carboxylase deficiency of the liver; treatment with thiamine and lipoic acid. Eur J Pediatr 1976;122:159-68. View abstract.","Magis D., Ambrosini A., Sandor P., Jacquy J., Laloux P., Schoenen J. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thioctic acid in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 2007;47(1):52-57. View abstract.","Mahmoudinezhad M, Farhangi MA. Alpha lipoic acid supplementation affects serum lipids in a dose and duration-dependent manner in different health status. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2021. View abstract.","Marino R., Torretta S., Capaccio P., Pignataro L., Spadari F. Different therapeutic strategies for burning mouth syndrome: preliminary data. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;39(8):611-616. View abstract.","Marshall AW, Graul RS, Morgan MY, Sherlock S. Treatment of alcohol-related liver disease with thioctic acid: a six-month, randomized, double-blind trial. Gut 1982;23:1088-93. View abstract.","Matalon R, Stumpf DA, Michals K, et al. Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency with primary lactic acidosis: favorable response to treatment with oral lipoic acid. J Pediatr 1984;104:65-9. View abstract.","Mazloom Z., Ansar H. The Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetics. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;11(3):245-250.","Memeo A., Loiero M. Thioctic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of sciatic pain caused by a herniated disc: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study. Clin Drug Investig 2008;28(8):495-500. View abstract.","Merin JP, Matsuyama M, Kira T, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid blocks HIV-1 LTR-dependent expression of hygromycin resistance in THP-1 stable transformants. FEBS Lett 1996;394:9-13. View abstract.","Mishra A, Reeta KH, Sarangi SC, Maiti R, Sood M. Effect of add-on alpha lipoic acid on psychopathology in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022;239(11):3525-35. View abstract.","Moffa S, Improta I, Rocchetti S, Mezza T, Giaccari A. Potential cause-effect relationship between insulin autoimmune syndrome and alpha lipoic acid: Two case reports. Nutrition. 2019;57:1-4. View abstract.","Mohammadshahi M, Zakizadeh E, Ahmadi-Angali K, Ravanbakhsh M, Helli B. The synergic effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and electrical isotonic contraction on anthropometric measurements and the serum levels of VEGF, NO, sirtuin-1, and PGC1-&alpha; in obese people undergoing a weight loss diet. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020:1-7. View abstract.","Moretti R, Angeletti C, Minora S. Multiple organ failure and shock following acute alpha lipoic acid (ALA) intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019;57(8):749-751. View abstract.","Murina F, Graziottin A, Felice R, Gambini D. Alpha lipoic acid plus omega-3 fatty acids for vestibulodynia associated with painful bladder syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2017;39(3):131-7. View abstract.","Murray GL, Colombo J. (r)Alpha lipoic acid is a safe, effective pharmacologic therapy of chronic orthostatic hypotension associated with low sympathetic tone. Int J Angiol. 2019;28(3):188-193. View abstract.","Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, Schmelzer JD, et al. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Care 1995;18:1160-7. View abstract.","Namazi N, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Alpha-lipoic acid supplement in obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2017 Jun 8 pii:S0261-5614(17)30212-1.View abstract.","Orellana-Donoso M, López-Chaparro M, Barahona-Vásquez M, et al. Effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in patients with neuropathic pain associated with type I and type II diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023;102(44):e35368. View abstract.","Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:359-78. View abstract.","Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:227-50. View abstract.","Packer L. Antioxidant properties of lipoic acid and its therapeutic effects in prevention of diabetes complications and cataracts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;738:257-64. View abstract.","Parente E, Colannino G, Picconi O, Monastra G. Safety of oral alpha-lipoic acid treatment in pregnant women: a retrospective observational study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Sep;21(18):4219-27. View abstract.","Passiatore M, Perna A, De-Vitis R, Taccardo G. The use of alfa-lipoic acid-R (ALA-R) in patients with mild-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomised controlled open label prospective study. Malays Orthop J. 2020;14(1):1-6. View abstract.","Podymova S. D., Davletshina I. V. [Efficacy of using alpha-lipoic acid (berlition) in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2008;(5):77-84. View abstract.","Polat S, Kiliçaslan Ö, Sönmez FT. Alpha-lipoic acid intoxication in an adolescent girl: Case report and review of the literature. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2020;55(3):328-330. View abstract.","Porasuphatana S., Suddee S., Nartnampong A., Konsil J., Harnwong B., Santaweesuk A. Glycemic and oxidative status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012;21(1):12-21. View abstract.","Porcaro G, Laganà AS, Neri I, Aragona C. The Association of High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid (HMWHA), Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), Magnesium, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin D Improves Subchorionic Hematoma Resorption in Women with Threatened Miscarriage: A Pilot Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2024;13(3):706. View abstract.","Prado MB Jr, Adiao KJB. Ranking Alpha Lipoic Acid and Gamma Linolenic Acid in Terms of Efficacy and Safety in the Management of Adults With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes 2024;48(4):233-243. View abstract.","Prasad KN. Rationale for using high-dose multiple dietary antioxidants as an adjunct to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. J Nutr 2004;134:3182S-3S. View abstract.","Puliappadamb HM, Satpathy AK, Mishra BR, Maiti R, Jena M. Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Add-on Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Migraine Prophylaxis in an Adolescent Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2023. View abstract.","Rago R, Gallo M, Dal Lago A, et al. Controlled, prospective, observational study on the efficiency and tolerability of a combination of potential Nrf2-inducing antioxidants and micronutrients as pre-treatment for ICSI in dyspermic patients with previous failure. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(7):1645-1652. View abstract.","Rahman S. T., Merchant N., Haque T., Wahi J., Bhaheetharan S., Ferdinand K. C., Khan B. V. The impact of lipoic acid on endothelial function and proteinuria in quinapril-treated diabetic patients with stage I hypertension: results from the QUALITY study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012;17(2):139-145. View abstract.","Rahmanabadi A , Mahboob S , Amirkhizi F , Hosseinpour-Arjmand S , Ebrahimi-Mameghani M . Oral a-lipoic acid supplementation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effects on adipokines and liver histology features. Food Funct. 2019;10(8):4941-4952. View abstract.","Ran GL, Li YP, Lu LC, Lan SH. Disease-modifying therapies for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications 2024;38(2):108691. View abstract.","Ranieri M., Sciuscio M., Cortese A. M., Santamato A., Di Teo L., Ianieri G., Bellomo R. G., Stasi M., Megna M. The use of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and rehabilitation in the treatment of back pain: effect on health-related quality of life. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009;22(3 Suppl):45-50. View abstract.","Rees-Jones RW, Larsen PR. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine content of desiccated thyroid tablets. Metabolism 1977;26(11):1213-1218. View abstract.","Reljanovic M, Reichel G, Rett K, et al. Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): A 2-year, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy [abstract]. Free Radic Res 1999;31:171-7. View abstract.","Rezaei Kelishadi M, Alavi Naeini A, Askari G, Khorvash F, Heidari Z. The efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in improving oxidative, inflammatory, and mood status in women with episodic migraine in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(9):e14455. View abstract.","Roldan EJ, Perez Lloret A. Thioctic acid in Amanita poisoning (letter). Crit Care Med 1986;14:753-4.","Roszkowska AM, Spinella R, Oliverio GW, et al. Effects of the topical use of the natural antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on the ocular surface of diabetic patients with dry eye symptoms. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2022;27(7):202. View abstract.","Ruhnau KJ, Meissner HP, Finn JR, et al. Effects of 3-week oral treatment with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid) in symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 1999;16:1040-3. View abstract.","Sabanovic M, Jasic M, Odobasic A, et al. Alpha lipoic acid reduces symptoms and inflammation biomarkers in patients with chronic hemorrhoidal illness. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2018;88(5-6):281-90. View abstract.","Sabeel AI, Kurkus J, Lindholm T. Intensive Hemodialysis and Hemoperfusion Treatment of Amanita Mushroom Poisoning. Mycopathologia 1995;131:107-14. View abstract.","Sacchetto L, Monzani D, Apa E, et al. The Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in the Treatment of Chronic Subjective Tinnitus through the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory Scores. Audiol Res 2023;13(4):484-494. View abstract.","Sachse G, Willms B. Efficacy of thioctic acid in the therapy of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Hormone Metab Res Suppl 1980;9:105-7. View abstract.","Sadykova H. G., Nazhmutdinova, D. K. [Structural and functional condition of the left ventricle in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with diabetic autonomic neuropathy]. Lik Sprava 2009;(1-2):22-28. View abstract.","Sanz-González SM, Raga-Cervera J, Aguirre Lipperheide M, et al. Effect of an oral supplementation with a formula containing R-lipoic acid in glaucoma patients. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2020 Mar;95(3):120-129. View abstract.","Sardu C, Santulli G, Santamaria M, et al. Effects of alpha lipoic acid on multiple cytokines and biomarkers and recurrence of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of catheter ablation. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(9):1382-1386. View abstract.","Sarezky D, Raquib AR, Dunaief JL, Kim BJ. Tolerability in the elderly population of high-dose alpha lipoic acid: a potential antioxidant therapy for the eye. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016 Sep 29;10:1899-1903. View abstract.","Scaturro D, Vitagliani F, Tomasello S, Sconza C, Respizzi S, Letizia Mauro G. Combined Rehabilitation with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Resveratrol, and Cholecalciferolin Discogenic Sciatica in Young People: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023;59(12):2197. View abstract.","Schimmelpfennig W, Renger F, Wack R, et al. [Results of a prospective double-blind study with alpha-lipoic acid against placebo in alcoholic liver damage] (Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Doppelblindstudie mit Alpha-Liponsäure gegen Plazebo bei alkoholischen Leberschäden). Dtsch Gesundheitswes 1983;38(18):690-693","Segermann J, Hotze A, Ulrich H, Rao GS. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine and on serum lipid-, protein- and glucose levels. Arzneimittelforschung 1991;41:1294-8. View abstract.","Sehgal T, Ohri U, Mittal N, Attri P, Dishant F. A Case of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome in an Indian Male Taking Alpha-Lipoic Acid. Cureus 2023;15(8):e43743. View abstract.","Serhiyenko VA, Serhiyenko LM, Sehin VB, Serhiyenko AA. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on arterial stiffness parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Endocr Regul 2021;55(4):224-233. View abstract.","Sharifi-Zahabi E, Abdollahzad H, Mostafa Nachvak S, et al. Effects of alpha lipoic acid on iron overload, lipid profile and oxidative stress indices in ß-thalassemia major patients: A cross-over randomised controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(6):e14062. View abstract.","Streeper RS, Henriksen EJ, Jacob S, et al. Differential effects of lipoic acid stereoisomers on glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1997;273:E185-91. View abstract.","Su F, Xia Q. Effects of Valsartan and Amlodipine Tablets Combined with a-Lipoic Acid on T-AOC, IL-6 and ß2-MG Levels in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. Altern Ther Health Med 2023. View abstract.","Sun F, Jiang D, Cai J. Effects of valsartan combined with a-lipoic acid on renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord 2021;21(1):178. View abstract.","Sun Y, Guan X, Wang H, et al. Randomized clinical trial of combined therapy with oral a-lipoic acid and NB-UVB for nonsegmental stable vitiligo. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(1):e14610. View abstract.","Sun Y. D., Dong Y. D., Fan R., Zhai L. L., Bai Y. L., Jia L. H. Effect of (R)-a-lipoic acid supplementation on serum lipids and antioxidative ability in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ann Nutr Metab 2012;60(4):293-297. View abstract.","Sun-Edelstein, C. and Mauskop, A. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clin J Pain 2009;25(5):446-452. View abstract.","Suzuki YJ, Aggarwal BB, Packer L. Alpha-lipoic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation in human T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;189:1709-15. View abstract.","Tankova T., Koev D., Dakovska, L. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy (controlled, randomized, open-label study). Rom J Intern Med 2004;42(2):457-464. View abstract.","Tarnopolsky, M. A. and Raha, S. Mitochondrial myopathies: diagnosis, exercise intolerance, and treatment options. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(12):2086-2093. View abstract.","Teichert J, Kern J, Tritschler HJ. Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;36:625-8. View abstract.","Thom E. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the clinical efficacy of oral treatment with DermaVite on ageing symptoms of the skin. J Int Med Res 2005;33(3):267-272. View abstract.","Tolunay O, Celik T, Komur M, Gezgin AE, Kaya MS, Celik U. A rare cause of status epilepticus: alpha lipoic acid intoxication, case report and review of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015 Nov;19(6):730-2. View abstract.","Tromba L, Perla FM, Carbotta G, Chiesa C, Pacifico L. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight\u002Fobese youths: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Nutrients 2019;11(2). pii: E375. View abstract.","Vajdi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation significantly reduces the risk of obesity in an updated systematic review and dose response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(6):e13493. View abstract.","Vajdi M, Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials on the effects of Alpha-Lipoic acid supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2021. View abstract.","Vajdi M, Noshadi N, Hassanizadeh S, Bonyadian A, Seyedhosseini-Ghaheh H, Askari G. The effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on blood pressure in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;10:1272837. View abstract.","Vakali E, Rigopoulos D, Carrillo AE, Flouris AD, Dinas PC. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on human diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021. View abstract.","Velasco-Amador JP, Prados-Carmona Á, Navarro-Triviño FJ. Contact urticaria syndrome caused by alpha-lipoic acid in a master formula for vulvar lichen sclerosus. Contact Dermatitis 2023;89(2):136-137. View abstract.","Vg A, G S, C K, V A. A pilot study suggesting several benefits of alpha lipoic acid in patients with diabetes. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2023. View abstract.","Vilas GL, Aldonatti C, San Martin de Viale LC, Rios de Molina MC. Effect of Alpha-lipoic acid amide on hexachlorobenzene porphyria. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1999;47:815-23. View abstract.","Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Vincent KR, Taylor AG. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in peripheral arterial disease: a pilot study. J Alt Complement Med 2007;13:577-84. View abstract.","Vita PM, Restelli A, Caspani P, et al. [Chronic use of glucomannan in the dietary treatment of severe obesity]. Minerva Med 1992;83:135-9. View abstract.","Volchegorskii I. A., Alekseev M. N., Volchegorskaia M. I., Rassokhina L. M. [Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and mexidol on neuro- and the affective status in patients at early stages of diabetic foot syndrome]. Klin Med (Mosk) 2008;86(10):52-59. View abstract.","Volchegorskii I. A., Rassokhina L. M., Koliadich M. I., Alekseev M. I. [Comparative study of alpha-lipoic acid and mexidol effects on affective status, cognitive functions and quality of life in diabetes mellitus patients]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2011;74(11):17-23. View abstract.","Werida RH, Elshafiey RA, Ghoneim A, Elzawawy S, Mostafa TM. Role of alpha-lipoic acid in counteracting paclitaxel- and doxorubicin-induced toxicities: a randomized controlled trial in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2022;30(9):7281-92. View abstract.","Witman M. A., McDaniel J., Fjeldstad A. S., Ives S. J., Zhao J., Nativi J. N., Stehlik J., Wray D. W., Richardson R. S. A differing role of oxidative stress in the regulation of central and peripheral hemodynamics during exercise in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012;303(10):H1237-H1244. View abstract.","Xu Q, Pan J, Yu J, et al. Meta-analysis of methylcobalamin alone and in combination with lipoic acid in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013;101(2):99-105. View abstract.","Yoshida I, Sweetman L, Kulovich S, et al. Effect of lipoic acid in patient with defective activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. Pediatr Res 1990;27:75-9. View abstract.","Yousefi M, Kavianpour M, Hesami S, Rashidi Nooshabadi M, Khadem Haghighian H. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid at the combination with mefenamic acid in girls with primary dysmenorrhea: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(9):782-786. View abstract.","Yukina M, Nuralieva N, Solovyev M, Troshina E, Vasilyev E. Insulin autoimmune syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2020;2020:19-0159. View abstract.","Zembron-Lacny, A., Slowinska-Lisowska, M., Szygula, Z., Witkowski, K., Stefaniak, T., and Dziubek, W. Assessment of the antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy men exposed to muscle-damaging exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60(2):139-143. View abstract.","Zhang L, Zhang HY, Huang FC, Huang Q, Liu C, Li JR. Study on the clinical value of alprostadil combined with alpha-lipoic acid in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with erectile dysfunction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Sep;20(18):3930-33. View abstract.","Zhang Y., Han P., Wu N., He B., Lu Y., Li S., Liu Y., Zhao S., Liu L., Li Y. Amelioration of lipid abnormalities by a-lipoic acid through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(8):1647-1653. View abstract.","Zhang, W. J., Wei, H., Hagen, T., and Frei, B. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase\u002FAkt signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A 3-6-2007;104(10):4077-4082. View abstract.","Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau K, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A 7-month, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). Diabetes Care 1999;22:1296-301. View abstract.","Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A 3-week, multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995;38:1425-33. View abstract.","Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004;21:114-21. View abstract.","Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F, et al. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1997;20:369-73. View abstract.","Ziegler D., Ametov A., Barinov A., Dyck P. J., Gurieva I., Low P. A., Munzel U., Yakhno N., Raz I., Novosadova M., Maus J., Samigullin, R. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006;29(11):2365-2370. View abstract."],"title":"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID","content_tags":["{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Age-related cognitive decline\",\"tag\":\"Age-related cognitive decline\",\"tagId\":958}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)\",\"tag\":\"Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)\",\"tagId\":959}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Aging skin\",\"tag\":\"Aging skin\",\"tagId\":964}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Aging skin\",\"tag\":\"Aging skin\",\"tagId\":964}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Alcohol-related liver disease\",\"tag\":\"Alcohol-related liver disease\",\"tagId\":973}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Altitude sickness\",\"tag\":\"Altitude sickness\",\"tagId\":980}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Alzheimer disease\",\"tag\":\"Alzheimer disease\",\"tagId\":981}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Amanita mushroom poisoning\",\"tag\":\"Amanita mushroom poisoning\",\"tagId\":984}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Atrial fibrillation\",\"tag\":\"Atrial fibrillation\",\"tagId\":1017}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Back pain\",\"tag\":\"Back pain\",\"tagId\":1024}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Beta-thalassemia\",\"tag\":\"Beta-thalassemia\",\"tagId\":1031}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Bipolar disorder\",\"tag\":\"Bipolar disorder\",\"tagId\":1035}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Cancer\",\"tag\":\"Cancer\",\"tagId\":1058}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Cardiovascular disease (CVD)\",\"tag\":\"Cardiovascular disease (CVD)\",\"tagId\":1064}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Carpal tunnel syndrome\",\"tag\":\"Carpal tunnel syndrome\",\"tagId\":1065}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Cataracts\",\"tag\":\"Cataracts\",\"tagId\":1066}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Cervical dysplasia\",\"tag\":\"Cervical dysplasia\",\"tagId\":1070}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)\",\"tag\":\"Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)\",\"tagId\":1083}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Dementia\",\"tag\":\"Dementia\",\"tagId\":1140}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Diabetes\",\"tag\":\"Diabetes\",\"tagId\":1145}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Diabetes\",\"tag\":\"Diabetes\",\"tagId\":1145}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Diabetic nephropathy\",\"tag\":\"Diabetic nephropathy\",\"tagId\":1147}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Diabetic neuropathy\",\"tag\":\"Diabetic neuropathy\",\"tagId\":1148}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Diabetic retinopathy\",\"tag\":\"Diabetic retinopathy\",\"tagId\":1149}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Dry eye\",\"tag\":\"Dry eye\",\"tagId\":1156}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Erectile dysfunction (ED)\",\"tag\":\"Erectile dysfunction (ED)\",\"tagId\":1176}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Fibromyalgia\",\"tag\":\"Fibromyalgia\",\"tagId\":1196}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Glaucoma\",\"tag\":\"Glaucoma\",\"tagId\":1216}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Heart failure\",\"tag\":\"Heart failure\",\"tagId\":1230}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Hemorrhoids\",\"tag\":\"Hemorrhoids\",\"tagId\":1236}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"HIV\u002FAIDS-related dementia\",\"tag\":\"HIV\u002FAIDS-related dementia\",\"tagId\":1258}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"HIV\u002FAIDS\",\"tag\":\"HIV\u002FAIDS\",\"tagId\":1261}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Hyperlipidemia\",\"tag\":\"Hyperlipidemia\",\"tagId\":1275}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Hypertension\",\"tag\":\"Hypertension\",\"tagId\":1280}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Hypertriglyceridemia\",\"tag\":\"Hypertriglyceridemia\",\"tagId\":1283}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Interstitial cystitis\",\"tag\":\"Interstitial cystitis\",\"tagId\":1315}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Migraine headache\",\"tag\":\"Migraine headache\",\"tagId\":1385}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Miscarriage\",\"tag\":\"Miscarriage\",\"tagId\":1389}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Muscle strength\",\"tag\":\"Muscle strength\",\"tagId\":1401}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Neuropathic pain\",\"tag\":\"Neuropathic pain\",\"tagId\":1422}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Obesity\",\"tag\":\"Obesity\",\"tagId\":1431}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Orthostatic hypotension\",\"tag\":\"Orthostatic hypotension\",\"tagId\":1441}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Periodontitis\",\"tag\":\"Periodontitis\",\"tagId\":1466}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)\",\"tag\":\"Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)\",\"tagId\":1467}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Peripheral neuropathy\",\"tag\":\"Peripheral neuropathy\",\"tagId\":1469}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)\",\"tag\":\"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)\",\"tagId\":1488}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)\",\"tag\":\"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)\",\"tagId\":1552}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)\",\"tag\":\"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)\",\"tagId\":1552}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Schizophrenia\",\"tag\":\"Schizophrenia\",\"tagId\":1559}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Tinnitus\",\"tag\":\"Tinnitus\",\"tagId\":1621}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Toxin-induced liver damage\",\"tag\":\"Toxin-induced liver damage\",\"tagId\":1626}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Vertigo\",\"tag\":\"Vertigo\",\"tagId\":1648}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Vitiligo\",\"tag\":\"Vitiligo\",\"tagId\":1656}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Vitiligo\",\"tag\":\"Vitiligo\",\"tagId\":1656}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Weight loss\",\"tag\":\"Weight loss\",\"tagId\":1661}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Wilson disease\",\"tag\":\"Wilson disease\",\"tagId\":1663}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Wound healing\",\"tag\":\"Wound healing\",\"tagId\":1666}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Wound healing\",\"tag\":\"Wound healing\",\"tagId\":1666}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Wrinkled skin\",\"tag\":\"Wrinkled skin\",\"tagId\":1668}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Contrast induced nephropathy\",\"tag\":\"Contrast induced nephropathy\",\"tagId\":1712}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Dysmenorrhea\",\"tag\":\"Dysmenorrhea\",\"tagId\":1720}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Preterm labor\",\"tag\":\"Preterm labor\",\"tagId\":1728}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Herniated disc\",\"tag\":\"Herniated disc\",\"tagId\":1808}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Cardiomyopathy\",\"tag\":\"Cardiomyopathy\",\"tagId\":1855}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Age-related testosterone deficiency\",\"tag\":\"Age-related testosterone deficiency\",\"tagId\":1862}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Impaired glucose tolerance (Prediabetes)\",\"tag\":\"Impaired glucose tolerance (Prediabetes)\",\"tagId\":1872}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Impaired glucose tolerance (Prediabetes)\",\"tag\":\"Impaired glucose tolerance (Prediabetes)\",\"tagId\":1872}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)\",\"tag\":\"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)\",\"tagId\":1928}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Metabolic syndrome\",\"tag\":\"Metabolic syndrome\",\"tagId\":1937}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Neck pain\",\"tag\":\"Neck pain\",\"tagId\":2036}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery\",\"tag\":\"Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery\",\"tagId\":2052}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery\",\"tag\":\"Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery\",\"tagId\":2052}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Infertility\",\"tag\":\"Infertility\",\"tagId\":2072}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Sciatica\",\"tag\":\"Sciatica\",\"tagId\":2092}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Radiation exposure\",\"tag\":\"Radiation exposure\",\"tagId\":2123}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Male infertility\",\"tag\":\"Male infertility\",\"tagId\":2229}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Burning mouth syndrome\",\"tag\":\"Burning mouth syndrome\",\"tagId\":2256}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Anthracycline cardiotoxicity\",\"tag\":\"Anthracycline cardiotoxicity\",\"tagId\":2348}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)\",\"tag\":\"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)\",\"tagId\":2376}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia\",\"tag\":\"Aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia\",\"tagId\":2438}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects\",\"tag\":\"Antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects\",\"tagId\":2450}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy\",\"tag\":\"Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy\",\"tagId\":2476}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Chronic kidney disease (CKD)\",\"tag\":\"Chronic kidney disease (CKD)\",\"tagId\":2477}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Pain (chronic)\",\"tag\":\"Pain (chronic)\",\"tagId\":2560}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Lyme disease\",\"tag\":\"Lyme disease\",\"tagId\":2566}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)\",\"tag\":\"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)\",\"tagId\":2571}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"condition\",\"name\":\"Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia\",\"tag\":\"Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia\",\"tagId\":2628}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might lower blood sugar too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include aloe, bitter melon, cassia cinnamon, chromium, and prickly pear cactus.\",\"tag\":\"Herbs and supplements that might lower blood sugar\",\"tagId\":133996,\"interaction_level\":\"10\"}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\",\"tag\":\"Medications for cancer (Antitumor antibiotics)\",\"tagId\":133997,\"interaction_level\":\"Moderate\"}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar levels. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.\",\"tag\":\"Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)\",\"tagId\":133998,\"interaction_level\":\"Minor\"}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid seems to decrease how well thyroid hormone works in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid with thyroid hormone might decrease the effects of the thyroid hormone.\",\"tag\":\"Thyroid hormone\",\"tagId\":137232,\"interaction_level\":\"Moderate\"}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha lipoic acid might affect the body's production of thyroid hormone. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might alter thyroid function too much and cause side effects. Examples of supplements with this effect include bugleweed, lemon balm, and tiratricol.\",\"tag\":\"Herbs with thyroid activity\",\"tagId\":137233,\"interaction_level\":\"10\"}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of some medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\",\"tag\":\"Medications for cancer (Alkylating Agents)\",\"tagId\":140182,\"interaction_level\":\"Moderate\"}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.\",\"tag\":\"Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant \u002F Antiplatelet drugs)\",\"tagId\":140427,\"interaction_level\":\"Moderate\"}","{\"source\":\"TR\",\"type\":\"interaction\",\"name\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might increase the risk of bleeding in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include garlic, ginger, ginkgo, nattokinase, and Panax ginseng.\",\"tag\":\"Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting\",\"tagId\":140428,\"interaction_level\":\"10\"}"],"urls":["{\"type\":\"desktop\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientmono-767-ALPHA-LIPOIC-ACID.aspx?activeIngredientId=767&activeIngredientName=ALPHA-LIPOIC+ACID&source=0\",\"status\":\"D\"}","{\"type\":\"mobile\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid\",\"status\":\"D\"}","{\"type\":\"desktop\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid\",\"status\":\"A\"}","{\"type\":\"mobile\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid\",\"status\":\"A\"}","{\"type\":\"review\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientreview-767-ALPHA-LIPOIC-ACID.aspx?drugid=767&drugname=ALPHA-LIPOIC-ACID\",\"status\":\"A\"}","{\"type\":\"reviewpost\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientreviewpost-767-ALPHA-LIPOIC-ACID.aspx?post=new&drugid=767&drugname=ALPHA-LIPOIC-ACID\",\"status\":\"A\"}"],"pagedata_nis":"{\"jsonlds\":\"TR_767\",\"omniture\":{\"s_bu\":\"cns\",\"s_mobileweb\":\"no\",\"s_test1\":\"\",\"s_pagename_seo\":\"www.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientmono-767-alpha-lipoic-acid\",\"s_topic\":\"1667\",\"s_business_reference\":\"vitamin monograph\",\"s_publication_source\":\"webmd vitamins and supplements information from therapeutic research\",\"s_package_name\":\"Find a Vitamin or Supplement\",\"s_channel_health\":\"vitamins and supplements\",\"s_site\":\"core\",\"s_assetname\":\"vitamin-mono\",\"s_account\":\"webmdcom\",\"s_server_type\":\"Vitamins\",\"s_server\":\"sfews02l-shr-23\",\"s_page_number\":\"0\",\"s_site_class\":\"\",\"s_pagename\":\"www.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid\u002Foverview\",\"s_asset_id\":\"767\",\"ContextData\":{},\"s_siteclass\":\"\",\"s_pub\":\"webmd vitamins and supplements information from therapeutic research\"},\"ad\":{\"targets\":{\"kw\":\"\",\"drg\":\"767\",\"app\":\"8\",\"segm\":\"0\",\"blockcodes\":\"Age122_Age234_B24_Age121_cust104_O8_G473_E11_R529_bty21_H40_H35_H25_food_fit_K7_M05_A080_cust4_gen2_F10_I10_M32_K4_H360_gen1_diet1_A692_cust2_cust022_F48_disx12_violence_supplements_cust031_testono_testdrug_I2510_Zinc_sex2_N18_i519_gil735_G00_F43_F33_F31_F20_E10_cust040_sex3_O92_F52_cust017_Age11_7031501_24462_cust048_O03_N97_N46_nn5_G30_cust056_cust058_cust062_L93_cust076_cust074_cust065_par_cust080_I802_49999411_cust084_cust090_C43_Age133_H54_E781_E780_Age21_F65_I509_M797_cust075_52565_K21_A15_B972_cust119_cust124_cust082_B342_cust126_H16_C55\",\"art\":\"\",\"cc\":\"\",\"env\":\"0\",\"hcent\":\"\",\"leaf\":\"\",\"mcent\":\"\",\"mic\":\"\",\"pt\":\"1667\",\"sec\":\"\",\"pug\":\"\",\"scent\":\"\",\"tmg\":\"\",\"tug\":\"\",\"uri\":\"%2fvitamins%2fai%2fingredientmono-767%2falpha-lipoic-acid\",\"rd\":\"1\",\"ppsp\":null,\"excl_cat\":\"Age122_Age234_B24_Age121_cust104_O8_G473_E11_R529_bty21_H40_H35_H25_food_fit_K7_M05_A080_cust4_gen2_F10_I10_M32_K4_H360_gen1_diet1_A692_cust2_cust022_F48_disx12_violence_supplements_cust031_testono_testdrug_I2510_Zinc_sex2_N18_i519_gil735_G00_F43_F33_F31_F20_E10_cust040_sex3_O92_F52_cust017_Age11_7031501_24462_cust048_O03_N97_N46_nn5_G30_cust056_cust058_cust062_L93_cust076_cust074_cust065_par_cust080_I802_49999411_cust084_cust090_C43_Age133_H54_E781_E780_Age21_F65_I509_M797_cust075_52565_K21_A15_B972_cust119_cust124_cust082_B342_cust126_H16_C55\",\"custom_params\":null}},\"page_metadata\":{\"page_title\":\"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warnings\",\"meta_description\":\"Find patient medical information for ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID on WebMD including its uses, effectiveness, side effects and safety, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that have it.Learn more about ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID\",\"meta_keywords\":\"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID, effectiveness, satisfaction, ease of use, medication, medications, medicine, vitamin, vitamins, prescription vitamins, user ratings, vitamin ratings, vitamin reviews, rate a vitamin, treatment, side effects, vitamin interactions, vitamin information, medical information, medical advice, warnings, overdose, vitamin images, over the counter, indications, precautions\",\"is_external_searchable\":true},\"disable_omniture_load\":true,\"disable_ads_onload\":true}","jsonld_nimvs":["{\"0\":{\"@graph\": [{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"DietarySupplement\",\"name\":\"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID\",\"description\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. It is used to break down carbohydrates and to make energy. Alpha-lipoic acid can be eaten in foods, such as red meat, carrots, beets, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes. It is also available in supplements . Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain liver diseases . People most commonly use alpha-lipoic acid for nerve pain in people with diabetes. It is also used for obesity , altitude sickness, aging skin , high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the blood , and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses. ...\",\"alternateName\":\"A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R, Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque,Acide Lipoïque, Acide Thioctique, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique, Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl), Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque, Acide 6,8-Thioctique, Acido Alfa Lipoico, ALA, Biletan, DHLA, Dihydrolipoic Acid, Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Lipoic Acid, Lipoicin, R-ALA, R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, (+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid, (R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid,R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid, (R)-Lipoic Acid, R-Lipoic Acid, RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Lipoic Acid, Sodium-R-Lipoate, Thioctacid, Thioctan,Thioctic Acid.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\"}]} }"],"content":["{\"title\":\"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID\",\"OtherNames\":\"A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R, Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque,Acide Lipoïque, Acide Thioctique, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique, Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl), Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque, Acide 6,8-Thioctique, Acido Alfa Lipoico, ALA, Biletan, DHLA, Dihydrolipoic Acid, Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Lipoic Acid, Lipoicin, R-ALA, R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, (+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid, (R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid,R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid, (R)-Lipoic Acid, R-Lipoic Acid, RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Lipoic Acid, Sodium-R-Lipoate, Thioctacid, Thioctan,Thioctic Acid.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\",\"SearchString\":\"\\\"(+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid\\\" or \\\"(R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid\\\" or \\\"(R)-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"A-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"Acetate Replacing Factor\\\" or \\\"Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque\\\" or \\\"Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique\\\" or \\\"Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)\\\" or \\\"Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque\\\" or \\\"Acide 6,8-Thioctique\\\" or \\\"Acide Alpha-Lipoïque\\\" or \\\"Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R\\\" or \\\"Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque\\\" or \\\"Acide Lipoïque\\\" or \\\"Acide Thioctique\\\" or \\\"Acido Alfa Lipoico\\\" or \\\"ALA\\\" or \\\"Alpha Lipoic Acid; 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid; 1,2-dithiolane-3-valeri\\\" or \\\"Alpha-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"Biletan\\\" or \\\"DHLA\\\" or \\\"Dihydrolipoic acid\\\" or \\\"Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque\\\" or \\\"Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"Lipoicin\\\" or \\\"R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"R-ALA\\\" or \\\"R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"R-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"S-Lipoic Acid\\\" or \\\"Sodium-R-Lipoate\\\" or \\\"Thioctacid\\\" or \\\"Thioctan\\\" or \\\"Thioctic Acid\\\"\",\"AdditionalTerms\":\"\",\"EnCDrugInteractions\":\"Medications for cancer (Alkylating Agents): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of some medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for cancer (Antitumor antibiotics): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant \u002F Antiplatelet drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.\u003Cbr\u003E Thyroid hormone: Alpha-lipoic acid seems to decrease how well thyroid hormone works in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid with thyroid hormone might decrease the effects of the thyroid hormone.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar levels. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.\",\"EnCHerbInteractions\":\"Herbs and supplements that might lower blood sugar: Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might lower blood sugar too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include aloe, bitter melon, cassia cinnamon, chromium, and prickly pear cactus.\u003Cbr\u003E Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting: Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might increase the risk of bleeding in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include garlic, ginger, ginkgo, nattokinase, and Panax ginseng.\u003Cbr\u003E Herbs with thyroid activity: Alpha lipoic acid might affect the body's production of thyroid hormone. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might alter thyroid function too much and cause side effects. Examples of supplements with this effect include bugleweed, lemon balm, and tiratricol.\",\"EnCFoodInteractions\":\"There are no known interactions with foods.\",\"Dosage\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid has most often been used by adults in doses of 600-1800 mg by mouth daily for up to 6 months. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.\",\"EnCApplied\":\"\",\"Effective\":\"\",\"InEffective\":\"\",\"InsufficientEvidence\":\"\",\"LikelyEffective\":\"\",\"LikelyInEffective\":\"\",\"PossiblyEffective\":\"\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpain-management\u002Fvideo\u002Fdiagnosing-treating-nerve-pain\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1596825\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"10418\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e804bb184\\\" keywordId=\\\"42698\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e804bb184\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Video\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003ENerve pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in people with diabetes (\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Fdiabetes-neuropathy\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1582687\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"8581\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80008426\\\" keywordId=\\\"33971\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80008426\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Ediabetic neuropathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Taking 600-1800 mg of alpha-lipoic acid by \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Foral-health\u002Fss\u002Fslideshow-mouth-problems\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1624516\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"40982\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e802bb621\\\" keywordId=\\\"93494\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e802bb621\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Slideshows\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Emouth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or by IV seems to improve symptoms such as burning, pain, and numbness in the legs and arms of people with diabetes. Lower doses of alpha-lipoic acid don't seem to work. IV products can only be given by a \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhealth-insurance\u002Frm-quiz-insurance-basics\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1619843\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"33248\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80cee26e\\\" keywordId=\\\"73362\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80cee26e\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Tools\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Ehealthcare\u003C\u002Fa\u003E provider.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EHigh levels of cholesterol or other fats (\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Ftests-for-high-cholesterol-lipid-panel\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"59018\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"49961\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e8028abb6\\\" keywordId=\\\"114556\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e8028abb6\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Elipids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) in the blood (\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Fhyperlipidemia-overview\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1899328\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"47197\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e813edc56\\\" keywordId=\\\"108779\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e813edc56\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Ehyperlipidemia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Foral-health\u002Frm-quiz-mouth-myths\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1619208\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"40982\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80d71be5\\\" keywordId=\\\"93494\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80d71be5\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Tools\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Emouth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for up to 4 years seems to lower \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Funderstanding-numbers\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"8342\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"8382\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e800081fd\\\" keywordId=\\\"108937\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e800081fd\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Etotal cholesterol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and low-density lipoprotein (\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart-disease\u002Fldl-cholesterol-the-bad-cholesterol\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"59022\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"1461\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e8028aaf6\\\" keywordId=\\\"42789\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e8028aaf6\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003ELDL\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \\\"bad\\\") cholesterol in people with or without hyperlipidemia.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EObesity. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth can slightly reduce \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fobesity\u002Fhealthy-weight\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1903515\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"8910\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e816856bb\\\" keywordId=\\\"35915\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e816856bb\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Ebody weight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in adults who are overweight. \u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E \",\"PossiblyInEffective\":\"\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003ELiver disease in people who drink alcohol. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for up to 6 months does not improve \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhepatitis\u002Fliver-function-test-lft\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1514148\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"32870\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e8068dce6\\\" keywordId=\\\"72818\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e8068dce6\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Eliver function\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or reduce \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdigestive-disorders\u002Fpicture-of-the-liver\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"73851\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"10464\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80348a30\\\" keywordId=\\\"42791\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80348a30\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Eliver\u003C\u002Fa\u003E damage in people with alcohol-related liver disease.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EAltitude sickness. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth along with \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientmono-1001-vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid.aspx?activeingredientid=1001&amp;activeingredientname=vitamin-c-(ascorbic-acid)\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1884444\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"31339\\\" externalId=\\\"1001\\\" keywordId=\\\"69419\\\" chronic_id=\\\"\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Evitamin C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientmono-954-vitamin-e.aspx?activeingredientid=954&amp;activeingredientname=vitamin-e\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1884399\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"41108\\\" externalId=\\\"954\\\" keywordId=\\\"93779\\\" chronic_id=\\\"\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Evitamin E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E does not seem to prevent altitude sickness.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fkidney-stones\u002Fpicture-of-the-kidneys\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"72677\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"26662\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e803f72c0\\\" keywordId=\\\"60461\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e803f72c0\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003EKidney\u003C\u002Fa\u003E damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth with or without standard \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fa-to-z-guides\u002Fdehydration-adults\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"900\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"1077\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e8000b073\\\" keywordId=\\\"94660\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e8000b073\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Ehydration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E therapy during a coronary angiography doesn't seem to prevent kidney damage caused by contrast agents.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EDiabetes. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth or by IV does not improve blood sugar levels in people with \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Ftype-2-diabetes\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1582839\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"2021\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80010f55\\\" keywordId=\\\"8505\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80010f55\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Etype 2 diabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Feye-health\u002Fvision-basics\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"3407\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"1184\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e800076b7\\\" keywordId=\\\"35136\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e800076b7\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003EVision\u003C\u002Fa\u003E problems in people with diabetes (\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Fdiabetic-retinopathy\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1582790\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"8582\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80007e43\\\" keywordId=\\\"33972\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80007e43\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Ediabetic retinopathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for 24 months doesn't improve \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Feye-health\u002Fpicture-of-the-eyes\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"72347\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"26646\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e803ffc74\\\" keywordId=\\\"60424\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e803ffc74\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Eeye\u003C\u002Fa\u003E damage from diabetes.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Falzheimers\u002Ftypes-dementia\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1218\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"47107\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80008c55\\\" keywordId=\\\"108635\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80008c55\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003EDementia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in people with advanced \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhiv-aids\u002Funderstanding-aids-hiv-basics\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1565792\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"1340\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80008960\\\" keywordId=\\\"7583\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80008960\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003EHIV\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u002FAIDS. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth has no effect on thinking problems in people with HIV.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EHigh levels of fats called triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth doesn't seem to reduce \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Flowering-triglyceride-levels\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1560504\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"2010\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e8028e149\\\" keywordId=\\\"71913\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e8028e149\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Etriglyceride levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in most people.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E There is interest in using alpha-lipoic acid for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful. \",\"SideEffects\":\"\u003Cb\u003EWhen taken by mouth\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when taken for up to 4 years. It is usually well-tolerated. The most common side effects are headache, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. \u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EWhen applied to the skin\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when used as a cream for up to 12 weeks. It might cause a rash in some people. \u003Ch4\u003ESpecial Precautions & Warnings:\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E \u003Cb\u003EPregnancy\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: When taken by mouth, alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe. It's been used safely during pregnancy in doses of up to 600 mg daily for up to 4 weeks. \u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EBreast-feeding\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: There isn't enough reliable information to know if alpha-lipoic acid is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EChildren\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe in children aged 10-17 years when taken by mouth in doses up to 600 mg daily for 3 months. But it is possibly unsafe for children to take large amounts of alpha-lipoic acid by mouth. Seizures, vomiting, and unconsciousness have been reported for children aged 14 months to 16 years who took up to 2400 mg of alpha-lipoic acid as a single dose.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003ESurgery\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid can decrease blood sugar levels. Alpha-lipoic acid might interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop taking alpha-lipoic acid 2 weeks before elective surgical procedures.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EExcessive use of alcohol\u002F\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbrain\u002Fwernicke-korsakoff-syndrome-facts\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1907340\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"10086\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e818dcd96\\\" keywordId=\\\"41771\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e818dcd96\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Ethiamine deficiency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alcohol can lower the amount of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid when there is a shortage of thiamine might cause serious health problems. If you drink a lot of alcohol and take alpha-lipoic acid, you should take a thiamine supplement.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \",\"PtEdDescription\":\"Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. It is used to break down carbohydrates and to make energy.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E Alpha-lipoic acid can be eaten in foods, such as red meat, carrots, beets, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes. It is also available in \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmen\u002Fvideo\u002Flamm-supplements-diet\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1600841\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"9847\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e800ccbab\\\" keywordId=\\\"40266\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e800ccbab\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Video\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Esupplements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhepatitis\u002Fliver-and-hepatic-diseases\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1909768\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"51561\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e81b881fe\\\" keywordId=\\\"118047\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e81b881fe\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Eliver diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E People most commonly use alpha-lipoic acid for \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbrain\u002Fnerve-pain-and-nerve-damage-symptoms-and-causes\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"58569\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"10418\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e8027ef13\\\" keywordId=\\\"42698\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e8027ef13\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Enerve pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in people with diabetes. It is also used for \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fobesity\u002Fvideo\u002Fobesity-risks\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1542808\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"1635\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80047f6f\\\" keywordId=\\\"7982\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80047f6f\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Video\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Eobesity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, altitude sickness, aging \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fpicture-of-the-skin\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"70837\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"26541\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e80396037\\\" keywordId=\\\"60205\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e80396037\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Eskin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart\u002Fanatomy-picture-of-blood\\\" crossLinkId=\\\"1506783\\\" keywordSetId=\\\"28544\\\" externalId=\\\"091e9c5e8056ea80\\\" keywordId=\\\"62987\\\" chronic_id=\\\"091e9c5e8056ea80\\\" crossLinkType=\\\"Article\\\" directive=\\\"friendlyurl\\\" object_type=\\\"wbmd_pb_page\\\"\u003Eblood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses. \u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \",\"PtEdInteractions\":\"Medications for cancer (Alkylating Agents): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of some medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for cancer (Antitumor antibiotics): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant \u002F Antiplatelet drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.\u003Cbr\u003E Thyroid hormone: Alpha-lipoic acid seems to decrease how well thyroid hormone works in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid with thyroid hormone might decrease the effects of the thyroid hormone.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar levels. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.\",\"PtEdAction\":\"\"}"],"reviews_count":260},"content_data":{"title":"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID","OtherNames":"A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R, Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque,Acide Lipoïque, Acide Thioctique, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique, Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl), Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque, Acide 6,8-Thioctique, Acido Alfa Lipoico, ALA, Biletan, DHLA, Dihydrolipoic Acid, Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Lipoic Acid, Lipoicin, R-ALA, R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, (+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid, (R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid,R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid, (R)-Lipoic Acid, R-Lipoic Acid, RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Lipoic Acid, Sodium-R-Lipoate, Thioctacid, Thioctan,Thioctic Acid.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E","SearchString":"\"(+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid\" or \"(R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid\" or \"(R)-Lipoic Acid\" or \"A-Lipoic Acid\" or \"Acetate Replacing Factor\" or \"Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque\" or \"Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique\" or \"Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)\" or \"Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque\" or \"Acide 6,8-Thioctique\" or \"Acide Alpha-Lipoïque\" or \"Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R\" or \"Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque\" or \"Acide Lipoïque\" or \"Acide Thioctique\" or \"Acido Alfa Lipoico\" or \"ALA\" or \"Alpha Lipoic Acid; 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid; 1,2-dithiolane-3-valeri\" or \"Alpha-Lipoic Acid\" or \"Biletan\" or \"DHLA\" or \"Dihydrolipoic acid\" or \"Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque\" or \"Lipoic Acid\" or \"Lipoicin\" or \"R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid\" or \"R-ALA\" or \"R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid\" or \"R-Lipoic Acid\" or \"RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid\" or \"S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid\" or \"S-Lipoic Acid\" or \"Sodium-R-Lipoate\" or \"Thioctacid\" or \"Thioctan\" or \"Thioctic Acid\"","AdditionalTerms":"","EnCDrugInteractions":"Medications for cancer (Alkylating Agents): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of some medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for cancer (Antitumor antibiotics): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant \u002F Antiplatelet drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.\u003Cbr\u003E Thyroid hormone: Alpha-lipoic acid seems to decrease how well thyroid hormone works in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid with thyroid hormone might decrease the effects of the thyroid hormone.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar levels. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.","EnCHerbInteractions":"Herbs and supplements that might lower blood sugar: Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might lower blood sugar too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include aloe, bitter melon, cassia cinnamon, chromium, and prickly pear cactus.\u003Cbr\u003E Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting: Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might increase the risk of bleeding in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include garlic, ginger, ginkgo, nattokinase, and Panax ginseng.\u003Cbr\u003E Herbs with thyroid activity: Alpha lipoic acid might affect the body's production of thyroid hormone. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might alter thyroid function too much and cause side effects. Examples of supplements with this effect include bugleweed, lemon balm, and tiratricol.","EnCFoodInteractions":"There are no known interactions with foods.","Dosage":"Alpha-lipoic acid has most often been used by adults in doses of 600-1800 mg by mouth daily for up to 6 months. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.","EnCApplied":"","Effective":"","InEffective":"","InsufficientEvidence":"","LikelyEffective":"","LikelyInEffective":"","PossiblyEffective":"\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpain-management\u002Fvideo\u002Fdiagnosing-treating-nerve-pain\" crossLinkId=\"1596825\" keywordSetId=\"10418\" externalId=\"091e9c5e804bb184\" keywordId=\"42698\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e804bb184\" crossLinkType=\"Video\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003ENerve pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in people with diabetes (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Fdiabetes-neuropathy\" crossLinkId=\"1582687\" keywordSetId=\"8581\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80008426\" keywordId=\"33971\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80008426\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Ediabetic neuropathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Taking 600-1800 mg of alpha-lipoic acid by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Foral-health\u002Fss\u002Fslideshow-mouth-problems\" crossLinkId=\"1624516\" keywordSetId=\"40982\" externalId=\"091e9c5e802bb621\" keywordId=\"93494\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e802bb621\" crossLinkType=\"Slideshows\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Emouth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or by IV seems to improve symptoms such as burning, pain, and numbness in the legs and arms of people with diabetes. Lower doses of alpha-lipoic acid don't seem to work. IV products can only be given by a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhealth-insurance\u002Frm-quiz-insurance-basics\" crossLinkId=\"1619843\" keywordSetId=\"33248\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80cee26e\" keywordId=\"73362\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80cee26e\" crossLinkType=\"Tools\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Ehealthcare\u003C\u002Fa\u003E provider.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EHigh levels of cholesterol or other fats (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Ftests-for-high-cholesterol-lipid-panel\" crossLinkId=\"59018\" keywordSetId=\"49961\" externalId=\"091e9c5e8028abb6\" keywordId=\"114556\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e8028abb6\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Elipids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) in the blood (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Fhyperlipidemia-overview\" crossLinkId=\"1899328\" keywordSetId=\"47197\" externalId=\"091e9c5e813edc56\" keywordId=\"108779\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e813edc56\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Ehyperlipidemia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Foral-health\u002Frm-quiz-mouth-myths\" crossLinkId=\"1619208\" keywordSetId=\"40982\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80d71be5\" keywordId=\"93494\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80d71be5\" crossLinkType=\"Tools\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Emouth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for up to 4 years seems to lower \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Funderstanding-numbers\" crossLinkId=\"8342\" keywordSetId=\"8382\" externalId=\"091e9c5e800081fd\" keywordId=\"108937\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e800081fd\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Etotal cholesterol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and low-density lipoprotein (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart-disease\u002Fldl-cholesterol-the-bad-cholesterol\" crossLinkId=\"59022\" keywordSetId=\"1461\" externalId=\"091e9c5e8028aaf6\" keywordId=\"42789\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e8028aaf6\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003ELDL\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \"bad\") cholesterol in people with or without hyperlipidemia.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EObesity. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth can slightly reduce \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fobesity\u002Fhealthy-weight\" crossLinkId=\"1903515\" keywordSetId=\"8910\" externalId=\"091e9c5e816856bb\" keywordId=\"35915\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e816856bb\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Ebody weight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in adults who are overweight. \u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E ","PossiblyInEffective":"\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003ELiver disease in people who drink alcohol. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for up to 6 months does not improve \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhepatitis\u002Fliver-function-test-lft\" crossLinkId=\"1514148\" keywordSetId=\"32870\" externalId=\"091e9c5e8068dce6\" keywordId=\"72818\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e8068dce6\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Eliver function\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or reduce \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdigestive-disorders\u002Fpicture-of-the-liver\" crossLinkId=\"73851\" keywordSetId=\"10464\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80348a30\" keywordId=\"42791\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80348a30\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Eliver\u003C\u002Fa\u003E damage in people with alcohol-related liver disease.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EAltitude sickness. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth along with \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientmono-1001-vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid.aspx?activeingredientid=1001&amp;activeingredientname=vitamin-c-(ascorbic-acid)\" crossLinkId=\"1884444\" keywordSetId=\"31339\" externalId=\"1001\" keywordId=\"69419\" chronic_id=\"\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Evitamin C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-supplements\u002Fingredientmono-954-vitamin-e.aspx?activeingredientid=954&amp;activeingredientname=vitamin-e\" crossLinkId=\"1884399\" keywordSetId=\"41108\" externalId=\"954\" keywordId=\"93779\" chronic_id=\"\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Evitamin E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E does not seem to prevent altitude sickness.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fkidney-stones\u002Fpicture-of-the-kidneys\" crossLinkId=\"72677\" keywordSetId=\"26662\" externalId=\"091e9c5e803f72c0\" keywordId=\"60461\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e803f72c0\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003EKidney\u003C\u002Fa\u003E damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth with or without standard \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fa-to-z-guides\u002Fdehydration-adults\" crossLinkId=\"900\" keywordSetId=\"1077\" externalId=\"091e9c5e8000b073\" keywordId=\"94660\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e8000b073\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Ehydration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E therapy during a coronary angiography doesn't seem to prevent kidney damage caused by contrast agents.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EDiabetes. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth or by IV does not improve blood sugar levels in people with \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Ftype-2-diabetes\" crossLinkId=\"1582839\" keywordSetId=\"2021\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80010f55\" keywordId=\"8505\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80010f55\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Etype 2 diabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Feye-health\u002Fvision-basics\" crossLinkId=\"3407\" keywordSetId=\"1184\" externalId=\"091e9c5e800076b7\" keywordId=\"35136\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e800076b7\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003EVision\u003C\u002Fa\u003E problems in people with diabetes (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Fdiabetic-retinopathy\" crossLinkId=\"1582790\" keywordSetId=\"8582\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80007e43\" keywordId=\"33972\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80007e43\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Ediabetic retinopathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for 24 months doesn't improve \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Feye-health\u002Fpicture-of-the-eyes\" crossLinkId=\"72347\" keywordSetId=\"26646\" externalId=\"091e9c5e803ffc74\" keywordId=\"60424\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e803ffc74\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Eeye\u003C\u002Fa\u003E damage from diabetes.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Falzheimers\u002Ftypes-dementia\" crossLinkId=\"1218\" keywordSetId=\"47107\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80008c55\" keywordId=\"108635\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80008c55\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003EDementia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in people with advanced \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhiv-aids\u002Funderstanding-aids-hiv-basics\" crossLinkId=\"1565792\" keywordSetId=\"1340\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80008960\" keywordId=\"7583\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80008960\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003EHIV\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u002FAIDS. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth has no effect on thinking problems in people with HIV.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003EHigh levels of fats called triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth doesn't seem to reduce \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcholesterol-management\u002Flowering-triglyceride-levels\" crossLinkId=\"1560504\" keywordSetId=\"2010\" externalId=\"091e9c5e8028e149\" keywordId=\"71913\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e8028e149\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Etriglyceride levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in most people.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E There is interest in using alpha-lipoic acid for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful. ","SideEffects":"\u003Cb\u003EWhen taken by mouth\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when taken for up to 4 years. It is usually well-tolerated. The most common side effects are headache, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. \u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EWhen applied to the skin\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when used as a cream for up to 12 weeks. It might cause a rash in some people. \u003Ch4\u003ESpecial Precautions & Warnings:\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E \u003Cb\u003EPregnancy\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: When taken by mouth, alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe. It's been used safely during pregnancy in doses of up to 600 mg daily for up to 4 weeks. \u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EBreast-feeding\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: There isn't enough reliable information to know if alpha-lipoic acid is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EChildren\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe in children aged 10-17 years when taken by mouth in doses up to 600 mg daily for 3 months. But it is possibly unsafe for children to take large amounts of alpha-lipoic acid by mouth. Seizures, vomiting, and unconsciousness have been reported for children aged 14 months to 16 years who took up to 2400 mg of alpha-lipoic acid as a single dose.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003ESurgery\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alpha-lipoic acid can decrease blood sugar levels. Alpha-lipoic acid might interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop taking alpha-lipoic acid 2 weeks before elective surgical procedures.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E \u003Cb\u003EExcessive use of alcohol\u002F\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbrain\u002Fwernicke-korsakoff-syndrome-facts\" crossLinkId=\"1907340\" keywordSetId=\"10086\" externalId=\"091e9c5e818dcd96\" keywordId=\"41771\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e818dcd96\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Ethiamine deficiency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Alcohol can lower the amount of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid when there is a shortage of thiamine might cause serious health problems. If you drink a lot of alcohol and take alpha-lipoic acid, you should take a thiamine supplement.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E ","PtEdDescription":"Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. It is used to break down carbohydrates and to make energy.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E Alpha-lipoic acid can be eaten in foods, such as red meat, carrots, beets, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes. It is also available in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmen\u002Fvideo\u002Flamm-supplements-diet\" crossLinkId=\"1600841\" keywordSetId=\"9847\" externalId=\"091e9c5e800ccbab\" keywordId=\"40266\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e800ccbab\" crossLinkType=\"Video\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Esupplements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhepatitis\u002Fliver-and-hepatic-diseases\" crossLinkId=\"1909768\" keywordSetId=\"51561\" externalId=\"091e9c5e81b881fe\" keywordId=\"118047\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e81b881fe\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Eliver diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E People most commonly use alpha-lipoic acid for \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbrain\u002Fnerve-pain-and-nerve-damage-symptoms-and-causes\" crossLinkId=\"58569\" keywordSetId=\"10418\" externalId=\"091e9c5e8027ef13\" keywordId=\"42698\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e8027ef13\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Enerve pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in people with diabetes. It is also used for \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fobesity\u002Fvideo\u002Fobesity-risks\" crossLinkId=\"1542808\" keywordSetId=\"1635\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80047f6f\" keywordId=\"7982\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80047f6f\" crossLinkType=\"Video\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Eobesity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, altitude sickness, aging \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fpicture-of-the-skin\" crossLinkId=\"70837\" keywordSetId=\"26541\" externalId=\"091e9c5e80396037\" keywordId=\"60205\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e80396037\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Eskin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart\u002Fanatomy-picture-of-blood\" crossLinkId=\"1506783\" keywordSetId=\"28544\" externalId=\"091e9c5e8056ea80\" keywordId=\"62987\" chronic_id=\"091e9c5e8056ea80\" crossLinkType=\"Article\" directive=\"friendlyurl\" object_type=\"wbmd_pb_page\"\u003Eblood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses. \u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E ","PtEdInteractions":"Medications for cancer (Alkylating Agents): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of some medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for cancer (Antitumor antibiotics): Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant. There is some concern that antioxidants might decrease the effects of medications used for cancer. If you are taking medications for cancer, check with your healthcare provider before taking alpha-lipoic acid.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant \u002F Antiplatelet drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might slow blood clotting. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.\u003Cbr\u003E Thyroid hormone: Alpha-lipoic acid seems to decrease how well thyroid hormone works in the body. Taking alpha-lipoic acid with thyroid hormone might decrease the effects of the thyroid hormone.\u003Cbr\u003E Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs): Alpha-lipoic acid might lower blood sugar levels. Taking alpha-lipoic acid along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.","PtEdAction":""},"other_names":"A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R, Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque,Acide Lipoïque, Acide Thioctique, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique, Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl), Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque, Acide 6,8-Thioctique, Acido Alfa Lipoico, ALA, Biletan, DHLA, Dihydrolipoic Acid, Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Lipoic Acid, Lipoicin, R-ALA, R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, (+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid, (R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid,R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid, (R)-Lipoic Acid, R-Lipoic Acid, RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Lipoic Acid, Sodium-R-Lipoate, Thioctacid, Thioctan,Thioctic Acid.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E","activetab":"overview","route":{"fullPath":"\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid","path":"\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid","query":{},"hash":"","params":{"id":"767","name":"alpha-lipoic-acid","articleid":"091e9c5e81e0c9c5","channelid":"1169"},"matched":[{"path":"\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-:id\u002F:name","meta":{},"props":{"default":false},"children":[],"instances":{},"leaveGuards":{},"updateGuards":{},"enterCallbacks":{},"components":{"default":{}}}],"meta":{},"href":"\u002Fvitamins\u002Fai\u002Fingredientmono-767\u002Falpha-lipoic-acid"},"cms":{"friendlyURLData":null,"siteFronts":false,"modules":{"091e9c5e820d1a4b":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e820d1a4b","title":"webmd-vitamins-monograph-store","object_type":"wbmd_pb_module","wbmd_pb_module_category":"","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FHTML\u002Fvue-webmd-vitamins-monograph-store.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e82079da7"},"Class":"HTML"}},"091e9c5e820d0b5c":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e820d0b5c","title":"webmd-vitamins-brandseeker-router","object_type":"wbmd_pb_module","wbmd_pb_module_category":"","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FHTML\u002Fvue-webmd-vitamins-brandseeker-router.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e82079da8"},"Class":"HTML"}},"091e9c5e813b6dde":{"module_data":{"shared_Modules":{"SharedModules":[{"module_settings":{"title":"hicbn"},"module_data":{"groups":{"group":[{"group_name":"Conditions","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"ADD\u002FADHD","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fadd-adhd\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Allergies","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fallergies\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Arthritis","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Farthritis\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Atrial fibrillation","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart-disease\u002Fatrial-fibrillation\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Breast Cancer","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbreast-cancer\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Cancer","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcancer\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Crohn's Disease","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fibd-crohns-disease\u002Fcrohns-disease\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Depression","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdepression\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Diabetes","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiabetes\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"DVT","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdvt\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Eczema","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Feczema\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Eye Health","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Feye-health\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Heart Disease","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart-disease\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"HIV & AIDS","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhiv-aids\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Lung Disease","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Flung\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Lupus","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Flupus\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Mental Health","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmental-health\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Multiple Sclerosis","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmultiple-sclerosis\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Migraine","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmigraines-headaches\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Pain Management","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpain-management\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Psoriasis","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fpsoriasis\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Psoriatic Arthritis","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Farthritis\u002Fpsoriatic-arthritis\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Frheumatoid-arthritis\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Sexual Conditions","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fsexual-conditions\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Skin Problems","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Sleep Disorders","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fsleep-disorders\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Ulcerative Colitis","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fibd-crohns-disease\u002Fulcerative-colitis\u002Fdefault.htm"}]},"group_link_url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fa-to-z-guides\u002Fhealth-topics"},{"group_name":"Drugs & Supplements","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"Drugs","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdrugs\u002F2\u002Findex"},{"link_text":"Supplements","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins\u002Findex"},{"link_text":"Pill Identifier","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpill-identification\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Interaction Checker","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Finteraction-checker\u002Fdefault.htm"}]},"group_link_url":""},{"group_name":"Well-Being","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"Aging Well","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhealthy-aging\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Baby","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fparenting\u002Fbaby\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Birth Control","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fsex\u002Fbirth-control\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Children's Health","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fchildren\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Diet & Weight Management","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiet\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Fitness & Exercise","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Ffitness-exercise\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Food & Recipes","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Ffood-recipes\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Health & Balance","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbalance\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Healthy Beauty","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbeauty\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Men's Health","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmen\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Parenting","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fparenting\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Pet Health","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpets\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Pregnancy","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbaby\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Sex & Relationships","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fsex-relationships\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Teen Health","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fteens\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Women's Health","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fwomen\u002Fdefault.htm"}]},"group_link_url":""},{"group_name":"Symptom Checker","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"","link_friendlyUrl":""}]},"group_link_url":"https:\u002F\u002Fsymptoms.webmd.com"},{"group_name":"Find a Doctor","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"","link_friendlyUrl":""}]},"group_link_url":"https:\u002F\u002Fdoctor.webmd.com\u002F"},{"group_name":"More","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"News","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fnews\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Blogs","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.webmd.com\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Podcasts","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpodcasts\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Webinars","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fwebinar\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Newsletters","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmember.webmd.com\u002Fsubscribe"},{"link_text":"WebMD Magazine","link_friendlyUrl":""},{"link_text":"Best Hospitals","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fdoctor.webmd.com\u002Fchoice-awards"},{"link_text":"Support Groups","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Ffacebook-groups"},{"link_text":"Orthopedics","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Forthopedics\u002Fdefault.htm"}]},"group_link_url":""}]}}}]}}},"091e9c5e8137aeea":{"module_data":{"AdUnit":"Top 728x90 (Top Ad Label)"}},"091e9c5e81e36787":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e36787","title":"vitamins-menu-linklist","object_type":"wbmd_pb_module","wbmd_pb_module_category":"","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FHTML\u002Fvue-vitamins-menu-linklist.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e24e7a"},"Class":"HTML"}},"091e9c5e81e2c5f5":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e2c5f5","title":"webmd-vitamins-monograph-header","object_type":"wbmd_pb_module","wbmd_pb_module_category":"","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FHTML\u002Fvue-webmd-vitamins-monograph-header.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e2c5f3"},"Class":"HTML"}},"091e9c5e81e2787d":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e2787d","title":"webmd-vitamins-monograph","object_type":"wbmd_pb_module","wbmd_pb_module_category":"","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FHTML\u002Fvue-webmd-vitamins-monograph.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e2787c"},"Class":"HTML"}},"091e9c5e8137aeec":{"module_data":{"AdUnit":"Right Rail 300x250"}},"091e9c5e820f9cd5":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e8153ccb4","title":"Vitamins and Supplements Today on WebMD","dynamic_module_title":"ed-urr","object_type":"wbmd_pb_sharedmodule","wbmd_pb_module_category":"091e9c5e809202f9","wbmd_pb_dyn_module_category":{"object_type":"wbmd_lookup","wbmd_lookup_type":"wbmd_dynamic_module_category","IsDefault":"0","i_chronicle_id":"091e9c5e812c55e7","wbmd_disp_nm":"Channel Today On WebMD","wbmd_storage_val":"channel_today_on_webmd"},"md_pb_module_label2_group":{"wbmd_pb_module_label2":{"object_type":"wbmd_lookup","i_chronicle_id":"091e9c5e81102c9f","wbmd_disp_nm":"OAS","wbmd_storage_val":"oas"}},"wbmd_c_channel_ids_group":{"wbmd_c_channel_ids":[{"wbmd_title":"Vitamins and Supplements","wbmd_storage_val":"1169","object_type":"wbmd_cons_collection","i_chronicle_id":"091e9c5e812cb66a"}]},"wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FEditorialModule\u002FUnified Right Rail v2_091e9c5e80eb5f59.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e80eb5f59"},"Class":"EditorialModule"},"module_data":{"module_title":"More on Vitamins & Supplements","links":{"link":[{"link_text":"","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","action_text":"What to Know Before You Take Herbal Supplements","link_url":{"link_url_chronic_id":"091e9c5e814eadc7","link_url_directive":"friendlyurl","link_url_object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-and-supplements\u002Fss\u002Fslideshow-herbs-supplements-avoid"}},{"link_text":"","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","action_text":"Vitamins and Minerals: How Much Should You Take?","link_url":{"link_url_chronic_id":"091e9c5e80222282","link_url_directive":"friendlyurl","link_url_object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-and-supplements\u002Fvitamins-minerals-how-much-should-you-take"}},{"link_text":"","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","action_text":"Signs You’re Low on Vitamin B12","link_url":{"link_url_chronic_id":"091e9c5e81b24c80","link_url_directive":"friendlyurl","link_url_object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvitamins-and-supplements\u002Fss\u002Fslideshow-signs-lack-vitamin-b12"}}]},"descriptions":{"description":[{"description_text":""}]},"body_images":{"body_image":[{"override_text":"","image_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","alignment":"left","source":{"chronic_id":"","directive":"imageurl","object_type":"","wbmd_lookup_type":"","wbmd_storage_value":"","path":"","alt":""},"image_link":{"chronic_id":"","directive":"","object_type":"","link_friendly_url":""}}]}}},"091e9c5e81e365d7":{"module_data":{"AdUnit":"Right Rail Bottom 300x250"}},"091e9c5e820f9cd6":"RENDERED","091e9c5e81e589d8":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e589d8","title":"webmd-special-sections-vue","object_type":"wbmd_pb_module","wbmd_pb_module_category":"","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FHTML\u002Fvue-webmd-special-section.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e589d7"},"Class":"HTML"}},"091e9c5e81641fd1":{"module_data":{"AdUnit":"Above Footer (1x8)"}},"091e9c5e813ae61b":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e813ae385","title":"f-hs","object_type":"wbmd_pb_sharedmodule","wbmd_pb_module_category":"091e9c5e8136df32","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FLinkList\u002Fresponsive-link-list_091e9c5e813943bd.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e813943bd"},"Class":"LinkList"},"module_data":{"module_title":"Health Solutions","links":{"link":[{"link_text":"Penis Curved When Erect?","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e813d3c5e","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpeyronies-treatment-option\u002Ftreatment-option-legacy"},{"link_text":"Could I have CAD?","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8231020f","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart-disease\u002Fcad"},{"link_text":"Treat Bent Fingers","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e80604eb2","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Farthritis\u002Funderstanding-dupuytrens-contracture"},{"link_text":"Treat HR+, HER2- MBC","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81f113b4","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbreast-cancer\u002Fher2-negative-vs-her2-positive"},{"link_text":"Tired of Dandruff?","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e821407e5","directive":"pointerurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_ptr","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdna\u002Fdandruff-just-the-facts"},{"link_text":"Benefits of CBD","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e82114ef1","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmanaging-pain-with-cbd"},{"link_text":"Rethink MS Treatment","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81f08179","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmultiple-sclerosis\u002Frrms-20\u002Fmonthly-rms-treatment"},{"link_text":"AFib-Related Strokes","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8084ce2f","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fheart-disease\u002Fatrial-fibrillation\u002Fa-fib-overview"},{"link_text":"Risk of a Future DVT\u002FPE","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8153cb40","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdvt\u002Fwhat-is-dvt-and-what-causes-it"},{"link_text":"Is My Penis Normal?","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e813d3c5e","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fpeyronies-treatment-option\u002Ftreatment-option-legacy"},{"link_text":"Relapsing MS Options","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81ffbc0a","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Ftreatment-for-relapsing-ms\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"Liver Transplants Save Lives","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e815d9a95","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhepatitis\u002Fliver-transplant-17\u002Flife-changing-liver"},{"link_text":"Finance Plastic Surgery","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8000967e","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbeauty\u002Fcosmetic-procedures-cosmetic-surgery-options-basics"},{"link_text":"Bent Finger Causes","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e80604eb2","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Farthritis\u002Funderstanding-dupuytrens-contracture"},{"link_text":"Living With Psoriasis?","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8200991e","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fpsoriasis\u002Fsevere-psoriasis-19\u002Fpsoriasis-pill"},{"link_text":"Missing Teeth?","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e80008f47","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Foral-health\u002F9-risk-factors-tooth-loss"}]}}},"091e9c5e813ae61c":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e813ae387","title":"f-idc","object_type":"wbmd_pb_sharedmodule","wbmd_pb_module_category":"091e9c5e8136df32","wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FLinkList\u002Fresponsive-link-list_091e9c5e813943bd.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e813943bd"},"Class":"LinkList"},"module_data":{"module_title":"More from WebMD","links":{"link":[{"link_text":"5 Tips to Help With Relapsing MS","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e820da695","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmultiple-sclerosis\u002Frms-perspectives-21\u002Fslideshow-advice-relapsing-ms"},{"link_text":"How to Thrive With Narcolepsy","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81fc626e","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fsleep-disorders\u002Fnarcolepsy-perspectives-20\u002Fslideshow-narcolepsy-expert-advice"},{"link_text":"Relief for Blocked Hair Follicles","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81e6b911","directive":"pointerurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_ptr","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fstory\u002Fvce-hs-home-care-help"},{"link_text":"Psoriatic Arthritis and Your Sleep","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81858822","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Farthritis\u002Fpsoriatic-arthritis\u002Fpsa-21\u002Flive\u002Fslideshow-psoriatic-arthritis-sleep-tips"},{"link_text":"What Psoriasis Feels Like","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81b98bc2","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_video","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fpsoriasis\u002Fpsoriasis-stories-21\u002Fvideo-psoriasis-ballerina"},{"link_text":"First Psoriatic Arthritis Flare","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81c962c6","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_video","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Farthritis\u002Fpsoriatic-arthritis\u002Fpsa-stories-21\u002Fvideo-psa-save-energy"},{"link_text":"Talking to Your Doctor About RA","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e82076c74","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_video","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Frheumatoid-arthritis\u002Fra-life-21\u002Fvideo-ra-check-up"},{"link_text":"Crohn's: A 'Full-Body' Disease","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8201d006","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fibd-crohns-disease\u002Fcrohns-disease\u002Fcrohns-perspectives-21\u002Fcrohns-full-body-disease"},{"link_text":"Avoiding Crohn’s Flares","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e820cdb90","directive":"pointerurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_ptr","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fibd-crohns-disease\u002Fcrohns-disease\u002Fstory\u002Favoid-crohns-flares"},{"link_text":"Health Benefits of Hemp Seed Oil","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e820b9ae8","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiet\u002Fhealth-benefits-hemp-seed-oil"},{"link_text":"Live Better With Psoriatic Disease","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e82141054","directive":"pointerurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_ptr","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fskin-problems-and-treatments\u002Fpsoriasis\u002Fpsoriatic-disease-perspectives-21\u002Fslideshow-advocacy-psoriatic-disease-tips"},{"link_text":"Types of B-Cell Therapy for MS","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e81fbff9f","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmultiple-sclerosis\u002Fb-cell-ms-20\u002Fb-cell-ms-types"},{"link_text":"5 Health Benefits of Hemp","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e820609e7","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiet\u002Fhemp-health-benefits-nutrition-uses"},{"link_text":"Why Prostate Cancer Spreads","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8197cdb6","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_page","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fprostate-cancer\u002Fprostate-18\u002Fprostate-cancer-spreads"},{"link_text":"Living with Advanced Breast Cancer","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e82108907","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbreast-cancer\u002Fbc-perspectives-21\u002Fslideshow-advanced-bc-best-life"},{"link_text":"Where Breast Cancer Spreads","link_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","chronic_id":"091e9c5e810a1092","directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbreast-cancer\u002Fmetastatic-bc-forward-18\u002Fslideshow-breast-cancer-metastasis"}]}}},"091e9c5e8137e40d":{"module_settings":{"chronic_id":"091e9c5e8136fcb5","title":"Responsive Footer","object_type":"wbmd_pb_sharedmodule","wbmd_pb_module_category":"091e9c5e8136df32","md_pb_module_label2_group":{"wbmd_pb_module_label2":{"object_type":"wbmd_lookup","i_chronicle_id":"091e9c5e812f8381","wbmd_disp_nm":"Bottom","wbmd_storage_val":"bottom"}},"wbmd_pb_module_xsl":{"path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002FPageBuilder_Assets\u002FXSL\u002FGroupedLinks\u002FResponsive Footer_091e9c5e8136f568.xsl","object_type":"wbmd_pb_xsl","chronic_id":"091e9c5e8136f568"},"Class":"GroupedLinks"},"module_data":{"module_title_text":"Footer","groups":{"group":[{"group_name":"Social Icons","group_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"Facebook [fb]","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e815cee58","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FWebMD\u002F","link_name":"Facebook","link_abbr":"fb"},{"link_text":"Twitter [tw]","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e80c602b1","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fwebmd","link_name":"Twitter","link_abbr":"tw"},{"link_text":"Pinterest [pt]","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e8179d8e4","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pinterest.com\u002Fwebmd\u002F","link_name":"Pinterest","link_abbr":"pt"}]},"group_link_url":""},{"group_name":"Policies","group_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"Privacy Policy","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e8160f49a","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fabout-webmd-policies\u002Fabout-privacy-policy"},{"link_text":"Cookie Policy","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e81636d15","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fabout-webmd-policies\u002Fcookie-policy"},{"link_text":"Editorial Policy","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e8161f6ba","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fabout-webmd-policies\u002Fabout-editorial-policy"},{"link_text":"Advertising Policy","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e8161d954","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fabout-webmd-policies\u002Fabout-advertising-policy"},{"link_text":"Correction Policy","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e8161f6b8","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fabout-webmd-policies\u002Fwebmd-corrections-policies"},{"link_text":"Terms of Use","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e8162227c","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fabout-webmd-policies\u002Fabout-terms-and-conditions-of-use"}]},"group_link_url":""},{"group_name":"About","group_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"Contact Us","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"a5fe2f2a-bbe8-41c2-a90b-22ca22d4a7ad","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcustomercare.webmd.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us"},{"link_text":"Careers","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"936b7e86-4e7d-49b2-8117-b86835bb1e29","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fjobs.jobvite.com\u002Fwebmd"},{"link_text":"Newsletter","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e813894c7","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmember.webmd.com\u002Fsubscribe"},{"link_text":"WebMD App","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e816d4cef","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fwebmdapp"},{"link_text":"Corporate","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e819840fb","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcorporate\u002Fdefault.htm"},{"link_text":"WebMD Health Services","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e8136fcb0","link_friendlyUrl":"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmdhealthservices.com"},{"link_text":"Site Map","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"091e9c5e813894c3","link_friendlyUrl":"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fsitemap"}]}},{"group_name":"For Advertisers","group_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_items":{"link_item":[{"link_text":"Advertise with Us","article_link_view":"Page Refresh(Default)","link_chronic_id":"7fbbe10a-c104-4df0-8067-6d15dfdc0633","link_friendlyUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fmediakit"}]}}]}}},"091e9c5e8137aeed":"RENDERED","091e9c5e813aa1a8":{"module_data":{"AdUnit":"1x1 Pixel"}},"shared_object":{"Guide_Article_Data":{"content_section":""},"Bundle_Article_Data":"RENDERED","Mini_Guide_Article_Data":{"content_section":""}}},"staticPublicPath":"\u002Fstatic_vue\u002F091e9c5e81e0c9c5\u002Fclient\u002F","isInteractivePage":false}}</script> <script>window.__INITIAL_STATE__.route.hash = window.location.hash; window.__INITIAL_STATE__.route.fullPath = window.location.pathname; window.__INITIAL_STATE__.route.path = window.location.pathname; if(window.location.search !== ""){ var search = window.location.search.substring(1); window.__INITIAL_STATE__.route.query=JSON.parse('{"' + search.replace(/&/g, '","').replace(/=/g,'":"') + '"}', function(key, value) { return key===""?value:decodeURIComponent(value) }) } else {window.__INITIAL_STATE__.route.query={};}</script><script>try{var _comscore=_comscore||[];_comscore.push({c1:'2',c2:'6035829',options:{enableFirstPartyCookie:!0}}),function(){var e=document.createElement('script'),o=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];e.async=!0,e.src='https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/cs/6035829/beacon.js',o.parentNode.insertBefore(e,o),window.__INITIAL_STATE__?window.document.addEventListener('before_pv',function(){window.document.addEventListener('onAdobeOmniBeforePv',function(){window.biConsumerIsReady&&self.COMSCORE&&COMSCORE.beacon({c1:'2',c2:'6035829',options:{enableFirstPartyCookie:!0}})})},{once:!0}):window.document.addEventListener('onAdobeOmniBeforePv',function(){self.COMSCORE&&COMSCORE.beacon({c1:'2',c2:'6035829',options:{enableFirstPartyCookie:!0}})})}()}catch(e){}</script><noscript><img src='https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035829&cv=3.9.1&cj=1'></noscript><!--$$NGINX_TARGET$$--> <!--$$CLOUDFLARE_TARGET$$--><!-- webmd-ccm-Non-EU gdpr phase 2 --> <script id="cookieConsentScriptNonEU" async="async" src="https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/file-explorer/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/webmd-ccm/webmd-ccm-lite.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="async" importance="high" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" id="GPT_JS"></script><script>window.webmd.googleloaded = true; window.googleloaded = true; </script> <script type='application/ld+json'>{"@graph":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DietarySupplement","name":"ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID","description":"Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. It is used to break down carbohydrates and to make energy. Alpha-lipoic acid can be eaten in foods, such as red meat, carrots, beets, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes. It is also available in supplements . Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain liver diseases . People most commonly use alpha-lipoic acid for nerve pain in people with diabetes. It is also used for obesity , altitude sickness, aging skin , high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the blood , and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these other uses. ...","alternateName":"A-Lipoic Acid, Acetate Replacing Factor, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Acide Alpha-Lipoïque R, Acide DL-Alpha-Lipoïque,Acide Lipoïque, Acide Thioctique, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoïque, Acide 1,2-dithiolane-3-valérique, Acide 5 Valérique (1,2-dithiolan-3-yl), Acide 6,8-dithiooctanoïque, Acide 6,8-Thioctique, Acido Alfa Lipoico, ALA, Biletan, DHLA, Dihydrolipoic Acid, Extrait d'acide Alpha-Lipoïque, Lipoic Acid, Lipoicin, R-ALA, R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, (+-)-1,2-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid, (R)-Dithiolane-3-Pentanoic Acid,R, S-Alpha Lipoic Acid, (R)-Lipoic Acid, R-Lipoic Acid, RS-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, S-Lipoic Acid, Sodium-R-Lipoate, Thioctacid, Thioctan,Thioctic Acid.<br/><br/>"}]}</script> <script>window.performance.mark('page-end');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81e0c9c5/client/css/non-critical-1738602477551.62745ddf.css"> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10