CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134cf81e981fd97',cH: 'gQQRbYj4uMLoaSRk1DS.d.iBxiuQBr2wnjNlUc0rnrI-1739785170-1.2.1.1-oQwFSZ0cVsAFu0HY.VIFxpIVUMyHdb1AxMPM7fCC4ZEsLeTTR4TTunFy0h5jv2D5',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=lifelong%20Education&__cf_chl_tk=YdL_QNgq_5qXDU12tuP.FTh1P2CTmIMjAF3WFDHokXs-1739785170-1.0.1.1-m_NhwwANvKHJNlq6Tb6vqCLLQL2BPxZP7_kT_oJZmss",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739785170',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=lifelong%20Education&__cf_chl_f_tk=YdL_QNgq_5qXDU12tuP.FTh1P2CTmIMjAF3WFDHokXs-1739785170-1.0.1.1-m_NhwwANvKHJNlq6Tb6vqCLLQL2BPxZP7_kT_oJZmss",md: "3SbKriwYAp6kCSh8XYK.Ha.i2pUBJ5I.RHuMKMGq60A-1739785170-1.2.1.1-4ULQnizUxFKcQO.Hm5iprrbYc8unVFD8XiqD7L7wwVO8GoID4wosnB2YDd.LSBMtjKCdy8HoGu7Mj18Yg2y1jx354kpy0aX7G8zhsSiNkFk6YPPCPPOjT78RYosU.KekTdONzaQC5mUVh4cP.IC.e.r7lk.rT2W8qd6FDvk5ozdfSmslBlw2949dMqSjKfWXyIqlj6cd2nVO9BC3v479cffF9W0_PL6OQE9oZUV6QjFO2V4PJhHlahfX0ojJ4Q6BCxkwFNnLgIGK9InlYGBGB4oStnJxEiqs7Qxxy02GX2jpb9y6831Uk6rWLTVWFZ_ehx.UFaB_PLCxE06.dIBP6PQ.aRGUXVJlQFQ_VU8W0seWz9K0oQZkCZayRUNcfeKaGKh5NjBTy4LoqGcMBOE5.tXNNhPchXyQpIkiXD08NNd1pAMKK2T8fO1eG7QrN3yW1UaG8vDO8Wo.ytd.AzxL_CuZr8shrvFJNizokih4sV3GW1v.uegt87xyDp0DfL.rsumpcluHLBCO2EJIquOL0kVg9JPsf4sm0jl8S5iyTagjvAM58cSSaVjTBTv5uhh07BlSgI1AJtCE8nNeOiZVL9T5O7w0PYUoERFoJc3H1yLQDmKkrwxjVE1w8bD6edJLHzVEaEgd.NcQdkcrQwsEokU16shr.U73u9K9EUJNA6kQpa5lxwWDm1bpFfSYVMdHnO8_.IIYehz1iIHmJH1sFW0CKughx08iTIv35rb04k0g.cuf4m2t3GRYjb7G.PMHMuUqS1bphNaaXmxmtRuDyFQt8fAozkY6Qzdz.y4M.iNcQVAxE4_6YfbkGQXZBNOR8YcYu1JKR4eO2G_mg_hEwXwx48Q0ylJ2C9K5z5rGC4UxE9VfKKTFYwxVx3I8MkNOiLtKTb3JgpbWcELZNZrMOUqEvUKkRJVGXfwX93AFydlot8MQyoV1Ii571icilBSsFKDmk0jwmPdYJ3nvY7obI7UxkrHITfuY6piXT9dKrIN4zcPx_2Prmaf4csizDFRc49eGyXnpsNLLmxa5L.jweOgwHogxklrPPyczH9SbzmBiAjar3rP4MLNp.IQRhEom9f8ZSOVPsNdDLDZqZsFAmBBNbOKQkqL7BNRNE6HdhtMtXs.nchIMAPct1hbjKOu6_BWaOc2amMx09iYBwphiTLFbhfbZ7hqo0Z6f_1Rvwfdh7SwM99rZL8unpnF4tQV4wUwJF.TZ17qTBkikmC8Tj9Uk4gwNDqad8J.UNyBNf89AYMa5D2UqyPuI.f0E73CCDDl52Op6fsJfgIjGQ.30HMX6t4mKgoP23kSik11M5fUkSb4iy9flcS7WOPI0wm2fPmPtwFfqjoh3kHX7ubxkXHeTkpRqEdvhRKdhJ3hQNyZUu7EMoyRYrZuQJdWpME25FwJ0wnVneCW7.l_sM4wDABKa1j7hoakOqpKGSLCiJGNhO8oqONO8_31FSuTaO378Vky7iCzHXtgnpmecUZzZGTwvsz67MlEo6yZ.3oHG0Ok0gqmMBzQPsDjqw9.LmdDBr3dCW.OQIK7.OMOrYVhv9puHweINBd.6hA1AQO9DllV3fPOasM8kJj_hawYYPMhj6C486J5SPmgzbkn1VATat0WkEKkff0QAwOQWNCbI3obasVhgyXNcH_TrCZXsRv_VVyjrwS11WzhK1P_1DCOgWRxOTRZATgH97Q16G2OYKJZC9Qtsqtfw4R.hVMDKMBp.8KKPCMHAy0wtRsQPQM_AfF6LD5rlIypJ_Pmz938ujsKHFdZQQeU07yO20FZ.43fIxbIGk4wILuHJjXigWOwWJiCeb7SDBbfHTQxLLYntV8U2ujp08uCVCdt4o9WlKQ11xX_v1DQmdp4qiMl41TK_7Zq72TEyo93816S2dEnx9L5tgWvPuVJpwTqtGAcspuVNH9ff2sHWHlQpT9.BLVVFpyyI.f8YAIghCazDFclDTKc",mdrd: "O5EUfbMNiZOODWSBn8GQsT52DbAPrvhSpxX00Js.3rE-1739785170-1.2.1.1-5Zo3kADAN5CoFUqe1r7S6l1_0T1QfEqiTB5n0evPVOwV5rHTOZMNoOkRd4HoW8wdNG0cUu1LXwOx3K_eDwEN3KesztTD_5oTF7jcaWDUKdVmPRho9Hmli.EfWfuQkZFt7TVWLIrVMch3hnzuy9AZj8aBFbeVVDRyljyPx_fZbdbMgqaCcyw8wtvVhroEcyUipF4WKEtMDnZOK_59FEHQA1Sll2f3m5rqGELiiNHN7MB4ygCja7vOjioW97IPpdosmUwjoxUpH2WTDUSMD2gKN26l9PbDnR0jl_ipJBnF4anDXzQ2EmnfGWVU6Cn8SJ.reJ9TpyXqP9pHFSsUcL0BEmQzQp9XXzCNXNMFcrAKE_Evn1K9SP63aV.8q4WRvyX7QvQUYN5Laeb71tbePNdU6wKYfT7vFvRVxeraW3AlfOWpCCORHkQLxWO5U4wX34byv7E191A6j2DzCBUF7qp_89dVmHti7QVUhTyYL4ukYLH6bbzskRBP3NK9bZobQXP3_pWxyOdjROj4PuAXaFLRKqxD9BUie9Ltu5jXC5kV8DtW7HCCnDL0jd7yG6c8Ib2T4lDMuq.JmhpcCVbWHRIo9O5jA6KPE9t4Xqp1VjT0HvUQsSu6WqTGDA60Y6xCb.vUrZlXL.47EEl1r.e4EfIUjpqlGu0ZwiUA0X2MFdZGFTG3rb9N_kPErU7GNWlPdorrS5AgBjwkCC0Sk9pv40hX3N7kYCJTWWS6L83hvdTjaXh8qijRuK1elY0HnzTlcioMPp9W3ImqjMAme3UuhF_Uhv6G8ZXAWFrFKWEC4hpiL3CyFPC9lZsVPtssWHh8lJ89oO5ooOHUQ0T7PafnkpIL4ZzJ6C878uiGeBDtW26LPkKkUfceK3WBGIFL77Pwi4R829CROvggjxBfHsWWqT67NuY1hUTaPUazJ9GfqssyiLIE8rWJaKfnnpqSD1d8ts.OjK3Fv2h7B9sZJ1zNEa1rO2x5B4OGA_0ncLwbIeWWXczHmgFrLj2UV3_EwDt6p3alvuqLvlZQGf4Xj.Rm0dIuRmscIrupMwVH.fZrv8MH_czE4XiH1JmUtNqrSejAxnEVqekgLhPsHtByzuL5pWi4zU.Hg5s.IQLn8xoHyJBplu6drUy4eg9d3T9pMF4XqlMSpp.P6Ok4fGCw0DDMsUoatiiPxuXInfdJmJN03tmxCtet_k5ZmP_0QFlZ7Ah0BCG4ualkSGm8uMi3PV6zi3IkHHiRtMk2nm9F8qA.biEi_9OoSkZTF9TL26BpBUWH4bOvJwbNDCUjfk6MZ2Kfq.YO7CYfvOvNLFi6pHEH60uoODs4fLQCZJU2OZHn6RlnPhKbLQPg3asvl5FLk32ImtUJuMUP5JR2dLwKQvCNlB8W5TEWvF8z37Nev0GnS5qluYk_5sK7zlobY1JfyleLYwlOZZTlNTDyISpER1IcUaHP255psyWw0ZlTmNuUdjvnByWXrLoLKJRfyVCbIKBtJSRhLvlicxVEs9_Ii8me9piwiGYWOKKOg.hGludzd0WRPD0FtinprsTnQm2XiB_KdYufcTdO.dIYSzNbfwxr4We1uuoH6RolrxrR2UZXD6uYILQoOkbqgNCtGYZmdwsbumMrMd03LmucRNdZk9qmP8pDBdWDNaMByIoThMdiq62o3cC5Ee9LcmM3.T6N.GivHoubuK7k5slELjU7rLw1eFWbpkQcRbiUj_N7xbK6WzCFPuGQTSZ.PU8kctgMicZpxJ9rgRN6uJ2_uUQ_Z2pXyYP6ZRojC1WePsyJyJh3FgqGVjp3j3e66XPX.u6q77f0J8UlJP3lbqj6X1O1tM.FirngjjenwjkyKVQw7QclYZ3LCr74pzc8sbKLvCRp.k0bWACWhQii396asdV7YJls7xwXmeIDnbVepYQeerhCDpSGyNtAAA3aaRpvvf4BUEfUR155a9xlghagZwEb313ph5RburXbhIX1GuNOQ2dWVHq2F.AK"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134cf81e981fd97';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=lifelong%20Education&__cf_chl_rt_tk=YdL_QNgq_5qXDU12tuP.FTh1P2CTmIMjAF3WFDHokXs-1739785170-1.0.1.1-m_NhwwANvKHJNlq6Tb6vqCLLQL2BPxZP7_kT_oJZmss" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>