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G. Ponnambalam's submissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G._G._Ponnambalam's_submissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balance_representation_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_representation_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Balance representation scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_representation_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Claims of discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kandyan_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandyan_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kandyan proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandyan_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance_of_the_Soulbury_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance_of_the_Soulbury_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Acceptance of the Soulbury Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptance_of_the_Soulbury_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soulbury Commission</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Soulbury+Commission%22">"Soulbury Commission"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Soulbury+Commission%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Soulbury+Commission%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Soulbury+Commission%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Soulbury+Commission%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Soulbury+Commission%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Soulbury Commission</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">සෝල්බරි කොමිෂන් සභාව</span> <i>Solbari Komishan Sabhawa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">சோல்பரி ஆணைக்குழு</span>) was a prime instrument of constitutional reform in <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) that succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a>. It was announced in 1944 and headed by <a href="/wiki/Herwald_Ramsbotham,_1st_Viscount_Soulbury" title="Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury">Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury</a>. The immediate basis for the appointment of a commission for constitutional reforms was the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of Ministers, headed by <a href="/wiki/D.S._Senanayake" class="mw-redirect" title="D.S. Senanayake">D.S. Senanayake</a>. This commission ushered in the <b>Soulbury Constitution</b> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">independence</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a> in 1948. Its constitutional recommendations were largely those of the 1944 Board of Ministers' draft, a document reflecting the influence of Senanayake and his main advisor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Jennings" title="Ivor Jennings">Ivor Jennings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kms_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_to_the_appointment_of_the_commission">Background to the appointment of the commission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background to the appointment of the commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a></div> <p>The struggle for <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">independence in Ceylon</a> had been fought on "constitutionalist" lines rather than on the strongly confrontational approach that had developed in British India. Only the Marxists, a tiny minority, had attempted to create confrontational conditions which they believed to be a harbinger of the impending <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> against Imperialism. D. S. Senanayake was the leader of the "constitutionalist" wing of the Sri Lankan independence movement. He began to develop a "Ceylonese" vision for Sri Lanka, i.e., co-operation of all the ethnic and religious groups. To this end he masterminded the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Arunachalam_Mahadeva" title="Arunachalam Mahadeva">Arunachalam Mahadeva</a>, a respected Tamil politician as the minister of Home Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-kms_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 560">: p. 560 </span></sup> Senanayake began to formulate a draft constitution following the conditions laid down by the Colonial Secretary of State in 1943. There were three aspects to the effort. The first was the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a> and the formulation of a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Model">Westminster Model</a>. The second was that the Governor's reserve powers and other controls of the Imperial government would be abandoned and there would be full responsibility in internal civil matters. However, the crown's reserve powers would be retained especially in regard to limitations set upon the Ceylonese legislature regarding religious and ethnic minorities. The Crown would also retain defence and external affairs. The third was the ratification of the new constitution by a 3/4 majority in the State Council of Ceylon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_draft_constitution_of_the_Board_of_Ministers">The draft constitution of the Board of Ministers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The draft constitution of the Board of Ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senanayake and his advisors worked quickly and a draft was made ready for submission to <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> in 1944. Groups who opposed the move towards independence, notably British business groups<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> and certain church dignitaries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> criticized the rapid moves in what they termed "lack of consultation". The 1943 Colonial Secretary's discussions envisaged that the draft constitution would be examined by a "suitable commission or conference", after the victory over the Axis powers. However, Senanayake pressed for an immediate consideration of their proposals. There was great reluctance and no sense of urgency on the part of the Colonial office. However, Senanayake, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goonetilleke" title="Oliver Goonetilleke">Oliver Goonetilleke</a> and others had developed impressive contacts with Lord <a href="/wiki/Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a> who, as Supreme Allied Commander of South-East Asia had worked from <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>. A telegram from Lord Mountbatten <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is believed have been crucial in over-riding the foot-dragging of the Colonial office and conceding to Senanayake's demands. The appointment of a commission was made on 5 July 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_to_the_Commission">Reaction to the Commission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reaction to the Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the appointment of a commission without waiting for the end of the War was a great concession, the announcement of the Commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Herwald_Ramsbotham,_1st_Viscount_Soulbury" title="Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury">Lord Soulbury</a> was greeted with dismay by Senanayake and others. Their disappointment was due to the widening of the scope of the commission beyond what was set out by the Colonial Secretary in 1943, to also consult with "various interests, including the minority communities concerned with the subject of constitutional reforms in Ceylon". Senanayake was a man who preferred behind-the-curtain negotiations instead of confrontational public hearings. He felt that such consultations would simply become very divisive. In fact, the politics of the 1930s had become very communal or racist, with the first Sinhala-Tamil riot occurring in 1939, after an inflammatory speech by <a href="/wiki/G._G._Ponnambalam" title="G. G. Ponnambalam">G. G. Ponnambalam</a>, a leading Tamil politician.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senanayake and the Board of Ministers resorted to an official boycott of the commission as an expression of their disapproval of the widening of the scope of the commission. However, this merely meant that they did not appear before the commission in public or "official" sittings. Senanayake and his associates held private meetings where the commissioners were the guests of honour. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goonetilleke" title="Oliver Goonetilleke">Oliver Goonetilleke</a> became an "unofficial secretary" to the commission and significantly influenced it. This enabled Senanayake and his advisors to present their views without getting into confrontational politics with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Congress">Tamil Congress</a>, led by G. G. Ponnambalam who was allowed to dominate many of the official hearings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G._G._Ponnambalam's_submissions"><span id="G._G._Ponnambalam.27s_submissions"></span>G. G. Ponnambalam's submissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: G. G. Ponnambalam's submissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamils, both indigenous and of Indian descent, were about 25% <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population, and had a strong, dominant position in the early legislatures of the country. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Franchise">Universal Franchise</a> in 1931 completely changed the character of Ceylonese politics, where Tamil politicians found it very difficult to accept that they would become a minority. The eminent <a href="/wiki/Peradeniya" title="Peradeniya">Peradeniya</a> historian, Prof. K. M.de Silva attributes this to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_National_Congress" title="Ceylon National Congress">Ceylon National Congress</a>. This, as well as other factors led to a development of Tamil nationalism and communal feeling, displacing casteism to a secondary place in the nation's politics. Communal politics, which involved attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, suspicious examination of appointments to public office, opening of colonisation schemes etc., for communal bias became common place. G. G. Ponnambalam wrested control of Tamil politics from the Arunachalam-family elitist Colombo Tamil group and followed a stridently communal political program. This was matched by similar nationalist politics, led by <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a>, the Sinhalese counterpart of Ponnambalam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balance_representation_scheme">Balance representation scheme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Balance representation scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tamil Congress, led by Ponnambalam, had evolved the policy of 50-50, i.e., allocation of an equal number of seats in the legislature to the Tamils with other non-Sinhalese, and the Sinhalese, where the 25% Tamils, 75% Sinhalese <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, would lead to only about 25 Tamil seats in a chamber with 100 representatives,(<sup id="cite_ref-jane_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> p308). Ponnambalam, an English-educated Hindu lawyer justified this by pointing out that there were roughly equal numbers of English educated (i.e., upper caste) Sinhalese and Tamils, and that this would also guarantee a place of political parity for the Tamils.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus Ponnambalam proposed that the legislature should be: "based on the balanced scheme of representation that would avoid the danger of concentration of power in one community, but would ensure its equitable distribution among all communities and the people as a whole"(,<sup id="cite_ref-soulbury_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soulbury-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> p. 92). Ponnambalam also proposed further constitutional mechanisms to "safeguard minority rights". </p><p>Ponnambalam's schemes for securing the continued parity of status of Tamils, met with severe disapprobation by the commissioners. They stated that "any attempt by artificial means to convert a majority into a minority is not only inequitable, but doomed to failure".<sup id="cite_ref-soulbury_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soulbury-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ponnambalam's proposals were considered to be a means of conferring a minority supremacy amounting to virtual minority rule, and "denial of the democratic principle"(<sup id="cite_ref-jane_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> p. 311). The <i>Hindu Organ</i>, an influential newspaper of the time, condemned it as something that "can only be maintained against the united opposition of the Sinhalese by British bayonets". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Claims_of_discrimination">Claims of discrimination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Claims of discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The submissions in front of the Soulbury Commission also included specific grievances of the Ceylon Tamils regarding claimed unfair discrimination against their community. These included claims of discrimination in appointments to the Public Service, claims of settlement policies in newly opened colonisation schemes which favour the Sinhalese, the Buddhist Temporalities act of 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> Preservation Ordinance of 1931, the question of ports in the Northern peninsula, a claimed discriminatory bias in education, medical services etc., favouring the Sinhalese. </p><p>However, the commission concluded that "the evidence submitted to us provides no substantial indication of a general policy on the part of the Government of Ceylon of discrimination against minority communities". </p><p>The extensive and lengthy orations of Ponnambalam were rewarded by the commissioners by introducing a provision for multi-member constituencies in suitable areas, allowing for greater representation for ethnic minorities like Tamils, Muslims and other groups. The commissioners also recommended inclusion of provisions relating to communal discrimination. The first was that "the Parliament of Ceylon shall not make any law rendering persons of any community or religion liable to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of other communities are not made liable, ...". Another provision was that any bill which evoked "serious opposition by any racial or religious community and which, in the opinion of the Governor-General is likely to involve oppression or serious injustice to any community must be reserved by the Governor-General"(<sup id="cite_ref-soulbury_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soulbury-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> p. 101). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kandyan_proposals">Kandyan proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kandyan proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The low-country Sinhalese and the Kandyans had largely co-operated in their politics during the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">Bandaranaike</a>'s marriage to the Ratwatte family, influential in Kandyan circles, had also helped to bridge the gap between the two groups. However, the presence of a commission gave the Kandyan groups a chance to claim some powers for themselves, just as the Tamil Congress was largely arguing to secure Tamil interests. The Kandyans proposed a Federal scheme where the Up-country region, the Low-country, and the North would be three federal states. Their suggestions were rejected by the commissioners who found no merit in the federal proposals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acceptance_of_the_Soulbury_Constitution">Acceptance of the Soulbury Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acceptance of the Soulbury Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British historian Jane Russell argues that the official boycott of the Soulbury Commission by the Board of Ministers led by Senanayake was a "statesman-like action, if not a diplomatic coup. The fact that the more ... communal-minded (politicians) held aloof ... , enabled the minorities to have the floor unchallenged. This manoeuvre avoided a repetition of the situation ... of the Donoughmore Commission where there had been a spiraling of communal demands as accusations and denunciations (which) provoked counter-accusations, ... until communal tension reached ... in outbreaks of violence. (sic) It enabled G. G. Ponnambalam to strut about the political arena for a few months unimpeded", while the Board of Ministers maintained a quiet dignity while doing behind-the-curtain politics. Thus the visit of the Soulbury Commission and the final Soulbury Report did much to reconcile the minority communities with the Sinhalese leadership under D. S. Senanayake. The voting in the third reading (in March) of the "Free Lanka" bill of January 1945, was supported by all the Muslim members, and by T. G. Rajakulendran, S. P. Vytilingam, and V. Nalliah. Some of the other minority members who did not want to openly support the bill took care to be absent or abstain. Finally, the debate and the vote of acceptance on the eighth and ninth of September 1945 was the most significant indication of general reconciliation among the ethnic and regional groups. Far exceeding the 3/4 majority required by the Soulbury Commission, Senanayake had 51 votes in favour and only three votes against the adoption of the constitution. The vote was "in many ways a vote of confidence by all communities in ... Senanayake", and the minorities were as anxious as the majority for self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 317">: 317 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>Senanayake's speech in proposing the motion of acceptance made reference to the minorities and said "throughout this period the Ministers had in view one objective only, the attainment of maximum freedom. Accusations of Sinhalese domination have been bandied about. We can afford to ignore them for it must be plain to every one that what we sought was not Sinhalese domination, but Ceylonese domination. We devised a scheme that gave heavy weight to the minorities; we deliberately protected them against discriminatory legislation. We vested important powers in the Governor-General ... We decided upon an Independent Public Service Commission so as to give assurance that there should be no communalism in the Public Service. I do not normally speak as a Sinhalese, and I do not think that the Leader of this Council ought to think of himself as a Sinhalese representative, but for once I should like to speak as a Sinhalese and assert with all the force at my command that the interests of one community are the interests of all. We are one of another, what ever race or creed."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the war ended, D. S. Senanayake was ready, on a mission to Whitehall to push for full dominion status instead of the status discussed in the 1943 Colonial secretary's report. During August–September 1945 Senanayake argued that the limits on Ceylon's external sovereignty (defence and external affairs), adhered to by the Soulbury report were unworkable and unnecessary. Senanayake suggested the confirmation of Dominion status by an Order in Council, and delivered a draft to G. H. Hall, the new Secretary to the Colonies. While the new labour government was prepared to accept the Soulbury report, it was firmly opposed to granting Dominion Status. The British were willing to consider Dominion status six years after the Soulbury constitution, say in 1953-54, although this was not revealed to the Ceylonese politicians. In 1947, with the general election to the new parliament scheduled for August–September 1947, Senanayake once again pressed Whitehall for a more precise date for Dominion Status. Arthur Creeh-Jones, successor to Hall in the Colonial office was much more receptive to Senanayake's request. Independence for India was announced by the Labour cabinet on 20 February 1947. Oliver Goonatilleke, who was handling the negotiations in Whitehall on behalf of Senanayake, argued that the immediate granting of Dominion Status was urgently necessary since the moderates were under increasing pressure from left-wing and nationalist extremist groups. The British government made the official announcement on 18 June 1947 that the Island would receive "fully responsible status within the British Commonwealth of Nations". </p><p>G. G. Ponnambalam had in the 1930s begun to declare that he is a "proud Dravidian"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had rejected the "Ceylonese Concept" of Senanayake and others at the time. At the end of the Soulbury submissions, he decided to moderate his politics, and publicly advocated "responsive cooperation" with the Sinhalese leaders. He joined the cabinet of D. S. Senanayake who became the first prime minister of independent Ceylon in 1948. <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a>, the Sinhalese Nationalist counterpart of Ponnambalam had also joined the cabinet, leaving the opposition to the Marxists and small nationalist groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_aftermath">The aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important piece of legislation, enacted in 1948, and modified in 1949, was the Indian Citizenship act, which limited citizenship to <a href="/wiki/Hill-country_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill-country Tamils">Indian workers</a> who had at least 10 years of residence in the country <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was similar to the requirement which was then current in most European countries. Although Senanayake had consistently supported their citizenship under less strict conditions as early as 1923, and as late as 1941 in the Indo-Ceylon talks,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this change of attitude was a reaction to the increasing agitation of the Marxist trade-unionists whose power was misjudged by the colonial administration as well as most politicians of that era. Thus Senanayake was supported by many Tamil leaders including Ponnambalam, and constitutionalists like Dr. Ivor Jennings, in regard to the Indian citizenship act. The Soulbury commission had also recommended a "status quo" with regard to Indian workers. However, this was criticized by Senator Natesan, S. J. V. Chelvanayagam and followers who represented the emerging Tamil-nationalist fringe. </p><p>Although Ponnambalam moderated his politics and moved to the center, there was thus no shortage of ultra-nationalists or militant groups who attacked Senanayake's synthesis of all moderate groups within his United National Party of Ceylon. Because the "constitutionalist" approach of Senanayake and others led to independence without the fire and violence of the Indian program, many contended that the "independence" was illusory. Fears were expressed, mainly by the Marxists, of secret clauses and a hidden treaty. Events were to prove that these claims were false.<sup id="cite_ref-kms_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 569">: 569 </span></sup> </p><p>An ultra-nationalist Tamil movement which had previously grouped as the league of Tamil Federations denounced Ponnambalam and other Tamils as "traitors" and formed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a>. This party would present a deeply separatist agenda in its Tamil-language publications <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but presented a more moderate picture in its English language presentations, where it was known as the Federal Party. The Federal party and the Marxist parties began to attack the Senanayake government, but at that time their support in the country was minimal. The greatest threat to Senanayake's policies came when Bandaranaike left the Senanayake cabinet and formed the Sinhala nationalist <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a> (Sri Lanka Nidahas Pakshaya)(SLFP). Senanayake died in a horse riding accident in 1952, and after that the low-key, behind-the-curtain approach of Senanayake was displaced by direct communal agitation for linguistic and other demands of the two communities, led by the SLFP and the Federal Party. The "satyagraha" sit-ins of the Federal Party developed into violent confrontations which, over time lead to the emergence of the Tamil United Liberation Front <a href="/wiki/TULF" class="mw-redirect" title="TULF">TULF</a> which in 1976 declared, in the city of Vaddukkoddei , a policy of a separate state for the Tamils. This was an idea which had been part of the thinking of the Federal Party since its inception, although it did not come to the fore-front till 1976.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soulbury_Commission&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kms-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kms_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kms_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kms_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. K. M. de Silva, History of Sri Lanka, Penguin 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mountbatten's Telegram No: SAC 2626, 22 May 1944, marked "Top Secret" to the war cabinet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jane-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jane_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jane_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jane_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jane_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Jane. Russell, Communal Politics under the Donoughmore Constitution, 1931-1947, Tissara Publishers, Colombo 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190517/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-10.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190517/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-10.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soulbury-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soulbury_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soulbury_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soulbury_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Soulbury Report, London, 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivor Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon, Oxford University Press, 1949</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansard, State Council of Ceylon 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansard 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010531123753/http://sandaruwan.tripod.com/mythology.htm">"S. M. Bandara, Details of the citizenship act"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandaruwan.tripod.com/mythology.htm">the original</a> on 31 May 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+M.+Bandara%2C+Details+of+the+citizenship+act.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsandaruwan.tripod.com%2Fmythology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoulbury+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Senator Natesan's speech, Hansard 1948</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kandyan_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Kandyan Kingdom (page does not exist)">Kandyan Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soulbury Constitution">Soulbury Constitution</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Constitution_of_1972" title="Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972">Republican Constitution</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Draft_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Draft Constitution of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">1997 Draft Constitution</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_Draft_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 Draft Constitution of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">2000 Draft Constitution</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proposed_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proposed Constitution of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Proposed Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Acts of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Acts of the Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_law" title="Kandyan law">Kandyan law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesavalamai" title="Thesavalamai">Thesavalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_law_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Muslim law in Sri Lanka">Muslim law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Dutch_law" title="Roman-Dutch law">Roman-Dutch law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sri Lanka"><img alt="Flag of Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/50px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/75px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/100px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Political history of Sri Lanka">Political history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandyan_independence_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandyan independence movement (page does not exist)">Kandyan independence movement</a> (1470s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a> (1505–1594)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijayaba_Kollaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wijayaba Kollaya">Wijayaba Kollaya</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese War">Sinhalese–Portuguese War</a> (1527–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest of Jaffna</a> (1560–1619)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Kotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fall of Kotte (page does not exist)">Fall of Kotte</a> (1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon_(1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Ceylon (1795)">British invasion of Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a> (1817–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Great Rebellion of 1817–18</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colebrooke-Cameron_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Colebrooke-Cameron Commission">Colebrooke-Cameron Commission</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Temperance movement in Sri Lanka">Temperance movement</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ceylonese riots">1915 Ceylonese riots</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_National_Congress" title="Ceylon National Congress">Ceylon National Congress</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriya-Mal_Movement" title="Suriya-Mal Movement">Suriya-Mal Movement</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracegirdle_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracegirdle Incident">Bracegirdle Incident</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a> (1942)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soulbury Commission</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Independence Day (Sri Lanka)">Independence Day</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Citizenship_Act" title="Ceylon Citizenship Act">Ceylon Citizenship Act</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state-sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes">State-sponsored colonisation schemes</a> (1950s–2000s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Ceylonese_Hartal" title="1953 Ceylonese Hartal">1953 Ceylonese Hartal</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru-Kotelawala_Pact" title="Nehru-Kotelawala Pact">Nehru-Kotelawala Pact</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Ceylonese_coup_attempt" title="1962 Ceylonese coup attempt">Coup d'état attempt</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima%E2%80%93Shastri_Pact" title="Sirima–Shastri Pact">Sirima–Shastri Pact</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_alleged_Ceylonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt">Alleged coup d'état attempt</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">Policy of standardisation</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Sri Lanka)">Republic Day</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima%E2%80%93Gandhi_Pact" title="Sirima–Gandhi Pact">Sirima–Gandhi Pact</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Sri_Lankan_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Sri Lankan riots">1977 Sri Lankan riots</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">Burning of Jaffna Public Library</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_anti-Sinhalese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 anti-Sinhalese riots">1987 anti-Sinhalese riots</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawanella_riots" title="Mawanella riots">Mawanella riots</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_alleged_Sri_Lankan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt">Alleged coup d'état attempt</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sri_Lankan_constitutional_crisis" title="2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis">2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">2022 Sri Lankan protests</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_political_crisis" title="2022 Sri Lankan political crisis">2022 Sri Lankan political crisis</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Political movements in Sri Lanka">Political<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitalism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Communism in Sri Lanka">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Environmentalism in Sri Lanka">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Federalism in Sri Lanka">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Separatism in Sri Lanka">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Socialism in Sri Lanka">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Political parties in Sri Lanka">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political parties in Sri Lanka">Current parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Podujana_Peramuna" title="Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna">Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samagi_Jana_Balawegaya" title="Samagi Jana Balawegaya">Samagi Jana Balawegaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Defunct political parties in Sri Lanka">Defunct political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leftist_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Leftist parties in Sri Lanka">Leftist parties in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_organisations_based_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Political organisations based in Sri Lanka">Other groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Tamil militant groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affiliates_to_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Affiliates to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Others</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">Presidency</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Sri Lanka">President</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ministries of Sri Lanka">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Administrative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Security Council (Sri Lanka)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">Chief Justice</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Sri Lanka">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="District courts of Sri Lanka">District courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's Courts of Sri Lanka">Magistrate's Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Courts of Sri Lanka">Primary Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Tribunal" title="Labour Tribunal">Labour Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Government_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Government Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Opposition_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Opposition Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaries-General_of_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaries-General of Parliament (page does not exist)">Secretaries-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="16th Parliament of Sri Lanka">16th Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka#Members" title="16th Parliament of Sri Lanka">Members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">6th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">19th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinations_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Assassinations in Sri Lanka">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Corruption in Sri Lanka">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Freedom of the press in Sri Lanka">Freedom of the press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media bias in Sri Lanka">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Safety_Bill_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Safety Bill (Sri Lanka)">Online Safety Bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured labourers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Political_scandals_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Political scandals of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Political terminology in Sri Lanka">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">White van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of North Central Province, Sri Lanka">North Central Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of North Western Province, Sri Lanka">North Western Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sabaragamuwa_Province" title="Category:Politics of Sabaragamuwa Province">Sabaragamuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of Southern Province, Sri Lanka">Southern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Uva_Province" title="Category:Politics of Uva Province">Uva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Electoral districts of Sri Lanka">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial government in Sri Lanka">Provincial governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Local government in Sri Lanka">Local governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political families in Sri Lanka">Political families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Politics of Sri Lanka">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legislature_of_Sri_Lanka_and_its_antecedents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legislatures_of_modern_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Legislatures of modern Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legislatures_of_modern_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Legislatures of modern Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legislatures_of_modern_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legislatures of modern Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legislature_of_Sri_Lanka_and_its_antecedents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and its antecedents</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.lk/">Parliament of Sri Lanka</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Legislative Council of Ceylon">Legislative Council</a> (1833–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Ceylon" title="State Council of Ceylon">State Council</a> (1931–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ceylon" title="Parliament of Ceylon">Parliament</a> (1947–1972)<sup><small>1</small></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_State_Assembly" title="National State Assembly">National State Assembly</a> (1972–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a> (1978–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colebrooke-Cameron_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Colebrooke-Cameron Commission">Colebrooke-Cameron Commission</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> (1931–1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soulbury Commission</a> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_British_Ceylon_period_topics_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Ceylon_period_topics" title="Template:British Ceylon period topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Ceylon_period_topics" title="Template talk:British Ceylon period topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Ceylon_period_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Ceylon period topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_British_Ceylon_period_topics_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kandyan_period_topics" title="Template:Kandyan period topics">←</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a> topics <a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template:Sri Lanka topics">→</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> 1815 – 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon_(1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Ceylon (1795)">Invasion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Great Rebellion of 1817–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Matale Rebellion">Matale Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Temperance movement in Sri Lanka">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_malaria_outbreak_in_Ceylon" title="1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon">1906 malaria outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ceylonese riots">1915 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriya-Mal_Movement" title="Suriya-Mal Movement">Suriya-Mal Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colebrooke%E2%80%93Cameron_Commission" title="Colebrooke–Cameron Commission">Colebrooke–Cameron Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soulbury Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soulbury Constitution">Soulbury Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Legislative Council of Ceylon">Legislative Council of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Ceylon" title="State Council of Ceylon">State Council of Ceylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Attorney General of Sri Lanka">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Solicitor General of Sri Lanka">Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ceylon" title="Governor-General of Ceylon">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Civil_Service" title="Ceylon Civil Service">Ceylon Civil Service</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Executive Council of Ceylon">Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ceylonese_executive_councils" title="List of Ceylonese executive councils">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Chief Secretary of Ceylon">Colonial Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Attorney General of Sri Lanka">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Auditor General of Sri Lanka">Colonial Auditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasurer of Ceylon">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding,_Ceylon" title="General Officer Commanding, Ceylon">General Officer Commanding, Ceylon</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Ministers_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Ministers of Ceylon">Board of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ceylonese_executive_councils" title="List of Ceylonese executive councils">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Chief Secretary of Ceylon">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Legal Secretary of Ceylon">Legal Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Financial Secretary of Ceylon">Financial Secretary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Defence_Force" title="Ceylon Defence Force">Ceylon Defence Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Ceylon_Defence_Force" title="Commander of the Ceylon Defence Force">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li>British Military in Ceylon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ceylon" title="Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon">Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon</a> (Unified)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding,_Ceylon" title="General Officer Commanding, Ceylon">General Officer Commanding, Ceylon</a> (Army)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_National_Congress" title="Ceylon National Congress">Ceylon National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_headmen_of_Ceylon" title="Native headmen of Ceylon">Native headmen system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_nationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan nationalism (page does not exist)">Sri Lankan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Leagues_(Ceylon)" title="Youth Leagues (Ceylon)">Youth Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Commissioners_of_Currency_of_Ceylon" title="Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon">Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangani_system" title="Kangani system">Kangani system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_architecture_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonial architecture of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_British_colonial_buildings_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of British colonial buildings in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">British buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_place_name_etymology" title="Sri Lankan place name etymology">Place names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locations_in_Sri_Lanka_with_an_English_name" title="List of locations in Sri Lanka with an English name">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_Sri_Lanka_with_a_Scottish_name" title="Locations in Sri Lanka with a Scottish name">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_music_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western music in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_porcupine_quill_boxes" title="Sinhalese porcupine quill boxes">Sinhalese porcupine quill boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_people_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British people in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Moors" title="Indian Moors">Indian Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Malays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Creole Malay">Sri Lankan Creole Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_English_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of English origin">Sinhala words of English origin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Protestantism in Sri Lanka">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ceylon" title="Church of Ceylon">Church of Ceylon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Colombo" title="Anglican Bishop of Colombo">Bishop of Colombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Methodist Church in Sri Lanka">Methodist Church in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batticotta_Seminary" title="Batticotta Seminary">Batticotta Seminary</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanka Lutheran Church">Lanka Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a 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