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Limbum language - Wikipedia

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lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Limbum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Limbum" title="Harshen Limbum – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Limbum" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbum_language" title="Limbum language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Limbum language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimbum" title="Kilimbum – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilimbum" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbum" title="Limbum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Limbum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Limbum" title="Lenga Limbum – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Limbum" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_limbum" title="Língua limbum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua limbum" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Grassfields language of Cameroon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Limbum</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><i>Limbum</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">130,000&#160;(2005)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic–Congo">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benue–Congo">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Bantoid">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Grassfields_languages" title="Eastern Grassfields languages">Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nkambe_languages" title="Nkambe languages">Nkambe</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Limbum</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lmp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lmp">lmp</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1268">limb1268</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Wimbum<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Limbum</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Limbum</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Grassfields_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassfields language">Grassfields language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, with a small number of speakers in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. It is used as a <a href="/wiki/Trade_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade language">trade language</a> by some, but is primarily the <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> of the Wimbum people, who live in <a href="/wiki/Donga-Mantung" title="Donga-Mantung">Donga-Mantung</a> division of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Northwest Region (Cameroon)">Northwest Region</a>, at the top of the Ring Road. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speakers">Speakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbum_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_dance_Nkambe_Cameroon_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Traditional_dance_Nkambe_Cameroon_1990.jpg/220px-Traditional_dance_Nkambe_Cameroon_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Traditional_dance_Nkambe_Cameroon_1990.jpg/330px-Traditional_dance_Nkambe_Cameroon_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Traditional_dance_Nkambe_Cameroon_1990.jpg/440px-Traditional_dance_Nkambe_Cameroon_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Traditional dance of Wimbum, around 1990 in dry season Nkambe-town</figcaption></figure> <p>The Wimbum consist of three clans: War clan headquartered at Mbot, Tang clan at Tallah, and Wiya clan at <a href="/wiki/Ndu,_Cameroon" title="Ndu, Cameroon">Ndu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pool33_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pool33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Scattered around the area are other Wimbum villages, each associated with one of the three clans. Each village has a chief, also known as <a href="/wiki/Fon_(title)" title="Fon (title)">fon</a>, who is largely autonomous, and beneath him sub-chiefs or quarter-heads.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The three clans are geographically interspersed, sharing the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Pool33_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pool33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The people live on the Nkambe Plateau, a dramatic grassy highland cut by wooded ravines, about a mile above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most are farmers, growing <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, vegetable, <a href="/wiki/Tomatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomatoes">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> in lower, warmer areas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some conduct trade, primarily in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Nkamb%C3%A9" title="Nkambé">Nkambé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ndu,_Cameroon" title="Ndu, Cameroon">Ndu</a>. Some work for the government, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Nkamb%C3%A9" title="Nkambé">Nkambe</a>. </p><p>Some linguists consider Limbum to have three dialects: a northern, a middle, and a southern dialect. Speakers of one dialect can generally understand speakers of any other. The three dialects cut across the three clans, and may result from influence of the neighboring languages to the north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Limbum is closely related to some neighboring languages like <a href="/wiki/Yamba_language" title="Yamba language">Yamba</a> and more geographically distant ones like <a href="/wiki/Bamum_language" title="Bamum language">Bamum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngemba_languages" title="Ngemba languages">Ngemba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamileke_languages" title="Bamileke languages">Bamileke</a>. It is quite different from some other neighboring languages like <a href="/wiki/Bebe_language" title="Bebe language">Bebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noni_language" title="Noni language">Noni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbum_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Limbum's grammar is similar to English in some ways, including: </p> <ul><li>Word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, consider: <ul><li>Ŋgwa Ta᷅ta a᷅ byɛ᷅' kwaa᷅.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>(normal Limbum word order)</i></li> <li>Wife Tata has carried corn. <i>(word-for-word English translation, retaining Limbum word order)</i></li> <li>Tata's wife has carried corn. <i>(translation with conventional English word order)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Verb tenses</a> tend to be formed with <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> like "a᷅" in the example above.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question#Open_questions" title="Question">Open questions</a> may be formed with <a href="/wiki/Determiner#Interrogative_determiners" title="Determiner">interrogative determiners</a>; e.g. "A <i>nda</i>?" means "It-is who?" word-for-word.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>But Limbum differs from English in other ways. Here are a few: </p> <ul><li>Limbum is a <a href="/wiki/Tone_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone language">tone language</a>, meaning that spoken pitch can distinguish words which otherwise sound the same. For example, the sound "baa" spoken with different tones can mean <i>father</i>, <i>fufu</i>, <i>two</i>, <i>bag</i>, <i>part in hair</i>, or <i>madness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The pronoun system is quite different. For example, "ye" is a gender-neutral third <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">person</a> singular, taking the place of <i>he</i> and <i>she</i> in English. In second person, "wɛ᷅" means <i>you(singular)</i>, "we᷅e" means <i>you(plural) and not I</i>, "so᷅" means <i>you(singular) and I</i>, and "se᷅e" means <i>(you(singular) and we) or (you(plural) and I)</i>. Also, Limbum has compound pronouns, which English lacks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adjectives tend to <i>follow</i> the noun they modify, and may be <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">repeated</a> for emphasis. E.g. "e ye bi <i>boŋ</i>" means "he-or-she eats <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kolanut</a> <i>good</i>," and "e ye bi <i>boŋboŋ</i>" means "he-or-she eats kolanut <i>very-good</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">Yes–no questions</a> are formed simply by appending the word <i>a</i> to a statement, as in "Ndi a᷅ du a?", meaning "Ndi has gone, is-it-so?" word-for-word - much less confusing than English's subject-verb inversions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Negation is grammatically similar.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Limbum's five prepositions don't align with English prepositions much at all: <ul><li><i>ni</i>: marker of direction, accompaniment or instrument, like "<i>to</i> him" or "<i>with</i> him" in English.</li> <li><i>mbe</i>: marker of location, like "<i>in</i> the house" or "<i>on</i> the chair."</li> <li><i>mba</i>: marker of a direction or location at a lower elevation, like "<i>down-to</i> Tabenken valley."</li> <li><i>ko</i>: marker of a direction or location at a higher elevation, like "<i>up-to</i> Ndu."</li> <li><i>nje</i>: marker of direction, location or provenance, like "<i>at</i> school" or "<i>from</i> Douala."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_vocabulary">Sample vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbum_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Sample vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>ŋwɛ᷅ - person</td> <td>fa - give</td> <td>ŋgʉp - fowl</td> <td>boŋ - good </td></tr> <tr> <td>njeŋwɛ᷅ - woman</td> <td>ye - eat</td> <td>nyaa - meat</td> <td>boŋboŋ - very good </td></tr> <tr> <td>muu - child</td> <td>laa᷅ - say</td> <td>kwaa᷅ - corn</td> <td>bɛbɛp - bad </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŋkar - friend</td> <td>fa᷅' - work</td> <td>nda᷅p - house</td> <td>baa - two </td></tr> <tr> <td>ma - mother</td> <td>ko᷅ŋ - like or love</td> <td>tap - hut</td> <td>taar - three </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta - father</td> <td>yɛ - see</td> <td>afyoŋ - airplane</td> <td>tâ - five </td></tr> <tr> <td>e - he or she</td> <td>saŋ - write</td> <td>ŋwa᷅' - letter<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbum_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lmp/">Limbum</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlench2019" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2019). <i>An Atlas of Nigerian Languages</i> (4th&#160;ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Nigerian+Languages&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Kay+Williamson+Educational+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.aulast=Blench&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbum+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pool33-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pool33_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pool33_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Pool, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kifon, p. 2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pool, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ndu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nkambe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiore, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nkwi, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nforgwei, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ndi, p. 10 and 65. In the transcriptions of Limbum on this page, I have followed the Ndis' spellings as best I can.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nforgwei, p. 157-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiore, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wepngong, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nformi, p. 46-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nforgwei, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nforgwei, p. 259-260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nformi, p. 58-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ndi, throughout.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbum_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongmba2001" class="citation book cs1">Bongmba, Elias Kifon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427043502/http://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/60361.pdf"><i>African Witchcraft and Otherness - A Philosophical and Theological Critique of Intersubjective Relations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4989-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4989-0"><bdi>0-7914-4989-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/60361.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=African+Witchcraft+and+Otherness+-+A+Philosophical+and+Theological+Critique+of+Intersubjective+Relations&amp;rft.place=Albany&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-7914-4989-0&amp;rft.aulast=Bongmba&amp;rft.aufirst=Elias+Kifon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunypress.edu%2Fpdf%2F60361.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbum+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiore1977" class="citation web cs1">Fiore, Lynne E. (January 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/74/20/42742062023232553272941412939344653231/LimbumPhonology1977.pdf">"A Phonology of Limbum (Nsungli)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Onarest, Cameroon: SIL<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+Phonology+of+Limbum+%28Nsungli%29&amp;rft.place=Onarest%2C+Cameroon&amp;rft.pub=SIL&amp;rft.date=1977-01&amp;rft.aulast=Fiore&amp;rft.aufirst=Lynne+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Freapdata%2F42%2F74%2F20%2F42742062023232553272941412939344653231%2FLimbumPhonology1977.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbum+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNkwiWarnier1982" class="citation book cs1">Nkwi, Paul Nchoji; Warnier, Jean-Pierre (1982). <i>Elements for a History of the Western Grassfields</i>. 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University of Yaoundé<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=The+Limbum+Noun+Phrase+%28A+Generative+Approach%29&amp;rft.degree=postgraduate+diploma&amp;rft.inst=University+of+Yaound%C3%A9&amp;rft.date=1993-04&amp;rft.aulast=Nformi&amp;rft.aufirst=Mpoche+Kizitus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.mpg.de%2Frest%2Fitems%2Fitem_403493%2Fcomponent%2Ffile_403492%2Fcontent&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbum+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517202432/http://www.cvuc.cm/national/index.php/fr/espace-membre/150-association/carte-administrative/nord-ouest/donga-mantung/651-nkambe">"Nkambe"</a>. <i>United Councils and Cities of Cameroon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvuc.cm/national/index.php/fr/espace-membre/150-association/carte-administrative/nord-ouest/donga-mantung/651-nkambe">the original</a> on 2017-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=United+Councils+and+Cities+of+Cameroon&amp;rft.atitle=Nkambe&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvuc.cm%2Fnational%2Findex.php%2Ffr%2Fespace-membre%2F150-association%2Fcarte-administrative%2Fnord-ouest%2Fdonga-mantung%2F651-nkambe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbum+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPool1994" class="citation book cs1">Pool, Robert (1994). <i>Dialogue and the Interpretation of Illness: Conversations in a Cameroon Village</i>. Explorations in Anthropology. Oxford: Berg Publishers. p.&#160;33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859730167" title="Special:BookSources/1859730167"><bdi>1859730167</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28111846">28111846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+and+the+Interpretation+of+Illness%3A+Conversations+in+a+Cameroon+Village&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.series=Explorations+in+Anthropology&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28111846&amp;rft.isbn=1859730167&amp;rft.aulast=Pool&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbum+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWepngong2011" class="citation web cs1">Wepngong, Ndi Francis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210023/http://silcam.org/download.php?sstid=030100&amp;folder=documents&amp;file=PronominaAndPossessiveReferencingInLimbum2011FNdiWepngong.pdf">"Pronominal and Possessive Referencing in Limbum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silcam.org/download.php?sstid=030100&amp;folder=documents&amp;file=PronominaAndPossessiveReferencingInLimbum2011FNdiWepngong.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pronominal+and+Possessive+Referencing+in+Limbum&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Wepngong&amp;rft.aufirst=Ndi+Francis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilcam.org%2Fdownload.php%3Fsstid%3D030100%26folder%3Ddocuments%26file%3DPronominaAndPossessiveReferencingInLimbum2011FNdiWepngong.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbum+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_language" title="Bamum language">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language" title="Bulu language">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duala_language" title="Duala language">Duala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_language" title="Ewondo language">Ewondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kom language (Cameroon)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nso_language" title="Nso language">Lamnso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_language" title="Medumba language">Medumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Cameroonian Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_Populaire" title="Ewondo Populaire">Ewondo Populaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abon_language" title="Abon language">Abon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghem_language" title="Aghem language">Aghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambo_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ambo language (Nigeria)">Ambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babanki_language" title="Babanki language">Babanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafaw-Balong_language" title="Bafaw-Balong language">Bafaw-Balong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafia_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bafia language (Cameroon)">Bafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_language" title="Baka language">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldemu_language" title="Baldemu language">Baldemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamali_language" title="Bamali language">Bamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambalang_language" title="Bambalang language">Bambalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bana_language" title="Bana language">Bana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangolan_language" title="Bangolan language">Bangolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankon_language" title="Bankon language">Bankon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaa_language" title="Basaa language">Basaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bati language (Cameroon)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_language" title="Batu language">Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebele_language" title="Bebele language">Bebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebil_language" title="Bebil language">Bebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beti language">Beti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikya_language" title="Bikya language">Bikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishuo_language" title="Bishuo language">Bishuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitare_language" title="Bitare language">Bitare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomwali_language" title="Bomwali language">Bomwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonkeng_language" title="Bonkeng language">Bonkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bube_language" title="Bube language">Bube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung_language" title="Bung language">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwal_language" title="Buwal language">Buwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byep_language" title="Byep language">Byep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caka_language" title="Caka language">Caka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceve-Maci_language" title="Iceve-Maci language">Ceve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvok_language" title="Cuvok language">Cuvok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyayo_language" title="Doyayo language">Dowayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Augwor_language" title="Ɗugwor language">Ɗugwor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_language" title="Duli language">Duli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eman_language" title="Eman language">Eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esimbi_language" title="Esimbi language">Esimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_language" title="Eton language">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evant_language" title="Evant language">Evant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BC_language" title="Faʼ language">Fa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_language" title="Fang language">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanji_language" title="Fanji language">Fanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe%27fe%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe&#39;fe&#39; language">Fe'fe'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fut_language" title="Fut language">Fut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar_language" title="Gawar language">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbanu_language" title="Gbanu language">Gbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbanzili_language" title="Gbanzili language">Gbanzili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomala%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghomala&#39; language">Ghomala'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidar_language" title="Gidar language">Gidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunu_language" title="Gunu language">Gunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hdi_language" title="Hdi language">Hdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijuk_language" title="Hijuk language">Hijuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_language" title="Hina language">Hina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipulo_language" title="Ipulo language">Ipulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyive_language" title="Iyive language">Iyive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Cameroon)" title="Jimi language (Cameroon)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jina_language" title="Jina language">Jina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaalong_language" title="Kaalong language">Kaalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabba_language" title="Kabba language">Kabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kako_language" title="Kako language">Kako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_language" title="Kali language">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare_language_(Adamawa)" title="Kare language (Adamawa)">Kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasabe_language" title="Kasabe language">Kasabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kera_language" title="Kera language">Kera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_language" title="Ki language">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogo_language" title="Kogo language">Kogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kol language (Cameroon)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpwe_language" title="Kpwe language">Kpwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuo_language" title="Kuo language">Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutin_language" title="Kutin language">Kutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwa%CA%BC_language" title="Kwaʼ language">Kwa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakum_language" title="Kwakum language">Kwakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasio_language" title="Kwasio language">Kwasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27bi_language" title="La&#39;bi language">La'bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagwan_language" title="Lagwan language">Lagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language_(Cameroon)" title="Limba language (Cameroon)">Limba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Limbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_language_(Cameroon)" title="Luo language (Cameroon)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C9%97a_language" title="Maɗa language">Maɗa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majera_language" title="Majera language">Majera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaa_language" title="Makaa language">Makaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgbe_language" title="Malgbe language">Malgbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manenguba_languages" title="Manenguba languages">Manenguba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbai_language" title="Mangbai language">Mangbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manza_language" title="Manza language">Manza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslam_language" title="Maslam language">Maslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_language" title="Massa language">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matal_language" title="Matal language">Matal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagway_language" title="Mazagway language">Mazagway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mb%C9%99%CA%BC_language" title="Mbəʼ language">Mbə’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboa_language" title="Mboa language">Mboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbudum_language" title="Mbudum language">Mbudum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuko_language" title="Mbuko language">Mbuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbule_language" title="Mbule language">Mbule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum_language" title="Mbum language">Mbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefele_language" title="Mefele language">Mefele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengaka_language" title="Mengaka language">Məgaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language_(Cameroon)" title="Leti language (Cameroon)">Mengisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyam_language" title="Menyam language">Menyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merey_language" title="Merey language">Merey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaka_language" title="Mesaka language">Mesaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumte_language" title="Mfumte language">Mfumte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofu-Gudur_language" title="Mofu-Gudur language">Mofu-Gudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloko_language" title="Moloko language">Moloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Cameroon)" title="Mono language (Cameroon)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpade_language" title="Mpade language">Mpade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpumpong_language" title="Mpumpong language">Mpumpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mser_language" title="Mser language">Mser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundang_language" title="Mundang language">Mundang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga&#39;ka language">Mungaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgu_language" title="Musgu language">Musgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyang_language" title="Muyang language">Muyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagumi_language" title="Nagumi language">Nagumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nda%E2%80%99nda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nda’nda’ language">Nda’nda’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndai_language" title="Ndai language">Ndai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_language_(Cameroon)" title="Nen language (Cameroon)">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga&#39;ka language">Nga'ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambay_language" title="Ngambay language">Ngambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiemboon_language" title="Ngiemboon language">Ngiemboon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngomba_language" title="Ngomba language">Ngomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombale_language" title="Ngombale language">Ngombale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwe_language" title="Ngwe language">Ngwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbari_language" title="Nimbari language">Nimbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njem_language" title="Njem language">Njem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njerep_language" title="Njerep language">Njerep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkongho_language" title="Nkongho language">Nkongho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_language" title="Tanga language">Noho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noni_language" title="Noni language">Noni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Giziga_language" title="North Giziga language">North Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mofu_language" title="North Mofu language">North Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Gbaya_language" title="Northwest Gbaya language">Northwest Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyokon_language" title="Nyokon language">Nyokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakambay_language" title="Nzakambay language">Nzakambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzime_language" title="Nzime language">Nzime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroko_language" title="Oroko language">Oroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otank_language" title="Otank language">Otank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_language" title="Pam language">Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_language" title="Baba language">Papia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkwa_language" title="Parkwa language">Parkwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_language" title="Pinyin language">Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_language" title="Pol language">Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongo_language" title="Pongo language">Pongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombi_language" title="Rombi language">Rombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharwa_language" title="Sharwa language">Sharwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Giziga_language" title="South Giziga language">South Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwu_language" title="Suwu language">Suwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swo_language" title="Swo language">Swo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibea_language" title="Tibea language">Tibea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_language" title="To language">To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuvan_language" title="Tsuvan language">Tsuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupuri_language" title="Tupuri language">Tupuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vame_language" title="Vame language">Vame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vemgo-Mabas_language" title="Vemgo-Mabas language">Vemgo-Mabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengo_language" title="Vengo language">Vengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voko_language" title="Voko language">Voko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perema_language" title="Perema language">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzlam_language" title="Wuzlam language">Wuzlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamba_language" title="Yamba language">Yamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_language" title="Yambe language">Yambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa_language" title="Yasa language">Yasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemba_language" title="Yemba language">Yemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeni_language" title="Yeni language">Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulgo-Gemzek_language" title="Zulgo-Gemzek language">Zulgo-Gemzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumaya_language" title="Zumaya language">Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Francophone African Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grassfields_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grassfields_languages" title="Template:Grassfields languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grassfields_languages" title="Template talk:Grassfields languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grassfields_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grassfields languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grassfields_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_languages" title="Ring languages">Ring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babanki_language" title="Babanki language">Babanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bum_language" title="Bum language">Bum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kom language (Cameroon)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuk_language" title="Kuk language">Kuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kung language (Cameroon)">Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmen_language" title="Mmen language">Mmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oku_language" title="Oku language">Oku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munka_language" title="Munka language">Bamunka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsei_language" title="Nsei language">Kenswei Nsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengo_language" title="Vengo language">Vengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushi_language" title="Wushi language">Wushi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghem_language" title="Aghem language">Aghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isu_language" title="Isu language">Isu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laimbue_language" title="Laimbue language">Laimbue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weh_language" title="Weh language">Weh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoa_language" title="Zhoa language">Zhoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nso_language" title="Nso language">Nso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Grassfields_languages" title="Eastern Grassfields languages">Eastern<br />Grassfields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bamileke_languages" title="Bamileke languages">Bamileke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengaka_language" title="Mengaka language">Megaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiemboon_language" title="Ngiemboon language">Ngiemboon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombale_language" title="Ngombale language">Ngombale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngomba_language" title="Ngomba language">Ngomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwe_language" title="Ngwe language">Ngwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemba_language" title="Yemba language">Yemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fe%CA%BCfe%CA%BC_language" title="Feʼfeʼ language">Fe’fe’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomala%CA%BC_language" title="Ghomalaʼ language">Ghomálá’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwa%CA%BC_language" title="Kwaʼ language">Kwa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nda%CA%BCnda%CA%BC_language" title="Ndaʼndaʼ language">Nda’nda’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_language" title="Medumba language">Medumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngemba_languages" title="Ngemba languages">Ngemba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awing_language" title="Awing language">Awing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fut_language" title="Fut language">Bafut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamukumbit_language" title="Bamukumbit language">Bamukumbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beba_language" title="Beba language">Beba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpati_language" title="Kpati language">Kpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankon_language" title="Mankon language">Mankon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbili-Mbui_language" title="Mbili-Mbui language">Mbili-Mbui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendankwe-Nkwen_language" title="Mendankwe-Nkwen language">Mendankwe-Nkwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundum_language" title="Mundum language">Mundum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_language" title="Pinyin language">Pinyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nkambe_languages" title="Nkambe languages">Nkambe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzodinka_language" title="Dzodinka language">Dzodinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumte_language" title="Mfumte language">Kwaja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Limbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mb%C9%99%CA%BC_language" title="Mbəʼ language">Mbə’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumte_language" title="Mfumte language">Ndaktup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumte_language" title="Mfumte language">Mfumte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamba_language" title="Yamba language">Yamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nun_languages" title="Nun languages">Nun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_language" title="Baba language">Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanji_language" title="Fanji language">Bafanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamali_language" title="Bamali language">Bamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambalang_language" title="Bambalang language">Bambalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyam_language" title="Menyam language">Bamenyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_language" title="Bamum language">Bamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangolan_language" title="Bangolan language">Bangolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%CA%BCka_language" title="Ngaʼka language">Mungaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momo_languages" title="Momo languages">Momo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta%CA%BC_language" title="Metaʼ language">Metaʼ</a> (Moghamo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta%CA%BC_language" title="Metaʼ language">Ngamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundani_language" title="Mundani language">Mundani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngie_language" title="Ngie language">Ngie</a> (Mengum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoshie_language" title="Ngoshie language">Ngoshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwo_language" title="Ngwo language">Ngwo</a> (Basa, Konda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njen_language" title="Njen language">Njen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasi_language" title="Amasi language">Amasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viti_language" title="Viti language">Viti</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Ndemli_language" title="Ndemli language">Ndemli</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Ambele_language" title="Ambele language">Ambele</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Menchum_language" title="Menchum language">Menchum</a> (Befang)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8cb5f4d85‐g8prq Cached time: 20241126150614 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.413 seconds Real time usage: 0.815 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3509/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 94900/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2032/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip 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