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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigazione </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" title="Visita la pagina principale [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principale</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:UltimeModifiche" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche del sito [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultime modifiche</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PaginaCasuale" title="Mostra una pagina a caso [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una voce a caso</span></a></li><li id="n-nearby-pages-title" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:NelleVicinanze"><span>Nelle vicinanze</span></a></li><li id="n-vetrina" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vetrina"><span>Vetrina</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Aiuto" title="Pagine di aiuto"><span>Aiuto</span></a></li><li id="n-Sportello-informazioni" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Sportello_informazioni"><span>Sportello informazioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunità" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunità" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunità </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portale:Comunit%C3%A0" title="Descrizione del progetto, cosa puoi fare, dove trovare le cose"><span>Portale Comunità</span></a></li><li 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<div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Pronoia" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Pronoia" title="Si consiglia di 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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-La_pronoia_prima_dell'XI_secolo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_pronoia_prima_dell'XI_secolo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>La pronoia prima dell'XI secolo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_pronoia_prima_dell'XI_secolo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_pronoia_nel_XI-XII_secolo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_pronoia_nel_XI-XII_secolo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>La pronoia nel XI-XII secolo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_pronoia_nel_XI-XII_secolo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pronoia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 26 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proniya" title="Proniya - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Прония - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronie" title="Pronie - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pronie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Πρόνοια (Βυζάντιο) - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόνοια (Βυζάντιο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia_(Bizancio)" title="Pronoia (Bizancio) - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pronoia (Bizancio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia_(fiscalit%C3%A9)" title="Pronoia (fiscalité) - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pronoia (fiscalité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronija" title="Pronija - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pronija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2" title="プロノイア - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロノイア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronija" title="Pronija - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pronija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoja" title="Pronoja - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pronoja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Прония - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronija" title="Pronija - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pronija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoja" title="Pronoja - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pronoja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пронија - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пронија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pronoia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пронія - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пронія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="普羅尼亞 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普羅尼亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76822499#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Pronoia" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&oldid=125359298" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alexius_I.jpg/330px-Alexius_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alexius_I.jpg/440px-Alexius_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Una miniatura rappresentante <a href="/wiki/Alessio_I_Comneno" title="Alessio I Comneno">Alessio I Comneno</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pronoia</b> o anche <b>prònoia</b> è un sistema definito dagli storici, come di <a href="/wiki/Feudalesimo" title="Feudalesimo">feudalizzazione</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">Impero bizantino</a>, sistema di politica istituito da <a href="/wiki/Alessio_I_Comneno" title="Alessio I Comneno">Alessio I Comneno</a> (<a href="/wiki/1081" title="1081">1081</a>-<a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a>) e dai suoi successori fino ad <a href="/wiki/Alessio_V_Ducas" title="Alessio V Ducas">Alessio V</a> (<a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>). Questo sistema sociale dapprima si affiancò, poi rimpiazzò del tutto l'organizzazione politica in <a href="/wiki/Themata" class="mw-redirect" title="Themata">themata</a>, istituito dall'imperatore <a href="/wiki/Eraclio_I" title="Eraclio I">Eraclio</a> (<a href="/wiki/610" title="610">610</a>-<a href="/wiki/641" title="641">641</a>) nel VII secolo. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_pronoia_prima_dell'XI_secolo"><span id="La_pronoia_prima_dell.27XI_secolo"></span>La pronoia prima dell'XI secolo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione La pronoia prima dell'XI secolo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: La pronoia prima dell'XI secolo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il termine pronoetes è equivalente del termine latino <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> e era un funzionario che amministrava una proprietà imperiale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curator_domus_divinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curator domus divinae (la pagina non esiste)">curator domus divinae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lauritzen2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lauritzen2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_pronoia_nel_XI-XII_secolo">La pronoia nel XI-XII secolo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione La pronoia nel XI-XII secolo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: La pronoia nel XI-XII secolo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La pronoia consisteva nella concessione a cittadini illustri di terreni, perché li amministrassero (εἰς πρόνοιαν) in cambio di servigi resi allo Stato. In questo senso essa appare durante il regno di <a href="/wiki/Costantino_IX_Monomaco" title="Costantino IX Monomaco">Costantino IX Monomaco</a>. L'usufruttuario non era padrone del fondo (che era invece proprietà dello Stato): non poteva quindi venderlo, e inizialmente neppure lasciarlo in eredità. La pronoia infatti finiva generalmente alla morte del concessionario. Tuttavia, il concessionario poteva gestire tutti i beni presenti sul fondo, contadini compresi, i quali pagavano a lui le tasse e gli altri introiti del terreno: il concessionario era insomma il rappresentante dello Stato per i cittadini del fondo (<a href="/wiki/Paroikoi" title="Paroikoi">paroikoi</a>). Questo aspetto avvicina molto la pronoia al sistema feudale, che ormai nell'XI secolo aveva raggiunto la sua forma classica nell'<a href="/wiki/Europa_occidentale" title="Europa occidentale">Europa occidentale</a>. Tuttavia, la condizione dei paroikoi non può essere paragonata a quella dei <a href="/wiki/Servi_della_gleba" class="mw-redirect" title="Servi della gleba">servi della gleba</a>, in quanto non dovevano nessun giuramento di fedeltà al concessionario, perché in ogni caso il vero padrone del fondo era comunque lo Stato e il suo rappresentante (l'imperatore).<sup id="cite_ref-Lauritzen2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lauritzen2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rendere questo istituto ancora più simile a un feudo fu la sua militarizzazione: inizialmente infatti, quando fu introdotta verso la metà dell'XI secolo, la pronoia non aveva nessun carattere militare. Sotto il regno di Alessio (e molto più sotto il regno del nipote <a href="/wiki/Manuele_I_Comneno" title="Manuele I Comneno">Manuele I</a>) invece, la concessione di un terreno in pronoia implicava che il concessionario partecipasse alle guerre (di solito, a cavallo e con l'armatura), e accompagnato da una truppa a piedi, più o meno numerosa a seconda dell'estensione del fondo<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In questo modo Alessio Comneno tentò di risolvere due problemi: il primo, la carenza di denaro con cui finanziare le sue guerre; il secondo, di evitare la concentrazione di aristocratici nella capitale, <a href="/wiki/Costantinopoli" title="Costantinopoli">Costantinopoli</a>, e quindi evitare le frequenti ribellioni che scoppiarono nella seconda metà dell'XI secolo. Negli anni successivi al regno di Alessio, il concessionario tuttavia tese ad evitare di fornire il servizio militare (soprattutto se il fondo gli garantiva una vita agiata); si registrarono anche casi di ribellioni nei confronti del governo centrale, che tuttavia furono sempre molto meno gravi di quelle del <a href="/wiki/Secolo_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolo XI">secolo XI</a>: la pronoia infatti, nel corso del <a href="/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo">XII secolo</a>, fu un metodo assai efficace per placare un nobile ribelle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lauritzen2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Lauritzen2018_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Lauritzen2018_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Lauritzen, Leichoudes' pronoia of the Mangana, Zbornik Radova Vizantinoloskog Instituta 55 (2018) 81-96 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/38142736/Leichoudes_pronoia_of_the_Mangana">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">G. Ostrogorsky, <i>Storia dell'impero bizantino</i>, trad. Piero Leone, Einaudi 1993, p.339 <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8806173626" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-06-17362-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessiade" title="Alessiade">Alessiade</a>, di <a href="/wiki/Anna_Comnena" title="Anna Comnena">Anna Comnena</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Georg Ostrogorsky, <span style="font-style:italic;">Storia dell'Impero bizantino</span>, Milano, Einaudi, 1968, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-06-17362-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-06-17362-6">88-06-17362-6</a>.</cite></li> <li>Frederick Lauritzen, Leichoudes' pronoia of the Mangana, Zbornik Radova Vizantinoloskog Instituta 55 (2018) 81-96 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/38142736/Leichoudes_pronoia_of_the_Mangana">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paroikoi" title="Paroikoi">Paroikoi</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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