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id="toc-Athletes_with_disabilities_at_the_Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletes_with_disabilities_at_the_Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Athletes with disabilities at the Olympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletes_with_disabilities_at_the_Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stoke_Mandeville_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stoke_Mandeville_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stoke Mandeville Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stoke_Mandeville_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Winter Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Paralympic_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Paralympic_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International Paralympic Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Paralympic_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Name and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ceremonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ceremonies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Opening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Closing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medal_presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medal_presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Medal presentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Equality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Relationship with the Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paralympians_at_the_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paralympians_at_the_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Paralympians at the Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paralympians_at_the_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Outside the Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Down_syndrome_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Down_syndrome_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Down syndrome participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Down_syndrome_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Classification system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_classification_(until_the_1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_classification_(until_the_1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Medical classification (until the 1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_classification_(until_the_1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_classification_(since_the_1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_classification_(since_the_1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Functional classification (since the 1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_classification_(since_the_1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_cheating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_cheating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Alleged cheating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_cheating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_champions_and_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_champions_and_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable champions and achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_champions_and_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Host cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paralympic Games</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpiese_Spele" title="Paralimpiese Spele – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paralimpiese Spele" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألعاب بارالمبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألعاب بارالمبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuegos_Paralimpicos" title="Chuegos Paralimpicos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chuegos Paralimpicos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1-%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փարա-Ողիմպիական Խաղեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փարա-Ողիմպիական Խաղեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuegos_Paral%C3%ADmpicos" title="Xuegos Paralímpicos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xuegos Paralímpicos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpiya_Oyunlar%C4%B1" title="Paralimpiya Oyunları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paralimpiya Oyunları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8" title="প্যারালিম্পিক গেমস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারালিম্পিক গেমস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Паралимпия уйындары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Паралимпия уйындары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Паралімпійскія гульні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паралімпійскія гульні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpikong_Karawat" title="Paralimpikong Karawat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paralimpikong Karawat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Параолимпийски игри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Параолимпийски игри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraolimpijske_igre" title="Paraolimpijske igre – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paraolimpijske igre" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocs_Paral%C3%ADmpics" title="Jocs Paralímpics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jocs Paralímpics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympijsk%C3%A9_hry" title="Paralympijské hry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paralympijské hry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemau_Paralympaidd" title="Gemau Paralympaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gemau Paralympaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympiske_Lege" title="Paralympiske Lege – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paralympiske Lege" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympische_Spiele" title="Paralympische Spiele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paralympische Spiele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraol%C3%BCmpiam%C3%A4ngud" title="Paraolümpiamängud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paraolümpiamängud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegos_Paral%C3%ADmpicos" title="Juegos Paralímpicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juegos Paralímpicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpiko" title="Paralimpiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paralimpiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralinpiar_Jokoak" title="Paralinpiar Jokoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paralinpiar Jokoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بازی‌های پارالمپیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی‌های پارالمپیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympiskir_Leikir" title="Paralympiskir Leikir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Paralympiskir Leikir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_paralympiques" title="Jeux paralympiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeux paralympiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympyske_Spullen" title="Paralympyske Spullen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paralympyske Spullen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xogos_paral%C3%ADmpicos" title="Xogos paralímpicos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xogos paralímpicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C4%A9t%C4%A9ka_cia_Ait%C5%A9ng%27%C5%A9" title="Mbĩtĩka cia Aitũng'ũ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mbĩtĩka cia Aitũng'ũ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%B4%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD" title="패럴림픽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패럴림픽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasannin_Paralympic" title="Wasannin Paralympic – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wasannin Paralympic" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%85%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պարաօլիմպիկ խաղեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարաօլիմպիկ խաղեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="पैरालम्पिक खेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैरालम्पिक खेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraolimpijske_igre" title="Paraolimpijske igre – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paraolimpijske igre" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpiade" title="Paralimpiade – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paralimpiade" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpic_Ludes" title="Paralimpic Ludes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Paralimpic Ludes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93lymp%C3%ADum%C3%B3t_fatla%C3%B0ra" title="Ólympíumót fatlaðra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ólympíumót fatlaðra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giochi_paralimpici" title="Giochi paralimpici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giochi paralimpici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="המשחקים הפאראלימפיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשחקים הפאראלימפיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პარალიმპიური თამაშები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარალიმპიური თამაშები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Паралимпиада ойындары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Паралимпиада ойындары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Паралимпиада оюндары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Паралимпиада оюндары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraolimpisk%C4%81s_sp%C4%93les" title="Paraolimpiskās spēles – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paraolimpiskās spēles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympesch_Spiller" title="Paralympesch Spiller – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paralympesch Spiller" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpin%C4%97s_%C5%BEaidyn%C4%97s" title="Paralimpinės žaidynės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paralimpinės žaidynės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpiai_j%C3%A1t%C3%A9kok" title="Paralimpiai játékok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paralimpiai játékok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Параолимписки игри – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Параолимписки игри" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പാരാലിമ്പിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാരാലിമ്പിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukan_Paralimpik" title="Sukan Paralimpik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sukan Paralimpik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паралимпын наадам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Паралимпын наадам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="မသန်စွမ်းအိုလံပစ် အားကစားပွဲတော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မသန်စွမ်းအိုလံပစ် အားကစားပွဲတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympische_Spelen" title="Paralympische Spelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paralympische Spelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="パラリンピック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パラリンピック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympiske_leker" title="Paralympiske leker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paralympiske leker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_paralympiske_leikane" title="Dei paralympiske leikane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei paralympiske leikane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2cs_Paralimpics" title="Jòcs Paralimpics – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jòcs Paralimpics" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpiya_o%CA%BByinlari" title="Paralimpiya oʻyinlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paralimpiya oʻyinlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਪੈਰਾਲੰਪਿਕ ਖੇਡਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਰਾਲੰਪਿਕ ਖੇਡਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="កីឡាប៉ារ៉ាឡាំពិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កីឡាប៉ារ៉ាឡាំពិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrzyska_paralimpijskie" title="Igrzyska paralimpijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Igrzyska paralimpijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogos_Paraol%C3%ADmpicos" title="Jogos Paraolímpicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jogos Paraolímpicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocurile_Paralimpice" title="Jocurile Paralimpice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jocurile Paralimpice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Паралимпийские игры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паралимпийские игры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="පැරා ඔලිම්පික් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැරා ඔලිම්පික්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paralympic Games" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympijsk%C3%A9_hry" title="Paralympijské hry – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paralympijské hry" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="یارییەکانی پارالۆمپیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یارییەکانی پارالۆمپیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Параолимпијске игре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Параолимпијске игре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraolimpijske_igre" title="Paraolimpijske igre – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paraolimpijske igre" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympialaiset" title="Paralympialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paralympialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympiska_spelen" title="Paralympiska spelen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paralympiska spelen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palarong_Paralimpiko" title="Palarong Paralimpiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palarong Paralimpiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இணை ஒலிம்பிக் விளையாட்டுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணை ஒலிம்பிக் விளையாட்டுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Паралимпия уеннары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Паралимпия уеннары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పారాలింపిక్ క్రీడలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పారాలింపిక్ క్రీడలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กีฬาพาราลิมปิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กีฬาพาราลิมปิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralimpik_Oyunlar%C4%B1" title="Paralimpik Oyunları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paralimpik Oyunları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Паралімпійські ігри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паралімпійські ігри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="پیرالمپک کھیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیرالمپک کھیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%DB%95%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مېيىپلار ئولىمپىك تەنھەرىكەت مۇسابىقىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېيىپلار ئولىمپىك تەنھەرىكەت مۇسابىقىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_v%E1%BA%ADn_h%E1%BB%99i_d%C3%A0nh_cho_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_khuy%E1%BA%BFt_t%E1%BA%ADt" title="Thế vận hội dành cho người khuyết tật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế vận hội dành cho người khuyết tật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%8B%E7%96%BE%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="残疾人奥林匹克运动会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="残疾人奥林匹克运动会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E6%AE%98%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" title="傷殘奧林匹克運動會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傷殘奧林匹克運動會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="/wiki/Lists_of_Paralympic_medalists" title="Lists of Paralympic medalists">Medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_symbols" title="Paralympic symbols">Symbols</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter Paralympics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Regional games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Para_Games" title="Asian Para Games">Asian Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Para_Games" title="African Para Games">African Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Para_Championships" 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style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Therapy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Societal implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(people_with_disabilities)" title="Normalization (people with disabilities)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People-first_language" title="People-first language">People-first language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations" title="List of disability-related terms with negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_women%27s_health" title="Disability and women's health">Women's health</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Personal assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Unlicensed assistive personnel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">ADLs</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Socioeconomic assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">Social Security Disability Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_to_Work" title="Ticket to Work">Ticket to Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Disabled students allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Disabled Persons Railcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Pass" title="Freedom Pass">Freedom Pass</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Assured_Income_for_the_Severely_Handicapped" title="Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped">Assured Income for<br />the Severely Handicapped</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">Ontario Disability Support Program</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Telecommuting_Institute" title="National Telecommuting Institute">National Telecommuting Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies" title="Society for Disability Studies">Society for Disability Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitability" title="Visitability">Visitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeThe15" title="WeThe15">WeThe15</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invictus_Games" title="Invictus Games">Invictus Games</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #bbf;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disability" title="Category:Disability">Disability</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disability-related_lists" title="Category:Disability-related lists">Lists</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_sidebar" title="Template:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_sidebar" title="Template talk:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Paralympic Games</b> or <b>Paralympics</b>, also known as the <b>Games of the Paralympiad</b>, is a periodic series of international multisport events involving athletes with a range of <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer Paralympic Games</a>, which since the 1988 Summer Olympics in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul, South Korea</a>, have been held shortly after the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. All Paralympic Games are governed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (IPC). </p><p>The Paralympics began as a small gathering of British <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> veterans in <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoke Mandeville Games">1948</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1960 Games</a> in Rome drew 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries, as proposed by doctor Antonio Maglio. Currently it is one of the largest international sporting events: the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="2020 Summer Paralympics">2020 Summer Paralympics</a> featuring 4,520 athletes from 163 <a href="/wiki/National_Paralympic_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="National Paralympic Committees">National Paralympic Committees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a large funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The references may be using Wikipedia as a source (September 2024)">circular reporting?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Paralympic Games are organized in parallel with and in a similar way to the Olympic Games. The <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>-recognized <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games" title="Special Olympics World Games">Special Olympics World Games</a> include athletes with intellectual disabilities (although since 1992, people with intellectual disabilities also participate in the Paralympic Games), and the <a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a> held since 1924 are exclusive for deaf athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-specialolympics_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specialolympics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the wide variety of disabilities of <a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Para athletes</a>, there are several categories in which they compete. The allowable disabilities are divided into ten eligible impairment types: impaired muscle power, impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency, leg length difference, <a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">short stature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">hypertonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">athetosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vision_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision impairment">vision impairment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual impairment">intellectual impairment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These categories are further divided into various subcategories. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forerunners">Forerunners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forerunners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUSMARKA-1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RUSMARKA-1777.jpg/220px-RUSMARKA-1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RUSMARKA-1777.jpg/330px-RUSMARKA-1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RUSMARKA-1777.jpg/440px-RUSMARKA-1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Guttmann" title="Ludwig Guttmann">Ludwig Guttmann</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes_with_disabilities_at_the_Olympic_Games">Athletes with disabilities at the Olympic Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Athletes with disabilities at the Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athletes with disabilities did compete at the Olympic Games prior to the advent of the Paralympics. The first athlete to do so was <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German-American</a> gymnast <a href="/wiki/George_Eyser" title="George Eyser">George Eyser</a> in <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>, who had one artificial leg. <a href="/wiki/Oliv%C3%A9r_Halassy" title="Olivér Halassy">Olivér Halassy</a>, a Hungarian amputee water polo player, competed in three successive Olympic Games, beginning in <a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Tak%C3%A1cs" title="Károly Takács">Károly Takács</a> competed in shooting events in both the <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a> and <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a> Summer Olympics. He was a right-arm <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputee</a> and could shoot left-handed. Another athlete with a disability who appeared in the Olympics prior to the Paralympic Games was <a href="/wiki/Lis_Hartel" title="Lis Hartel">Lis Hartel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Denmark_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Denmark at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Danish</a> equestrian athlete who had contracted polio in 1943 and won a silver medal in the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics">dressage</a> event in the <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stoke_Mandeville_Games">Stoke Mandeville Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stoke Mandeville Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first organized athletic event for athletes with disabilities that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 Summer Olympics</a> in London. The <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German-Jewish</a> doctor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Guttmann" title="Ludwig Guttmann">Ludwig Guttmann</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville_Hospital" title="Stoke Mandeville Hospital">Stoke Mandeville Hospital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had fled <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Assisting_Refugee_Academics" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Assisting Refugee Academics">Council for Assisting Refugee Academics</a> (CARA) in 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted a sports competition for British World War II veteran patients with spinal cord injuries. The first games were called the <a href="/wiki/World_Wheelchair_and_Amputee_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wheelchair and Amputee Games">1948 International Wheelchair Games</a>, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-history_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guttman's aim was to create an elite sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were held at the same location each year, and in 1952 <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> veterans took part alongside the British, making it the first international competition of its own kind. In 1960, the 9th annual games took place outside of the UK for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, to coincide with the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a> which were also being held in Rome. These were to be later designated the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1st Paralympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These early competitions have been described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games, and Stoke Mandeville holds a similar place in the history of the Paralympic movement as Greece holds in the Olympic Games; since 2012, the Paralympic flame has incorporated a "heritage flame" lit at Stoke Mandeville, although it was combined with flames lit in the host country for the formal start of the torch relay. Beginning in <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">2024</a>, future Paralympic torch relays will officially begin in Stoke Mandeville, as an equivalent to the Olympic flame being created in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milestones">Milestones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Paralympic_Movement" title="Chronology of the Paralympic Movement">Chronology of the Paralympic Movement</a></div> <p>There have been several milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, coincident with the ninth <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoke Mandeville Games">Stoke Mandeville Games</a> but no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1960</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the brainchild of Antonio Maglio, a friend and follower of Guttmann and were financed almost entirely by Maglio's employer, the Workers National Accident Insurance Fund of Italy, then led by <a href="/wiki/Renato_Morelli" title="Renato Morelli">Renato Morelli</a>, who was also Chairman of the International Social Security Association.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four hundred athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the same year as the Olympic Games.<sup id="cite_ref-winter_history_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winter_history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Games were initially open only to athletes in wheelchairs; at the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Paralympics" title="1976 Summer Paralympics">1976 Summer Games</a>, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics.<sup id="cite_ref-history_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-winter_history_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winter_history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="1988 Summer Paralympics">1988 Summer Paralympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a>, in the same host city, and using the majority of the venues. This set a precedent that was followed in <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="1992 Summer Paralympics">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="1996 Summer Paralympics">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">2000</a>. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (IPC) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-winter_history_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winter_history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was extended through 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-firstglobal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-firstglobal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 10, 2018, the two committees further extended their contract to 2032.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc-ipc-extendcontract_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-ipc-extendcontract-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being held in the same region, the <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Paralympics" title="1992 Winter Paralympics">1992 Winter Paralympics</a> used different competition venues than those used for the Olympic Games. <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Paralympics" title="1994 Winter Paralympics">1994 Winter Paralympics</a> were the first Winter Games to use the same venues and had the same Organizing Committee as the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winter_Games">Winter Games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Winter Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter Paralympic Games</a></div> <p>The first Winter Paralympic Games were held in <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Paralympics" title="1976 Winter Paralympics">1976</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rnsk%C3%B6ldsvik" title="Örnsköldsvik">Örnsköldsvik</a>, Sweden. This was the first Paralympics in which multiple categories of athletes with disabilities could compete.<sup id="cite_ref-winter_history_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winter_history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Winter Games were celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart, just as the Olympics were. This tradition was upheld through the <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Paralympics" title="1992 Winter Paralympics">1992 Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a>, France; after that, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Paralympics" title="1994 Winter Paralympics">1994 Games</a>, the Winter Paralympics and the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> have been held in those even-numbered years separate from the Summer Olympics. The winter games happen two years after the summer games.<sup id="cite_ref-winter_history_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winter_history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Paralympic_Committee">International Paralympic Committee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International Paralympic Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Bonn_IPC_2009_06_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white building with trees next to it fronting a street with a car driving past" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Germany_Bonn_IPC_2009_06_28.jpg/220px-Germany_Bonn_IPC_2009_06_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Germany_Bonn_IPC_2009_06_28.jpg/330px-Germany_Bonn_IPC_2009_06_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Germany_Bonn_IPC_2009_06_28.jpg/440px-Germany_Bonn_IPC_2009_06_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption>IPC headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paralympics_logo_1988-94.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paralympics_logo_1988-94.svg/220px-Paralympics_logo_1988-94.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paralympics_logo_1988-94.svg/330px-Paralympics_logo_1988-94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paralympics_logo_1988-94.svg/440px-Paralympics_logo_1988-94.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>The first Paralympic symbol (1988–1994) used five <i>pa</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> is the global governing body of the Paralympic Movement. It comprises 178<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Paralympic_Committee" title="National Paralympic Committee">National Paralympic Committees</a> (NPC) and four disability-specific international sports federations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president of the IPC is <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Parsons_(sports_administrator)" title="Andrew Parsons (sports administrator)">Andrew Parsons</a>. The IPC's international headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPC is responsible for organizing the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. It also serves as the International Federation for nine sports (<a href="/wiki/Paralympic_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic athletics">Paralympic athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic swimming">Paralympic swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_archery" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic archery">Paralympic archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_powerlifting" title="Paralympic powerlifting">Paralympic powerlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing" title="Para-alpine skiing">Para-alpine skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_biathlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic biathlon">Paralympic biathlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_cross-country_skiing" title="Paralympic cross-country skiing">Paralympic cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_sledge_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sledge hockey">ice sledge hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_DanceSport" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheelchair DanceSport">Wheelchair DanceSport</a>). This requires the IPC to supervise and coordinate the World Championships and other competitions for each of the nine sports it regulates.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutipc_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutipc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IPC membership also includes National Paralympic Committees<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and international sporting federations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International Federations are independent sport federations recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">IPC</a> as the sole representative of a Paralympic Sport. International Federations responsibilities include technical jurisdiction and guidance over the competition and training venues of their respective sports during the Paralympic Games. The IPC also recognizes media partners, certifies officials, judges, and is responsible for enforcing the bylaws of the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Charter" title="Paralympic Charter">Paralympic Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-movement_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-movement-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its creation in 1989, IPC has a cooperative relationship with the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC). Delegates of the IPC are also members of the IOC and participate on IOC committees and commissions. The two governing bodies remain distinct, with separate Games, despite the close working relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The Paralympic Games were designed to emphasize the participants' athletic achievements and not their disability. Recent games have emphasized that these games are about ability and not disability.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutipc_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutipc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement has grown dramatically since its early days – for example, the number of athletes participating in the Summer Paralympic Games has increased from 400 athletes in Rome in 1960 to 4,342 athletes from 159 countries in Rio de Janeiro in <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Paralympic Summer and Winter Games are recognized on the world stage. </p><p>Unlike the Olympic Games, English is the official language of the Paralympic movement. The other languages used at each Paralympic Games are the official languages of the host country or host region. Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these two or more languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbols">Name and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Name and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_symbols" title="Paralympic symbols">Paralympic symbols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paralympic_flag_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A flag with three red, green, and blue swooshes on a white background. It is attached to a flagpole and is framed by a blue sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Paralympic_flag_%282019%29.svg/220px-Paralympic_flag_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Paralympic_flag_%282019%29.svg/330px-Paralympic_flag_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Paralympic_flag_%282019%29.svg/440px-Paralympic_flag_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic flag">Paralympic flag</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the name was originally coined as a portmanteau combining <i>paraplegic</i> (due to its origins as games for people with spinal injuries) and <i>Olympic</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the inclusion of other disability groups meant that this was no longer considered very accurate. The present formal explanation for the name is that it derives from the Greek preposition <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">παρά</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">pará</i></span> ('beside' or 'alongside') and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryofIPC_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryofIPC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="1988 Summer Paralympics">Summer Games of 1988</a> held in Seoul was the first time the term <i>Paralympic</i> came into official use. </p><p>"Spirit in Motion" is the current motto for the Paralympic movement. The current Paralympic flag is used since 2020 and contains three colours, red, blue, and green, which are the colours most widely represented in the flags of nations. The colours are each in the shape of an Agito (which is Latin for 'I move/I shake/I stir'), which is the name given to an asymmetrical crescent specially designed for the Paralympic movement. The three Agitos circle a central point, which is a symbol for the athletes congregating from all points of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motto and symbol of the IPC were changed in 2003 to their current versions. The change was intended to convey the idea that Paralympians have a spirit of competition and that the IPC as an organization realizes its potential and is moving forward to achieve it. The vision of the IPC is, "To enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and to inspire and excite the world."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paralympic anthem is "Hymne de l'Avenir" or "Anthem of the Future". It was composed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thierry_Darnis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thierry Darnis (page does not exist)">Thierry Darnis</a> and adopted as the official anthem in March 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceremonies">Ceremonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceremonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening">Opening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paralympics_Opening_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portion of the stadium with stands full of people, a large artificial tree is on the right side of the image. A group of people are walking together on the stadium floor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Paralympics_Opening_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Paralympics_Opening_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Paralympics_Opening_Ceremony.jpg/330px-Paralympics_Opening_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Paralympics_Opening_Ceremony.jpg/440px-Paralympics_Opening_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="1039" /></a><figcaption>Opening ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="2004 Summer Paralympics">2004 Summer Paralympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As mandated by the Paralympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremonies of the Paralympic Games. Most of these rituals were established are the same that <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a> in Antwerp and were shared with the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCprotocol1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCprotocol1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Opening ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. Immediately after the welcome act and the host country anthem and hosting their flag the "Parade of Nations" starts with the athletes into the stadium grouped by nation. Since the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1960 Summer Paralympics</a>, the nations enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's or region official language, though with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. Beginning with the 2020 Summer Paralympics, the succeeding hosts of the respective Olympic Games (summer or winter) will enter immediately before the current host in descending order. The host nation presents artistic displays of their culture and folklore. </p><p>Protocolary segments are held with the speeches given, formally opening the games. After the opening declaration, the Paralympic flag enters the stadium and is hosted along with the Paralympic Anthem, aside from the host country flag, and the oaths by athletes, coaches, and judges are taken. Finally, the Paralympic flame is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier—often a Paralympic athlete from the host nation—who lights the Paralympic flame in the stadium's cauldron.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closing">Closing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Closing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The closing ceremony of the Paralympic Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. The <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic flag">Paralympic flag</a> is taken down. Since the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Paralympics" title="1988 Winter Paralympics">1988 Winter Paralympics</a>, with some exceptions, the national flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Paralympic Games is hoisted while the corresponding national anthem is played. The games are officially closed, and the Paralympic flame is extinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these compulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_presentation">Medal presentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medal presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Winter_Paralympics_Men%27s_Biathlon_pursuit_vi_medalists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="six men stand together wearing Paralympic medals and waving flower bouquets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2010_Winter_Paralympics_Men%27s_Biathlon_pursuit_vi_medalists.jpg/220px-2010_Winter_Paralympics_Men%27s_Biathlon_pursuit_vi_medalists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2010_Winter_Paralympics_Men%27s_Biathlon_pursuit_vi_medalists.jpg/330px-2010_Winter_Paralympics_Men%27s_Biathlon_pursuit_vi_medalists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2010_Winter_Paralympics_Men%27s_Biathlon_pursuit_vi_medalists.jpg/440px-2010_Winter_Paralympics_Men%27s_Biathlon_pursuit_vi_medalists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>A medal ceremony during the 2010 Winter Paralympics</figcaption></figure> <p>A medals ceremony is held after the conclusion of each Paralympic event. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum when they are awarded their respective medal by an IPC member. The national flags of the medalists are then raised while the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of the gold medalist is played.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For every Paralympic event, the respective medal ceremony is held, at most, one day after the event's final. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equality">Equality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_Olympics">Relationship with the Olympics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2001, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was set to take effect at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Paralympic_Summer_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Paralympic Summer Games">2008 Paralympic Summer Games</a> in Beijing and the <a href="/wiki/2010_Paralympic_Winter_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Paralympic Winter Games">2010 Paralympic Winter Games</a> in Vancouver. However, the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">Salt Lake 2002 Organizing Committee</a> (SLOC) chose to follow the practice of "one bid, one city", with one <a href="/wiki/Organizing_Committees_for_the_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games">Organizing Committee</a> for both Games, which was followed up by the 2004 Summer Games in Athens. The agreement was adjusted in 2003. An extension was signed in June 2006, after some troubles at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Paralympics" title="2006 Winter Paralympics">2006 Winter Paralympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially agreed to remain in effect until the 2012 Summer Olympics,<sup id="cite_ref-winter_history_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winter_history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was later extended to encompass all Summer and Winter games up until the 2020 Summer Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-agreement_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreement-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agreement2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreement2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even beyond this, all Summer and Winter host cities currently<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> announced are preparing pairs of Olympic and Paralympics Games. This was further confirmed when on 10 March 2018, the IOC and the IPC agreed to further extend the contract to the 2032 Summer Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc-ipc-extendcontract_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-ipc-extendcontract-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The IOC has written its commitment to equal access to athletics for all people into its <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">charter</a>, which states,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practising sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play....Any form of discrimination with regard to a country or a person on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.</p></blockquote> <p>While the charter is silent on discrimination specifically related to disability; given the language in the charter regarding discrimination it is reasonable to infer that discrimination on the basis of disability would be against the ideals of the Olympic Charter and the IOC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also consistent with the Paralympic Charter, which forbids discrimination on the basis of political, religious, economic, disability, gender, sexual orientation or racial reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/London_organising_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="London organising committee">London organising committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Coe" title="Sebastian Coe">Sebastian Coe</a>, said about the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> in London, England, that, "We want to change public attitudes towards disability, celebrate the excellence of Paralympic sport and to enshrine from the very outset that the two Games are an integrated whole."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Winter Paralympic Games">2014 Winter Paralympic Games</a> is the first such Paralympics hosted by Russia. Russia ratified the UN <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> during that period. Notably at 2010 Vancouver, their <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="Russia at the 2010 Winter Paralympics">Paralympic team</a> topped the medal table at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="2010 Winter Paralympics">Winter Paralympics</a>, while their <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2010 Winter Olympics">Olympic team</a> performed well below expectations at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a>. This led the media to highlight the contrast between the achievements of the country's Olympic and Paralympic delegations, despite the greater attention and funding awarded to the Olympic athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> organizers of the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games have, since 2007, made efforts to make the host city Sochi more accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, as part of its prohibition on unauthorised advertising, the Paralympic movement began requiring any tattoo of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic rings">Olympic rings</a> to be covered during competition, on the basis that the Olympics is technically a third-party organisation. In 2024 the prohibition was ended after protests from athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paralympians_at_the_Olympics">Paralympians at the Olympics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paralympians at the Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_athletes_who_have_competed_in_the_Paralympics_and_Olympics" title="List of athletes who have competed in the Paralympics and Olympics">List of athletes who have competed in the Paralympics and Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in a spandex singlet runs on a track. He has two prosthetics below the knees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg/170px-Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg/255px-Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg/340px-Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius" title="Oscar Pistorius">Oscar Pistorius</a> at a track meet on 8 July 2007</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paralympian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympian">Paralympic athletes</a> have sought equal opportunities to compete at the Olympic Games. The precedent was set by <a href="/wiki/Neroli_Fairhall" title="Neroli Fairhall">Neroli Fairhall</a>, a Paralympic archer from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Paralympics" title="New Zealand at the Paralympics">New Zealand</a>, who competed at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius" title="Oscar Pistorius">Oscar Pistorius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_Paralympics" title="South Africa at the Paralympics">South African</a> sprinter, attempted to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Pistorius had both his legs amputated below the knee and races with two carbon fibre blades manufactured by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ssur" title="Össur">Össur</a>. He holds the Paralympic world record in the 400 meter event.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pistorius missed qualifying for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> in the 400 meter race, by 0.70 seconds. He qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008 Summer Paralympics</a> where he won gold medals in the 100, 200, and 400 meter sprints.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Pistorius qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> and competed in two events: he made the semi-final in the <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 metres</a> race; and his team came 8th in the final of the <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay" title="4 × 400 metres relay">4 × 400 metres relay</a> race.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though all athletes are given equal opportunities to participate in these events, such as the 400 meter race, there has been growing criticism that the games may not be fair to all athletes. For example, athletes running a race with a left prosthetic leg may be disadvantaged compared to those with a right side prosthesis because the races are run in an anticlockwise direction, giving some athletes an advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some athletes without a disability also compete at the Paralympics. The <a href="/wiki/Sighted_guide" title="Sighted guide">sighted guides</a> for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment and the guide are considered a team, and both athletes are medal candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-thestar.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funding">Funding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, recent games have also been supported by contributions from major sponsors. Unlike the Olympics, where the IOC mandates that arenas be clean of sponsor logos, the Paralympics do allow the logos of official sponsors to be displayed inside arenas and on uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-paralympic-twists_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paralympic-twists-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Media coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Olympic Games have experienced tremendous growth in global media coverage since the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics" title="1984 Summer Paralympics">1984 Summer Paralympics</a>, the Paralympics had been slower to develop a consistent mainstream media presence. In June 2023, IPC executives noted that interest in the Paralympics had been improving among broadcasters, citing that that it had already reached rights deals for the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">2024 Summer Paralympics</a> covering 75% of the world over a year in advance (in comparison to <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="2020 Summer Paralympics">2020</a>, where many deals were made "last minute"), and that it had been pushing for broader coverage and increased rights fees since broadcasters were starting to "[realize] that [the Paralympics are] actually a great sporting event", and not treat them as a low-effort obligation bundled with their Olympics rights. Unlike the Olympics, the IPC holds the digital rights to the Paralympics in some markets, allowing it to promote live coverage and other highlights via its own <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platforms to <a href="/wiki/Engagement_marketing" title="Engagement marketing">engage</a> online audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Television broadcasts of Paralympic Games began in 1976, but this early coverage was confined to tape-delayed broadcasts to one nation or region. At the 1992 Summer Paralympics, there were 45 hours of live coverage but it was available only in Europe. Other countries broadcast highlight packages during the Games. No meaningful improvements in coverage occurred until the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">2000 Summer Paralympics</a> in Sydney. </p><p>The 2000 Paralympics represented a significant increase in global media exposure for the Paralympic Games. A deal was reached between the Sydney Paralympic Organizing Committee (SPOC) and All Media Sports (AMS) to broadcast the Games internationally. Deals were reached with Asian, South American, and European broadcast companies to distribute coverage to as many markets as possible. The Games were also webcast for the first time. Because of these efforts, the Sydney Paralympics reached a global audience estimated at 300 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also significant was the fact that the organizers did not have to <a href="/wiki/Brokered_programming" title="Brokered programming">pay networks</a> to televise the Games as had been done at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="1992 Summer Paralympics">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="1996 Summer Paralympics">1996</a> Games.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these advances, consistent media attention has been a challenge, which was evidenced in the coverage in Great Britain of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="2010 Winter Paralympics">2010 Winter Paralympics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a> was criticized for its minimal coverage of the 2010 Winter Paralympics as compared to its coverage of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a>. The BBC announced it would stream some content on its website and show a one-hour highlight program after the Games ended. For the Winter Olympics the BBC aired 160 hours of coverage. The response from the BBC was that budget constraints and the "time zone factor" necessitated a limited broadcast schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction in coverage was done in spite of increased ratings for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008 Summer Paralympics</a>, which was watched by 23% of the population of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (NRK) broadcast 30 hours of the 2010 Winter Games live. NRK-sport were critical of parts of the TV production from Vancouver, and notified the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a> of issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_biathlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic biathlon">biathlon</a> coverage excluding the shooting, and <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_cross-country_skiing" title="Paralympic cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a> with skiers in the distance, making it hard to follow the progress of the competition. NRK were far more pleased with the production of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sledge_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sledge hockey">ice sledge hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_curling" title="Wheelchair curling">wheelchair curling</a> events, which they felt reached the same level as the Olympic Games.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all Paralympic events have received television coverage; the IPC and its organisers currently contract with the IOC's media unit <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Broadcasting_Services" title="Olympic Broadcasting Services">Olympic Broadcasting Services</a> (OBS) to produce the broadcast feeds for the Paralympics. At the Summer Paralympics, coverage was limited to 16 sports in 2016, but increased to 19 sports in 2020. In 2024, all 22 Summer Paralympic sports were televised for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> assumed the television rights beginning in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a>, promising major increases in coverage on television and digital platforms, efforts to heighten the Games' profile, and commitments to incorporate people with disabilities among its staff and presenters.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-c4paralympics_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-c4paralympics-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bnow-c4paralympics_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnow-c4paralympics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its coverage of the Paralympics have been promoted through major marketing campaigns; several of its advertisements have won <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Lions_International_Festival_of_Creativity" title="Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity">Cannes Lions</a> awards, with its trailer for 2016 "<a href="/wiki/We%27re_the_Superhumans" title="We're the Superhumans">We're the Superhumans</a>" receiving an overall Grand Prix award.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2020, the Paralympics were classified as a <a href="/wiki/Ofcom_Code_on_Sports_and_Other_Listed_and_Designated_Events" title="Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events">Category A "listed" event</a> by the British telecom regulator <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> as with the Olympics, mandating that they be broadcast in whole or in part by a free-to-air network, as with the Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Channel 4 reported that its coverage of the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">2024 Summer Paralympics</a> was seen by a total audience of 20 million, with the channel achieving its highest viewer share since the 2012 Paralympics.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_Games">Outside the Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Outside the Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2010 study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> (UBC) on the Olympic Games Impact (OGI), showed that of roughly 1,600 Canadian respondents, 41 to 50 percent believed the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="2010 Winter Paralympics">2010 Paralympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, Canada, triggered additional accessibility of buildings, sidewalks and public spaces. 23 percent of employers said the Games had increased their willingness to hire people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Chief Executive Officer for the International Paralympic Committee Xavier Gonzalez said about the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008 Summer Paralympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China, that:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In China, the (Paralympic) Games were really a transformation tool for changing attitudes across the board in China towards people with disability, to building accessibility facilities in the city, to changing laws to allow people with a disability to be part of society.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Down_syndrome_participation">Down syndrome participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Down syndrome participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the framework of the International Olympic Committee's commitment to equal access to athletics, concerns have been raised regarding inclusion of athletes with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> in the Paralympic Games. While the Paralympic movement strives for inclusivity, the absence of a specific classification for athletes with Down syndrome within Paralympic swimming events raises questions about equal and fair competition for Down syndrome athletes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/Para-swimming_classification" title="Para-swimming classification">Para-swimming classification</a> codes are based upon single impairment only, whereas Down syndrome individuals have both physical and intellectual impairments. Although swimmers with Down syndrome are able to compete in the <a href="/wiki/S14_(classification)" title="S14 (classification)">S14</a> intellectual impairment category (provided they score low in IQ tests), they are often outmatched by the superior physicality of their opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present there is no designated Paralympic category for swimmers with Down syndrome, meaning they have to compete as intellectually disadvantaged athletes. This disregards their physical disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of advocacy groups globally have been lobbying for the inclusion of a distinct classification category for Down syndrome swimmers within the IPC Classification Codes framework.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiatives aimed at promoting greater inclusivity within the Paralympic movement have emerged, including advocacy and awareness-raising efforts targeting discrimination and ensuring equal opportunities for athletes with Down syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite ongoing advocacy, the issue remains unresolved, and swimmers with Down syndrome continue to face challenges in accessing appropriate classification pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Disability_sport_classification" title="Disability sport classification">Disability sport classification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paralympic_XC_ski_sitting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman sitting on sit-skis, she is pushing herself with two poles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paralympic_XC_ski_sitting.JPG/220px-Paralympic_XC_ski_sitting.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paralympic_XC_ski_sitting.JPG/330px-Paralympic_XC_ski_sitting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paralympic_XC_ski_sitting.JPG/440px-Paralympic_XC_ski_sitting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olena_Iurkovska" title="Olena Iurkovska">Olena Iurkovska</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="Ukraine at the 2010 Winter Paralympics">Ukraine</a> competing on cross-country sit-skis at the 2010 Winter Paralympics</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (IPC) has established ten disability categories. Athletes are divided within each category according to their level of impairment, in a functional classification system which differs from sport to sport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPC has established ten disability categories, including physical, visual, and intellectual impairment. Athletes with one of these disabilities can compete in the Paralympics, though not every sport can allow for every disability category. These categories apply to both Summer and Winter Paralympics.<sup id="cite_ref-paralympic.org_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paralympic.org-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">Physical Impairment</a></b> – There are eight different types of physical impairment: </p> <ul><li><b>Impaired muscle power</b> – With impairments in this category, the force generated by muscles, such as the muscles of one limb, one side of the body or the lower half of the body is reduced, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">post-polio syndrome</a>).</li> <li><b>Impaired passive range of movement</b> – The range of movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way. Acute conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> are not included.</li> <li><b>Loss of limb or limb deficiency</b> – A total or partial absence of bones or joints from <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">partial or total loss</a> due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dysmelia" title="Dysmelia">dysmelia</a>).</li> <li><b>Leg-length difference</b> – Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg due to congenital deficiency or trauma.</li> <li><b>Short stature</b> – Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk, which are due to a musculoskeletal deficit of bone or cartilage structures. (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">achondroplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Growth hormone deficiency">growth hormone deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta" title="Osteogenesis imperfecta">osteogenesis imperfecta</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Hypertonia</a></b> – Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and reduced ability of a muscle to stretch. Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions which involve damage to the central nervous system (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">Ataxia</a></b> – Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></b> – Athetosis is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements and a difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">choreoathetosis</a>).</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></b> – Athletes with <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">visual impairment</a> ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged <a href="/wiki/Legal_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal blindness">legally blind</a>, to total <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>. This includes impairment of one or more component of the visual system (eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway, and visual cortex).<sup id="cite_ref-paralympic.org_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paralympic.org-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sighted_guide" title="Sighted guide">sighted guides</a> for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment and the guide are considered a team. Beginning in 2012, these guides along with sighted <a href="/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)" title="Goalkeeper (association football)">goalkeepers</a> in <a href="/wiki/5-a-side_football" class="mw-redirect" title="5-a-side football">5-a-side football</a> became eligible to receive medals of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-thestar.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-ablebodied_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-ablebodied-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual Disability</a></b> – Athletes with a significant <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual impairment">intellectual impairment</a> and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour. The IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the disability group Intellectual Disability has been added to some Paralympic Games. This includes only elite athletes with intellectual disabilities diagnosed before the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-paralympic.org_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paralympic.org-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>-recognized <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games" title="Special Olympics World Games">Special Olympics World Games</a> are open to all people with intellectual disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-specialolympics_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specialolympics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_system">Classification system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Classification system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disability_sport_classification" title="Disability sport classification">Disability sport classification</a></div> <p>Within the disability categories, athletes are further divided into Sport Classes according to the degree of activity limitation resulting from their impairments; this aims to minimise the impact of an athlete's impairment on their sporting performance against their rivals. Sport Classes are numbered, with a lower number signifying a greater level of impairment: for example, in <a href="/wiki/Para_swimming" title="Para swimming">Paralympic swimming</a> athletes with visual impairments compete in three Sport Classes from S/SB11 to S/SB13, with S/SB11 athletes having a very low light acuity and/or no light perception, and S/SB13 athletes having the least severe visual impairment eligible for Paralympic sport.<sup id="cite_ref-classdescribed_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classdescribed-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_classification_(until_the_1980s)"><span id="Medical_classification_.28until_the_1980s.29"></span>Medical classification (until the 1980s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Medical classification (until the 1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its inception until the 1980s, the Paralympic system for classifying athletes consisted of a medical evaluation and diagnosis of impairment. An athlete's medical condition was the only factor used to determine what class they competed in. For example, an athlete who had a spinal cord injury that resulted in lower limb paresis, would not compete in the same wheelchair race as an athlete with a double above-knee amputation. The fact that their disability caused the same impairment did not factor into classification determination, the only consideration was their medical diagnosis. It was not until views on disabled athletics shifted from just a form of rehabilitation to an end in itself, that the classification system changed from medical diagnosis to a focus on the functional abilities of the athlete.<sup id="cite_ref-classification_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functional_classification_(since_the_1980s)"><span id="Functional_classification_.28since_the_1980s.29"></span>Functional classification (since the 1980s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Functional classification (since the 1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goalball_vid_Paralympics_i_Aten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men wearing eye shades laying on the floor, a red ball is to the left of the image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Goalball_vid_Paralympics_i_Aten.jpg/220px-Goalball_vid_Paralympics_i_Aten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Goalball_vid_Paralympics_i_Aten.jpg/330px-Goalball_vid_Paralympics_i_Aten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Goalball_vid_Paralympics_i_Aten.jpg/440px-Goalball_vid_Paralympics_i_Aten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Swedish goalball team at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="2004 Summer Paralympics">2004 Summer Paralympics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While there is no clear date when the shift occurred, a functional classification system became the norm for disabled athletic classification in the 1980s. In a functional system, the focus is on what effect the athlete's impairment has on his or her athletic performance. Under this system, athletes with total loss of function in their legs will compete together in most sports, because their functional loss is the same and the reason for the loss is immaterial. The only exception to the functional system is the classification format used by <a href="/wiki/International_Blind_Sports_Federation" title="International Blind Sports Federation">International Blind Sports Federation</a> (IBSA), which still uses a medically based system.<sup id="cite_ref-classification_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sports are only held for certain disability types. For example, <a href="/wiki/Goalball_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Goalball at the Summer Paralympics">goalball</a> is only for visually impaired athletes. The Paralympics recognizes three different grades of visual impairment, consequently all competitors in goalball must wear a visor or "black out mask" so that athletes with less visual impairment will not have an advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sports, like <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Athletics at the Summer Paralympics">athletics</a>, are open to athletes with a wide variety of impairments. In athletics, participants are broken down into a range of classes based on the disability they have and then they are placed in a classification within that range based on their level of impairment. For example: classes 11–13 are for visually impaired athletes, which class they are in depends on their level of visual impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also team competitions such as <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Wheelchair rugby at the Summer Paralympics">wheelchair rugby</a>. Members of the team are each given a point value based on their activity limitation. A lower score indicates a more severe activity limitation than a higher score. A team cannot have more than a certain maximum total of points on the field of play at the same time to ensure equal competition. For example, in wheelchair rugby, the four players' combined disability number must total no more than eight points.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a></div> <p>There are twenty-two sports on the Summer Paralympic program and six sports on the Winter Paralympics program. Within some of the sports are several events. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Paralympics" title="Alpine skiing at the Winter Paralympics">alpine skiing</a> has downhill, super combined, super-G, slalom, giant slalom. The IPC has governance over several of the sports but not all of them. Other international organizations, known as International Sports Federations (IF), notably the <a href="/wiki/International_Wheelchair_and_Amputee_Sports_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation">International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation</a> (IWAS), the <a href="/wiki/International_Blind_Sports_Federation" title="International Blind Sports Federation">International Blind Sports Federation</a> (IBSA), and the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_Palsy_International_Sports_and_Recreation_Association" title="Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association">Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association</a> (CP-ISRA), govern some sports that are specific to certain disability groups.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are national chapters for these <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International Sport Federations</a> including <a href="/wiki/National_Paralympic_Committee" title="National Paralympic Committee">National Paralympic Committees</a>, which are responsible for recruitment of athletes and governance of sports at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_cheating">Alleged cheating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Alleged cheating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheating_at_the_Paralympic_Games" title="Cheating at the Paralympic Games">Cheating at the Paralympic Games</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">2000 Sydney games</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spain_at_the_Paralympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain at the Paralympic Games">Spanish</a> basketball player alleged that several members of the gold medal-winning Spanish basketball team with intellectual disabilities (ID) did not have disabilities. He claimed that only two athletes out of the twelve-member team met the qualifications of an athlete with an intellectual disability.<sup id="cite_ref-cheating2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheating2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A controversy ensued and the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (IPC) called on the Spanish National Paralympic Committee to launch an investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation uncovered several Spanish athletes who had flouted the ID rules. In an interview with the president of the federation that oversees ID competition, Fernando Martín Vicente admitted that athletes around the world were breaking the ID eligibility rules. The IPC responded by starting an investigation of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-cheating2_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheating2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of the IPC's investigation confirmed the Spanish athlete's allegations and also determined that the incident was not isolated to the basketball ID event or to Spanish athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-cheating2_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheating2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, all ID competitions were suspended indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban was lifted after the 2008 Games after work had been done to tighten the criteria and controls governing admission of athletes with intellectual disabilities. Four sports, swimming, athletics, table tennis and rowing, were anticipated to hold competitions for ID athletes at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cheating_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheating-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paralympics have also been tainted by steroid use. At the 2008 Games in Beijing, three powerlifters and a German basketball player were banned after having tested positive for banned substances.<sup id="cite_ref-cheating_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheating-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a decrease in comparison to the ten powerlifters and one track athlete who were banned from the 2000 Games.<sup id="cite_ref-steroids_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steroids-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids. He had won two gold medals at the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Paralympics" title="2002 Winter Paralympics">2002 Winter Paralympics</a>, but his medals were stripped after his positive drug test.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="Sweden at the 2010 Winter Paralympics">Swedish</a> curler <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ikonen" title="Glenn Ikonen">Glenn Ikonen</a> tested positive for a banned substance and was suspended for six months<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the IPC. He was removed from the rest of the curling competition but his team was allowed to continue. The 54-year-old curler said his doctor had prescribed a medication on the banned substances list.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concern now facing Paralympic officials is the technique of "<a href="/wiki/Boosting_(doping)" title="Boosting (doping)">boosting</a>". Athletes can artificially increase their blood pressure, often by self-harming, which has been shown to improve performance by up to 15%. This is most effective in the endurance sports such as <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_cross-country_skiing" title="Paralympic cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>. To increase blood pressure athletes will deliberately cause trauma to limbs below a spinal injury. This trauma can include breaking bones, strapping extremities in too tightly, and using high-pressure compression stockings. The injury is painless but it does affect the athlete's blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another potential concern is the use of <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> among Paralympic athletes. All Paralympic athletes are banned from enhancing their abilities through <a href="/wiki/Gene_doping" title="Gene doping">gene doping</a>, but it is extremely difficult to differentiate these concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Calgary_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calgary-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">The World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (WADA) is currently researching both gene doping and gene therapy, in part to discern the boundary between the two closely related concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-WADA_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WADA-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IPC have been working with WADA since 2003, to ensure compliance with WADA's anti-doping code among its Paralympic athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-PlayTrue_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlayTrue-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPC has also promised to continue increasing the number of athletes tested at each of its Games, in order to further minimize the possible effect of doping in Paralympic sports.<sup id="cite_ref-PlayTrue_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlayTrue-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandatory in- and out-of competition testing has also been implemented by the IPC to further ensure all of its athletes are performing in compliance with WADA regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-PlayTrue_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlayTrue-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having sent samples for forensic analysis, the IPC found evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">prevalent doping by Russian athletes</a> was in operation at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="2014 Winter Paralympics">2014 Winter Paralympics</a> in Sochi.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 August 2016, the IPC's Governing Board voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016 Summer Paralympics</a>, citing the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Paralympic_Committee" title="Russian Paralympic Committee">Russian Paralympic Committee</a>'s inability to enforce the IPC's Anti-<a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a> Code and the World Anti-Doping Code which is "a fundamental constitutional requirement".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPC President <a href="/wiki/Philip_Craven" title="Philip Craven">Sir Philip Craven</a> stated that the Russian government had "catastrophically failed its Para athletes".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPC Athletes' Council Chairperson and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Paralympic_Committee" title="Canadian Paralympic Committee">CPC</a> Member <a href="/wiki/Todd_Nicholson" title="Todd Nicholson">Todd Nicholson</a> said that Russia had used athletes as "pawns" in order to "show global prowess".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_champions_and_achievements">Notable champions and achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable champions and achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Paralympic_medalists" title="Lists of Paralympic medalists">Lists of Paralympic medalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_Paralympic_gold_medalists" title="List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists">List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trischa_Zorn" title="Trischa Zorn">Trischa Zorn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_Paralympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="United States at the Paralympic Games">United States</a> is the most decorated paralympian in history. She competed in the blind swimming events and won a total of 55 medals, 41 of which are gold. Her Paralympic career spanned 24 years from <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Paralympics" title="1980 Summer Paralympics">1980</a> to <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="2004 Summer Paralympics">2004</a>. She was also an alternate on the 1980 American Olympic swim team, but did not go to the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">boycott</a> by the United States and several of its allies.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Myklebust" title="Ragnhild Myklebust">Ragnhild Myklebust</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_Paralympics" title="Norway at the Paralympics">Norway</a> holds the record for the most medals ever won at the Winter Paralympic Games. Competing in a variety of events between 1988 and 2002, she won a total of 22 medals, of which 17 were gold. After winning five gold medals at the 2002 Games she retired at the age of 58.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neroli_Fairhall" title="Neroli Fairhall">Neroli Fairhall</a>, a paraplegic archer from New Zealand, was the first paraplegic competitor, and the third Paralympian, to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, when she competed in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles. She placed thirty-fourth in the Olympic <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> competition, and won a Paralympic gold medal in the same event.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes.com_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Host_cities">Host cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Host cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Paralympic Games host cities">List of Paralympic Games host cities</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer Paralympic Games</a><sup id="cite_ref-gamesSummer_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamesSummer-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter Paralympic Games</a><sup id="cite_ref-gamesWinter_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamesWinter-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center">Edition </th> <th>Host(s) </th> <th>Top nation </th> <th style="text-align:center">Edition </th> <th>Host(s) </th> <th>Top nation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Rome </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy_at_the_1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="Italy at the 1960 Summer Paralympics">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>1964</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Paralympics" title="1964 Summer Paralympics">2</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> Tokyo </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1964 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Paralympics" title="1968 Summer Paralympics">3</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1968_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1968 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>1972</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Paralympics" title="1972 Summer Paralympics">4</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1972_Summer_Paralympics" title="West Germany at the 1972 Summer Paralympics">West Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Paralympics" title="1976 Summer Paralympics">5</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1976_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1976 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Paralympics" title="1976 Winter Paralympics">1</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rnsk%C3%B6ldsvik" title="Örnsköldsvik">Örnsköldsvik</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1976_Winter_Paralympics" title="West Germany at the 1976 Winter Paralympics">West Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>1980</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Paralympics" title="1980 Summer Paralympics">6</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1980_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1980 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Paralympics" title="1980 Winter Paralympics">2</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Geilo" title="Geilo">Geilo</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1980_Winter_Paralympics" title="Norway at the 1980 Winter Paralympics">Norway</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics" title="1984 Summer Paralympics">7</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> New York City<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville" title="Stoke Mandeville">Stoke Mandeville</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1984 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Paralympics" title="1984 Winter Paralympics">3</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_1984_Winter_Paralympics" title="Austria at the 1984 Winter Paralympics">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>1988</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="1988 Summer Paralympics">8</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1988 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Paralympics" title="1988 Winter Paralympics">4</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1988_Winter_Paralympics" title="Norway at the 1988 Winter Paralympics">Norway</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="1992 Summer Paralympics">9</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> & <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1992 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Paralympics" title="1992 Winter Paralympics">5</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tignes" title="Tignes">Tignes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1992_Winter_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1992 Winter Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>1994</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Paralympics" title="1994 Winter Paralympics">6</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer" title="Lillehammer">Lillehammer</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Paralympics" title="Norway at the 1994 Winter Paralympics">Norway</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="1996 Summer Paralympics">10</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="United States at the 1996 Summer Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>1998</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Paralympics" title="1998 Winter Paralympics">7</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1998_Winter_Paralympics" title="Norway at the 1998 Winter Paralympics">Norway</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">11</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia_at_the_2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="Australia at the 2000 Summer Paralympics">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2002</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Paralympics" title="2002 Winter Paralympics">8</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_2002_Winter_Paralympics" title="Germany at the 2002 Winter Paralympics">Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="2004 Summer Paralympics">12</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="China at the 2004 Summer Paralympics">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2006</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Paralympics" title="2006 Winter Paralympics">9</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Italy_%282003%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%282003%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Italy_%282003%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%282003%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Italy_%282003%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%282003%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2006_Winter_Paralympics" title="Russia at the 2006 Winter Paralympics">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">13</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="China at the 2008 Summer Paralympics">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2010</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="2010 Winter Paralympics">10</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>-<a href="/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia" title="Whistler, British Columbia">Whistler</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="Germany at the 2010 Winter Paralympics">Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">14</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="China at the 2012 Summer Paralympics">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2014</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="2014 Winter Paralympics">11</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="Russia at the 2014 Winter Paralympics">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">15</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2018</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Paralympics" title="2018 Winter Paralympics">12</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">PyeongChang</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_2018_Winter_Paralympics" title="United States at the 2018 Winter Paralympics">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="2020 Summer Paralympics">16</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Tokyo<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_Aa"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_Aa">[a]</a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="China at the 2020 Summer Paralympics">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2022</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Paralympics" title="2022 Winter Paralympics">13</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_2022_Winter_Paralympics" title="China at the 2022 Winter Paralympics">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">17</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="China at the 2024 Summer Paralympics">China</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2026</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Paralympics" title="2026 Winter Paralympics">14</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2028</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Paralympics" title="2028 Summer Paralympics">18</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2030</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center">15</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>-<a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2032</td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Paralympics" title="2032 Summer Paralympics">19</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>2034</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center">16</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_Aa"><a href="#ref_reference_name_Aa"><b><sup>a</sup></b></a></span> Postponed to 2021, due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, marking the first time that the Paralympic Games has been postponed. They are still called the 2020 Summer Paralympics, even with the change in scheduling to one year later.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Games were held from 24 August to 5 September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Paralympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Paralympic Games medal table">All-time Paralympic Games medal table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapan_American_Games" title="Parapan American Games">Parapan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Para_Games" title="Asian Para Games">Asian Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Paraplegic_Games" title="Commonwealth Paraplegic Games">Commonwealth Paraplegic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybathlon" title="Cybathlon">Cybathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_flag" title="Disability flag">Disability flag</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDehghansaiLemezWattieBaker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dehghansai, Nima; Lemez, Srdjan; Wattie, Nick; Baker, Joseph (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2FAPAQ.2016-0030">"A Systematic 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessibleportugal.com/revista/2008/Setembro/capa1.html">the original</a> on February 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accessible+Portugal+Online+Magazine&rft.atitle=Paralympics+History&rft.date=2008-02&rft.au=Correia%2C+Susana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessibleportugal.com%2Frevista%2F2008%2FSetembro%2Fcapa1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsl.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/spsl/spsl.html#spsl.A">"SPSL Archive"</a>. Rsl.ox.ac.uk. 1933-12-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828224203/http://www.rsl.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/spsl/spsl.html#spsl.A#spsl.A">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPSL+Archive&rft.pub=Rsl.ox.ac.uk&rft.date=1933-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsl.ox.ac.uk%2Fdept%2Fscwmss%2Fwmss%2Fonline%2Fmodern%2Fspsl%2Fspsl.html%23spsl.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802152653/http://www.paralympiceducation.ca/Content/History/11%20History%20of%20the%20Paralympics.asp?langid=1">"History of the Paralympic Movement"</a>. Canadian Paralympic Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympiceducation.ca/Content/History/11%20History%20of%20the%20Paralympics.asp?langid=1">the original</a> on August 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Paralympic+Movement&rft.pub=Canadian+Paralympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympiceducation.ca%2FContent%2FHistory%2F11%2520History%2520of%2520the%2520Paralympics.asp%3Flangid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/rome-1960">"Rome 1960"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Rome+1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Frome-1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-67020029">"Stoke Mandeville revealed as permanent home of Paralympic flame"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2023-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stoke+Mandeville+revealed+as+permanent+home+of+Paralympic+flame&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-beds-bucks-herts-67020029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1141463/stoke-mandeville-paralympic-flame">"Stoke Mandeville to stage first standalone Paralympic Flame Lighting Ceremony"</a>. <i>www.insidethegames.biz</i>. 2023-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Paralympic+Flame+to+be+created+at+Stoke+Mandeville+for+all+future+Paralympic+Games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fnews%2Fparalympic-flame-be-created-stoke-mandeville-all-future-paralympic-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/paralympics-traces-roots-to-second-world-war-1.697123">"Paralympics traces roots to Second World War"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Centre. 2008-09-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319072816/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/paralympics-traces-roots-to-second-world-war-1.697123">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paralympics+traces+roots+to+Second+World+War&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsports%2F2.720%2Fparalympics-traces-roots-to-second-world-war-1.697123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coni.it/it/attivita-istituzionali/promozione-sportiva/giornata-nazionale-dello-sport/36-primo-piano/17290-inizia-l%E2%80%99olimpiade-che-affascin%C3%B2-il-mondo-il-miracolo-germania-e-la-protesta-di-taiwan.html">"Cerimonia allo stadio dell'Acqua Acetosa: nasce una nuova dimensione dello sport"</a>. <i>www.coni.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/101/histor/010203-eng.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Paralympic+Games&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada2010.gc.ca%2F101%2Fhistor%2F010203-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galligan (2000), pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DePauw and Gavron (2005) p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-firstglobal-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-firstglobal_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/18143145">"Paralympics 2012: London to host 'first truly global Games'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC Sport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818202303/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/18143145">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Olympics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311072342/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-and-ipc-to-partner-until-2032">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IOC+and+IPC+to+partner+until+2032&rft.pub=Olympics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fioc-and-ipc-to-partner-until-2032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/national-paralympic-committees">"National Paralympic Committees"</a>. International Paralympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215132032/https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/national-paralympic-committees">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Paralympic+Committees&rft.pub=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fthe-ipc%2Fnational-paralympic-committees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/international-organization-for-the-disabled">"International Organisations of Sports for the Disabled"</a>. International Paralympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711204741/https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/international-organization-for-the-disabled">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Organisations+of+Sports+for+the+Disabled&rft.pub=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fthe-ipc%2Finternational-organization-for-the-disabled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/management-team">"IPC Management team"</a>. International Paralympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130142344/https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/management-team">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPC+Management+team&rft.pub=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fthe-ipc%2Fmanagement-team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutipc-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aboutipc_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aboutipc_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/about-us">"About the IPC"</a>. International Paralympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224220800/http://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Paralympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130150316/https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/international-sport-federations">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Olympic Committee. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415035028/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_668.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Olympic+Games&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2FDocuments%2FReports%2FEN%2Fen_report_668.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100317140459/http://www.vancouversun.com/health/Paralympic%2Bopening%2Bceremony%2Bfamily%2Bfriendly/2676023/story.html">"Paralympic opening ceremony to be 'family friendly'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Vancouver Sun</i>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828224222/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympic-sport/2798515/Cheating-does-happens-in-the-Paralympics-Paralympics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Heidelberg+1972+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fheidelberg-1972%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/toronto-1976/results">"Toronto 1976 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204821/https://www.paralympic.org/toronto-1976/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Toronto+1976+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Ftoronto-1976%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/ornskoldsvik-1976/results">"Ornskoldsvik 1976 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210822/https://www.paralympic.org/ornskoldsvik-1976/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Ornskoldsvik+1976+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fornskoldsvik-1976%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/arnhem-1980/results">"Arnhem 1980 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019105734/https://www.paralympic.org/arnhem-1980/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Arnhem+1980+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Farnhem-1980%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/geilo-1980/results">"Geilo 1980 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119155703/https://www.paralympic.org/geilo-1980/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Geilo+1980+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fgeilo-1980%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/stoke-mandeville-new-york-1984/results">"Stoke Mandeville & New York 1984 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828185408/https://www.paralympic.org/stoke-mandeville-new-york-1984/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Stoke+Mandeville+%26+New+York+1984+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fstoke-mandeville-new-york-1984%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/innsbruck-1984/results">"Innsbruck 1984 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508150720/https://www.paralympic.org/innsbruck-1984/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Innsbruck+1984+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Finnsbruck-1984%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/seoul-1988/results">"Seoul 1988 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825151804/https://www.paralympic.org/seoul-1988/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Seoul+1988+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fseoul-1988%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/innsbruck-1988/results">"Innsbruck 1988 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905080643/https://www.paralympic.org/innsbruck-1988/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Innsbruck+1988+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Finnsbruck-1988%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paralympicanorak.wordpress.com/2012/06/25/madrid-1992-the-paralympic-games-that-time-forgot/">"Madrid 1992 – the Paralympic Games that time forgot!"</a>. paralympicanorak. 2012-06-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615105751/http://paralympicanorak.wordpress.com/2012/06/25/madrid-1992-the-paralympic-games-that-time-forgot/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madrid+1992+%E2%80%93+the+Paralympic+Games+that+time+forgot%21&rft.pub=paralympicanorak&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparalympicanorak.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F06%2F25%2Fmadrid-1992-the-paralympic-games-that-time-forgot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/barcelona-1992/results">"Barcelona 1992 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825151941/https://www.paralympic.org/barcelona-1992/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Barcelona+1992+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fbarcelona-1992%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/tignes-albertville-1992/results">"Albertville 1992 Paralympic Winter Games - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100306/https://www.paralympic.org/tignes-albertville-1992/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Albertville+1992+Paralympic+Winter+Games+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Ftignes-albertville-1992%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/lillehammer-1994/results">"Lillehammer 1994 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501192708/https://www.paralympic.org/lillehammer-1994/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Lillehammer+1994+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Flillehammer-1994%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/atlanta-1996/results">"Atlanta 1996 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826154425/https://www.paralympic.org/atlanta-1996/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Atlanta+1996+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fatlanta-1996%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/nagano-1998/results">"Nagano 1998 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514034124/https://www.paralympic.org/nagano-1998/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Nagano+1998+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fnagano-1998%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/sydney-2000/results">"Sydney 2000 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826131850/https://www.paralympic.org/sydney-2000/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Sydney+2000+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fsydney-2000%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/salt-lake-city-2002/results">"Salt Lake City 2002 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501111849/https://www.paralympic.org/salt-lake-city-2002/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Salt+Lake+City+2002+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fsalt-lake-city-2002%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results">"Athens 2004 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826022933/https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Athens+2004+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fathens-2004%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/torino-2006/results">"Torino 2006 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501121558/https://www.paralympic.org/torino-2006/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Torino+2006+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Ftorino-2006%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/beijing-2008/results">"Beijing 2008 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826025859/https://www.paralympic.org/beijing-2008/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Beijing+2008+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fbeijing-2008%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/vancouver-2010/results">"Vancouver 2010 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103134901/https://www.paralympic.org/vancouver-2010/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Vancouver+2010+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fvancouver-2010%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/london-2012/results">"London 2012 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212204102/https://www.paralympic.org/london-2012/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=London+2012+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Flondon-2012%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014/results">"Sochi 2014 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105144625/https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Sochi+2014+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fsochi-2014%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/rio-2016/results">"Rio 2016 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730032551/https://www.paralympic.org/rio-2016/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Rio+2016+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Frio-2016%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/pyeongchang-2018/results">"PyeongChang 2018 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723193851/https://www.paralympic.org/pyeongchang-2018/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=PyeongChang+2018+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fpyeongchang-2018%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/tokyo-2020/results">"Tokyo 2020 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826111647/https://www.paralympic.org/tokyo-2020/results">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Tokyo+2020+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Ftokyo-2020%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/beijing-2022/results">"Beijing 2022 - Results"</a>. <i>International Paralympic Committee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Beijing+2022+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fbeijing-2022%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/news/joint-statement-from-the-international-olympic-committee-and-the-tokyo-2020-organising-committee">"Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee - Olympic News"</a>. <i>International Olympic Committee</i>. 2020-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Joint+Statement+from+the+International+Olympic+Committee+and+the+Tokyo+2020+Organising+Committee+-+Olympic+News&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fjoint-statement-from-the-international-olympic-committee-and-the-tokyo-2020-organising-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/52091224">"Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics: New dates confirmed for 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a>. 30 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102813/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/52091224">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tokyo+Olympics+and+Paralympics%3A+New+dates+confirmed+for+2021&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Folympics%2F52091224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmanDarcy2008" class="citation book cs1">Cashman, Richard; Darcy, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOOEKhrn1IAC&pg=PA36"><i>Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games</i></a>. Petersham, Australia: Walla Walla Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876718-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876718-05-3"><bdi>978-1-876718-05-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benchmark+Games%3A+The+Sydney+2000+Paralympic+Games&rft.place=Petersham%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Walla+Walla+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-876718-05-3&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Darcy%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOOEKhrn1IAC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDePauwGavron2005" class="citation book cs1">DePauw, Karen P.; Gavron, Susan J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPsqAoFtG-sC&pg=PA92"><i>Disability Sport</i></a>. Champaign, United States: Human Kinetics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-4638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-4638-1"><bdi>978-0-7360-4638-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disability+Sport&rft.place=Champaign%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-4638-1&rft.aulast=DePauw&rft.aufirst=Karen+P.&rft.au=Gavron%2C+Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPsqAoFtG-sC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalligan2000" class="citation book cs1">Galligan, Frank (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFP_1Z1gKK8C&pg=PT96"><i>Advanced PE for Edexcel</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Heinemann Educational Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-50643-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-50643-8"><bdi>978-0-435-50643-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+PE+for+Edexcel&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-435-50643-8&rft.aulast=Galligan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFP_1Z1gKK8C%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertSchantz2008" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnP_ZJUUdPwC&pg=PA140"><i>The Paralympic Games: Empowerment or Side Show?</i></a>. New York, United States: Meyer and Meyer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84126-265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84126-265-9"><bdi>978-1-84126-265-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paralympic+Games%3A+Empowerment+or+Side+Show%3F&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Meyer+and+Meyer+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84126-265-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Schantz%2C+Otto+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnP_ZJUUdPwC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogginNewell2003" class="citation book cs1">Goggin, Gerard; Newell, Christopher (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=808HMxDE2pYC&pg=PA91"><i>Digital disability: the social construction of disability in new media</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1844-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1844-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-1844-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+disability%3A+the+social+construction+of+disability+in+new+media&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1844-5&rft.aulast=Goggin&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Newell%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D808HMxDE2pYC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2008" class="citation book cs1">Howe, P. David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4smWnHHJ1OEC&pg=PA59"><i>The cultural politics of the paralympic movement</i></a>. New York, United States: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415288866" title="Special:BookSources/9780415288866"><bdi>9780415288866</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+politics+of+the+paralympic+movement&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415288866&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=P.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4smWnHHJ1OEC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParalympic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Peterson, Cynthia and Robert D. Steadward. <i>Paralympics : Where Heroes Come</i>, 1998, One Shot Holdings, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9682092-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9682092-0-3">0-9682092-0-3</a>.</li> <li>Thomas and Smith, <i>Disability, Sport and Society</i>, Routledge, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37819-2">978-0-415-37819-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Games&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paralympic_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #BFD7FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paralympic_Games" title="Template:Paralympic Games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paralympic_Games" title="Template talk:Paralympic Games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paralympic_Games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paralympic Games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paralympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paralympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background:#D5E6FF"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Charter" title="Paralympic Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Paralympic Games host cities">Host cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">IPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Paralympic_Committee" title="National Paralympic Committee">NPCs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Paralympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Paralympic Games medal table">Medal tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Paralympic_medalists" title="Lists of Paralympic medalists">Medalists</a></li> <li>Participating nations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="List of participating nations at the Summer Paralympic Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="List of participating nations at the Winter Paralympic Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_symbols" title="Paralympic symbols">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1960 Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Paralympics" title="1964 Summer Paralympics">1964 Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Paralympics" title="1968 Summer Paralympics">1968 Tel Aviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Paralympics" title="1972 Summer Paralympics">1972 Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Paralympics" title="1976 Summer Paralympics">1976 Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Paralympics" title="1980 Summer Paralympics">1980 Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics" title="1984 Summer Paralympics">1984 New York / Stoke Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="1988 Summer Paralympics">1988 Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="1992 Summer Paralympics">1992 Barcelona / Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="1996 Summer Paralympics">1996 Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">2000 Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="2004 Summer Paralympics">2004 Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008 Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="2020 Summer Paralympics">2020 Tokyo</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">2024 Paris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Paralympics" title="2028 Summer Paralympics">2028 Los Angeles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Paralympics" title="2032 Summer Paralympics">2032 Brisbane</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Paralympics" title="1976 Winter Paralympics">1976 Örnsköldsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Paralympics" title="1980 Winter Paralympics">1980 Geilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Paralympics" title="1984 Winter Paralympics">1984 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Paralympics" title="1988 Winter Paralympics">1988 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Paralympics" title="1992 Winter Paralympics">1992 Tignes / Albertville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Paralympics" title="1994 Winter Paralympics">1994 Lillehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Paralympics" title="1998 Winter Paralympics">1998 Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Paralympics" title="2002 Winter Paralympics">2002 Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Paralympics" title="2006 Winter Paralympics">2006 Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics" title="2010 Winter Paralympics">2010 Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="2014 Winter Paralympics">2014 Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Paralympics" title="2018 Winter Paralympics">2018 PyeongChang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Paralympics" title="2022 Winter Paralympics">2022 Beijing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Paralympics" title="2026 Winter Paralympics">2026 Milano Cortina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2030 Winter Paralympics">2030 French Alps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2034_Winter_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2034 Winter Paralympics">2034 Salt Lake City–Utah</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background:#D5E6FF"><div><sup>†</sup>Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Nations_that_have_competed_at_the_Paralympic_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D5E6FF;;background: #BFD7FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nations_at_the_Paralympics" title="Template:Nations at the Paralympics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nations_at_the_Paralympics" title="Template talk:Nations at the Paralympics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nations_at_the_Paralympics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nations at the Paralympics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px_Nations_that_have_competed_at_the_Paralympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPC_logo_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/25px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/38px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_at_the_Paralympics" title="Burundi at the Paralympics">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_at_the_Paralympics" title="Cameroon at the Paralympics">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_at_the_Paralympics" title="Cape Verde at the Paralympics">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_at_the_Paralympics" title="Central African Republic at the Paralympics">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros_at_the_Paralympics" title="Comoros at the Paralympics">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo_at_the_Paralympics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of the Congo at the Paralympics (page does not exist)">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_at_the_Paralympics" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Paralympics">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_at_the_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti at the Paralympics">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Paralympics" title="Egypt at the Paralympics">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea_at_the_Paralympics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eritrea at the Paralympics (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Ethiopia at the Paralympics">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon_at_the_Paralympics" title="Gabon at the Paralympics">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_at_the_Paralympics" title="The Gambia at the Paralympics">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_at_the_Paralympics" title="Ghana at the Paralympics">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_at_the_Paralympics" title="Guinea at the Paralympics">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_at_the_Paralympics" title="Guinea-Bissau at the Paralympics">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_at_the_Paralympics" title="Ivory Coast at the Paralympics">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_at_the_Paralympics" title="Kenya at the Paralympics">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_at_the_Paralympics" title="Lesotho at the Paralympics">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Liberia at the Paralympics">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_at_the_Paralympics" title="Libya at the Paralympics">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_at_the_Paralympics" title="Madagascar at the Paralympics">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_at_the_Paralympics" title="Malawi at the Paralympics">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_at_the_Paralympics" title="Mali at the Paralympics">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania_at_the_Paralympics" title="Mauritania at the Paralympics">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_at_the_Paralympics" title="Mauritius at the Paralympics">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_at_the_Paralympics" title="Morocco at the Paralympics">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_at_the_Paralympics" title="Mozambique at the Paralympics">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Namibia at the Paralympics">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_at_the_Paralympics" title="Niger at the Paralympics">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_Paralympics" title="Nigeria at the Paralympics">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_at_the_Paralympics" title="Rwanda at the Paralympics">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_at_the_Paralympics" title="São Tomé and Príncipe at the Paralympics">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal_at_the_Paralympics" title="Senegal at the Paralympics">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_at_the_Paralympics" title="Seychelles at the Paralympics">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_at_the_Paralympics" title="Sierra Leone at the Paralympics">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Somalia at the Paralympics">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_Paralympics" title="South Africa at the Paralympics">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Sudan at the Paralympics">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_at_the_Paralympics" title="Tanzania at the Paralympics">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_at_the_Paralympics" title="Togo at the Paralympics">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Tunisia at the Paralympics">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_at_the_Paralympics" title="Uganda at the Paralympics">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Zambia at the Paralympics">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_Paralympics" title="Zimbabwe at the Paralympics">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D5E6FF;;width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_at_the_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua and Barbuda at the Paralympics">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_at_the_Paralympics" title="Argentina at the Paralympics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba_at_the_Paralympics" title="Aruba at the Paralympics">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas_at_the_Paralympics" title="Bahamas at the Paralympics">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_at_the_Paralympics" title="Barbados at the Paralympics">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_at_the_Paralympics" title="Bermuda at the Paralympics">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Paralympics" title="Brazil at the Paralympics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Paralympics" title="Canada at the Paralympics">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_at_the_Paralympics" title="Chile at the Paralympics">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Colombia at the Paralympics">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_at_the_Paralympics" title="Costa Rica at the Paralympics">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_at_the_Paralympics" title="Cuba at the Paralympics">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_at_the_Paralympics" title="Dominican Republic at the Paralympics">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador_at_the_Paralympics" title="Ecuador at the Paralympics">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador_at_the_Paralympics" title="El Salvador at the Paralympics">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada_at_the_Paralympics" title="Grenada at the Paralympics">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_Paralympics" title="Guatemala at the Paralympics">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_at_the_Paralympics" title="Guyana at the Paralympics">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti_at_the_Paralympics" title="Haiti at the Paralympics">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras_at_the_Paralympics" title="Honduras at the Paralympics">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_at_the_Paralympics" title="Jamaica at the Paralympics">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_at_the_Paralympics" title="Mexico at the Paralympics">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_at_the_Paralympics" title="Nicaragua at the Paralympics">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_at_the_Paralympics" title="Panama at the Paralympics">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_at_the_Paralympics" title="Paraguay at the Paralympics">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru_at_the_Paralympics" title="Peru at the Paralympics">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_at_the_Paralympics" title="Puerto Rico at the Paralympics">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_at_the_Paralympics" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Paralympics">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_at_the_Paralympics" title="Suriname at the Paralympics">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_at_the_Paralympics" title="Trinidad and Tobago at the Paralympics">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_Paralympics" title="United States at the Paralympics">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_at_the_Paralympics" title="Uruguay at the Paralympics">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_at_the_Paralympics" title="Venezuela at the Paralympics">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands_at_the_Paralympics" title="Virgin Islands at the Paralympics">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D5E6FF;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Afghanistan at the Paralympics">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_at_the_Paralympics" title="Bahrain at the Paralympics">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_at_the_Paralympics" title="Bangladesh at the Paralympics">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Bhutan at the Paralympics">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_at_the_Paralympics" title="Brunei at the Paralympics">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Cambodia at the Paralympics">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_at_the_Paralympics" title="China at the Paralympics">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_at_the_Paralympics" title="East Timor at the Paralympics">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Paralympics" title="Hong Kong at the Paralympics">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_at_the_Paralympics" title="India at the Paralympics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Indonesia at the Paralympics">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_at_the_Paralympics" title="Iran at the Paralympics">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_at_the_Paralympics" title="Iraq at the Paralympics">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Japan at the Paralympics">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Jordan at the Paralympics">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Kazakhstan at the Paralympics">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_at_the_Paralympics" title="Kuwait at the Paralympics">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Kyrgyzstan at the Paralympics">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos_at_the_Paralympics" title="Laos at the Paralympics">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_at_the_Paralympics" title="Lebanon at the Paralympics">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_at_the_Paralympics" title="Macau at the Paralympics">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Malaysia at the Paralympics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldives_at_the_Paralympics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldives at the Paralympics (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Mongolia at the Paralympics">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_at_the_Paralympics" title="Myanmar at the Paralympics">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_at_the_Paralympics" title="Nepal at the Paralympics">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_at_the_Paralympics" title="North Korea at the Paralympics">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman_at_the_Paralympics" title="Oman at the Paralympics">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_at_the_Paralympics" title="Palestine at the Paralympics">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_at_the_Paralympics" title="Philippines at the Paralympics">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_at_the_Paralympics" title="Qatar at the Paralympics">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Saudi Arabia at the Paralympics">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_at_the_Paralympics" title="Singapore at the Paralympics">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Paralympics" title="South Korea at the Paralympics">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_at_the_Paralympics" title="Sri Lanka at the Paralympics">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_at_the_Paralympics" title="Syria at the Paralympics">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_at_the_Paralympics" title="Chinese Taipei at the Paralympics">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Tajikistan at the Paralympics">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_at_the_Paralympics" title="Thailand at the Paralympics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Turkmenistan at the Paralympics">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_at_the_Paralympics" title="United Arab Emirates at the Paralympics">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Uzbekistan at the Paralympics">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_Paralympics" title="Vietnam at the Paralympics">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_at_the_Paralympics" title="Yemen at the Paralympics">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D5E6FF;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania at the Paralympics">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_at_the_Paralympics" title="Andorra at the Paralympics">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Armenia at the Paralympics">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_Paralympics" title="Austria at the Paralympics">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Azerbaijan at the Paralympics">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_at_the_Paralympics" title="Belarus at the Paralympics">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_at_the_Paralympics" title="Belgium at the Paralympics">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_at_the_Paralympics" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Paralympics">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_Paralympics" title="Bulgaria at the Paralympics">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Croatia at the Paralympics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_at_the_Paralympics" title="Cyprus at the Paralympics">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Paralympics" title="Czech Republic at the Paralympics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_at_the_Paralympics" title="Denmark at the Paralympics">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Estonia at the Paralympics">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands_at_the_Paralympics" title="Faroe Islands at the Paralympics">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_Paralympics" title="Finland at the Paralympics">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_at_the_Paralympics" title="France at the Paralympics">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Georgia at the Paralympics">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_Paralympics" title="Germany at the Paralympics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Paralympics" title="Great Britain at the Paralympics">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Paralympics" title="Greece at the Paralympics">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Paralympics" title="Hungary at the Paralympics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_at_the_Paralympics" title="Iceland at the Paralympics">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_at_the_Paralympics" title="Ireland at the Paralympics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_at_the_Paralympics" title="Israel at the Paralympics">Israel</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_at_the_Paralympics" title="Italy at the Paralympics">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Paralympics" title="Kosovo at the Paralympics">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Latvia at the Paralympics">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_Paralympics" title="Liechtenstein at the Paralympics">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_at_the_Paralympics" title="Lithuania at the Paralympics">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_Paralympics" title="Luxembourg at the Paralympics">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_at_the_Paralympics" title="Malta at the Paralympics">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_at_the_Paralympics" title="Moldova at the Paralympics">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_Paralympics" title="Montenegro at the Paralympics">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_Paralympics" title="Netherlands at the Paralympics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_at_the_Paralympics" title="North Macedonia at the Paralympics">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_Paralympics" title="Norway at the Paralympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_at_the_Paralympics" title="Poland at the Paralympics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_at_the_Paralympics" title="Portugal at the Paralympics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_at_the_Paralympics" title="Romania at the Paralympics">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Russia at the Paralympics">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_at_the_Paralympics" title="San Marino at the Paralympics">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Serbia at the Paralympics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Slovakia at the Paralympics">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Slovenia at the Paralympics">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_at_the_Paralympics" title="Spain at the Paralympics">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Paralympics" title="Sweden at the Paralympics">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Paralympics" title="Switzerland at the Paralympics">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_at_the_Paralympics" title="Turkey at the Paralympics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_Paralympics" title="Ukraine at the Paralympics">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D5E6FF;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Australia at the Paralympics">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_at_the_Winter_Paralympics" title="Australia at the Winter Paralympics">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_at_the_Paralympics" title="Fiji at the Paralympics">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati_at_the_Paralympics" title="Kiribati at the Paralympics">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Paralympics" title="New Zealand at the Paralympics">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_at_the_Paralympics" title="Papua New Guinea at the Paralympics">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_at_the_Paralympics" title="Samoa at the Paralympics">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_at_the_Paralympics" title="Solomon Islands at the Paralympics">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_at_the_Paralympics" title="Tonga at the Paralympics">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_at_the_Paralympics" title="Vanuatu at the Paralympics">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D5E6FF;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Paralympians_at_the_Paralympic_Games" title="Independent Paralympians at the Paralympic Games">Independent Paralympic Participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Paralympic_Athletes_at_the_2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="Individual Paralympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Paralympics">Individual Paralympic Athletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Paralympic_Athletes_at_the_2018_Winter_Paralympics" title="Neutral Paralympic Athletes at the 2018 Winter Paralympics">Neutral Paralympic Athletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Paralympic_Team" title="Refugee Paralympic Team">Refugee Paralympic Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Paralympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="Russian Paralympic Committee athletes at the 2020 Summer Paralympics">RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D5E6FF;;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Czechoslovakia at the Paralympics">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germany at the Paralympics">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Rhodesia at the Paralympics">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_at_the_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia and Montenegro at the Paralympics">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Paralympics" title="Soviet Union at the Paralympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Yugoslavia at the Paralympics">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#D5E6FF;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Israel has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Paralympic_Committee" title="European Paralympic Committee">European Paralympic Committee</a> (EOC) since 1994.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multi-sport_events" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multi-sport_events" title="Template:Multi-sport events"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multi-sport_events" title="Template talk:Multi-sport events"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-sport_events" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-sport events"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multi-sport_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">Multi-sport events</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Global</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paralympic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Games" title="Arafura Games">Arafura Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9fi_sportif" title="Défi sportif">Défi sportif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_World_Games" title="IBSA World Games">IBSA World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_Global_Games" title="INAS Global Games">INAS Global Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invictus_Games" title="Invictus Games">Invictus Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Athletic_Association_of_America#World_Dwarf_Games" title="Dwarf Athletic Association of America">World Dwarf Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games" title="Special Olympics World Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games" title="Special Olympics World Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Abilitysport_Games" title="World Abilitysport Games">World Abilitysport Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Army_Games" title="International Army Games">International Army Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack_World_Championship" title="Lumberjack World Championship">Lumberjack World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_World_Games" title="Military World Games">Military World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Air_Games" title="World Air Games">World Air Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth and students</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games" title="FISU World University Games">FISU World University Games</a> <i>(Universiade)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_School_Sport_Games" title="World School Sport Games">World School Sport Games</a> <i>(Gymnasiade)</i></li> <li>International Youth Green Games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Children%27s_Games" title="International Children's Games">International Children's Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELL_Student_Games" title="SELL Student Games">SELL Student Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Interuniversity_Games" title="World Interuniversity Games">World Interuniversity Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="Commonwealth Youth Games">Commonwealth Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPLP_Games" title="CPLP Games">CPLP Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_International_Sports_Festival" title="University International Sports Festival">University International Sports Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercommunity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Games" title="Arab Games">Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_World_Games" title="Croatian World Games">Croatian World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Games" title="Gay Games">Gay Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Solidarity_Games" title="Islamic Solidarity Games">Islamic Solidarity Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusofonia_Games" title="Lusofonia Games">Lusofonia Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Armenian_Games" title="Pan-Armenian Games">Pan-Armenian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Transplant_Games" title="World Transplant Games">World Transplant Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Eskimo_Indian_Olympics" title="World Eskimo Indian Olympics">World Eskimo Indian Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Indigenous_Games" title="World Indigenous Games">World Indigenous Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Polonia_Games" title="World Polonia Games">World Polonia Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIT_World_Sports_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="CSIT World Sports Games">CSIT World Sports Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_Tour" title="Dew Tour">Dew Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_Sports_Olympiad" title="Mind Sports Olympiad">Mind Sports Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Cycling_World_Championships" title="UCI Cycling World Championships">UCI Cycling World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Beach_Games" title="World Beach Games">World Beach Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Combat_Games" title="World Combat Games">World Combat Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Games" title="World Masters Games">World Masters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SportAccord_World_Mind_Games" title="SportAccord World Mind Games">World Mind Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Nomad_Games" title="World Nomad Games">World Nomad Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Skate_Games" title="World Skate Games">World Skate Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urban_Games" title="World Urban Games">World Urban Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Games" title="X Games">X Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Para_Games" title="African Para Games">African Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Youth_Games" title="African Youth Games">African Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Africa_University_Games" title="All-Africa University Games">All-Africa University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_University_Games" title="West African University Games">West African University Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pan American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapan_American_Games" title="Parapan American Games">Parapan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_Pan_American_Games" title="Junior Pan American Games">Junior Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Masters_Games" title="Americas Masters Games">Americas Masters Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>Central American and the Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Games" title="Central American Games">Central American Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALBA_Games" title="ALBA Games">ALBA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Games" title="Bolivarian Games">Bolivarian Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANUSA_Games" title="CANUSA Games">CANUSA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Indigenous_Games" title="North American Indigenous Games">North American Indigenous Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Outgames" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Outgames">North American Outgames</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Games" title="South American Games">South American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Beach_Games" title="South American Beach Games">South American Beach Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FISU_America_Games" title="FISU America Games">South American University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Youth_Games" title="South American Youth Games">South American Youth Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Games" title="Caribbean Games">Caribbean Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pan Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Para_Games" title="Asian Para Games">Asian Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Beach_Games" title="Asian Beach Games">Asian Beach Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Indoor_and_Martial_Arts_Games" title="Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games">Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Youth_Games" title="Asian Youth Games">Asian Youth Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southeast Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEA_Games" title="SEA Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">ASEAN School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">ASEAN University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">ASEAN Para Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Games" title="Central Asian Games">Central Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Games" title="West Asian Games">West Asian Games</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Games" title="Black Sea Games">Black Sea Games</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Masters_Games" title="European Masters Games">European Masters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Championships_(multi-sport_event)" title="European Championships (multi-sport event)">European Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Para_Championships" title="European Para Championships">European Para Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Para_Youth_Games" title="European Para Youth Games">European Para Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival" title="European Youth Olympic Festival">European Youth Olympic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroGames" title="EuroGames">EuroGames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Universities_Championships" title="European Universities Championships">European Universities Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Universities_Games" title="European Universities Games">European Universities Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe" title="Games of the Small States of Europe">Games of the Small States of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Erasmus_Games" title="International Erasmus Games">International Erasmus Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Youth_Olympic_Festival" title="Australian Youth Olympic Festival">Australian Youth Olympic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Games" title="Micronesian Games">Micronesian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mini_Games" title="Pacific Mini Games">Pacific Mini Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Games" title="Arafura Games">Arafura Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Games" title="Arab Games">Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Deaf_Games" title="Asia Pacific Deaf Games">Asia Pacific Deaf Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Masters_Games" title="Asia Pacific Masters Games">Asia Pacific Masters Games</a></li> <li>Isles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Island_Games" title="Indian Ocean Island Games">Indian Ocean Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_des_%C3%AEles" title="Jeux des îles">Jeux des îles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Games" title="Canada Games">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BC_Games_Society" title="BC Games Society">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Games" title="Ontario Games">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Games" title="Quebec Games">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Games" title="Saskatchewan Games">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada_Summer_Games" title="Western Canada Summer Games">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_Colombia" title="National Games of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Games_of_America" title="State Games of America">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAU_Junior_Olympic_Games" title="AAU Junior Olympic Games">amateur juniors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Olympics" title="Senior Olympics">seniors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior_Games" title="Warrior Games">Warrior Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_State_Games" title="National Congress of State Games">NCSG</a>,<br />United States<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Sports_Festival" title="Alabama Sports Festival">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Games" title="California State Games">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_State_Games" title="Sunshine State Games">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_State_Games" title="Bay State Games">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show-Me_State_Games" title="Show-Me State Games">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_State_Games" title="Big Sky State Games">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhusker_State_Games" title="Cornhusker State Games">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Games" title="Empire State Games">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Games_of_North_Carolina" title="State Games of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_of_Texas" title="Games of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_State_Games" title="Badger State Games">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Games" title="Bangladesh Games">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Games" title="All-China Games">All-China Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_China" title="National Games of China">National Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Games" title="National Peasants' Games">National Peasants' Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Youth_Games" title="China National Youth Games">National Youth Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_India" title="National Games of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khelo_India_Youth_Games" title="Khelo India Youth Games">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelo_India_University_Games" title="Khelo India University Games">University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Week_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sports Week (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Festival_of_Japan" title="National Sports Festival of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukma_Games" title="Sukma Games">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_Nepal" title="National Games of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_Pakistan" title="National Games of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Games" title="Philippine National Games">National Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Para_Games" title="Philippine National Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palarong_Pambansa" title="Palarong Pambansa">Student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_Pinoy" title="Batang Pinoy">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Biennial_Games" title="Singapore Biennial Games">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival" title="Korean National Sports Festival">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival" title="Korean National Sports Festival">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival" title="Korean National Sports Festival">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_National_Games" title="Thailand National Games">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_National_Youth_Games" title="Thailand National Youth Games">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_Games" title="Vietnam National Games">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li>National Games (Taiwan)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Youth_Olympic_Days" title="Polish Youth Olympic Days">Poland (youth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WheelPower" title="WheelPower">WheelPower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical<sup>1</sup></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern Olympics<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludi_Romani" title="Ludi Romani">Roman Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Olimpick_Games" title="Cotswold Olimpick Games">Cotswold Olimpick Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_Magog_Games" title="Gog Magog Games">Gog Magog Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Olympian_Games" title="Wenlock Olympian Games">Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zappas_Olympics" title="Zappas Olympics">Zappas Olympics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives to the<br />Modern Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Games" title="Aryan Games">Aryan Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Games" title="Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GANEFO" title="GANEFO">GANEFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Games" title="Goodwill Games">Goodwill Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Allied_Games" title="Inter-Allied Games">Inter-Allied Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Games" title="Islamic Games">Islamic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Classic" title="Liberty Bell Classic">Liberty Bell Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Olympiad" title="People's Olympiad">People's Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Olympiads" title="International Workers' Olympiads">Workers' Olympiads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad" title="Spartakiad">Spartakiad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct regional or<br />community events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Indoor_Games" title="Asian Indoor Games">Asian Indoor Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Asian_Martial_Arts_Games" title="2009 Asian Martial Arts Games">Asian Martial Arts Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_Games" title="Baltic Sea Games">Baltic Sea Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Games" title="Black Sea Games">Black Sea Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Games" title="Central African Games">Central African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Championship_Games" title="Far Eastern Championship Games">Far Eastern Championship Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FESPIC_Games" title="FESPIC Games">FESPIC Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GANEFO" title="GANEFO">Games of the New Emerging Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Games" title="Pacific Ocean Games">Pacific Ocean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR" title="Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR">Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)">Tailteann Games (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Games" title="West African Games">West African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Islamic_Games" title="Women's Islamic Games">Women's Islamic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_World_Youth_Games" title="1998 World Youth Games">World Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWAS_World_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="IWAS World Games">IWAS World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_Palsy_Games" title="Cerebral Palsy Games">Cerebral Palsy Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Games" title="South African Games">South African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Rose_State_Games" title="Prairie Rose State Games">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Games" title="Kingdom Games">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad_(Albania)" title="Spartakiad (Albania)">Spartakiad of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR" title="Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR">Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starty_nadezhd" title="Starty nadezhd">youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Winter_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games" title="FISU World University Games">Winter University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIS_Games" title="FIS Games">FIS Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Games" title="Nordic Games">Nordic Games</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Winter_Games" title="Commonwealth Winter Games">Commonwealth</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Scout_Winter_Games" title="World Scout Winter Games">World Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Memorial_Winter_Games" title="Kennedy Memorial Winter Games">Kennedy Memorial</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Winter_Games" title="New Zealand Winter Games">New Zealand Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_World_Masters_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter World Masters Games">Winter World Masters Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Winter_Games_of_China" title="National Winter Games of China">National Winter Games of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Asian Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival" title="European Youth Olympic Festival">European Youth Olympic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_X_Games_Europe" title="Winter X Games Europe">Winter X Games Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Winter_Youth_Games" title="Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games">Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Defunct</li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Sub-national</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_State_Games#Member_Games" title="National Congress of State Games">51 component games</a> in 36 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Multi-sport_events" title="Category:Multi-sport events">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_multi-sport_events" title="List of multi-sport events">List</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Multi-sport_events" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Multi-sport events">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olympic_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #BFD7FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Games" title="Template:Olympic Games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Games" title="Template talk:Olympic Games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympism</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Congress" title="Olympic Congress">Olympic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings" title="List of IOC meetings">IOC meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International sports federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Medals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal_table" title="Olympic medal table">Medal table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">All-time medal table</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Youth_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_teams_by_medals_won" title="List of Olympic teams by medals won">Medal table leaders by Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists" title="Lists of Olympic medalists">Medalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Youth_Olympic_medalists" title="Lists of Youth Olympic medalists">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ties_for_medals_at_the_Olympics" title="List of ties for medals at the Olympics">Medal ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incentives_for_Olympic_medalists_by_country" title="Incentives for Olympic medalists by country">Incentives by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stripped_Olympic_medals" title="List of stripped Olympic medals">Stripped medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_diploma" title="Olympic diploma">Olympic diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wreath" title="Olive wreath">Olive wreath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Summer_Olympic_Games" title="List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympic_Games" title="List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics">tropical nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_country_codes" title="List of IOC country codes">country codes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">Host cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bids_for_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Bids for Olympic Games">Bids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Bids for the Youth Olympic Games">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues" title="List of Olympic venues">Venues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Youth_Olympic_venues" title="List of Youth Olympic venues">youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium" title="Olympic Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony" title="Olympic Games ceremony">Ceremonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Mass" title="Olympic Mass">Olympic Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_opened_the_Olympic_Games" title="List of people who have opened the Olympic Games">People who opened the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_torch_relays" title="List of Olympic torch relays">Torch relays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torchbearers_who_have_lit_the_Olympic_cauldron" title="List of torchbearers who have lit the Olympic cauldron">lighters of the Olympic cauldron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_kept_the_Olympic_flag" title="List of people who have kept the Olympic flag">Keepers of the Olympic flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympics_on_television" title="Olympics on television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Broadcasting_Services" title="Olympic Broadcasting Services">Olympic Broadcasting Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Channel" title="Olympic Channel">Olympic Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Channel_(American_TV_channel)" title="Olympic Channel (American TV channel)">American</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_coverage_of_the_Olympics" title="Social media coverage of the Olympics">Social media</a></li> <li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Summer_Olympic_documentary_films" title="List of Summer Olympic documentary films">summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Winter_Olympic_documentary_films" title="List of Winter Olympic documentary films">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_video_games" title="List of Olympic video games">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_symbols" title="Olympic symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_flame" title="Olympic flame">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Oath" title="Olympic Oath">Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_songs_and_anthems" title="List of Olympic songs and anthems">Songs and anthems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Hymn" title="Olympic Hymn">Hymn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_emblem" title="Olympic emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_poster" title="Olympic poster">Poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_mascots" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic mascots">Mascots</a></li> <li>Coins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_coins" title="Summer Olympic coins">summer (pre-2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Coins_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="Summer Olympic Coins (2000–present)">summer (2000-present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_coins" title="Winter Olympic coins">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal" title="Pierre de Coubertin Medal">Pierre de Coubertin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Cup" title="Olympic Cup">Olympic Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Diploma_of_Merit" title="Olympic Diploma of Merit">Olympic Diploma of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Laurel" title="Olympic Laurel">Olympic Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Art competitions at the Summer Olympics">Art competitions at the Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_art_competitions" title="List of Olympic medalists in art competitions">medalists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents" title="List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents">Scandals and controversies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_the_Olympic_Games" title="Colonialism and the Olympic Games">colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Doping at the Olympic Games">doping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_and_Paralympic_deaths" title="Olympic and Paralympic deaths">Deaths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_II" title="List of Olympians killed in World War II">WWII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_of_women_in_the_Olympics" title="Participation of women in the Olympics">Participation of women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Continental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Series" title="Olympic Esports Series">Olympic Esports Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906 Intercalated Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div id="Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Olympic Games</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904 St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics" title="1916 Summer Olympics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:gray">1916 Berlin</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-WW1_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW1-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:gray">1940 Tokyo</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-WW2_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics" title="1944 Summer Olympics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:gray">1944 London</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-WW2_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Tokyo</a><sup id="cite_ref-COVID2021_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COVID2021-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Paris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028 Los Angeles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032 Brisbane</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2036_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2036 Summer Olympics">2036 TBD</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2040_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2040 Summer Olympics">2040 TBD</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olympic rings"><img alt="Olympic rings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/110px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/165px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/220px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924 Chamonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">1928 St. Moritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932 Lake Placid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics" title="1940 Winter Olympics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:gray">1940 Sapporo</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-WW2_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics" title="1944 Winter Olympics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:gray">1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-WW2_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">1948 St. Moritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952 Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960 Squaw Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968 Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972 Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">1980 Lake Placid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984 Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992 Albertville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Lillehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Torino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 PyeongChang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Beijing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026 Milano Cortina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics" title="2030 Winter Olympics">2030 French Alps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics" title="2034 Winter Olympics">2034 Salt Lake City–Utah</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div id="Youth_Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Summer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics">2010 Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2014 Summer Youth Olympics">2014 Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2018 Summer Youth Olympics">2018 Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2026_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2026 Summer Youth Olympics">2026 Dakar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2030_Summer_Youth_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2030 Summer Youth Olympics">2030</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Youth Olympic Games logo"><img alt="Youth Olympic Games logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg/110px-Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg/165px-Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg/220px-Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Winter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics">2012 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2016 Winter Youth Olympics">2016 Lillehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2020 Winter Youth Olympics">2020 Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2024 Winter Youth Olympics">2024 Gangwon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2028 Winter Youth Olympics">2028</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WW1-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WW1_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW2-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COVID2021-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COVID2021_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #BFD7FF"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Category:Summer Olympic Games"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Summer_Olympics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Summer Olympics"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, culture, sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_children%27s_literature" title="Disability in children's literature">Disability in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability in horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150043628">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4318268-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78064382">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jeux paralimpiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12265112h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jeux paralimpiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12265112h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span 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