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Hypnosis - Wikipedia
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classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Induction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Suggestion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suggestion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Suggestion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Suggestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conscious_and_unconscious_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscious_and_unconscious_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Conscious and unconscious mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscious_and_unconscious_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideo-dynamic_reflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideo-dynamic_reflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ideo-dynamic reflex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideo-dynamic_reflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susceptibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susceptibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Susceptibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susceptibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hypnotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypnotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hypnotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypnotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menopause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menopause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Menopause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menopause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irritable_bowel_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irritable_bowel_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Irritable bowel syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irritable_bowel_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pain_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Pain management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_of_hypnotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_of_hypnotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Other uses of hypnotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_of_hypnotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forensic_hypnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensic_hypnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Forensic hypnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensic_hypnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-hypnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-hypnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Self-hypnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-hypnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_hypnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_hypnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Stage hypnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_hypnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satanic_brainwashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satanic_brainwashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Satanic brainwashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satanic_brainwashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Sexual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_vs._nonstate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_vs._nonstate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>State vs. nonstate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_vs._nonstate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State vs. nonstate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_vs._nonstate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hyper-suggestibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyper-suggestibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hyper-suggestibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyper-suggestibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditioned_inhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditioned_inhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Conditioned inhibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditioned_inhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuropsychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuropsychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Neuropsychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuropsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissociation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissociation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Dissociation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissociation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neodissociation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neodissociation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Neodissociation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neodissociation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_role-taking_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_role-taking_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Social role-taking theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_role-taking_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive-behavioural_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive-behavioural_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Cognitive-behavioural theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive-behavioural_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Information theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Systems theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Historical figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Modern researchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Related subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypnosis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnose" title="Hipnose – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hipnose" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oferswefn" title="Oferswefn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oferswefn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تنويم مغناطيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنويم مغناطيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արհեստաքուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արհեստաքուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosis" title="Hipnosis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipnosis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoz" title="Hipnoz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hipnoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="هیپنوتیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیپنوتیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8" title="সম্মোহন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্মোহন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Гіпноз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Гіпноз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіпноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипноза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипноза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoza" title="Hipnoza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipnoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosi" title="Hipnosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipnosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypn%C3%B3za" title="Hypnóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypnóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hypnosis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnose" title="Hypnose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hypnose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnose" title="Hypnose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypnose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCpnoos" title="Hüpnoos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüpnoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ύπνωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύπνωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosis" title="Hipnosis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipnosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoto" title="Hipnoto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipnoto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosi" title="Hipnosi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipnosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="هیپنوتیزم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیپنوتیزم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnose" title="Hypnose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypnose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnoaze" title="Hypnoaze – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hypnoaze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiopn%C3%B3is" title="Hiopnóis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hiopnóis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnose" title="Hipnose – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipnose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%EB%A9%B4" title="최면 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="최면" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հիպնոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպնոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="सम्मोहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सम्मोहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoza" title="Hipnoza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipnoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosis" title="Hipnosis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipnosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipnosi" title="Ipnosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipnosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94" title="היפנוזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפנוזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಮೋಹನ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಮೋಹನ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ჰიპნოზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპნოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Гипноз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гипноз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Гипноз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гипноз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hypnosis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoze" title="Hipnoze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hipnoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoz%C4%97" title="Hipnozė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipnozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipn%C3%B3zis" title="Hipnózis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hipnózis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипноза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипноза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിപ്നോട്ടിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിപ്നോട്ടിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ايحاء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايحاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosis" title="Hipnosis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hipnosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="စိတ်ညှို့ပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိတ်ညှို့ပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnose" title="Hypnose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypnose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="हिप्नाेसिस् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिप्नाेसिस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E7%9C%A0" title="催眠 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="催眠" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnose" title="Hypnose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hypnose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnose" title="Hypnose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hypnose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipn%C3%B2si" title="Ipnòsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ipnòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipnoz" title="Gipnoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipnoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoza" title="Hipnoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipnoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnose" title="Hipnose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipnose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoz%C4%83" title="Hipnoză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipnoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Гипноз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипноз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Гипноз – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гипноз" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoza" title="Hipnoza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipnoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="මෝහනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෝහනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypnosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BD%D8%B2%D9%85" title="هيپناٽزم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هيپناٽزم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypn%C3%B3za" title="Hypnóza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hypnóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoza" title="Hipnoza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hipnoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خەواندنی موگناتیسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەواندنی موگناتیسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипноза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хипноза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnoza" title="Hipnoza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipnoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnoosi" title="Hypnoosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hypnoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypnos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosis" title="Hipnosis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hipnosis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="அறிதுயில் நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிதுயில் நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="హిప్నాటిజం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిప్నాటిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="การสะกดจิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hypnotized_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hypnotized (disambiguation)">Hypnotized (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotize_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hypnotize (disambiguation)">Hypnotize (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypnotist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hypnotist (disambiguation)">Hypnotist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Hypnosis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/280px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/420px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/560px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a> demonstrating hypnosis on a "<a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysterical</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpêtrière">Salpêtrière</a></i> patient, "Blanche" (<a href="/wiki/Marie_Wittman" title="Marie Wittman">Marie Wittman</a>), who is supported by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Babi%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Babiński">Joseph Babiński</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006990">D006990</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8609" class="extiw" title="d:Q8609">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypnotic_S%C3%A9ance_(Richard_Bergh)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypnotic_S%C3%A9ance_%28Richard_Bergh%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Hypnotic_S%C3%A9ance_%28Richard_Bergh%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypnotic_S%C3%A9ance_%28Richard_Bergh%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Hypnotic_S%C3%A9ance_%28Richard_Bergh%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypnotic_S%C3%A9ance_%28Richard_Bergh%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Hypnotic_S%C3%A9ance_%28Richard_Bergh%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption><i>Hypnotic Séance</i> (1887) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bergh" title="Richard Bergh">Richard Bergh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv/220px-seek%3D7-Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="568" data-mwtitle="Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis,_Abnormal_Psychology_(1938).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis,_Abnormal_Psychology_(1938).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv/Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis%2C_Abnormal_Psychology_%281938%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Photographic Studies in Hypnosis, Abnormal Psychology</i> (1938)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hypnosis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_regression_in_therapy" title="Age regression in therapy">Age regression in therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Animal magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_hypnosis" title="Stage hypnosis">Stage hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hypnosis" title="Self-hypnosis">Self-hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnoanalysis" title="Hypnoanalysis">Hypnoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosurgery" title="Hypnosurgery">Hypnosurgery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins/History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hypnosis" title="History of hypnosis">History of hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism" title="Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism">Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber_and_Calverley" class="mw-redirect" title="Barber and Calverley">Theodore Xenophon Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett" title="Deirdre Barrett">Deirdre Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bernheim" title="Hippolyte Bernheim">Hippolyte Bernheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bertrand" title="Alexandre Jacques François Bertrand">Alexandre Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Boyne" title="Gil Boyne">Gil Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)" title="James Braid (surgeon)">James Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milne_Bramwell" title="John Milne Bramwell">John Milne Bramwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Bryan" title="William Joseph Bryan">William Joseph Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanham_Collyer" title="Robert Hanham Collyer">Robert Hanham Collyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9" title="Émile Coué">Émile Coué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bovee_Dods" title="John Bovee Dods">John Bovee Dods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_du_Potet" title="Baron du Potet">Baron du Potet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Elman" title="Dave Elman">Dave Elman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Collins_Engledue" title="William Collins Engledue">William Collins Engledue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Esdaile" title="James Esdaile">James Esdaile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliotson" title="John Elliotson">John Elliotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erika_Fromm" title="Erika Fromm">Erika Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_R._Hilgard" title="Josephine R. Hilgard">Josephine R. Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kirsch" title="Irving Kirsch">Irving Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Auguste_Li%C3%A9beault" title="Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault">Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Theodore_Orne" title="Martin Theodore Orne">Martin Theodore Orne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poyen" title="Charles Poyen">Charles Poyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Prince" title="Morton Prince">Morton Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amand-Marie-Jacques_de_Chastenet,_Marquis_of_Puys%C3%A9gur" title="Amand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur">Marquis of Puységur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Salter_(psychologist)" title="Andrew Salter (psychologist)">Andrew Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_R._Sarbin" title="Theodore R. Sarbin">Theodore R. Sarbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Spanos" title="Nicholas Spanos">Nicholas Spanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Muller_Weitzenhoffer" title="André Muller Weitzenhoffer">André Muller Weitzenhoffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Yapko" title="Michael D. Yapko">Michael D. Yapko</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_(psychology)" title="Absorption (psychology)">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autosuggestion" title="Autosuggestion">Autosuggestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_(therapy)" title="Coding (therapy)">Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_hypnosis" title="Covert hypnosis">Covert hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_imagery" title="Guided imagery">Guided imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom">Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_induction" title="Hypnotic induction">Hypnotic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_susceptibility" title="Hypnotic susceptibility">Hypnotic susceptibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming" title="Neuro-linguistic programming">Neuro-linguistic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthypnotic_amnesia" title="Posthypnotic amnesia">Posthypnotic amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">Suggestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypnosis" title="Template:Hypnosis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypnosis" title="Template talk:Hypnosis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypnosis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypnosis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hypnosis</b> is a human condition involving focused <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> (the selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis, SASI),<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Hall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Hall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_SJ_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_SJ_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are competing theories explaining hypnosis and related phenomena. <i>Altered state</i> theories see hypnosis as an <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Altered state of mind">altered state of mind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>, marked by a level of awareness different from the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">state of consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <i>non-state</i> theories see hypnosis as, variously, a type of placebo effect,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a redefinition of an interaction with a therapist<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a form of imaginative <a href="/wiki/Role_theory" title="Role theory">role enactment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During hypnosis, a person is said to have heightened focus and <a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">concentration</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Segi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an increased response to suggestions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypnosis usually begins with a <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_induction" title="Hypnotic induction">hypnotic induction</a> involving a series of preliminary instructions and suggestions. The use of hypnosis for therapeutic purposes is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">hypnotherapy</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as "<a href="/wiki/Stage_hypnosis" title="Stage hypnosis">stage hypnosis</a>", a form of <a href="/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">mentalism</a>. </p><p>Hypnosis-based therapies for the management of <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> are supported by evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of hypnosis as a form of therapy to retrieve and integrate early trauma is controversial within the scientific mainstream. Research indicates that hypnotising an individual may aid the formation of false memories,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that hypnosis "does not help people recall events more accurately".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical hypnosis is often considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naud_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naud-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The words <i>hypnosis</i> and <i>hypnotism</i> both derive from the term <i>neuro-hypnotism</i> (nervous sleep), all of which were coined by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_F%C3%A9lix_d%27Henin_de_Cuvillers" title="Étienne Félix d'Henin de Cuvillers">Étienne Félix d'Henin de Cuvillers</a> in the 1820s. The term <i>hypnosis</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> ὑπνος <i>hypnos</i>, "sleep", and the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -ωσις -<i>osis</i>, or from ὑπνόω <i>hypnoō</i>, "put to sleep" (<a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a> <i>hypnōs</i>-) and the suffix -<i>is</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words were popularised in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> surgeon <a href="/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)" title="James Braid (surgeon)">James Braid</a> (to whom they are sometimes wrongly attributed) around 1841.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Braid based his practice on that developed by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a> and his followers (which was called "Mesmerism" or "<a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">animal magnetism</a>"), but differed in his theory as to how the procedure worked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_classification">Definition and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person in a state of hypnosis has focused attention, deeply relaxed physical and mental state and has increased <a href="/wiki/Suggestibility" title="Suggestibility">suggestibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The hypnotized individual appears to heed only the communications of the hypnotist and typically responds in an uncritical, automatic fashion while ignoring all aspects of the environment other than those pointed out by the hypnotist. In a hypnotic state an individual tends to see, feel, smell, and otherwise perceive in accordance with the hypnotist's suggestions, even though these suggestions may be in apparent contradiction to the actual stimuli present in the environment. The effects of hypnosis are not limited to sensory change; even the subject's memory and awareness of self may be altered by suggestion, and the effects of the suggestions may be extended (post-hypnotically) into the subject's subsequent waking activity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It could be said that hypnotic suggestion is explicitly intended to make use of the <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> effect. For example, in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kirsch" title="Irving Kirsch">Irving Kirsch</a> characterized hypnosis as a "non-deceptive placebo", i.e., a method that openly makes use of suggestion and employs methods to amplify its effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A definition of hypnosis, derived from academic <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, was provided in 2005, when the Society for Psychological Hypnosis, Division 30 of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA), published the following formal definition: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hypnosis typically involves an introduction to the procedure during which the subject is told that suggestions for imaginative experiences will be presented. The hypnotic induction is an extended initial suggestion for using one's imagination, and may contain further elaborations of the introduction. A hypnotic procedure is used to encourage and evaluate responses to suggestions. When using hypnosis, one person (the subject) is guided by another (the hypnotist) to respond to suggestions for changes in subjective experience, alterations in perception,<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauera_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauera-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sensation,<sup id="cite_ref-De_Pascalis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Pascalis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emotion, thought or behavior. Persons can also learn self-hypnosis, which is the act of administering hypnotic procedures on one's own. If the subject responds to hypnotic suggestions, it is generally inferred that hypnosis has been induced. Many believe that hypnotic responses and experiences are characteristic of a hypnotic state. While some think that it is not necessary to use the word "hypnosis" as part of the hypnotic induction, others view it as essential.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Michael Nash provides a list of eight definitions of hypnosis by different authors, in addition to his own view that hypnosis is "a special case of psychological <a href="/wiki/Regression_(psychology)" title="Regression (psychology)">regression</a>": </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Janet</a>, near the turn of the century, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a> ..., have defined hypnosis in terms of <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social psychologist">Social psychologists</a> Sarbin and Coe ... have described hypnosis in terms of <a href="/wiki/Role_theory" title="Role theory">role theory</a>. Hypnosis is a role that people play; they act "as if" they were hypnotised.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._X._Barber" class="mw-redirect" title="T. X. Barber">T. X. Barber</a> ... defined hypnosis in terms of nonhypnotic behavioural parameters, such as task motivation and the act of labeling the situation as hypnosis.</li> <li>In his early writings, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Muller_Weitzenhoffer" title="André Muller Weitzenhoffer">Weitzenhoffer</a> ... conceptualised hypnosis as a state of enhanced suggestibility. Most recently ... he has defined hypnotism as "a form of influence by one person exerted on another through the medium or agency of suggestion."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">Psychoanalysts</a> Gill and Brenman ... described hypnosis by using the psychoanalytic concept of "regression in the service of the ego".</li> <li>Edmonston ... has assessed hypnosis as being merely a state of relaxation.</li> <li>Spiegel and Spiegel... have implied that hypnosis is a biological capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Erickson</a> ... is considered the leading exponent of the position that hypnosis is a special, inner-directed, altered state of functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Joe Griffin and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tyrrell" title="Ivan Tyrrell">Ivan Tyrrell</a> (the originators of the <a href="/wiki/Human_givens" title="Human givens">human givens approach</a>) define hypnosis as "any artificial way of accessing the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM</a> state, the same brain state in which dreaming occurs" and suggest that this definition, when properly understood, resolves "many of the mysteries and controversies surrounding hypnosis".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They see the REM state as being vitally important for life itself, for programming in our instinctive knowledge initially (after Dement<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jouvet<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and then for adding to this throughout life. They attempt to explain this by asserting that, in a sense, all learning is post-hypnotic, which they say explains why the number of ways people can be put into a hypnotic state are so varied: according to them, anything that focuses a person's attention, inward or outward, puts them into a trance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical hypnosis is often considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naud_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naud-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Induction">Induction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Induction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_induction" title="Hypnotic induction">Hypnotic induction</a></div><p> Hypnosis is normally preceded by a "hypnotic induction" technique. Traditionally, this was interpreted as a method of putting the subject into a "hypnotic trance"; however, subsequent "nonstate" theorists have viewed it differently, seeing it as a means of heightening client expectation, defining their role, focusing attention, etc. The induction techniques and methods are dependent on the depth of hypnotic trance level and for each stage of trance, the number of which in some sources ranges from 30 stages to 50 stages, there are different types of inductions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several different induction techniques. One of the most influential methods was Braid's "eye-fixation" technique, also known as "Braidism". Many variations of the eye-fixation approach exist, including the induction used in the <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_susceptibility" title="Hypnotic susceptibility">Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale</a> (SHSS), the most widely used research tool in the field of hypnotism.<sup id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braid's original description of his induction is as follows:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Take any bright object (e.g. a lancet case) between the thumb and fore and middle fingers of the left hand; hold it from about eight to fifteen inches from the eyes, at such position above the forehead as may be necessary to produce the greatest possible strain upon the eyes and eyelids, and enable the patient to maintain a steady fixed stare at the object.<br /><br />The patient must be made to understand that he is to keep the eyes steadily fixed on the object, and the mind riveted on the idea of that one object. It will be observed, that owing to the consensual adjustment of the eyes, the pupils will be at first contracted: They will shortly begin to dilate, and, after they have done so to a considerable extent, and have assumed a wavy motion, if the fore and middle fingers of the right hand, extended and a little separated, are carried from the object toward the eyes, most probably the eyelids will close involuntarily, with a vibratory motion. If this is not the case, or the patient allows the eyeballs to move, desire him to begin anew, giving him to understand that he is to allow the eyelids to close when the fingers are again carried towards the eyes, but that the eyeballs must be kept fixed, in the same position, and the mind riveted to the one idea of the object held above the eyes. In general, it will be found, that the eyelids close with a vibratory motion, or become spasmodically closed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Braid later acknowledged that the hypnotic induction technique was not necessary in every case, and subsequent researchers have generally found that on average it contributes less than previously expected to the effect of hypnotic suggestions.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber,_Spanos_1974_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber,_Spanos_1974-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations and alternatives to the original hypnotic induction techniques were subsequently developed. However, this method is still considered authoritative.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1941, Robert White wrote: "It can be safely stated that nine out of ten hypnotic techniques call for reclining posture, muscular relaxation, and optical fixation followed by eye closure."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggestion">Suggestion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suggestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">Suggestion</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)" title="James Braid (surgeon)">James Braid</a> first described hypnotism, he did not use the term "suggestion" but referred instead to the act of focusing the conscious mind of the subject upon a single dominant idea. Braid's main therapeutic strategy involved stimulating or reducing physiological functioning in different regions of the body. In his later works, however, Braid placed increasing emphasis upon the use of a variety of different verbal and non-verbal forms of suggestion, including the use of "waking suggestion" and self-hypnosis. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bernheim" title="Hippolyte Bernheim">Hippolyte Bernheim</a> shifted the emphasis from the physical state of hypnosis on to the psychological process of verbal suggestion: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I define hypnotism as the induction of a peculiar psychical [i.e., mental] condition which increases the susceptibility to suggestion. Often, it is true, the [hypnotic] sleep that may be induced facilitates suggestion, but it is not the necessary preliminary. It is suggestion that rules hypnotism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bernheim's conception of the primacy of verbal suggestion in hypnotism dominated the subject throughout the 20th century, leading some authorities to declare him the father of modern hypnotism.<sup id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer,_2000_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer,_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary hypnotism uses a variety of suggestion forms including direct verbal suggestions, "indirect" verbal suggestions such as requests or insinuations, metaphors and other rhetorical figures of speech, and non-verbal suggestion in the form of mental imagery, voice tonality, and physical manipulation. A distinction is commonly made between suggestions delivered "permissively" and those delivered in a more "authoritarian" manner. Harvard hypnotherapist <a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett" title="Deirdre Barrett">Deirdre Barrett</a> writes that most modern research suggestions are designed to bring about immediate responses, whereas hypnotherapeutic suggestions are usually post-hypnotic ones that are intended to trigger responses affecting behaviour for periods ranging from days to a lifetime in duration. The hypnotherapeutic ones are often repeated in multiple sessions before they achieve peak effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscious_and_unconscious_mind">Conscious and unconscious mind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conscious and unconscious mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some hypnotists view suggestion as a form of communication that is directed primarily to the subject's conscious mind,<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others view it as a means of communicating with the "<a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a>" mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These concepts were introduced into hypnotism at the end of the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a>. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory describes conscious thoughts as being at the surface of the mind and unconscious processes as being deeper in the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braid, Bernheim, and other Victorian pioneers of hypnotism did not refer to the unconscious mind but saw hypnotic suggestions as being addressed to the subject's <i>conscious</i> mind. Indeed, Braid actually defines hypnotism as focused (conscious) attention upon a dominant idea (or suggestion). Different views regarding the nature of the mind have led to different conceptions of suggestion. Hypnotists who believe that responses are mediated primarily by an "unconscious mind", like <a href="/wiki/Milton_Erickson" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Erickson">Milton Erickson</a>, make use of indirect suggestions such as metaphors or stories whose intended meaning may be concealed from the subject's conscious mind. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Subliminal_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Subliminal message">subliminal suggestion</a> depends upon this view of the mind. By contrast, hypnotists who believe that responses to suggestion are primarily mediated by the conscious mind, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_X._Barber" title="Theodore X. Barber">Theodore Barber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Spanos" title="Nicholas Spanos">Nicholas Spanos</a>, have tended to make more use of direct verbal suggestions and instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideo-dynamic_reflex">Ideo-dynamic reflex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideo-dynamic reflex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor response">Ideomotor response</a></div> <p>The first neuropsychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was introduced early by James Braid who adopted his friend and colleague <a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter's</a> theory of the <a href="/wiki/Ideo_motor_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideo motor response">ideo-motor reflex response</a> to account for the phenomenon of hypnotism. Carpenter had observed from close examination of everyday experience that, under certain circumstances, the mere idea of a muscular movement could be sufficient to produce a reflexive, or automatic, contraction or movement of the muscles involved, albeit in a very small degree. Braid extended Carpenter's theory to encompass the observation that a wide variety of bodily responses besides muscular movement can be thus affected, for example, the idea of sucking a lemon can automatically stimulate salivation, a secretory response. Braid, therefore, adopted the term "ideo-dynamic", meaning "by the power of an idea", to explain a broad range of "psycho-physiological" (mind–body) phenomena. Braid coined the term "mono-ideodynamic" to refer to the theory that hypnotism operates by concentrating attention on a single idea in order to amplify the ideo-dynamic reflex response. Variations of the basic ideo-motor, or ideo-dynamic, theory of suggestion have continued to exercise considerable influence over subsequent theories of hypnosis, including those of <a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a>, and Ernest Rossi.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Victorian psychology the word "idea" encompasses any mental representation, including mental imagery, memories, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Susceptibility">Susceptibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Susceptibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_susceptibility" title="Hypnotic susceptibility">Hypnotic susceptibility</a></div> <p>Braid made a rough distinction between different stages of hypnosis, which he termed the first and second conscious stage of hypnotism;<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he later replaced this with a distinction between "sub-hypnotic", "full hypnotic", and "hypnotic coma" stages.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a> made a similar distinction between stages which he named somnambulism, lethargy, and catalepsy. However, <a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Auguste_Li%C3%A9beault" title="Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault">Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault</a> and Hippolyte Bernheim introduced more complex hypnotic "depth" scales based on a combination of behavioural, physiological, and subjective responses, some of which were due to direct suggestion and some of which were not. In the first few decades of the 20th century, these early clinical "depth" scales were superseded by more sophisticated "hypnotic susceptibility" scales based on experimental research. The most influential were the Davis–Husband and Friedlander–Sarbin scales developed in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Muller_Weitzenhoffer" title="André Muller Weitzenhoffer">André Weitzenhoffer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Hilgard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest R. Hilgard">Ernest R. Hilgard</a> developed the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility in 1959, consisting of 12 suggestion test items following a standardised hypnotic eye-fixation induction script, and this has become one of the most widely referenced research tools in the field of hypnosis. Soon after, in 1962, Ronald Shor and Emily Carota Orne developed a similar group scale called the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS). </p><p>Whereas the older "depth scales" tried to infer the level of "hypnotic trance" from supposed observable signs such as spontaneous amnesia, most subsequent scales have measured the degree of observed or self-evaluated <i>responsiveness</i> to specific suggestion tests such as direct suggestions of arm rigidity (catalepsy). The Stanford, Harvard, HIP, and most other susceptibility scales convert numbers into an assessment of a person's susceptibility as "high", "medium", or "low". Approximately 80% of the population are medium, 10% are high, and 10% are low. There is some controversy as to whether this is distributed on a "normal" bell-shaped curve or whether it is bi-modal with a small "blip" of people at the high end.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypnotisability scores are highly stable over a person's lifetime. Research by Deirdre Barrett has found that there are two distinct types of highly susceptible subjects, which she terms fantasisers and dissociaters. Fantasisers score high on absorption scales, find it easy to block out real-world stimuli without hypnosis, spend much time daydreaming, report imaginary companions as a child, and grew up with parents who encouraged imaginary play. Dissociaters often have a history of childhood abuse or other trauma, learned to escape into numbness, and to forget unpleasant events. Their association to "daydreaming" was often going blank rather than creating vividly recalled fantasies. Both score equally high on formal scales of hypnotic susceptibility.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals with <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a> have the highest hypnotisability of any <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinical</a> group, followed by those with <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous applications for hypnosis across multiple fields of interest, including medical/psychotherapeutic uses, military uses, self-improvement, and entertainment. The <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> currently has no official stance on the medical use of hypnosis. </p><p>Hypnosis has been used as a supplemental approach to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> since as early as 1949. Hypnosis was defined in relation to <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a>; where the words of the therapist were the stimuli and the hypnosis would be the conditioned response. Some traditional cognitive behavioral therapy methods were based in classical conditioning. It would include inducing a <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(psychology)" title="Relaxation (psychology)">relaxed</a> state and introducing a feared stimulus. One way of inducing the relaxed state was through hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypnotism has also been used in <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">forensics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_hypnosis" title="Sports hypnosis">sports</a>, education, <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-André_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-André-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypnotism has also been employed by artists for creative purposes, most notably the surrealist circle of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> who employed hypnosis, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a>, and sketches for creative purposes. Hypnotic methods have been used to re-experience drug states<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mystical experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-hypnosis is popularly used to <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">quit smoking</a>, alleviate stress and anxiety, promote <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, and induce sleep hypnosis. Stage hypnosis can persuade people to perform unusual public feats.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people have drawn analogies between certain aspects of hypnotism and areas such as <a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">crowd psychology</a>, religious hysteria, and ritual trances in preliterate tribal cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Wier_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wier-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hypnotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hypnosis##" title="Talk:Hypnosis">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hypnotherapy is a use of hypnosis in psychotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used by licensed physicians, psychologists, and others. Physicians and psychologists may use hypnosis to treat depression, anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">compulsive gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Phobias">phobias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PregnantMan_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PregnantMan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while certified hypnotherapists who are not physicians or psychologists often treat smoking and weight management. Hypnotherapy was historically used in psychiatric and legal settings to enhance the recall of repressed or degraded memories, but this application of the technique has declined as scientific evidence accumulated that hypnotherapy can increase confidence in <a href="/wiki/False_memories" class="mw-redirect" title="False memories">false memories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypnotherapy is viewed as a helpful adjunct by proponents, having additive effects when treating psychological disorders, such as these, along with scientifically proven <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapies</a>. The effectiveness of hypnotherapy has not yet been accurately assessed,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, due to the lack of evidence indicating any level of efficiency,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes,_J._2019_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes,_J._2019-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is regarded as a type of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> by numerous reputable medical organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preliminary research has expressed brief hypnosis interventions as possibly being a useful tool for managing painful HIV-DSP because of its history of usefulness in <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain management</a>, its long-term effectiveness of brief interventions, the ability to teach self-hypnosis to patients, the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, and the advantage of using such an intervention as opposed to the use of pharmaceutical drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_SJ_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_SJ_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern hypnotherapy has been used, with varying success, in a variety of forms, such as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addictions</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elkins_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkins-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_regression_in_therapy" title="Age regression in therapy">Age regression hypnotherapy</a> (or "hypnoanalysis")</li> <li>Cognitive-behavioural hypnotherapy, or clinical hypnosis combined with elements of cognitive behavioural therapy<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_2012_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson_2012-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson#Ericksonian_approaches" title="Milton H. Erickson">Ericksonian hypnotherapy</a></li> <li>Fears and <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobia</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Habit control<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anbar_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anbar-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNeilly_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeilly-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pain management<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahlgren_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlgren-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patterson1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrett2004_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Psychotherapy<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Relaxation<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduce patient behavior (e.g., scratching) that hinders the treatment of skin disease<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Soothing anxious surgical patients</li> <li>Sports performance<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Weight loss<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolocofsky_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolocofsky-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>In a January 2001 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvard psychologist <a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett" title="Deirdre Barrett">Deirdre Barrett</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A hypnotic trance is not therapeutic in and of itself, but specific suggestions and images fed to clients in a trance can profoundly alter their behavior. As they rehearse the new ways they want to think and feel, they lay the groundwork for changes in their future actions...</p></blockquote><p> Barrett described specific ways this is operationalised for habit change and amelioration of phobias. In her 1998 book of hypnotherapy case studies,<sup id="cite_ref-PregnantMan_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PregnantMan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she reviews the clinical research on hypnosis with dissociative disorders, smoking cessation, and insomnia, and describes successful treatments of these complaints. </p><p>In a July 2001 article for <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> titled "The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis", Michael Nash wrote that, "using hypnosis, scientists have temporarily created hallucinations, compulsions, certain types of memory loss, false memories, and delusions in the laboratory so that these phenomena can be studied in a controlled environment."<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menopause">Menopause</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Menopause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence supporting the use of hypnotherapy in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> related symptoms, including <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North_American_Menopause_Society" title="North American Menopause Society">North American Menopause Society</a> recommends hypnotherapy for the nonhormonal management of menopause-associated <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor" title="Vasomotor">vasomotor</a> symptoms, giving it the highest level of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irritable_bowel_syndrome">Irritable bowel syndrome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Irritable bowel syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypnotherapy has been studied for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypnosis for IBS has received moderate support in the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence</a> guidance published for UK health services.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used as an aid or alternative to chemical <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has been studied as a way to soothe skin ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pain_management">Pain management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pain management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of studies show that hypnosis can reduce the pain experienced during burn-wound <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debridement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bone marrow aspirations, and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ewin_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewin-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis</i> found that hypnosis relieved the pain of 75% of 933 subjects participating in 27 different experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypnosis is effective in decreasing the fear of <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of cancer">cancer treatment</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reducing pain from<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and coping with cancer<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other chronic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nausea and other symptoms related to incurable diseases may also be managed with hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some practitioners have claimed hypnosis might help boost the immune system of people with cancer. However, according to the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, "available scientific evidence does not support the idea that hypnosis can influence the development or progression of cancer."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypnosis has been used as a pain relieving technique during <a href="/wiki/Dental_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental surgery">dental surgery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and related pain management regimens as well. Researchers like Jerjes and his team have reported that hypnosis can help even those patients who have acute to severe orodental pain.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Meyerson and Uziel have suggested that hypnotic methods have been found to be highly fruitful for alleviating anxiety in patients with severe dental phobia.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some psychologists who uphold the altered state theory of hypnosis, pain relief in response to hypnosis is said to be the result of the brain's <a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">dual-processing</a> functionality. This effect is obtained either through the process of selective attention or dissociation, in which both theories involve the presence of activity in pain receptive regions of the brain, and a difference in the processing of the stimuli by the hypnotised subject.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Psychological Association published a study comparing the effects of hypnosis, ordinary suggestion, and placebo in reducing pain. The study found that highly suggestible individuals experienced a greater reduction in pain from hypnosis compared with placebo, whereas less suggestible subjects experienced no pain reduction from hypnosis when compared with placebo. Ordinary non-hypnotic suggestion also caused reduction in pain compared to placebo, but was able to reduce pain in a wider range of subjects (both high and low suggestible) than hypnosis. The results showed that it is primarily the subject's responsiveness to suggestion, whether within the context of hypnosis or not, that is the main determinant of causing reduction in pain.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_uses_of_hypnotherapy">Other uses of hypnotherapy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other uses of hypnotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, a Cochrane review was unable to find evidence of benefit of hypnosis in smoking cessation, and suggested if there is, it is small at best.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypnosis may be useful as an adjunct therapy for weight loss. A 1996 meta-analysis studying hypnosis combined with cognitive behavioural therapy found that people using both treatments lost more weight than people using cognitive behavioural therapy alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American psychiatric nurses, in most medical facilities, are allowed to administer hypnosis to patients in order to relieve symptoms such as anxiety, arousal, negative behaviours, uncontrollable behaviour, and to improve self-esteem and confidence. This is permitted only when they have been completely trained about their clinical side effects and while under supervision when administering it.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensic_hypnosis">Forensic hypnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Forensic hypnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forensic_hypnosis" title="Forensic hypnosis">Forensic hypnosis</a></div> <p>The use of hypnosis to exhume information thought to be buried within the mind in the investigative process and as evidence in court became increasingly popular from the 1950s to the early 1980s with its use being debated into the 1990s when its popular use mostly diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forensic hypnosis's uses are hindered by concerns with its reliability and accuracy. Controversy surrounds the use of hypnotherapy to retrieve memories, especially those from early childhood. The <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> caution against <a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">recovered-memory therapy</a> in cases of alleged childhood trauma, stating that "it is impossible, without corroborative evidence, to distinguish a true memory from a false one."<sup id="cite_ref-APA_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a> is regarded as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2006 <a href="/wiki/Declassification" title="Declassification">declassified</a> 1966 document obtained by the US <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> archive shows that hypnosis was investigated for military applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The full paper explores the potentials of operational uses.<sup id="cite_ref-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall conclusion of the study was that there was no evidence that hypnosis could be used for military applications, and no clear evidence whether "hypnosis" is a definable phenomenon outside ordinary suggestion, motivation, and subject expectancy. According to the document: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The use of hypnosis in intelligence would present certain technical problems not encountered in the clinic or laboratory. To obtain compliance from a resistant source, for example, it would be necessary to hypnotise the source under essentially hostile circumstances. There is no good evidence, clinical or experimental, that this can be done.<sup id="cite_ref-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, the document states that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It would be difficult to find an area of scientific interest more beset by divided professional opinion and contradictory experimental evidence... No one can say whether hypnosis is a qualitatively unique state with some physiological and conditioned response components or only a form of suggestion induced by high motivation and a positive relationship between hypnotist and subject... <a href="/wiki/Theodore_X._Barber" title="Theodore X. Barber">T. X. Barber</a> has produced "hypnotic deafness" and "hypnotic blindness", analgesia and other responses seen in hypnosis—all without hypnotising anyone... Orne has shown that unhypnotised persons can be motivated to equal and surpass the supposed superhuman physical feats seen in hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The study concluded that there are no reliable accounts of its effective use by an intelligence service in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence_123-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypnosis_in_Intelligence-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research into hypnosis in military applications is further verified by the <a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a> experiments, also conducted by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Congressional testimony,<sup id="cite_ref-Congressional_Hearing_by_MKULTRA_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressional_Hearing_by_MKULTRA-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CIA experimented with utilising <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> and hypnosis for <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a>. Many of these programs were done domestically and on participants who were not informed of the study's purposes or that they would be given drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Congressional_Hearing_by_MKULTRA_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressional_Hearing_by_MKULTRA-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-hypnosis">Self-hypnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Self-hypnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-hypnosis" title="Self-hypnosis">Self-hypnosis</a></div> <p>Self-hypnosis happens when a person hypnotises oneself, commonly involving the use of <a href="/wiki/Autosuggestion" title="Autosuggestion">autosuggestion</a>. The technique is often used to increase motivation for a <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">diet</a>, to quit smoking, or to reduce stress. People who practise self-hypnosis sometimes require assistance; some people use devices known as <a href="/wiki/Mind_machine" title="Mind machine">mind machines</a> to assist in the process, whereas others use hypnotic recordings. </p><p>Self-hypnosis is claimed to help with stage fright, relaxation, and physical well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_hypnosis">Stage hypnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stage hypnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stage_hypnosis" title="Stage hypnosis">Stage hypnosis</a></div> <p>Stage hypnosis is a form of entertainment, traditionally employed in a club or theatre before an audience. Due to stage hypnotists' showmanship, many people believe that hypnosis is a form of mind control. Stage hypnotists typically attempt to hypnotise the entire audience and then select individuals who are "under" to come up on stage and perform embarrassing acts, while the audience watches. However, the effects of stage hypnosis are probably due to a combination of psychological factors, participant selection, suggestibility, physical manipulation, stagecraft, and trickery.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desire to be the centre of attention, having an excuse to violate their own fear suppressors, and the pressure to please are thought to convince subjects to "play along".<sup id="cite_ref-Wagstaff_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagstaff-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books by stage hypnotists sometimes explicitly describe the use of deception in their acts; for example, <a href="/wiki/Ormond_McGill" title="Ormond McGill">Ormond McGill</a>'s <i>New Encyclopedia of Stage Hypnotism</i> describes an entire "fake hypnosis" act that depends upon the use of private whispers throughout.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of music as hypnosis developed from the work of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a>. Instruments such as pianos, violins, harps and, especially, <a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica" title="Glass harmonica">the <i>glass harmonica</i></a> often featured in Mesmer's treatments; and were considered to contribute to Mesmer's success.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypnotic music became an important part in the development of a 'physiological psychology' that regarded the hypnotic state as an 'automatic' phenomenon that links to physical reflex. In their experiments with sound hypnosis, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a> used gongs and tuning forks, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> used bells. The intention behind their experiments was to prove that physiological response to sound could be automatic, bypassing the conscious mind.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satanic_brainwashing">Satanic brainwashing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Satanic brainwashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">a moral panic</a> took place in the US fearing <a href="/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic ritual abuse">Satanic ritual abuse</a>. As part of this, certain books such as <i>The Devil's Disciples</i> claimed that some bands, particularly in the musical genre of heavy metal, <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashed</a> American teenagers with subliminal messages to lure them into the worship of the devil, sexual immorality, murder, and especially suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various people have been suspected of or convicted for hypnosis-related crimes, including robbery and sexual abuse. </p><p>In 1951, Palle Hardrup shot and killed two people during a botched robbery in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> - see <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnosis murders">Hypnosis murders</a>. Hardrup claimed that his friend and former cellmate Bjørn Schouw Nielsen had hypnotised him to commit the robbery, inadvertently causing the deaths. Both were sentenced to jail time.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the then-40-year-old amateur hypnotist Timothy Porter attempted to sexually abuse his female weight-loss client. She reported awaking from a trance and finding him behind her with his pants down, telling her to touch herself. He was subsequently called to court and included on the sex offender list.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Gary Naraido, then 52, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for several hypnosis-related sexual abuse charges. Besides the primary charge by a 22-year-old woman who he sexually abused in a hotel under the guise of a free therapy session, he also admitted to having sexually assaulted a 14-year-old girl.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2018, a Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a> named <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Teixeira_de_Faria" title="João Teixeira de Faria">João Teixeira de Faria</a> (also known as "João de Deus"), famous for performing Spiritual Surgeries through hypnosis techniques, was accused of sexual abuse by 12 women.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 an Ohio lawyer was sentenced to 12 years of prison after hypnotizing a dozen different clients into committing sexual acts under the guise of a mindfulness exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual">Sexual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sexual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_vs._nonstate">State vs. nonstate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State vs. nonstate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central theoretical disagreement regarding hypnosis is known as the "state versus nonstate" debate. When Braid introduced the concept of hypnotism, he equivocated over the nature of the "state", sometimes describing it as a specific sleep-like neurological state comparable to animal hibernation or yogic meditation, while at other times he emphasised that hypnotism encompasses a number of different stages or states that are an extension of ordinary psychological and physiological processes. Overall, Braid appears to have moved from a more "special state" understanding of hypnotism toward a more complex "nonstate" orientation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>State theorists interpret the effects of hypnotism as due primarily to a specific, abnormal, and uniform psychological or physiological state of some description, often referred to as "hypnotic trance" or an "altered state of consciousness". Nonstate theorists rejected the idea of hypnotic trance and interpret the effects of hypnotism as due to a combination of multiple task-specific factors derived from normal cognitive, behavioural, and social psychology, such as social role-perception and favorable motivation (<a href="/wiki/Theodore_R._Sarbin" title="Theodore R. Sarbin">Sarbin</a>), active imagination and positive cognitive set (<a href="/wiki/Theodore_X._Barber" title="Theodore X. Barber">Barber</a>), response expectancy (Kirsch), and the active use of task-specific subjective strategies (<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Spanos" title="Nicholas Spanos">Spanos</a>). The personality psychologist Robert White is often cited as providing one of the first nonstate definitions of hypnosis in a 1941 article: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hypnotic behaviour is meaningful, goal-directed striving, its most general goal being to behave like a hypnotised person as this is continuously defined by the operator and understood by the client.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Put simply, it is often claimed that, whereas the older "special state" interpretation emphasises the difference between hypnosis and ordinary psychological processes, the "nonstate" interpretation emphasises their similarity. </p><p>Comparisons between hypnotised and non-hypnotised subjects suggest that, if a "hypnotic trance" does exist, it only accounts for a small proportion of the effects attributed to hypnotic suggestion, most of which can be replicated without hypnotic induction.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (June 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyper-suggestibility">Hyper-suggestibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hyper-suggestibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braid can be taken to imply, in later writings, that hypnosis is largely a state of heightened suggestibility induced by expectation and focused attention. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bernheim" title="Hippolyte Bernheim">Hippolyte Bernheim</a> became known as the leading proponent of the "suggestion theory" of hypnosis, at one point going so far as to declare that there is no hypnotic state, only heightened suggestibility. There is a general consensus that heightened suggestibility is an essential characteristic of hypnosis. In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If a subject after submitting to the hypnotic procedure shows no genuine increase in susceptibility to any suggestions whatever, there seems no point in calling him hypnotised, regardless of how fully and readily he may respond to suggestions of lid-closure and other superficial sleeping behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditioned_inhibition">Conditioned inhibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conditioned inhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> stated that hypnotic suggestion provided the best example of a conditioned reflex response in human beings; i.e., that responses to suggestions were learned associations triggered by the words used: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Speech, on account of the whole preceding life of the adult, is connected up with all the internal and external stimuli which can reach the cortex, signaling all of them and replacing all of them, and therefore it can call forth all those reactions of the organism which are normally determined by the actual stimuli themselves. We can, therefore, regard "suggestion" as the most simple form of a typical reflex in man.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He also believed that hypnosis was a "partial sleep", meaning that a generalised inhibition of cortical functioning could be encouraged to spread throughout regions of the brain. He observed that the various degrees of hypnosis did not significantly differ physiologically from the waking state and hypnosis depended on insignificant changes of environmental stimuli. Pavlov also suggested that lower-brain-stem mechanisms were involved in hypnotic conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavlov_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlov-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pavlov's ideas combined with those of his rival <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bekhterev" title="Vladimir Bekhterev">Vladimir Bekhterev</a> and became the basis of hypnotic psychotherapy in the Soviet Union, as documented in the writings of his follower K.I. Platonov. Soviet theories of hypnotism subsequently influenced the writings of Western behaviourally oriented hypnotherapists such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Salter_(psychologist)" title="Andrew Salter (psychologist)">Andrew Salter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Neuropsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in brain activity have been found in some studies of highly responsive hypnotic subjects. These changes vary depending upon the type of suggestions being given.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of light to medium hypnosis, where the body undergoes physical and mental relaxation, is associated with a pattern mostly of alpha waves.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, what these results indicate is unclear. They may indicate that suggestions genuinely produce changes in perception or experience that are not simply a result of imagination. However, in normal circumstances without hypnosis, the brain regions associated with motion detection are activated both when motion is seen and when motion is imagined, without any changes in the subjects' perception or experience.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may therefore indicate that highly suggestible hypnotic subjects are simply activating to a greater extent the areas of the brain used in imagination, without real perceptual changes. It is, however, premature to claim that hypnosis and meditation are mediated by similar brain systems and neural mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study has demonstrated that a colour hallucination suggestion given to subjects in hypnosis activated colour-processing regions of the occipital cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2004 review of research examining the <a href="/wiki/EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a> laboratory work in this area concludes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hypnosis is not a unitary state and therefore should show different patterns of EEG activity depending upon the task being experienced. In our evaluation of the literature, enhanced <a href="/wiki/Theta_wave" title="Theta wave">theta</a> is observed during hypnosis when there is task performance or concentrative hypnosis, but not when the highly hypnotizable individuals are passively relaxed, somewhat sleepy and/or more diffuse in their attention.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Studies have shown an association of hypnosis with stronger theta-frequency activity as well as with changes to the <a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">gamma</a>-frequency activity.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a> techniques have been used to investigate neural correlates of hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The induction phase of hypnosis may also affect the activity in brain regions that control <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intention</a> and process <a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a>. Anna Gosline claims: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gruzelier and his colleagues studied brain activity using an <a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a> while subjects completed a standard cognitive exercise, called the <a href="/wiki/Stroop_task" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroop task">Stroop task</a>. The team screened subjects before the study and chose 12 that were highly susceptible to hypnosis and 12 with low susceptibility. They all completed the task in the fMRI under normal conditions and then again under hypnosis. Throughout the study, both groups were consistent in their task results, achieving similar scores regardless of their mental state. During their first task session, before hypnosis, there were no significant differences in brain activity between the groups. But under hypnosis, Gruzelier found that the highly susceptible subjects showed significantly more brain activity in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cingulate gyrus">anterior cingulate gyrus</a> than the weakly susceptible subjects. This area of the brain has been shown to respond to errors and evaluate emotional outcomes. The highly susceptible group also showed much greater brain activity on the left side of the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> than the weakly susceptible group. This is an area involved with higher level cognitive processing and behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissociation">Dissociation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dissociation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierre Janet originally developed the idea of <i>dissociation of consciousness</i> from his work with hysterical patients. He believed that hypnosis was an example of dissociation, whereby areas of an individual's behavioural control separate from ordinary awareness. Hypnosis would remove some control from the conscious mind, and the individual would respond with autonomic, reflexive behaviour. Weitzenhoffer describes hypnosis via this theory as "dissociation of awareness from the majority of sensory and even strictly neural events taking place."<sup id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer,_2000_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer,_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neodissociation">Neodissociation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Neodissociation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a>, who developed the "neodissociation" theory of hypnotism, hypothesised that hypnosis causes the subjects to divide their consciousness voluntarily. One part responds to the hypnotist while the other retains awareness of reality. Hilgard made subjects take an ice water bath. None mentioned the water being cold or feeling pain. Hilgard then asked the subjects to lift their index finger if they felt pain and 70% of the subjects lifted their index finger. This showed that, even though the subjects were listening to the suggestive hypnotist, they still sensed the water's temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_role-taking_theory">Social role-taking theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Social role-taking theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main theorist who pioneered the influential role-taking theory of hypnotism was <a href="/wiki/Theodore_R._Sarbin" title="Theodore R. Sarbin">Theodore Sarbin</a>. Sarbin argued that hypnotic responses were motivated attempts to fulfill the socially constructed roles of hypnotic subjects. This has led to the misconception that hypnotic subjects are simply "faking". However, Sarbin emphasised the difference between faking, in which there is little subjective identification with the role in question, and role-taking, in which the subject not only acts externally in accord with the role but also subjectively identifies with it to some degree, acting, thinking, and feeling "as if" they are hypnotised. Sarbin drew analogies between role-taking in hypnosis and role-taking in other areas such as <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a>, mental illness, and shamanic possession, etc. This interpretation of hypnosis is particularly relevant to understanding stage hypnosis, in which there is clearly strong peer pressure to comply with a socially constructed role by performing accordingly on a theatrical stage. </p><p>Hence, the <i>social constructionism and role-taking theory</i> of hypnosis suggests that individuals are enacting (as opposed to merely <i>playing</i>) a role and that really there is no such thing as a hypnotic trance. A socially constructed relationship is built depending on how much <a href="/wiki/Rapport" title="Rapport">rapport</a> has been established between the "hypnotist" and the subject (see <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_effect" title="Hawthorne effect">Hawthorne effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_effect" title="Pygmalion effect">Pygmalion effect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Placebo_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Placebo effect">placebo effect</a>). </p><p>Psychologists such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Baker" title="Robert A. Baker">Robert Baker</a> and Graham Wagstaff claim that what we call hypnosis is actually a form of learned social behaviour, a complex hybrid of social compliance, relaxation, and suggestibility that can account for many esoteric behavioural manifestations.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker,_1990_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker,_1990-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive-behavioural_theory">Cognitive-behavioural theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cognitive-behavioural theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barber, Spanos, and Chaves (1974) proposed a nonstate "cognitive-behavioural" theory of hypnosis, similar in some respects to Sarbin's social role-taking theory and building upon the earlier research of Barber. On this model, hypnosis is explained as an extension of ordinary psychological processes like imagination, relaxation, expectation, social compliance, etc. In particular, Barber argued that responses to hypnotic suggestions were mediated by a "positive cognitive set" consisting of positive expectations, attitudes, and motivation. Daniel Araoz subsequently coined the acronym "TEAM" to symbolise the subject's orientation to hypnosis in terms of "trust", "expectation", "attitude", and "motivation".<sup id="cite_ref-Barber,_Spanos_1974_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber,_Spanos_1974-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Barber et al. noted that similar factors appeared to mediate the response both to hypnotism and to cognitive behavioural therapy, in particular systematic desensitisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber,_Spanos_1974_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber,_Spanos_1974-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, research and clinical practice inspired by their interpretation has led to growing interest in the relationship between hypnotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolocofsky_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolocofsky-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_theory">Information theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Information theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An approach loosely based on <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> uses a brain-as-computer model. In adaptive systems, <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> increases the <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>, which may converge towards a steady state. Increasing the signal-to-noise ratio enables messages to be more clearly received. The hypnotist's object is to use techniques to reduce interference and increase the receptability of specific messages (suggestions).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_theory">Systems theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Systems theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a>, in this context, may be regarded as an extension of Braid's original conceptualisation of hypnosis as involving "the brain and nervous system generally".<sup id="cite_ref-br_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 31">: 31 </span></sup> Systems theory considers the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>'s organisation into interacting subsystems. Hypnotic phenomena thus involve not only increased or decreased activity of particular subsystems, but also their interaction. A central phenomenon in this regard is that of feedback loops, which suggest a mechanism for creating hypnotic phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan,_1993_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan,_1993-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societies">Societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hypnosis" title="Special:EditPage/Hypnosis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a huge range of societies in England who train individuals in hypnosis; however, one of the longest-standing organisations is the British Society of Clinical and Academic Hypnosis (BSCAH). It origins date back to 1952 when a group of dentists set up the 'British Society of Dental Hypnosis'. Shortly after, a group of sympathetic medical practitioners merged with this fast-evolving organisation to form 'The Dental and Medical Society for the Study of Hypnosis'; and, in 1968, after various statutory amendments had taken place, the 'British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis' (BSMDH) was formed. This society always had close links with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Royal Society of Medicine">Royal Society of Medicine</a> and many of its members were involved in setting up a hypnosis section at this centre of medical research in London. And, in 1978, under the presidency of David Waxman, the Section of Medical and Dental Hypnosis was formed. A second society, the British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis (BSECH), was also set up a year before, in 1977, and this consisted of psychologists, doctors and dentists with an interest in hypnosis theory and practice. In 2007, the two societies merged to form the 'British Society of Clinical and Academic Hypnosis' (BSCAH). This society only trains health professionals and is interested in furthering research into clinical hypnosis. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Hypnosis" title="American Society of Clinical Hypnosis">American Society of Clinical Hypnosis</a> (ASCH) is unique among organisations for professionals using hypnosis because members must be licensed healthcare workers with graduate degrees. As an interdisciplinary organisation, ASCH not only provides a classroom to teach professionals how to use hypnosis as a tool in their practice, it provides professionals with a community of experts from different disciplines. The ASCH's missions statement is to provide and encourage education programs to further, in every ethical way, the knowledge, understanding, and application of hypnosis in health care; to encourage research and scientific publication in the field of hypnosis; to promote the further recognition and acceptance of hypnosis as an important tool in clinical health care and focus for scientific research; to cooperate with other professional societies that share mutual goals, ethics and interests; and to provide a professional community for those clinicians and researchers who use hypnosis in their work. The ASCH also publishes the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Clinical_Hypnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis">American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/History_of_hypnosis" title="History of hypnosis">History of hypnosis</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_hypnosis&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hypnosis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_regression_in_therapy" title="Age regression in therapy">Age regression in therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Animal magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_hypnosis" title="Stage hypnosis">Stage hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hypnosis" title="Self-hypnosis">Self-hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnoanalysis" title="Hypnoanalysis">Hypnoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosurgery" title="Hypnosurgery">Hypnosurgery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins/History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hypnosis" title="History of hypnosis">History of hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism" title="Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism">Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber_and_Calverley" class="mw-redirect" title="Barber and Calverley">Theodore Xenophon Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett" title="Deirdre Barrett">Deirdre Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bernheim" title="Hippolyte Bernheim">Hippolyte Bernheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bertrand" title="Alexandre Jacques François Bertrand">Alexandre Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Boyne" title="Gil Boyne">Gil Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)" title="James Braid (surgeon)">James Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milne_Bramwell" title="John Milne Bramwell">John Milne Bramwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Bryan" title="William Joseph Bryan">William Joseph Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanham_Collyer" title="Robert Hanham Collyer">Robert Hanham Collyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9" title="Émile Coué">Émile Coué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bovee_Dods" title="John Bovee Dods">John Bovee Dods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_du_Potet" title="Baron du Potet">Baron du Potet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Elman" title="Dave Elman">Dave Elman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Collins_Engledue" title="William Collins Engledue">William Collins Engledue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Esdaile" title="James Esdaile">James Esdaile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliotson" title="John Elliotson">John Elliotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erika_Fromm" title="Erika Fromm">Erika Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_R._Hilgard" title="Josephine R. Hilgard">Josephine R. Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kirsch" title="Irving Kirsch">Irving Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Auguste_Li%C3%A9beault" title="Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault">Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Theodore_Orne" title="Martin Theodore Orne">Martin Theodore Orne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poyen" title="Charles Poyen">Charles Poyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Prince" title="Morton Prince">Morton Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amand-Marie-Jacques_de_Chastenet,_Marquis_of_Puys%C3%A9gur" title="Amand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur">Marquis of Puységur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Salter_(psychologist)" title="Andrew Salter (psychologist)">Andrew Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_R._Sarbin" title="Theodore R. Sarbin">Theodore R. Sarbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Spanos" title="Nicholas Spanos">Nicholas Spanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Muller_Weitzenhoffer" title="André Muller Weitzenhoffer">André Muller Weitzenhoffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Yapko" title="Michael D. Yapko">Michael D. Yapko</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_(psychology)" title="Absorption (psychology)">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autosuggestion" title="Autosuggestion">Autosuggestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_(therapy)" title="Coding (therapy)">Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_hypnosis" title="Covert hypnosis">Covert hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_imagery" title="Guided imagery">Guided imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom">Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_induction" title="Hypnotic induction">Hypnotic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_susceptibility" title="Hypnotic susceptibility">Hypnotic susceptibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming" title="Neuro-linguistic programming">Neuro-linguistic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthypnotic_amnesia" title="Posthypnotic amnesia">Posthypnotic amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">Suggestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypnosis" title="Template:Hypnosis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypnosis" title="Template talk:Hypnosis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypnosis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypnosis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The development of concepts, beliefs and practices related to hypnosis and <a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">hypnotherapy</a> have been documented since prehistoric to modern times. </p><p>Although often viewed as one continuous history, the term <i>hypnosis</i> was coined in the 1880s in France, some twenty years after the death of <a href="/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)" title="James Braid (surgeon)">James Braid</a>, who had adopted the term <i>hypnotism</i> in 1841. </p> Braid adopted the term hypnotism (which specifically applied to the state of the subject, rather than techniques applied by the operator) to contrast his own, unique, subject-centred, approach with those of the operator-centred <a href="/wiki/Mesmerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesmerism">mesmerists</a> who preceded him.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypnotists" title="List of hypnotists">List of hypnotists</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_hypnotists" title="List of fictional hypnotists">list of fictional hypnotists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_figures">Historical figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historical figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Binet" title="Alfred Binet">Alfred Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)" title="James Braid (surgeon)">James Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milne_Bramwell" title="John Milne Bramwell">John Milne Bramwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Dantinne" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Dantinne">Emile Dantinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliotson" title="John Elliotson">John Elliotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Estabrooks" title="George Estabrooks">George Estabrooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria" title="Abbé Faria">Abbé Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Meares" title="Ainslie Meares">Ainslie Meares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Mesmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Anton Mesmer">Franz Anton Mesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ochorowicz" title="Julian Ochorowicz">Julian Ochorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lloyd_Tuckey" title="Charles Lloyd Tuckey">Charles Lloyd Tuckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Wetterstrand" title="Otto Georg Wetterstrand">Otto Georg Wetterstrand</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_researchers">Modern researchers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Modern researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etzel_Carde%C3%B1a" title="Etzel Cardeña">Etzel Cardeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gauld" title="Alan Gauld">Alan Gauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Stanley_Gibson" title="Jack Stanley Gibson">Jack Stanley Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Mason" title="Albert Abraham Mason">Albert Abraham Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Meares" title="Ainslie Meares">Ainslie Meares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Morgan" title="Dylan Morgan">Dylan Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Weber" title="Michel Weber">Michel Weber</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Yapko" title="Michael D. Yapko">Michael D. Yapko</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_subjects">Related subjects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Related subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covert_hypnosis" title="Covert hypnosis">Covert hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided meditation">Guided meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_hypnosis" title="Highway hypnosis">Highway hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">Hypnagogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnoid_state" title="Hypnoid state">Hypnoid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnosis in popular culture">Hypnosis in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosurgery" title="Hypnosurgery">Hypnosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_Ego-Strengthening_Procedure" title="Hypnotic Ego-Strengthening Procedure">Hypnotic Ego-Strengthening Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ineffective_cancer_treatments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ineffective cancer treatments">List of ineffective cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_hypnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational hypnosis">Recreational hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism" title="Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism">Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_hypnosis" title="Scientology and hypnosis">Scientology and hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedative</a> (also known as sedative-hypnotic drug)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Zoist" title="The Zoist">The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/A_Clinical_Lesson_at_the_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re" title="A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière">A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_Hall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_Hall_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Hall, Harriet</a> (2021). "Hypnosis revisited". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 17–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Hypnosis+revisited&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=17-19&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn_SJ_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_SJ_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_SJ_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> Division 30 defined hypnosis as a "state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion". For critical commentary on this definition, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynnGreenKirschCapafons2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn SJ, Green JP, Kirsch I, Capafons A, Lilienfeld SO, Laurence JR, Montgomery GH (April 2015). "Grounding Hypnosis in Science: The "New" APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis as a Step Backward". <i>The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 390–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029157.2015.1011472">10.1080/00029157.2015.1011472</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928778">25928778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10797114">10797114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Hypnosis&rft.atitle=Grounding+Hypnosis+in+Science%3A+The+%22New%22+APA+Division+30+Definition+of+Hypnosis+as+a+Step+Backward&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=390-401&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10797114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25928778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029157.2015.1011472&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Green%2C+JP&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+I&rft.au=Capafons%2C+A&rft.au=Lilienfeld%2C+SO&rft.au=Laurence%2C+JR&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+GH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2004: "a special psychological state with certain physiological attributes, resembling sleep only superficially and marked by a functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than the ordinary conscious state".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErika_FrommRonald_E._Shor2009" class="citation book cs1">Erika Fromm; Ronald E. Shor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgBrdEoTu3AC&q=hypnosis"><i>Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New Perspectives</i></a>. Rutgers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36262-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36262-5"><bdi>978-0-202-36262-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702162804/https://books.google.com/books?id=fgBrdEoTu3AC&q=hypnosis">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypnosis%3A+Developments+in+Research+and+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=Rutgers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36262-5&rft.au=Erika+Fromm&rft.au=Ronald+E.+Shor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfgBrdEoTu3AC%26q%3Dhypnosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kirsch I (October 1994). "Clinical hypnosis as a nondeceptive placebo: empirically derived techniques". <i>The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 95–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029157.1994.10403122">10.1080/00029157.1994.10403122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7992808">7992808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Hypnosis&rft.atitle=Clinical+hypnosis+as+a+nondeceptive+placebo%3A+empirically+derived+techniques&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-106&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029157.1994.10403122&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7992808&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirsch, I., "Clinical Hypnosis as a Nondeceptive Placebo", pp. 211–25 in Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña-Buelna, E., Amigó, S. (eds.), <i>Clinical Hypnosis and Self-Regulation: Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives</i>, American Psychological Association, (Washington), 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55798-535-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55798-535-9">1-55798-535-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_X._Barber1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_X._Barber" title="Theodore X. Barber">Theodore X. Barber</a> (1969). <i>Hypnosis: A Scientific Approach</i>. J. Aronson, 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56821-740-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56821-740-6"><bdi>978-1-56821-740-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypnosis%3A+A+Scientific+Approach&rft.pub=J.+Aronson%2C+1995&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-1-56821-740-6&rft.au=Theodore+X.+Barber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynnFasslerKnox2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn S, Fassler O, Knox J (2005). "Hypnosis and the altered state debate: something more or nothing more?". <i>Contemporary Hypnosis</i>. <b>22</b>: 39–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fch.21">10.1002/ch.21</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Hypnosis&rft.atitle=Hypnosis+and+the+altered+state+debate%3A+something+more+or+nothing+more%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fch.21&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Fassler%2C+O&rft.au=Knox%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoeBucknerHowardKobayashi1972" class="citation journal cs1">Coe WC, Buckner LG, Howard ML, Kobayashi K (July 1972). "Hypnosis as role enactment: focus on a role specific skill". <i>The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 41–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029157.1972.10402209">10.1080/00029157.1972.10402209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4679790">4679790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Hypnosis&rft.atitle=Hypnosis+as+role+enactment%3A+focus+on+a+role+specific+skill&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-45&rft.date=1972-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029157.1972.10402209&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4679790&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Buckner%2C+LG&rft.au=Howard%2C+ML&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_J._LynnJudith_W._Rhue1991" class="citation book cs1">Steven J. Lynn; Judith W. Rhue (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC"><i>Theories of hypnosis: current models and perspectives</i></a>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-343-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-343-7"><bdi>978-0-89862-343-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702162816/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Pain perception, somatosensory event-related potentials and skin conductance responses to painful stimuli in high, mid, and low hypnotizable subjects: effects of differential pain reduction strategies". <i>Pain</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 499–508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3959%2899%2900157-8">10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00157-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10568858">10568858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3158482">3158482</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1291393">1291393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pain&rft.atitle=Pain+perception%2C+somatosensory+event-related+potentials+and+skin+conductance+responses+to+painful+stimuli+in+high%2C+mid%2C+and+low+hypnotizable+subjects%3A+effects+of+differential+pain+reduction+strategies&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=499-508&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3158482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10568858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-3959%2899%2900157-8&rft.aulast=De+Pascalis&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Magurano%2C+MR&rft.au=Bellusci%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/divisions/div30/define_hypnosis.html">"New Definition: Hypnosis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910220114/http://www.apa.org/divisions/div30/define_hypnosis.html">Archived</a> 10 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Society of Psychological Hypnosis Division 30 – American Psychological Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynnRhue1991" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Steven J.; Rhue, Judith W. (4 October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC"><i>Theories of Hypnosis: Current Models and Perspectives</i></a>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898623437" title="Special:BookSources/9780898623437"><bdi>9780898623437</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702162816/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Hypnosis%3A+Current+Models+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1991-10-04&rft.isbn=9780898623437&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Rhue%2C+Judith+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEz7Nq80QMtoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinTyrrell2013" class="citation book cs1">Griffin J, Tyrrell I (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humangivens.com/publications/human-givens-book.html"><i>Human Givens: The new approach to emotional health and clear thinking</i></a>. HG Publishing. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899398-31-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899398-31-7"><bdi>978-1-899398-31-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008073609/http://www.humangivens.com/publications/human-givens-book.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Ontogenetic development of the human sleep-dream cycle". <i>Science</i>. <b>152</b> (3722): 604–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966Sci...152..604R">1966Sci...152..604R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.152.3722.604">10.1126/science.152.3722.604</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17779492">17779492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ontogenetic+development+of+the+human+sleep-dream+cycle&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=3722&rft.pages=604-19&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17779492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.152.3722.604&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966Sci...152..604R&rft.aulast=Roffwarg&rft.aufirst=HP&rft.au=Muzio%2C+JN&rft.au=Dement%2C+WC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouvet1978" class="citation book cs1">Jouvet M (1978). "Does a genetic programming of the brain occur during paradoxical sleep". In Buser PA, Rougeul-Buser A (eds.). <i>Cerebral correlates of conscious experience: proceedings of an international symposium on cerebral correlates of conscious experience, held in Senanque Abbey, France, on 2–8 August 1977</i>. New York: North-Holland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-0659-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-0659-7"><bdi>978-0-7204-0659-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Does+a+genetic+programming+of+the+brain+occur+during+paradoxical+sleep&rft.btitle=Cerebral+correlates+of+conscious+experience%3A+proceedings+of+an+international+symposium+on+cerebral+correlates+of+conscious+experience%2C+held+in+Senanque+Abbey%2C+France%2C+on+2%E2%80%938+August+1977&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7204-0659-7&rft.aulast=Jouvet&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinTyrrell2011" class="citation book cs1">Griffin J, Tyrrell I (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.griffintyrrell.co.uk/creativity-mysticism-and-mental-illness.php"><i>Godhead: the brain's big bang: the strange origin of creativity, mysticism and mental illness</i></a>. Chalvington: Human Givens. pp. 106–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899398-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899398-27-0"><bdi>978-1-899398-27-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325000932/http://www.griffintyrrell.co.uk/creativity-mysticism-and-mental-illness.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Godhead%3A+the+brain%27s+big+bang%3A+the+strange+origin+of+creativity%2C+mysticism+and+mental+illness&rft.place=Chalvington&rft.pages=106-22&rft.pub=Human+Givens&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-899398-27-0&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Tyrrell%2C+Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.griffintyrrell.co.uk%2Fcreativity-mysticism-and-mental-illness.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrawan" class="citation web cs1">Irawan, Chandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-depth-of-hypnosis-influence-with-scores-and-objective-symptoms-based-on-The-Davis_tbl1_331217313">"COMBINATION OF HYPNOSIS THERAPY AND RANGE OF MOTION EXERCISE ON UPPER-EXTREMITY MUSCLE STRENGTH IN PATIENTS WITH NON-HEMORRAGHIC STROKE"</a>. <i>researchgate.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504091654/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-depth-of-hypnosis-influence-with-scores-and-objective-symptoms-based-on-The-Davis_tbl1_331217313">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=researchgate.net&rft.atitle=COMBINATION+OF+HYPNOSIS+THERAPY+AND+RANGE+OF+MOTION+EXERCISE+ON+UPPER-EXTREMITY+MUSCLE+STRENGTH+IN+PATIENTS+WITH+NON-HEMORRAGHIC+STROKE&rft.aulast=Irawan&rft.aufirst=Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FThe-depth-of-hypnosis-influence-with-scores-and-objective-symptoms-based-on-The-Davis_tbl1_331217313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitzenhoffer-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzenhoffer_&_Hilgard1959" class="citation book cs1">Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard (1959). <i>Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, Forms A & B</i>. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanford+Hypnotic+Susceptibility+Scales%2C+Forms+A+%26+B.&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pub=Consulting+Psychologists+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Weitzenhoffer+%26+Hilgard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braid (1843), p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber,_Spanos_1974-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barber,_Spanos_1974_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber,_Spanos_1974_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber,_Spanos_1974_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCRsAAAAMAAJ">Barber, TX, Spanos, NP. & Chaves, JF., <i>Hypnosis, imagination, and human potentialities</i>. Pergamon Press, 1974.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702163311/https://books.google.com/books?id=fCRsAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 2 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-017931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-017931-2">0-08-017931-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Robert_W.1941" class="citation journal cs1">White, Robert W. (1941). 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Tr. from the 2d Rev. Ed"</a>. University Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702163308/https://books.google.com/books?id=RVtNAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627092448/https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/treatment/hypnotherapy">"Hypnotherapy | University of Maryland Medical Center"</a>. 27 June 2013. 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Yapko">Yapko, Michael</a> (1990). <i>Trancework: An introduction to the practice of Clinical Hypnosis</i>. New York: Brunner/Mazel. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trancework%3A+An+introduction+to+the+practice+of+Clinical+Hypnosis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Brunner%2FMazel&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Yapko&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagstaff-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wagstaff_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagstaff1981" class="citation book cs1">Wagstaff GF (1981). <i>Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief</i>. 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(September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polter 1934, p. 15. See also Franklin 1785, p. 23. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Hypnosis+really+changes+your+mind&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft.aulast=Gosline&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle.ns%3Fid%3Ddn6385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgnerJamiesonGruzelier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Egner T, Jamieson G, Gruzelier J (October 2005). "Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe". <i>NeuroImage</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 969–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2005.05.002">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15964211">15964211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13979703">13979703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroImage&rft.atitle=Hypnosis+decouples+cognitive+control+from+conflict+monitoring+processes+of+the+frontal+lobe&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=969-78&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13979703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15964211&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2005.05.002&rft.aulast=Egner&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Jamieson%2C+G&rft.au=Gruzelier%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEntarfferWeseley2007" class="citation book cs1">McEntarffer, Robert; Weseley, Allyson (2007). <i>Barron's AP Psychology 2008</i>. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-3665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-3665-8"><bdi>978-0-7641-3665-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/73742844">73742844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barron%27s+AP+Psychology+2008&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F73742844&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-3665-8&rft.aulast=McEntarffer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Weseley%2C+Allyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker,_1990-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker,_1990_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1990" class="citation book cs1">Baker RA (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theycallithypnos0000bake"><i><span></span></i>They Call It Hypnosis<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-576-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-576-8"><bdi>978-0-87975-576-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Call+It+Hypnosis&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-576-8&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheycallithypnos0000bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_A._Chapman2006" class="citation book cs1">Robin A. Chapman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6UpFP2fIqcC"><i>The clinical use of hypnosis in cognitive behavior therapy: a practitioner's casebook</i></a>. Springer Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-2884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-2884-3"><bdi>978-0-8261-2884-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702163307/https://books.google.com/books?id=u6UpFP2fIqcC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+clinical+use+of+hypnosis+in+cognitive+behavior+therapy%3A+a+practitioner%27s+casebook&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-2884-3&rft.au=Robin+A.+Chapman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6UpFP2fIqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroger, William S. (1977) <i>Clinical and experimental hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.</i> Lippincott, Philadelphia, p. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-397-50377-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-397-50377-6">0-397-50377-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-br-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-br_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraid_J1843" class="citation book cs1">Braid J (1843). <i>Neurypnology or The rationale of nervous sleep considered in relation with animal magnetism</i>. Buffalo, NY: John Churchill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurypnology+or+The+rationale+of+nervous+sleep+considered+in+relation+with+animal+magnetism.&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=John+Churchill&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Braid+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan,_1993-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan,_1993_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_J.D.1993" class="citation book cs1">Morgan J.D. (1993). <i>The Principles of Hypnotherapy</i>. Eildon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Hypnotherapy&rft.pub=Eildon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Morgan+J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Weber" title="Michel Weber">Michel Weber</a> is working on a Whiteheadian interpretation of hypnotic phenomena: see his «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/869316/_Hypnosis_Panpsychism_in_Action_2008_">Hypnosis: Panpsychism in Action</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101034018/http://www.academia.edu/869316/_Hypnosis_Panpsychism_in_Action_2008_">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> », in Michel Weber and William Desmond, Jr. (eds.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6359521/Michel_Weber_and_Will_Desmond_eds._Handbook_of_Whiteheadian_Process_Thought_2008">Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009213445/https://www.academia.edu/6359521/Michel_Weber_and_Will_Desmond_eds._Handbook_of_Whiteheadian_Process_Thought_2008">Archived</a> 9 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Frankfurt / Lancaster, ontos verlag, Process Thought X1 & X2, 2008, I, pp. 15–38, 395–414; cf. « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5679705/_Syntonie_ou_agencement_ethnopsychiatrique_2013_">Syntonie ou agencement ethnopsychiatrique ?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143836/https://www.academia.edu/5679705/_Syntonie_ou_agencement_ethnopsychiatrique_2013_">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> », Michel Weber et Vincent Berne (sous la direction de), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5562658/Michel_Weber_et_Vincent_Berne_sous_la_direction_de_Chromatikon_IX._Annales_de_la_philosophie_en_proc%C3%A8s_Yearbook_of_Philosophy_in_Process_2013">Chromatikon IX. Annales de la philosophie en procès – Yearbook of Philosophy in Process</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403220501/https://www.academia.edu/5562658/Michel_Weber_et_Vincent_Berne_sous_la_direction_de_Chromatikon_IX._Annales_de_la_philosophie_en_proc%C3%A8s_Yearbook_of_Philosophy_in_Process_2013">Archived</a> 3 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Les Editions Chromatika, 2013, pp. 55–68.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suggestionandau00baudgoog">Baudouin, C. (Paul, E & Paul, C. trans.), <i>Suggestion and Autosuggestion: A Psychological and Pedagogical Study Based on the Investigations made by the New Nancy School</i>, George Allen & Unwin, (London), 1920.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraid1843" class="citation book cs1">Braid J (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neurypnologyorra00braiiala"><i>Neurypnology; or The Rationale of Nervous Sleep considered in relation with Animal Magnetism</i></a>. London: John Churchill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurypnology%3B+or+The+Rationale+of+Nervous+Sleep+considered+in+relation+with+Animal+Magnetism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Churchill&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Braid&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneurypnologyorra00braiiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/observationsont01braigoog">Braid, J. (1850), <i>Observations on Trance; or, Human Hybernation</i>, London: John Churchill.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1hYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA848">Braid, J. (1855), "On the Nature and Treatment of Certain Forms of Paralysis", <i>Association Medical Journal</i>, Vol.3, No.141, (14 September 1855), pp. 848–855.</a></li> <li>Brann, L., Owens J. Williamson, A. (eds.) (2015), <i>The Handbook of Contemporary Clinical Hypnosis: Theory and Practice</i>, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-5727-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-5727-7">978-1-1190-5727-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Brown (philosopher)">Brown, T.</a> (1851), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonphilos00browuoft"><i>Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind (Nineteenth Edition)</i>, Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/b28099734/b28099734.pdf">Coates, James (1904), <i>Human Magnetism; or, How to Hypnotise: A Practical Handbook for Students of Mesmerism</i>, London: Nichols & Co.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson_HB1991" class="citation book cs1">Gibson HB (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCU8oroKBfgC&pg=PP1"><i>Hypnosis in Therapy</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8637-7155-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8637-7155-2"><bdi>978-0-8637-7155-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypnosis+in+Therapy&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8637-7155-2&rft.au=Gibson+HB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdCU8oroKBfgC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Glueck_Sr." title="Bernard Glueck Sr.">Glueck, B.</a>, "New Nancy School", <i>The Psychoanalytic Review</i>, Vol. 10, (January 1923), pp. 109–12.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24872210_0002">Harte, R., <i>Hypnotism and the Doctors, Volume I: Animal Magnetism: Mesmer/De Puysegur</i>, L.N. Fowler & Co., (London), 1902</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hypnotismanddoc00hartgoog">Harte, R., <i>Hypnotism and the Doctors, Volume II: The Second Commission; Dupotet And Lafontaine; The English School; Braid's Hypnotism; Statuvolism; Pathetism; Electro-Biology</i>, L.N. Fowler & Co., (London), 1903</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1991" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Steven (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC&pg=PP1"><i>Theories of Hypnosis: Current Models and Perspectives</i></a>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-343-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-343-7"><bdi>978-0-89862-343-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Hypnosis%3A+Current+Models+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89862-343-7&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEz7Nq80QMtoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypnosis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/an-account-of-thomas-browns-philosophy-of-the-human-mind">Yeates, Lindsay B. (2005), <i>An Account of Thomas Brown’s <b>Philosophy of the Human Mind</b></i>, (unpublished manuscript), School of the History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11299/SOURCE01?view=true">Yeates, L.B. (2013), <i>James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist</i>, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hartlands-legacy-ii-yeates-2014">Yeates, L.B. (2014), "Hartland’s Legacy (II): The Ego-Strengthening Monologue", <i>Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis</i>, <i>36</i>(1), pp. 19–36.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:47777/bin55efd6f6-374a-478d-8f8d-cf96f616d62f?view=true&xy=01">Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016a), "Émile Coué and his <i>Method</i> (I): The Chemist of Thought and Human Action", <i>Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis</i>, Volume 38, No. 1, (Autumn 2016), pp. 3–27.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:47760/bin73f48d52-f4cb-443f-a9c2-a5c23331c372?view=true&xy=01">Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016b), "Émile Coué and his <i>Method</i> (II): Hypnotism, Suggestion, Ego-Strengthening, and Autosuggestion", <i>Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis</i>, Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp. 28–54.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:47938/bin566a3d8c-5812-4b3a-8b19-37dffb21ecfc?view=true&xy=01">Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016c), "Émile Coué and his <i>Method</i> (III): Every Day in Every Way", <i>Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis</i>, Volume 38, No. 1, (Autumn 2016), pp. 55–79.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:62996/bin2b21dab5-836e-4118-9120-c1fa25532e00?view=true&xy=01">Yeates, L.B. (2018), "James Braid (II): Mesmerism, Braid’s Crucial Experiment, and Braid’s Discovery of Neuro-Hypnotism", <i>Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis</i>, Vol. 40, No. 1, (Autumn 2018), pp. 40–92.</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnosis&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hypnotism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hypnotism">Hypnotism</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Hypnosis" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8609" class="extiw" title="d:Q8609">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006990">D006990</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychotherapy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychotherapy" title="Template talk:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychotherapy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br />behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. 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D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. 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href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8609#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8609#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932047m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hypnóza"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114745&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059847&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007535999205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=30194">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐5b96c5449‐j789s Cached time: 20241211222245 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.663 seconds Real time usage: 1.895 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 15803/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 434814/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 23582/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 24/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 560975/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.033/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 32228108/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 180 ms 16.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 120 ms 11.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 100 ms 9.3% 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