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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Artificial mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Stones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calligraphy_and_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy_and_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Calligraphy and paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy_and_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brief_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Brief history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Lingnan_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Lingnan_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prominent Lingnan gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Lingnan_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_culture" title="Category:Cantonese culture">the series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cantonese people in Hong Kong">Cantonese people in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Diu lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_lau" title="Tong lau">Tong lau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Tower" title="Canton Tower">Canton Tower</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Visual arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_ivory_carving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canton ivory carving (page does not exist)">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_jade_carving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canton jade carving (page does not exist)">Jade carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_woodcarving" title="Teochew woodcarving">Teochew woodcarving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_penjing" title="Lingnan penjing">Penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_porcelain" title="Canton porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_furniture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantonese furniture (page does not exist)">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwan_ware" title="Shiwan ware">Sekwan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_School" title="Lingnan School">School of painting</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture#Folk_songs" title="Cantonese culture">Folk songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamyam" title="Naamyam">Nam yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Instrumental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaohu" title="Gaohu">Gou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema of Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nanquan_(martial_art)" title="Nanquan (martial art)">Martial arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Ga" title="Hung Ga">Hung Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choy_gar" title="Choy gar">Choy gar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_Gar" title="Mok Gar">Mok Gar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choy_Li_Fut" title="Choy Li Fut">Choy Li Fut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chow_Gar" title="Chow Gar">Chow Gar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_sword" title="Butterfly sword">Butterfly sword</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leung cha">Leung cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_sui" title="Tong sui">Tong sui</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Customs and traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Fair" title="Lunar New Year Fair">New Year flowermarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_dance#Chinese_Southern_Lion" title="Lion dance">Lion dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin_Lai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nin Lai">Nin Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_merchants" title="Cantonese merchants">Commercial traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pre-wedding_customs#Cantonese_traditions" title="Chinese pre-wedding customs">Pre-wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese wedding">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain_hitting" title="Villain hitting">Villain hitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_collecting" title="Bone collecting">Bone collecting</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Taoist deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin" title="Wong Tai Sin">Wong Tai Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Shing" title="Hung Shing">Hung Shing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Kung" title="Tam Kung">Tam Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_(god)" title="Xuanwu (god)">Yunmou</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_folktales" title="Cantonese folktales">Folktales</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Five_Goats" title="The Legend of Five Goats">The Legend of Five Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xian" title="Lady Xian">Lady Sin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Cultural symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombax_ceiba" title="Bombax ceiba">Red cotton flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Macau lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Cultural hubs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantonese_culture" title="Template:Cantonese culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cantonese_culture" title="Template talk:Cantonese culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lingnan garden</b> (<a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: Ling<sup>5</sup> naam<sup>4</sup> jyun<sup>4</sup> lam<sup>4</sup>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a>: 嶺南園林), also called <b>Cantonese garden</b>, is a style of garden design native to <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> – the traditionally <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> in southern China. It is one of the major styles of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a>, along with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan_garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiangnan garden (page does not exist)">Jiangnan garden</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_garden" title="Sichuanese garden">Sichuanese garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lingnan region lies to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a>, spanning southern <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, Guangdong, and Guangxi. The extensive river network, strong sunlight, and regular monsoon in the region contributes to a lush <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> natural landscape. With this rich natural scenery, people in Lingnan have been able to create a rich and colorful style of traditional garden distinct from gardens in other Han Chinese regions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_types">By types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingnan garden consists of several substyles, such as royal gardens, private gardens, and public gardens. A good example of royal Lingnan garden is Guangzhou's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauyiu_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauyiu Garden (page does not exist)">Gauyiu Garden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauyiu_Garden" class="extiw" title="zh:Gauyiu Garden">zh</a>; <a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E6%B4%B2%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:藥洲遺址">zh-yue</a>]</span> (Jyutping: Gau<sup>2</sup> jiu<sup>6</sup> jyun<sup>4</sup>; Traditional Chinese: 九曜園, literally "garden of nine glories"), built by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Lau Yan</a>, the first king of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> (10th century), it laid down the foundation of modern Lingnan style and is one of the more well-preserved gardens from that period. Prominent examples of private Lingnan gardens include the "four great gardens of central Guangdong": <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuyin_Shanfang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuyin Shanfang (page does not exist)">Yuyum Sanfong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liang%27s_Garden" title="Liang's Garden">Leung's Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_Hui_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Hui Yuan">Ching Fai Garden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keyuan" title="Keyuan">Ho Garden</a>. Among them, Yuyum Sanfong is considered the best example of classical Lingnan garden, having used features such as lintels with stone carvings, mock mountains made of stone heaps, geometric pool shapes, and massive use of wood carvings. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Gauyiu Garden</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-27-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-27-57.jpg/240px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-27-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-27-57.jpg/360px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-27-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-27-57.jpg/480px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-27-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-16-38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-16-38.jpg/240px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-16-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-16-38.jpg/360px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-16-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-16-38.jpg/480px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-16-38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-17-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-17-08.jpg/240px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-17-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-17-08.jpg/360px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-17-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-17-08.jpg/480px-Guangzhou_Yaozhou_Yizhi_2014.01.26_15-17-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Private Lingnan gardens</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-52-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuyum Sanfong ("Yuyin Shanfang" in Mandarin Chinese) in Panyu, Guangzhou, is commonly cited as a representative example of Lingnan garden."><img alt="Yuyum Sanfong ("Yuyin Shanfang" in Mandarin Chinese) in Panyu, Guangzhou, is commonly cited as a representative example of Lingnan garden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-52-24.jpg/240px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-52-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-52-24.jpg/360px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-52-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-52-24.jpg/480px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-52-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuyum Sanfong ("Yuyin Shanfang" in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Panyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Panyu">Panyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, is commonly cited as a representative example of Lingnan garden.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85%E6%99%96%E5%9B%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ching Fai Garden in Shunde."><img alt="Ching Fai Garden in Shunde." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E6%B8%85%E6%99%96%E5%9B%AD.jpg/240px-%E6%B8%85%E6%99%96%E5%9B%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E6%B8%85%E6%99%96%E5%9B%AD.jpg/360px-%E6%B8%85%E6%99%96%E5%9B%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E6%B8%85%E6%99%96%E5%9B%AD.jpg/480px-%E6%B8%85%E6%99%96%E5%9B%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ching Fai Garden in <a href="/wiki/Shunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunde">Shunde</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liang%27s_Garden_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leung's Garden in Foshan."><img alt="Leung's Garden in Foshan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liang%27s_Garden_5.jpg/240px-Liang%27s_Garden_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liang%27s_Garden_5.jpg/360px-Liang%27s_Garden_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liang%27s_Garden_5.jpg/480px-Liang%27s_Garden_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leung's Garden in <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ky2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ho Garden in Dongguan."><img alt="Ho Garden in Dongguan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ky2.jpg/240px-Ky2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ky2.jpg/360px-Ky2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ky2.jpg/480px-Ky2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ho Garden in <a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_regions">By regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guangdong's gardens have been the mainstream of Lingnan gardens. They have been noted for their inclusion of stone heaps as mock mountains, slowly rising roofs and alleys, various sculptures and carvings, contrasting colors of blue and green, and plants that bloom in all four seasons. Guangxi's gardens tend to be based more on natural landscapes, manifested in stone cliffs and engraved walls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall, the most commonly discussed characteristics of Lingnan garden include:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingnan garden primarily utilizes courtyard layout. The use of <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a> is a prominent trait of Lingnan garden, whose smallness and fineness are said to be comparable with those of classical <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a>. The vast majority of private Lingnan gardens use courtyard layout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artificial_mountains">Artificial mountains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artificial mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it comes to artificial mountains (Jyutping: Gaa<sup>2</sup> saan<sup>1</sup>; Traditional Chinese: 假山), Lingnan garden utilizes (1) cliffs; (2) islands; (3) <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reefs</a>; and (4) heaps. This style rarely uses mud to build artificial mountains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingnan garden is said to be heavily based around control of water, involving waterways of various patterns: (1) "cliff-waterfall-depth" pattern; (2) lake pattern; (3) depth without waterfall; (4) curving waterways; and (5) wellspring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stones">Stones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingnan garden uses a different set of stones from those used by Jiangnan and Northern Chinese gardens. It utilizes local minerals such as Minnan granite, Hainan coral stone, and Taiwan Guru stone. Gardens of this style prefer not to stack up its stones, but instead have them spread outward horizontally, with various methods and patterns of outward spreading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">Lingnan architecture</a></div> <p>Lingnan garden uses towers, bridges, and corridors. This style either uses "high walls and cold lanes" to divide a garden into a combination of multiple courtyards, or simply connect the buildings and the courtyards as one single whole. The architecture involves high pillars, wide corridors, and thick walls. "Three carvings and three sculpting" (Jyutping: Saam<sup>1</sup> diu<sup>1</sup> saam<sup>1</sup> sou<sup>3</sup>; Traditional Chinese: 三雕三塑) – carvings made of wood, brick and stone, and sculptures made of clay, mud, and granite – are prevalent. Classical Lingnan gardens utilize full gardens of three carvings and three sculpting, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Baomo_Yuan" title="Baomo Yuan">Bou Mak Garden</a> (Jyutping: Bou<sup>2</sup> mak<sup>6</sup> jyun<sup>4</sup>; Traditional Chinese: 寶墨園, literally "Garden of Treasure and Ink") in <a href="/wiki/Panyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Panyu">Panyu</a>. Buildings in Lingnan garden are typically constructed in <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture#Classical_Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">classical Lingnan style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Architecture of Lingnan gardens</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LaiWuFaanZau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bou Mak Garden."><img alt="Bou Mak Garden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LaiWuFaanZau.jpg/320px-LaiWuFaanZau.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LaiWuFaanZau.jpg/480px-LaiWuFaanZau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LaiWuFaanZau.jpg/640px-LaiWuFaanZau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bou Mak Garden.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZiDungFong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bou Mak Garden uses a large amount of carvings."><img alt="Bou Mak Garden uses a large amount of carvings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZiDungFong.jpg/320px-ZiDungFong.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZiDungFong.jpg/480px-ZiDungFong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZiDungFong.jpg/640px-ZiDungFong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bou Mak Garden uses a large amount of carvings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-39-41.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuyum Sanfong uses Lingnan architecture."><img alt="Yuyum Sanfong uses Lingnan architecture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-39-41.jpg/270px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-39-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-39-41.jpg/405px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-39-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-39-41.jpg/540px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-39-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuyum Sanfong uses Lingnan architecture.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calligraphy_and_paintings">Calligraphy and paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Calligraphy and paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-42-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-42-01.jpg/320px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-42-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-42-01.jpg/480px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-42-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-42-01.jpg/640px-Guangzhou_Panyu_Yuyin_Shanfang_2012.11.19_15-42-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Yuyum Sanfong uses some calligraphy as decorations, alongside massive amount of carvings – the latter of which is typical of Cantonese gardens.</figcaption></figure> <p>Classical Lingnan garden uses calligraphy and paintings only sparingly, and modern Lingnan garden is even less inclined to do so. There are, however, several notable instances of such in Lingnan garden design. Yuyum Sanfong, for instance, has the calligraphy "餘地三弓紅雨足，蔭天一角綠雲深" (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, literally "This land is just as large as three bows, but rich in red rain; Though it is just a corner under the sky, it is abundant with green clouds") written on its main door. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vegetation in Lingnan garden is summarized with the sentence "all-season flowers, scenery of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rain_belt" title="Tropical rain belt">tropical rain belt</a>". Lingnan gardens use native, mainly subtropical plant species such as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Coconut_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut trees">coconut trees</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pyrostegia_venusta" title="Pyrostegia venusta">flamevine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficus_microcarpa" title="Ficus microcarpa">Chinese banyan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">Lychee</a> trees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></div> <p>Lingnan garden is said to embody the philosophy behind <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – commerce, pragmatism, and openness to foreign ideas. For much of the past millennium, Cantonese people have served as major merchants of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dynasties">Chinese Empire</a>, especially when it came to trade activities with <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asians</a>. This results in a strong commercial tradition among Cantonese. This distinguishes them from other <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">Han Chinese groups</a> – such as the Northern groups, who have formed the empire's politicians and <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Wuyue_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuyue people">Wuyue group</a>, who have served prominently as scholars and artists. Cantonese gardens are less bounded by royal standards and frequently adopt foreign (i.e., non-Chinese) elements like <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>. Also, Cantonese are far less heavily invested in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> philosophy, resulting in a style closer to the average people – such as a tendency to fuse gardens with buildings that have mundane purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brief_history">Brief history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brief history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historical records, people in Lingnan were already building gardens during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> king <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tuo" title="Zhao Tuo">Zhao Tuo</a> (? – 137 BC) in Guangzhou. Their royal gardens took after the styles of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin Empire's</a>. Afterwards, however, with the decline of the Nanyue regime, Lingnan royal gardens also disappeared. In much of the two millennia that followed, Lingnan had served as the fringe territory of various <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dynasties">Chinese dynasties</a>, resulting in a relative lack of royal garden styles. Nonetheless, the area around Guangzhou became an important port for these dynasties, resulting in a gradual rise of the social and economic importance of the region. This and frequent cultural exchanges with outside powers caused the development of a folk garden style – the classical Lingnan garden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Lingnan_gardens">Prominent Lingnan gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prominent Lingnan gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingnan_Garden,_Lai_Chi_Kok_Park,_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lingnan_Garden%2C_Lai_Chi_Kok_Park%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/320px-Lingnan_Garden%2C_Lai_Chi_Kok_Park%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lingnan_Garden%2C_Lai_Chi_Kok_Park%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/480px-Lingnan_Garden%2C_Lai_Chi_Kok_Park%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lingnan_Garden%2C_Lai_Chi_Kok_Park%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/640px-Lingnan_Garden%2C_Lai_Chi_Kok_Park%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Lai_Chi_Kok" title="Lai Chi Kok">Lai Chi Kok</a> has an example of a Lingnan garden.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuyin_Shanfang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuyin Shanfang (page does not exist)">Yuyum Sanfong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang%27s_Garden" title="Liang's Garden">Leung's Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Hui_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Hui Yuan">Ching Fai Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyuan" title="Keyuan">Ho Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baomo_Yuan" title="Baomo Yuan">Bou Mak Garden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_penjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese penjing">Cantonese penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_garden" title="Sichuanese garden">Sichuanese garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_garden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730105414/http://www.chinabaike.com/z/jz/gh/381676.html">"岭南园林的营造手法与艺术特色"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinabaike.com/z/jz/gh/381676.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E8%90%A5%E9%80%A0%E6%89%8B%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinabaike.com%2Fz%2Fjz%2Fgh%2F381676.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingnan+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">劉庭風. (2003). 嶺南園林: 福建, 臺灣園林. 同濟大學出版社.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuanyuan, C. (2008). Inspiration of Lingnan Garden to Inhabitation Landscape Design [J]. Huazhong Architecture, 11, 042.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gzlib.gov.cn/shequ_info/ndgz/NDGZDetail.do?id=18224">薬洲南国传经地，播种文明六百年</a> – 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="南方都市报">南方都市报</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">周璐. (2012). 岭南园林特色探析. 绿色科技, (2), 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He, J. (2005). <i>The Classic Chinese Lingnan Garden in Housing in Sustainable Development – A comparative study in Canton, China</i>. The 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.xzbu.com/7/view-3273421.htm">浅析清代岭南私家园林造园艺术</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luo, S. Y., & Zhang, W. Y. (2008). The Impact of Ocean Culture to Lingnan Garden [J]. Guangdong Landscape Architecture, 6, 8–10.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guangdong_topics" title="Template talk:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guangdong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guangdong_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Guangdong" title="Category:Guangdong">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#History" title="Guangdong">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangdong" title="Politics of Guangdong">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guangdong" title="Economy of Guangdong">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Guangdong" title="Category:Geography of Guangdong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Guangdong" title="Category:Cities in Guangdong">Cities</a></li> <li>Metropolitan areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi" title="Sanyi">Sanyi</a> (Sam Yup)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sze_Yup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sze Yup">Sze Yup</a> (Siyi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a></li> <li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Guangdong (page does not exist)">Yuexi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Guangdong" title="Northern Guangdong">Yuebei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Guangdong (page does not exist)">Yuedong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River" title="Pearl River">Pearl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Jiang">East River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jiang">West River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratas_Island" title="Pratas Island">Pratas Island</a> and the Vereker Banks</i> <i>(claimed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamian_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamian Island">Shamian Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Guangdong" title="List of universities and colleges in Guangdong">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Guangdong" title="Category:Education in Guangdong">Guangzhou Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Shenzhen" title="Category:Education in Shenzhen">Shenzhen Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#Culture" title="Guangdong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan culture">Lingnan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailufeng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailufeng dialect">Hailufeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">Lingnan architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_lau" title="Tong lau">Tong lau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lingnan garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_embroidery" title="Cantonese embroidery">Cantonese embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_woodcarving" title="Teochew woodcarving">Teochew woodcarving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_penjing" title="Lingnan penjing">Lingnan penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_porcelain" title="Canton porcelain">Canton porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_School" title="Lingnan School">Lingnan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guangdong" title="Music of Guangdong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamyam" title="Naamyam">Naamyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Guangdong music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaohu" title="Gaohu">Gou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Cantonese poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Ga" title="Hung Ga">Hung Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Fair" title="Lunar New Year Fair">Flowermarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_dance#Chinese_Southern_Lion" title="Lion dance">Cantonese lion dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin" title="Wong Tai Sin">Wong Tai Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Shing" title="Hung Shing">Hung Shing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_merchants" title="Cantonese merchants">Cantonese merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombax_ceiba" title="Bombax ceiba">Red cotton flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_folktales" title="Cantonese folktales">Cantonese folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Five_Goats" title="The Legend of Five Goats">The Legend of Five Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain_hitting" title="Villain hitting">Villain hitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Hua_Yuan" title="Chu Hua Yuan">Chu Hua Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_chow_fun" title="Beef chow fun">Beef chow fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chow_mein" title="Chow mein">Chow mein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">Char siu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Roasted suckling pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_nest_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's nest soup">Bird's nest soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_birdsnest" title="Seafood birdsnest">Seafood birdsnest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumai" title="Shumai">Shumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_rice" title="Fried rice">Cantonese fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leung cha">Leung cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_sui" title="Tong sui">Tong sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_cuisine" title="Hakka cuisine">Hakka cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_cuisine" title="Teochew cuisine">Teochew cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Guangdong" title="Category:Guangdong">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guangdong" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Guangdong">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asian_traditional_gardens_and_landscape_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_garden_styles" title="Template:Chinese garden styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_garden_styles" title="Template talk:Chinese garden styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_garden_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese garden styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asian_traditional_gardens_and_landscape_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian gardens">East Asian traditional gardens</a> and landscape design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiangnan style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Garden" title="Yu Garden">Yu Garden</a></li> <li>Gardens around the <a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Garden_(Nanjing)" title="Zhan Garden (Nanjing)">Zhan Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochou_Lake" title="Mochou Lake">Mochou Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaqing_Pool" title="Huaqing Pool">Huaqing Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai_Park" title="Beihai Park">Beihai Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrant_Hills" title="Fragrant Hills">Fragrant Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li>Rear Garden of <a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa" title="Shugakuin Imperial Villa">Shugakuin Imperial Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayama_Imperial_Villa" title="Hayama Imperial Villa">Hayama Imperial Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaki_Imperial_Villa" title="Suzaki Imperial Villa">Suzaki Imperial Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North China style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Garden of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gong Mansion">Prince Gong Mansion</a></li> <li>Gardens in <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lingnan style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ke Yuan">Ke Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Hui_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Hui Yuan">Qing Hui Yuan</a></li> <li>Yu Yin Shan Fang</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_garden" title="Sichuanese garden">Sichuanese style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu_Thatched_Cottage" title="Du Fu Thatched Cottage">Du Fu Thatched Cottage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" 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