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<span>Toggle Exposure to a pressurised environment and pressure changes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exposure_to_a_pressurised_environment_and_pressure_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pressure_changes_during_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_changes_during_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pressure changes during descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_changes_during_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_changes_during_ascent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_changes_during_ascent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pressure changes during ascent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_changes_during_ascent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_gases_at_high_ambient_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_gases_at_high_ambient_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Breathing gases at high ambient pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_gases_at_high_ambient_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_specific_diving_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_specific_diving_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The specific diving environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_specific_diving_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-existing_physiological_and_psychological_conditions_in_the_diver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-existing_physiological_and_psychological_conditions_in_the_diver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pre-existing physiological and psychological conditions in the diver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-existing_physiological_and_psychological_conditions_in_the_diver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diver_behaviour_and_competence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver_behaviour_and_competence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diver behaviour and competence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver_behaviour_and_competence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards_of_the_dive_task_and_special_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards_of_the_dive_task_and_special_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hazards of the dive task and special equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards_of_the_dive_task_and_special_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_dive_platform_and_support_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_dive_platform_and_support_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>The dive platform and support equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_dive_platform_and_support_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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diving">Divers</a> face specific physical and <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> risks when they go <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">underwater</a> with <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">diving equipment</a>, or use high pressure <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a>. Some of these factors also affect people who work in raised pressure environments out of water, for example in <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caissons</a>. This article lists hazards that a diver may be exposed to during a dive, and possible consequences of these hazards, with some details of the proximate causes of the listed consequences. A listing is also given of precautions that may be taken to reduce vulnerability, either by reducing the risk or mitigating the consequences. A hazard that is understood and acknowledged may present a lower risk if appropriate precautions are taken, and the consequences may be less severe if mitigation procedures are planned and in place. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazard</a> is any agent or situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Most hazards remain dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm, and when a hazard becomes active, and produces undesirable consequences, it is called an incident and may culminate in an emergency or accident. Hazard and vulnerability interact with likelihood of occurrence to create risk, which can be the probability of a specific undesirable consequence of a specific hazard, or the combined probability of undesirable consequences of all the hazards of a specific activity. The presence of a combination of several hazards simultaneously is common in diving, and the effect is generally increased risk to the diver, particularly where the occurrence of an incident due to one hazard triggers other hazards with a resulting cascade of incidents. Many diving fatalities are the result of a cascade of incidents overwhelming the diver, who should be able to manage any <a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single reasonably foreseeable incident</a>. The assessed risk of a dive would generally be considered unacceptable if the diver is not expected to cope with any single reasonably foreseeable incident with a significant probability of occurrence during that dive. Precisely where the line is drawn depends on circumstances. Commercial diving operations tend to be less tolerant of risk than recreational, particularly technical divers, who are less constrained by <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational health and safety</a> legislation. </p><p>Decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism in recreational diving are associated with certain demographic, environmental, and dive style factors. A statistical study published in 2005 tested potential risk factors: age, gender, body mass index, smoking, asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, previous decompression illness, years since certification, dives in last year, number of diving days, number of dives in a repetitive series, last dive depth, nitrox use, and drysuit use. No significant associations with decompression sickness or arterial gas embolism were found for asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, smoking, or body mass index. Increased depth, previous DCI, days diving, and being male were associated with higher risk for decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism. Nitrox and drysuit use, greater frequency of diving in the past year, increasing age, and years since certification were associated with lower risk, possibly as indicators of more extensive training and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-DeNoble_2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeNoble_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistics show diving fatalities comparable to motor vehicle accidents of 16.4 per 100,000 divers and 16 per 100,000 drivers. <a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> 2014 data shows there are 3.174 million <a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational scuba diver">recreational scuba divers</a> in America, of which 2.351 million dive 1 to 7 times per year and 823,000 dive 8 or more times per year. It is reasonable to say that the average would be in the neighbourhood of 5 dives per year.<sup id="cite_ref-DAN_2014_stats_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_2014_stats-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_aquatic_environment">The aquatic environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The aquatic environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" style="background:white;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="15%">Hazard </th> <th width="15%">Consequences </th> <th width="35%">Cause </th> <th width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Any liquid environment. </td> <td> <ul><li>Asphyxia by <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>.</li> <li><i>Near drowning</i> is the survival of a drowning event involving unconsciousness or water inhalation and can lead to serious secondary complications, including death, after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunetta_&_Modell,_2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunetta_&_Modell,_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47UHMS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47UHMS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Inhalation of liquid (water), usually causing <a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">laryngospasm</a> and suffocation caused by water entering the lungs and preventing the absorption of oxygen leading to cerebral <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunetta_&_Modell,_2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunetta_&_Modell,_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Avoid out of air emergencies underwater.</li> <li>Use of a <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundant</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">emergency breathing gas supply</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Provide appropriate buoyancy.</li> <li>Avoid or prevent accidents resulting in unconsciousness.</li> <li>Use of a <a href="/wiki/Full_face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full face mask">full face mask</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">diving helmet</a> to protect the airway.<sup id="cite_ref-Caramanna_and_Leinikki_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caramanna_and_Leinikki_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">surface-supplied diving equipment</a> with voice communications.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adequate swimming skills and fitness for the circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Class_4_training_standard_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_4_training_standard-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">snorkel</a> when appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Class_4_training_standard_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_4_training_standard-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lifejackets that hold the wearer's face above the water may be worn when appropriate.</li> <li>Availability of a <a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">stand-by diver</a> or reliable <a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">dive buddy</a> to assist.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Competence in <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills#Demand_valve_clearing_and_recovery" title="Scuba skills">recovering and clearing a dislodged scuba regulator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Class_4_training_standard_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_4_training_standard-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">alternative regulator</a> which can be easily reached if the dislodged primary is difficult to reach.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Complications can occur up to 72 hours after a non-fatal drowning incident, and may lead to a serious condition or death. </td> <td>Physiological responses to contaminants in the lung due to inhalation of liquid. <ul><li>Exudation of liquid into the lungs (<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>) over the hours following aspiration of liquid, which reduces the ability to exchange air and can lead to a person "drowning in their own body fluid".</li> <li>Aspiration of vomit can have a similar effect.</li></ul> </td> <td>Prompt and appropriate medical treatment after near drowning, including a <a href="/wiki/Medical_observation" title="Medical observation">medical observation</a> period. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="20%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="30%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> in the breathing gas is too low to sustain normal activity or consciousness. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>: Reduced <a href="/wiki/Level_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Level of consciousness">level of consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-epileptic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-epileptic seizures">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, death. Severe hypoxia induces a blue discoloration of the skin, called <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, but this may also be present in a diver due to <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vasoconstriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vasoconstriction">peripheral vasoconstriction</a> resulting from exposure to cold. There is typically no warning of onset or development. </td> <td>Equipment failure: A faulty or misused <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> can provide the diver with hypoxic gas. </td> <td> <ul><li>Correct maintenance, preparation and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">pre-use procedures and checks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_Ray_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger_Ray-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Correct use of recommended procedures and checklists when preparing for use.<sup id="cite_ref-Concannon_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concannon_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Calibration of oxygen monitoring instruments<sup id="cite_ref-Concannon_2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concannon_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_and_Mount_2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_and_Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Adequate and redundant instrumentation for monitoring gas quality during use.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_and_Mount_2008_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_and_Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Constant vigilance during use.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_and_Mount_2008_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_and_Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adequate <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving#Bailout" title="Rebreather diving">bailout facilities</a> in case of failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_and_Mount_2008_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_and_Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving#Training" title="Rebreather diving">Adequate training</a> in the use of rebreathers in general and the specific model.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_and_Mount_2008_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_and_Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> mixtures for deep diving such as <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a> are hypoxic at shallow depths, and do not contain enough oxygen to maintain consciousness, or sometimes life, at or near the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006-132-134_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-132-134-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Gas requirements planned</a> to suit the intended dive profile.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of a travel mix for descent and a decompression mix for ascent through the depth range where the bottom gas is hypoxic.</li> <li>Safe procedures used for gas changes.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006-112-114_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-112-114-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Gas switches planned and executed at appropriate depths.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006-132-134_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-132-134-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Depth and ascent rate accurately monitored and controlled.</li> <li>Clear and unambiguous <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder#_Surface_finish,_colour-coding_and_labeling" title="Diving cylinder">identification of cylinder gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Adequate training in the use of mixed gases.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Internal corrosion of full cylinder standing for a long time can potentially use up some of the oxygen in the contained gas before the diver uses the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-URIreport1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-URIreport1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RRR3729_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR3729-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Routine periodical <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder#_Periodic_inspection_and_testing_of_diving_cylinders" title="Diving cylinder">inspection and testing</a> of cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS_10019:2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS_10019:2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Analysis of oxygen fraction of gas before use, particularly if cylinder has been stored for a long time.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="4">Loss of breathing gas supply. </td> <td rowspan="4">May result in <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>, occasionally <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a> without water aspiration. </td> <td>Equipment failure: Several modes are possible. <ul><li>Closing and jamming of the cylinder valve by rolloff on something overhead (rotation of the knob to close the valve by friction when dragged along in contact with a surface), or by <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> when pushing through dense kelp.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rupture of a bursting disc overpressure protection on a cylinder valve (a thin metal membrane calibrated to fail if the pressure exceeds a safe value for the cylinder).<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_1999_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rupture of a regulator hose or loss of the end component, leaving an open hose end.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_1999_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unrecoverable free flow of a second stage (valve jammed open, allowing gas to escape even when not needed by the diver).</li> <li>Freezing of a first stage regulator, locking the valve mechanism open, and consequent free flow of the demand valve due to excessive interstage pressure.</li> <li>O-ring failure at the connection of a regulator to a cylinder valve.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Appropriate maintenance and servicing of equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inspection of the external condition, and testing of the function of equipment before use.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use only of equipment in good working condition.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Connection and mounting of equipment to minimise risk of damage.</li> <li>Avoidance of damage to equipment during dives.</li> <li>Use of two fully independent breathing gas supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-CDG_Risk_assessment_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDG_Risk_assessment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Bailout_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout cylinder">bailout gas supply</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">buddy system</a>, when correctly followed, allows the diver's buddy to supply breathing gas in an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder#Types_of_cylinder_valve" title="Diving cylinder">"H" or "Y" type cylinder valves</a> or manifolded twin cylinders with two cylinder valves allow the dysfunctional supply to be closed to prevent total loss, and the other regulator to be used for the remaining gas supply. (frequently used to mitigate regulator freezing in cold water)</li> <li>Dual independent cylinders ensure that if one cylinder supply fails there is another available.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder#Types_of_cylinder_valve" title="Diving cylinder">DIN connections</a> can reduce the risk of catastrophic O-ring failure.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006-101_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-101-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency ascent (diving)">Emergency free ascent</a> may be possible, and is generally more survivable than drowning.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Running out of breathing gas because of poor gas monitoring discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006-37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Adequate training of divers.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Disciplined attitude and situational awareness during dives.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder#Types_of_cylinder_valve" title="Diving cylinder">reserve valve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_1963_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1963-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface supplied diving">surface supplied diving equipment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of bailout gas supply.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The buddy system, when correctly followed, allows the diver's buddy to supply breathing gas in an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Running out of breathing gas because of being trapped by <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">nets</a> or lines. </td> <td> <ul><li>Situational awareness underwater.</li> <li>Use of a <a href="/wiki/Net_cutter_(diver%27s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Net cutter (diver's)">diver's net cutter</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">dive tool/knife</a> to cut free of entanglement.</li> <li>Carrying sufficient gas in reserve to allow a reasonable amount of time to deal with emergencies.</li> <li>Use of surface supplied breathing equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Running out of breathing gas because of being trapped or lost in enclosed spaces underwater, such as <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecks" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwrecks">shipwrecks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Appropriate safety equipment and procedures to avoid getting lost (cave lines).<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Specific training for overhead diving. See <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">cave diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">wreck diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Assess stability of underwater structures and avoid entry if a structure is unstable.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Inhalation of salt spray </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a>: a reaction to salt in the <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lungs</a>. </td> <td>Inhaling a mist of <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> from a faulty <a href="/wiki/Demand_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand valve">demand valve</a>. </td> <td> <ul><li>Appropriate maintenance and servicing of equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_1999_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inspect external condition and test function before use. (specifically test the seal of exhaust valves and possible leaks in the second stage casing and mouthpiece before opening the cylinder valve).<sup id="cite_ref-Hanekom_and_Truter_2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanekom_and_Truter_2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use equipment only if it is in good working condition.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">alternative air source</a> if DV breathes wet during dive.</li> <li>The technique of inhaling slowly and using the tongue to deflect spray particles may be effective as a temporary mitigation.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Carbon monoxide contamination of breathing gas </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a>. </td> <td>Contaminated air supplied by a compressor that sucked in products of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, often its own engine's <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>. Aggravated by increased partial pressure due to depth. </td> <td> <ul><li>Adequate precautions to ensure that intake is in uncontaminated air when operating breathing air compressors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22692708_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22692708-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Periodical air quality testing of compressors.</li> <li>Use of compressor output filter containing "<a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a>" catalyst to convert possible carbon monoxide contamination to less hazardous carbon dioxide.</li> <li>Test air quality before use (portable carbon monoxide analysers are available and may be worth using in places where air quality is questionable).</li> <li>Air contaminated with carbon monoxide is often contaminated by substances having a smell or taste. Air smelling or tasting of exhaust fumes should not be breathed.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Oil getting into the air and partially oxidising in the compressor cylinder, like in a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, due to worn seals and use of unsuitable oils, or an overheated compressor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22692708_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22692708-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Adequate maintenance of the compressor.</li> <li>Use of correct oil rated for breathing air compressor lubrication.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22692708_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22692708-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ensure compressor running temperature is within manufacturer's specifications.</li> <li>Ensure adequate supply of cooling air to compressor.</li> <li>Compressor should not be run when ambient temperatures exceed manufacturer's limits.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Hydrocarbon (oil) contamination of air supply. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">Emphysema</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">lipid pneumonia</a> (more to be added). </td> <td>Caused by inhaling oil mist. This may happen gradually over a long time and is a particular risk with a surface supplied air feed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3686744_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3686744-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of a suitable separators and air <a href="/wiki/Filter_(air)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (air)">filter</a> after compression.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22692708_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22692708-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Monitor and drain separators and change filters as necessary.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Periodic testing of delivered air quality.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Smell and taste can distinguish oil contamination in many cases.</li> <li>Passing a metered quantity of the air through an absorbent filter paper may show up an oil deposit.</li> <li>Directing air flow onto a clean mirror surface or glass sheet may show gross contamination.</li></ul></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3">Excessive <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in breathing gas </td> <td rowspan="3">Carbon dioxide poisoning or <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-friedman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMSA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMSA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Re-inhaling <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>-laden exhaled gas due to excessive <a href="/wiki/Deadspace_(in_breathing_apparatus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadspace (in breathing apparatus)">dead space</a> in breathing apparatus.</li> <li>Shallow breathing—not exchanging sufficient air during a breathing cycle.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Minimise the volume of any enclosed spaces through which the diver breathes. For example, this can happen with diving with a large "bubblehead" helmet.</li> <li>Avoiding breathing shallow (low volume) breaths.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Rebreather#Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Rebreather">scrubber</a> of a diving <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a>, fails to absorb enough of the carbon dioxide in recirculated breathing gas. This can be due to the scrubber absorbent being exhausted, the scrubber being too small, or the absorbent being badly packed or loose, causing "tunneling" and "scrubber breakthrough" when the gas emerging from the scrubber contains excessive carbon dioxide. </td> <td> <ul><li>Adequate maintenance of rebreathers.</li> <li>Correct packing and assembly of scrubber canisters.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18619117_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18619117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pre-use inspection and testing of rebreathers using an appropriate checklist.</li> <li>Use of correct scrubber absorbent material.</li> <li>Use of absorbent that is of good working quality.</li> <li>Discard absorbent after use.</li> <li>Use of carbon dioxide monitoring instruments.</li> <li>Adequate training in the recognition of hypercapnia before using a rebreather.</li> <li>Bail-out to open circuit if carbon dioxide levels get too high.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Filling of cylinders with compressed air taken from an area of raised concentration of carbon dioxide. </td> <td> <ul><li>Siting the compressor air intake in an area of fresh air and ducting it to the compressor.</li> <li>Passing intake air through a carbon dioxide scrubber element before compression.</li> <li>Periodical air quality testing of compressors.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Breathing the wrong gas </td> <td>Consequences depend on the circumstances, but may include oxygen toxicity, hypoxia, nitrogen narcosis, anoxia, and toxic effects of gases not intended for breathing. Death or serious injury is likely. </td> <td> <ul><li>The wrong gas was put in a cylinder.</li> <li>A cylinder was marked or labelled incorrectly.</li> <li>A correctly labelled cylinder was mistaken by the user.</li> <li>The diver unintentionally switches to the wrong gas during a dive.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Cylinders should be filled by competent people.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS_10019:2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS_10019:2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clear instructions, preferably written, for the composition of the gas to be mixed will reduce the risk of filling with the wrong gas.</li> <li>Clear, unambiguous and legible labels indicating maximum operating depth and cylinder contents, applied in a way that the user will be able to positively identify the gas at the time when it is to be used can prevent confusion and inadvertent use of the wrong gas.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Analysing gas after filling, before accepting delivery, and before use (before the dive) may detect errors in labelling or composition in time to take corrective action.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS_10019:2008_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS_10019:2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Procedures designed to positively identify the gas may be used when switching mixes.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Valves that change gas mixes may be fitted with a positive interlock preventing accidental or inadvertent switching, and may include a method of confirming the gas connected by feel.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Displacement of demand valve (DV) from the diver's mouth. </td> <td>Inability to breathe until demand valve is replaced. This should not normally be a major problem as techniques for DV recovery are part of basic training. Nevertheless, it is an urgent problem and may be exacerbated by loss of the mask and/or disorientation. </td> <td> <ul><li>Unconscious diver releases grip on mouthpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23342767_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23342767-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>DV is forcibly knocked or pulled from the diver's mouth by impact with surroundings or another diver.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of full face mask reduces risk of loss of DV as it is strapped to the head and can not be dropped if the diver loses consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Caramanna_and_Leinikki_2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caramanna_and_Leinikki_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adequate training and practice of DV recovery skills.</li> <li>Use of an alternative air source such as octopus DV or bailout cylinder, which can be used if the primary DV is not immediately accessible.</li> <li>Mounting the alternative air source and DV so that it is easily accessible in an emergency and protected from damage when not in use.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Caustic cocktail </td> <td> <ul><li>Disruption of breathing by watery suspension/solution containing scrubber absorbent medium.</li> <li>Aspiration of water contaminated by scrubber medium.</li></ul> </td> <td>Leakage of water into the breathing loop of a rebreather, which dissolves alkaline material used to chemically remove carbon dioxide from exhaled air. This contaminated water may move further along the breathing loop and reach the diver's mouth, where it may cause choking, and in the case of strong alkalis, caustic corrosion of the mucous membranes. </td> <td> <ul><li>Prevent ingress of water to rebreather by: <ul><li>checking before use that the unit does not leak,</li> <li>closing the dive/surface valve when the mouthpiece is not in the diver's mouth.</li></ul></li> <li>Prevent creation of caustic cocktail by: <ul><li>use of less soluble and less alkaline scubber media,</li> <li>design using water traps and drainage arrangements (on some rebreather designs),</li> <li>introducing a semi-permeable membrane to block water from the scrubber.</li></ul></li> <li>Avoid aspiration of water from loop by recognising the characteristic gurgling sounds and increased breathing resistance, and taking appropriate action by bailing out or draining the set if possible.</li> <li>In the event of caustic cocktail reaching the mouth, bail out to alternative gas supply and rinse mouth with ambient water.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exposure_to_a_pressurised_environment_and_pressure_changes">Exposure to a pressurised environment and pressure changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exposure to a pressurised environment and pressure changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_changes_during_descent">Pressure changes during descent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pressure changes during descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white" cellpadding="5"> <caption>- </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Sudden chilling of the inner ear. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a>, particularly if one side is more chilled than the other. </td> <td>Cold water in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a> passage, chilling the inner <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>, particularly severe if the eardrum is ruptured. </td> <td>Use of a hood to keep the head covered. Water leaking into the hood will warm up before entering the external auditory opening and will be reasonably warm before reaching the eardrum, and will soon reach body temperature if flushing is minimised. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Pressure difference over eardrum </td> <td rowspan="2">Burst or stretched eardrum:<br /> The eardrum is stretched due to a pressure difference between the outer and middle ear spaces. If the eardrum stretches sufficiently, it may rupture, which is more painful. Water entering the middle ear may cause vertigo when the inner ear is cooled. Contaminants in the water may cause infection.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-23-25_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-23-25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> not equalizing with external (ambient) pressure, usually due to failure to clear the Eustachian tube.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-23-25_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-23-25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ears can be <a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">equalized</a> early and often during the descent, before the stretching is painful.<br />The diver can check if the ears will clear on the surface as a precondition for diving.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-23-25_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-23-25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Reversed ear may be caused by the outer ear passage being blocked and the pressure remaining low, while the middle ear pressure increases by equalising with ambient pressure through the eustachian tubes, causing a pressure differential and stretching the eardrum, which may eventually rupture.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-26_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-26-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>The hood should not make an airtight seal over the outside ear opening.</li> <li>Sealed earplugs should never be worn while diving.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-26_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-26-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Pressure difference between <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasal sinus">paranasal sinus</a> and ambient pressure. </td> <td>Sinus squeeze:<br />Damage to the sinuses usually resulting in pain, and often burst blood vessels and nosebleed.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-25_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-25-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Obstruction to the sinus ducts leading to pressure differences between the interior of the sinus and the external pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-25_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-25-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Do not dive with conditions such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> or allergies that cause nasal congestion.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-25_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-25-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Localised low pressure in the diving mask. </td> <td>Mask squeeze:<br />Squeeze damage to blood vessels around the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-27_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-27-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Caused by local low pressure in the air space inside a diving half-mask. Ambient pressure increase during descent not balanced inside mask air space. </td> <td> <ul><li>Mask squeeze can be avoided by allowing air into the mask through the nose whenever the pressure difference is noticeable.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Fullface_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullface mask">fullface mask</a> will automatically equalise through the demand valve.</li> <li>Air filled eyes-only <a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a> can not be equalised and are not suitable for diving.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Reduction of volume of airspace in <a href="/wiki/Drysuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Drysuit">drysuit</a>. </td> <td> <ul><li>Loss of buoyancy.</li> <li>Suit squeeze injury (usually restricted to bruising and minor abrasion) to skin.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-27_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-27-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Volume of air in a drysuit reduces as pressure increases with depth.</li> <li>Skin may be pinched by folds in a drysuit as the air inside is compressed.</li></ul> </td> <td>Modern drysuits have a low pressure air hose connection and valve to inflate the drysuit from the cylinder. Adding sufficient air to maintain the bulk of the undersuit will prevent suit squeeze and stabilize buoyancy of the suit. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Pressure difference between lung gas contents and ambient pressure </td> <td rowspan="2">Lung squeeze: Lung damage. </td> <td>Free diving to extreme depth. </td> <td>It can be avoided by limiting free diving depth to capacity of lungs to compensate,<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-26-27_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-26-27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by training exercises to increase compliance of chest cavity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Rupture or supply pressure failure of a surface supply hose with simultaneous failure of the non-return valve.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_3-26-27_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_3-26-27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Maintenance and pre-dive tests of non-return valves on the helmet or full face mask. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Helmet squeeze, with the old <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a>. (This can not happen with <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba</a> or where there is no rigid pressure-tight helmet) </td> <td rowspan="2">In severe cases much of the diver's body could be mangled and compacted inside the helmet; however, this requires substantial pressure difference, or by a sudden considerable increase in depth, as when the diver falls off a cliff or wreck and descends faster than the air supply can keep up with the pressure increase. </td> <td>A non-return valve in the air supply line to the helmet failing (or absent on the earliest models of this type of diving suit), accompanied by a failure of the air compressor (on the surface) to pump enough air into the suit for the gas pressure inside the suit to remain equal to the outside pressure of the water, or a burst air supply hose. </td> <td>Appropriate maintenance and daily pre-use testing of non-return valves. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>A sudden large increase in ambient pressure due to sudden depth increase, when the air supply can not compensate fast enough to prevent compression of the air in the suit. </td> <td> <ul><li>The squeeze due to depth changes was more likely when the air supply was powered by men. Motorised compressors are usually able to supply air much faster, so an adequate air reservoir on the compressor should prevent this problem.</li> <li>The diver may be prevented from sinking too deep by minimizing slack in the lifeline or umbilical.</li> <li>The diver may work at neutral buoyancy when there is a risk of falling off a structure, or may clip on to the structure, but this presents a hazard of entrapment.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Tooth squeeze</a><sup id="cite_ref-Diving_dentistry_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_dentistry-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">Toothache</a>, most often affects divers with preexisting <a href="/wiki/Oral_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral pathology">pathology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human oral cavity">oral cavity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zadik_2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zadik_2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Any gas space inside a tooth due to decay or poor quality fillings or caps may allow tissue inside the tooth to be squeezed into the gap causing pain. </td> <td>Tooth squeeze may be avoided by ensuring good dental hygiene and that all fillings and caps are free of air spaces. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Suit compression. </td> <td>Loss of buoyancy may lead to: <ul><li>Uncontrolled descent.</li> <li>Inability to achieve neutral buoyancy.</li> <li>Inability to surface due to insufficient buoyancy.</li> <li>Difficulty in controlling depth and ascent rate. This can be critical when decompression is required, and oxygen-rich breathing gases are used.</li></ul> </td> <td>Buouyancy loss due to compression of foam neoprene wet or drysuit material. </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of buoyancy compensator with volume appropriate to expected buoyancy variation during dive.</li> <li>Use of appropriate ballast weight for dive profile and equipment in use.</li> <li>Use of inflation system for replacing lost volume in drysuits.</li> <li>Excessive weighting makes buoyancy control more difficult and loss of control more likely.</li> <li>Adequate training and practice of buoyancy control skills.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_changes_during_ascent">Pressure changes during ascent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pressure changes during ascent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Lung overpressure: Pressure in lungs exceeds ambient pressure. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a> (Lung overexpansion injury)—rupture of lung tissue allowing air to enter tissues, blood vessels, or spaces between or surrounding organs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a>: Free air in the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a>, leading to collapsed lung.</li> <li>Interstitial <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>: Gas trapped in the spaces between tissues.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Mediastinal emphysema: Gas trapped around the heart.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Subcutaneous <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>: Free gas under the skin.</li> <li>Arterial <a href="/wiki/Gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas embolism">Gas embolism</a>: Air or other breathing gas in the blood stream, causing blockage of small blood vessels.</li></ul> </td> <td>Failing to maintain an open airway to release expanding air while ascending. </td> <td>Divers should not hold their breath while ascending after diving with breathing apparatus: <ul><li>The best option is to breathe normally while ascending when possible, and passively exhale during <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Emergency_Swimming_Ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent">free ascent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_1977_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_1977-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Forced exhalation before starting an emergency free ascent may increase risk of lung overpressure injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_1977_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_1977-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasal sinus">Sinus</a> overpressure. </td> <td>Sinus overpressure injury is commonly restricted to rupture of mucous membrane and small blood vessels, but can be more serious and involve bone damage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Blockage of the sinus's duct, preventing trapped air in a sinus from equalising with the pharynx. </td> <td rowspan="2"> <ul><li>Not diving with nasal congestion, e.g. Hay fever, or the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>.</li> <li>Checking before a dive to ensure that sinuses and middle ears will equalise without undue effort.</li> <li>Systemic <a href="/wiki/Decongestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Decongestants">decongestants</a> have been used successfully, but may have undesirable side-effects, and there is a risk that they will wear off before surfacing. Topical decongestants do not usually have sufficient lasting effect.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Middle ear overpressure </td> <td>Injury (reversed ear) of eardrum stretching or bursting outwards due to expansion of air in the middle ear. </td> <td>Blocked <a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube" title="Eustachian tube">Eustachian tube</a> fails to allow pressure to equalise middle ear with the upper airway. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Overpressure within a cavity in a tooth, usually under a filling or cap. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Tooth squeeze</a>/<a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">Toothache</a>, may affect divers with preexisting <a href="/wiki/Oral_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral pathology">pathology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human oral cavity">oral cavity</a>. <ul><li>Tooth pain, loss of fillings, cracking of teeth.</li></ul> </td> <td>Gas may find its way into a cavity in the tooth or under a filling or cap during a dive and become trapped. During ascent, this gas will exert pressure inside the tooth. </td> <td>Good dental hygiene, and maintenance of dental repairs to prevent or remove potential gas traps. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Suit and BC expansion </td> <td>Loss of buoyancy control—uncontrolled ascent. </td> <td>Expansion of neoprene suit material, gas content of dry suits and buoyancy compensators increasing buoyancy of the diver. </td> <td> <ul><li>Automatic dump valves in dry suits.</li> <li>Monitoring of buoyancy on a continuous basis when in mid-water, and manually adjusting volume of buoyancy compensator when necessary.</li> <li>Appropriate training and practice to develop good buoyancy control skills to suit the equipment in use.</li> <li>Ability to recover from inversion in dry suit.</li> <li>Maintaining the minimum air volume for adequate liner bulk maintenance in a dry suit, as this prevents excessive buoyancy shifts. This implies use of the buoyancy compensator for buoyancy control, not the suit.</li> <li>Minimizing weighting to what is actually necessary, so compensatory air volume is minimized. This reduces the magnitude and rate of buoyancy change with pressure change.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>History of heavy smoking </td> <td>Risk of increased severity of decompression illness </td> <td>Data from a 2000 analysis of decompression illness records suggest that smokers with DCI tend to present with more severe symptoms than non-smokers. </td> <td>Don't smoke. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing_gases_at_high_ambient_pressure">Breathing gases at high ambient pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breathing gases at high ambient pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Medium to long term exposure to high partial pressures (>c1.3 bar) of inert gas (usually N<sub>2</sub> or He) in the breathing gas. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> ("the bends"):<br />Injury due to gas bubbles expanding in the tissues and causing damage, or gas bubbles in the arterial circulation causing emboli and cutting off blood supply to tissues downstream of the blockage. </td> <td>Gas dissolved in tissues under pressure during the dive according to <a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry's Law">Henry's Law</a> coming out of solution and forming bubbles if the ascent and <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">decompression</a> is too fast to allow safe elimination of the gas by diffusion into the capillaries and transport to the lungs where it can diffuse into the respiratory gas.<br />Although rare, decompression sickness is possible in free-diving (breathhold diving) when many deep dives are done in succession. (See also <a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">taravana</a>). </td> <td> <ul><li>Decompress to suit the dive profile and gas mixtures used.</li> <li>Use appropriate ascent rates and decompression stops.</li> <li>Oxygen-rich gas mixtures may be used to accelerate decompression.</li> <li>Use depth control aids to maintain correct decompression depth.</li> <li>Avoid dehydration and hypothermia.</li> <li>Maintain cardiovascular fitness.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Short term (immediate onset) exposure to high partial pressure (>c2.4 bar) of nitrogen in the breathing gas: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a>: <ul><li>A reversible alteration in <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> that occurs while <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a> at depth.</li> <li>A state similar to <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">alcohol intoxication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> inhalation.</li> <li>The most dangerous aspects of narcosis are the loss of decision-making ability and focus, and impaired judgement, multi-tasking and coordination.</li> <li>Other effects include vertigo, and visual or auditory disturbances, exhilaration, giddiness, extreme anxiety, depression, or paranoia, depending on the individual diver.</li></ul> </td> <td>A high <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in the nerve tissues. (other gases may also have narcotic effect, to varying degrees). <ul><li>Related to the increased solubility of gases in body tissues at elevated pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk-p308_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-p308-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308">: 308 </span></sup></li> <li>Inert gases dissolving in the <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> may cause narcosis.<sup id="cite_ref-paton_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paton-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other possibilities include <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">neurotransmitter receptor</a> protein mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16869533_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16869533-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of less narcotic gases to dilute the breathing gas, or</li> <li>Limit the partial pressure of narcotic gases at maximum depth by limiting the depth of the dive.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Short term (minutes to hours) exposure to high partial pressure (>c1.6 bar) of oxygen in the breathing gas. </td> <td>Acute <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Convulsions">Convulsions</a> similar to epileptic seizure. Loss of consciousness may occur with no warning, or may be preceded by any of the following symptoms:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Muscle twitching,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a>,</li> <li>Blurred or <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_vision" title="Tunnel vision">tunnel vision</a>,</li> <li>Disorientation,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">Aphasia</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">Nystagmus</a>,</li> <li>Incoordination.</li></ul></dd></dl> </td> <td>Breathing gas with too high a <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, risk becomes significant at partial pressures exceeding 1.6 bar (partial pressure depends upon proportion of oxygen in the breathing gas, and depth). </td> <td> <ul><li>Appropriate training before using a <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> enriched gases such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a>.</li> <li>Correct labeling of cylinders containing mixed breathing gases, specifying oxygen fraction and <a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">maximum operating depth</a>.</li> <li>Accurate monitoring of dive depth to ensure that gases are not used below the appropriate maximum operating depth for the mixture.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Long term (hours to days) exposure to moderately raised partial pressure (>0.5 bar) of oxygen in the breathing gas. </td> <td>Chronic <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a>: <ul><li>Signs of pulmonary toxicity begin with inflammation of the upper airways.</li> <li>Temporarily reduced lung capacity.</li> <li>Acute respiratory distress syndrome.</li></ul> </td> <td>Breathing gas at too high a <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, Risk is significant at a partial pressure in excess of 0.5 atmospheres pressure for long periods and increases with higher partial pressure even for shorter exposures. </td> <td> <ul><li>Not normally a risk for recreational divers due to short exposures.</li> <li>Limit use of rich nitrox mixtures and pure oxygen for accelerated decompression.</li> <li>Limit exposure by calculating Oxygen Toxicity Units for pre-existing and planned exposures and keeping below recommended limits.</li> <li>Most likely to be encountered in recompression treatment for decompression illness.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Exposure to a high <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a>(>15 bar) of <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> in the breathing gas. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a> (HPNS): </td> <td>HPNS has two components: <ul><li>The compression effects may occur when descending below 500 feet (150 m) at rates greater than a few metres per minute, but reduce within a few hours once the pressure has stabilised.</li> <li>The effects from depth become significant at depths exceeding 1,000 feet (300 m) and remain regardless of the time spent at that depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>The susceptibility of divers to HPNS varies over a wide range depending on the individual, but has little variation between different dives by the same diver.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use another diving technique, such as an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">atmospheric diving suit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">submersible</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">ROV</a>.</li> <li>Including other gases in the mix, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (creating <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to make (<a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">hydreliox</a>) suppresses the neurological effects.<sup id="cite_ref-vigreux1970_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigreux1970-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fife1979_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fife1979-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rostain_et_al_1988_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostain_et_al_1988-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_specific_diving_environment">The specific diving environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The specific diving environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="4">Exposure to cold water during a dive, and cold environment before or after a dive, wind chill.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a>: Reduced core temperature, shivering, loss of strength, reduced level of consciousness, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. </td> <td>Loss of body heat to the water or other surroundings. Water carries heat away far more effectively than air. Evaporative cooling on the surface is also an effective mechanism of heat loss, and can affect divers in wet diving suits while travelling on boats.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suits</a> are available that are suited to a wide range of water temperature down to freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appropriate level of insulation for the conditions will reduce heat loss.</li> <li>In extreme conditions and when helium-based mixtures are in use as breathing gas, heated suits may be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the surface, wind chill can be avoided by staying out of the wind, staying dry, and suitable protective clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some parts of the body, particularly the head,<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are more prone to heat loss and insulation of these areas is correspondingly important.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Nonfreezing Cold Injuries</a> (NFCI). </td> <td>Exposure of the extremities in water temperatures below 12 °C (53.6 °F). </td> <td>Hand and Foot Temperature Limits to avoid NFCI:<sup id="cite_ref-Stinton_2006_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stinton_2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Fully Functional 18 °C (64.4 °F) Non Freezing Cold Injury Threshold < Week.</li> <li>12 °C (54 °F) approximately 3 hours.</li> <li>8 °C (46.4 °F) for maximum of 30 min.</li> <li>6 °C (42.8 °F) immediate rewarming required.</li></ul> <p>Protection in order of effectiveness: </p> <ul><li>Dry gloves attached to drysuit without wrist seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Stinton_2006_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stinton_2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dry gloves with wrist seal.</li> <li>Wet suit (neoprene) gloves.</li> <li>Rubberised cloth or leather gloves.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a> </td> <td>Exposure of inadequately perfused skin and extremities to temperatures below freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Prevent excessive heat loss of body parts at risk:<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Adequate insulation of the diving suit, particularly the gloves and boots.</li> <li>Prevention of wind chill by use of shelters and additional layers of clothing when out of the water.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Muscular <a href="/wiki/Cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Cramps">cramps</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Inadequate insulation.</li> <li>Reduced perfusion to the legs and feet (occasionally hands).</li></ul> </td> <td>Better insulation and/or suit fit. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Hard <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Coral cuts—Infected lacerations of the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sharp coral skeleton edges lacerating or abrading exposed skin, contaminating the wound with coral tissue and pathogenic microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Coral cuts may be prevented by avoiding contact of unprotected skin with coral.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protective clothing such as wet-suit, dry suit, skin/lycra suit or overalls are effective.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Sharp edges of rock, metal, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lacerations and abrasions of the skin, possibly deeper wounds. </td> <td>Contact with sharp edges. </td> <td> <ul><li>Most cuts may be avoided by wearing protective clothing such as wet-suit, dry suit, skin/lycra suit or overalls.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Avoiding high risk areas such as shipwrecks during strong water movements such as surge or currents is also effective.</li> <li>Strength and skill in avoiding contact with sharp edges will help, but does not eliminate the risk when water movement is strong.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Stinging <a href="/wiki/Hydroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroids">hydroids</a><sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Stinging skin rash, local swelling and inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Contact of bare skin with <a href="/wiki/Fire_coral" title="Fire coral">fire coral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Avoid contact with benthic organisms.</li> <li>Protective clothing such as exposure suits, lycra skins, or overalls are effective.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Stinging <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a><sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Stinging skin rash, local swelling and inflammation, sometimes extremely painful, occasionally dangerous or even fatal<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Some species of jellyfish (free swimming cnidaria) have stinging cells that are toxic to humans, and will inject venom on contact with the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Avoid contact with jellyfish tentacles.</li> <li>Protective clothing such as exposure suits, lycra skins, or overalls is effective.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Stingrays </td> <td>A deep puncture or laceration that leaves venom in the wound. </td> <td>Defensive reaction of a <a href="/wiki/Sting_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Sting ray">sting ray</a> when disturbed or threatened, by lashing out with the venomous spine on the tail. </td> <td> <ul><li>Stingrays can usually be avoided by not poking about on the bottom where they may be hiding, partly or completely buried under a thin layer of sand.</li> <li>The risk is usually greater when wading, when the wader may inadvertently step on a buried ray.</li> <li>Rays are usually very shy and will usually swim away when approached. Risk of injury may be avoided by not molesting or threatening the animals when seen, and by staying a safe distance from the tail.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Tropical reef environment </td> <td>Reef rash: General or localised stinging or inflammation of the skin. may include allergic reactions. </td> <td>A generic term for the various cuts, scrapes, bruises and skin conditions that result from diving in tropical waters. This may include sunburn, mild jellyfish stings, sea lice bites, fire coral inflammation and other skin injuries that a diver may get on exposed skin. </td> <td>A full-body exposure suit can prevent direct skin to environment contact. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Fish and invertebrates with venomous spines. </td> <td>Puncture wounds with venom injection. Often extremely painful and may be fatal in rare cases. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lionfish" title="Lionfish">Lionfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonefish">stonefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns_starfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of thorns starfish">crown of thorns starfish</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a> in warm seas.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Most of these animals are sedentary and non-aggressive and may be avoided if seen and recognised in time.</li> <li>The risk is often greater when wading. Some protection is provided by rubber-soled neoprene diving boots, but hard-soled boots are more effective.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Venomous octopus </td> <td>Local envenomation at site of bite wound. Extremely painful and may result in death. </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_ringed_octopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue ringed octopus">Blue ringed octopus</a> may on rare occasions bite a diver. </td> <td> <ul><li>Found only in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> from Japan to Australia.</li> <li>The octopus is unlikely to be aggressive, and is not likely to bite unless handled. However it can be well camouflaged against the reef and difficult to see, so not contacting the reef is the most reliable way to avoid contact.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Sharks</a> </td> <td>Lacerations by shark teeth can involve deep wounds, loss of tissue and amputation, with major blood loss. In extreme cases death may result. </td> <td>Attack or investigation by shark with bites. Risk is location, conditions, and species dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Consult location-specific information to determine risk.</li> <li>Never molest even apparently docile sharks underwater.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodiles</a> </td> <td>Lacerations and punctures by teeth, brute force tearing of tissues. Possibility of drowning. </td> <td>Risk factors are proximity or entry to water, and low light. Launching ranges are 4m forwards out of water and 2m above water surface. Running speed is up to 11 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-Britton_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britton-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Found worldwide in tropical seas and fresh water.</li> <li>Consult local information on risk.</li> <li>Stay out of waters and surroundings known to be inhabited by crocodiles.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_triggerfish" title="Titan triggerfish">Titan triggerfish</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>This tropical Indo-Pacific fish is very territorial during breeding season and will attack and bite divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Millington_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millington-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Keep a lookout for the fish and move away if they act aggressively. Since his territory and nest is roughly cone-shaped<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millington_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millington-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> move to the side instead of ascending. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Very large <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">groupers</a>. </td> <td>Bite wounds, bruising and crushing injuries. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Giant_grouper" title="Giant grouper">Giant grouper</a> <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i> can grow very big in tropical waters, where protected from attack by <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>. There have been cases of very large groupers trying to swallow humans.<sup id="cite_ref-alevizon2000_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alevizon2000-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allard2002_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allard2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jacksonville2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacksonville2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sargent2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sargent2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Get local information on risk.</li> <li>Stay clear of very large specimens.</li> <li>Do not attempt to feed the fish, they may take more than is offered.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">Electric shock</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Electrical discharge that will startle and may stun the diver. </td> <td>Defense mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">Electric eel</a>, in some <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> fresh waters. </td> <td> <ul><li>Get local information on risk.</li> <li>Do not touch the animals if seen.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Defense mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray">Electric ray</a>, in some tropical to warm temperate seas. </td> <td> <ul><li>Do not touch the animal.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>It is said that some naval anti-<a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogman</a> defences use electric shock.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Keep out of armed forces areas.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Powerful <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a><sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Exposure to ultrasound in excess of 120 dB may lead to hearing loss. Exposure in excess of 155 dB may produce heating effects that are harmful to the human body, and it has been calculated that exposures above 180 dB may lead to death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>It is said that some naval anti-<a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogman</a> defences use powerful ultrasound.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also used for long-range communication with <a href="/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most high power sonar is used for submarine detection and target acquisition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Keep out of armed forces areas.</li> <li>Avoid large naval ships' anti-submarine warfare <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>.</li> <li>See <a href="/wiki/Underwater_Port_Security_System" title="Underwater Port Security System">Underwater Port Security System</a>.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3">Water contaminated by infectious aquatic organisms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">Weil's disease</a>. </td> <td>Leptospirosis infection (Weil's disease) is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing water that has been contaminated by animal urine to come in contact with unhealed breaks in the skin, the eyes, or with the mucous membranes. Outside of tropical areas, leptospirosis cases have a relatively distinct seasonality with most of them occurring in spring and autumn. </td> <td rowspan="5"> <ul><li>Avoid diving in contaminated water.</li> <li>Analyse water before diving if presence of contaminants is suspected, but type and concentration is not known.</li> <li>If it is necessary, and depending on risk:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>A watertight <a href="/wiki/Drysuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Drysuit">drysuit</a> with dry gloves and integral dry hood, and positive pressure <a href="/wiki/Full_face_diving_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full face diving mask">full face diving mask</a> will provide acceptable protection in some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Risk_Ch3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Risk_Ch3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surface supplied equipment with heavy duty full environmentally sealed dry suit with integral boots and gloves, and helmet sealed to suit, with either free flow air supply or series exhaust valve system will provide more protection.</li> <li>Gas reclaim systems can provide the greatest security to ingress of contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Risk_Ch4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Risk_Ch4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gas need not actually be reclaimed if it is not economically desirable, the systems are used so that there are no potential leaks though underwater exhaust openings.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Protective overalls may be worn over the drysuit to protect it from puncture damage.</li> <li>Appropriate decontamination procedures may be used after the dive.</li> <li>The diver should breathe from the diving air supply when surfaced in environments where air quality is uncertain.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilharzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilharzia">Bilharzia</a> (in some warm fresh water) </td> <td>Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes or "flukes" of the genus <i>Schistosoma</i>. Snails serve as the intermediary agent between mammalian hosts. This disease is most commonly found in Asia, Africa, and South America, especially in areas where the water contains numerous freshwater snails, which may carry the parasite. The parasitic larvae enter through unprotected skin and further mature within organ tissues. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>(details to come) </td> <td>Various <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Chemically polluted water </td> <td> <ul><li>Consequences variable depending on:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Identity of pollutant</li> <li>Concentration of pollutant</li> <li>Exposure to pollutant</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Refer to <a href="/wiki/Materials_Safety_Data_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials Safety Data Sheet">Materials Safety Data Sheet</a> (MSDS) for identified pollutants.</li></ul> </td> <td>Water polluted by industrial waste outfalls or by natural sources. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> </td> <td>Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: </td> <td>Hydrogen sulfide is associated with <a href="/wiki/Sour_gas" title="Sour gas">sour natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, anoxic water conditions and <a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">sewers</a> (more information needed). <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> is present in some lakes and caves and can also be absorbed through the skin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Impact with boat or shoreline </td> <td>Broken <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a>, laceration <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wounds</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a><sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Colliding with a <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a> or its <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">Wave</a> action on rocky shore.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Surface detection aids</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">diving shot</a> to locate and mark surfacing position and warn vessels of the presence of divers.</li> <li>A safe exit point and alternatives may be planned for taking into account forecasts for <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> conditions.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Abandonment at surface after a boat dive </td> <td>Diver lost at sea on the surface after a dive, with risk of exposure, drowning and dehydration. </td> <td> <ul><li>Diver separated from boat cover due to poor visibility at surface or strong underwater currents.</li> <li>Diver left behind due to inaccurate check by boat crew.</li> <li>Diver unable to return to unattended boat.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Boat crew may use a positive check system to identify that each diver is on board after a dive.</li> <li>Divers may carry a yellow flag or surface marker buoy to attract attention.</li> <li>Divers may carry a personal submersible <a href="/wiki/EPIRB" class="mw-redirect" title="EPIRB">EPIRB</a> or vhf radio.</li> <li>Divers may carry a signalling mirror and/or sound signalling device.</li> <li>Diving from unattended boats only when a safe shore exit is feasible.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Inability to return to shore or to exit the water. </td> <td>Diver lost at sea after a shore dive. </td> <td> <ul><li>Big breaking waves make it unsafe to approach the shore.</li> <li>Currents move the diver away from a safe exit.</li> <li>Weather conditions make the sea too rough to safely exit.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Local knowledge, good weather forecasts, plan alternative exits.</li> <li>EPIRB, marker buoy, flares, die markers, signalling light, mirror, whistle or other means of signalling distress and indicating position to rescuers.</li> <li>Good buoyancy aids and exposure suit to provide protection while rescue is awaited.</li> <li>Notification before the dive of someone on shore of the expected time of return, so they can notify the rescue organisations if the divers do not return within a reasonable time.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Silt </td> <td>Sudden loss of underwater visibility (<a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">silt out</a>), which can cause disorientation and a diver getting lost under an overhead. </td> <td>Stirring up silt or other light loose material, either by natural water movement or by diver activity, often due to poor trim and finning skills. </td> <td> <ul><li>Appropriate trim, buoyancy and propulsion techniques.</li> <li>Training and skills for diving in zero visibility and silting risk areas.</li> <li>Use of distance line when it is possible to end up under an overhead.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Entrapment hazards such as nets, lines, kelp, unstable structures or terrain, and confined spaces. </td> <td>Diver trapped underwater and may run out of breathing gas and drown. Inappropriate response due to panic is possible. </td> <td>Snagging on lines, nets, wrecks, debris or in caves. <ul><li>Entrapment by collapse of terrain or structure, either directly or by obstructing the exit route.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Carrying at least one effective line cutting implement, more in high risk areas.</li> <li>Diving with a buddy who is capable of helping to free the trapped diver and will stay close enough to notice.</li> <li>Training in wreck diving and cave diving techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of low snag equipment configurations (avoid dangling gear and snap hooks that can snag on lines).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Overhead environment (cave, wreck or ice, where direct ascent to the surface is obstructed) </td> <td> <ul><li>Diver may get lost and be unable to identify the way out, and may run out of breathing gas and drown.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inappropriate response due to panic is possible.</li></ul> </td> <td>Getting lost in wrecks and caves or under ice where there is no direct route to the surface, often due to not using a distance line, or losing it in darkness or bad visibility, but sometimes due to the line breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Appropriate training and dive planning.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Correct use of reels, lines and directional markers.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Backup lights.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Differential pressure hazards (Pressure difference other than hydrostatic, causing strong water flow, usually towards the hazard)<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Diver may get drawn into moving machinery or trapped against an intake opening, and may be directly injured or unable to escape and may run out of breathing gas and drown.</li> <li>Inappropriate response due to panic is possible.</li></ul> </td> <td>Getting too close to propellers, thrusters or intakes on operational vessels, outlets and sluices in dams, locks or culverts, failure of lockout tagout and permit to work systems, Previously unknown or changed flow in caves. </td> <td> <ul><li>Appropriate training and dive planning.</li> <li>Correct use of lockout-tagout and permit to work systems<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_2017_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Restricted length of lifeline or umbilical<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of temporary or permanent safety barrier<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Strong currents or surge<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Impact against the bottom terrain or underwater structures, which can dislodge equipment such as mask or DV, roll off a cylinder valve, snag and damage equipment or cause impact trauma to the diver. Severity can vary from annoyance to fatal.</li> <li>It is also possible to get wedged into a small gap and trapped, or caught up on nets or lines in the water.</li> <li>In an overhead environment the diver may be unable to get back against a strong current.</li> <li>Disorientation or vertigo caused by tumbling in strong eddies or vortices</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Strong water movement carrying the diver along and into contact with rigid objects fixed in place.</li> <li>Strong water movement creating so much drag on the diver that progress upcurrent is severely restricted.</li> <li>Strong water movement past an obstacle may throw off vortices due to flow instability</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Strong currents and surge may often be avoided by planning the time of the dive.</li> <li>Divers may stay a safe distance from the bottom terrain during drift dives.</li> <li>Drift divers may tow a surface marker buoy to identify their positions to the boat.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Breaking waves (surf)<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Impact injury and damage to equipment.</li> <li>Disorientation.</li> <li>Loss of equipment, temporary loss of breathing gas.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Uncontrolled transportation by surf surge onto rocks or other hard obstacles.</li> <li>Tumbling in breaking wave causing vertigo.</li> <li>Strong turbulence in breaking wave may pull equipment from diver, particularly mask and demand valve, occasionally fins.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Avoidance of strong surf transits.</li> <li>Minimising time in surf zone.</li> <li>Secure attachment of equipment.</li> <li>Protection of mask and demand valve security by holding them in place in high turbulence.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Low visibility and darkness. (in conjunction with other hazards) </td> <td>Inability to read instruments to monitor depth, time, ascent rate, decompression schedule, gas pressure, and to navigate. These are not dangerous in themselves, but may result in the diver getting lost, swimming into an entrapment hazard or under an overhang, violating a decompression obligation, or running out of breathing gas. </td> <td>Lack of light or absorption of light by turbidity. </td> <td> <ul><li>A dive light can provide light if the visibility is sufficient.</li> <li>In zero visibility special precautions must be taken.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>It is usually preferable to use surface-supplied equipment with voice communications, as the diver can not get lost, and the surface team can monitor depth, time, breathing gas and decompression obligations.</li> <li>Navigation and work must be done by feel.</li></ul></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">High altitude </td> <td rowspan="2">Increased risk of decompression sickness—Reduced ambient pressure can induce bubble formation or growth in saturated tissues. </td> <td>Diving at altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Acclimatisation at altitude before diving.</li> <li>Use of decompression schedules designed for altitude diving.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_Ch9-S13,14_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_Ch9-S13,14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Ascent to altitude after diving, including:<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Flying in pressurised aircraft.</li> <li>Flying in unpressurised aircraft.</li> <li>Ascent by road or rail to significantly higher altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_Ch9-S13,14_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_Ch9-S13,14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Surface interval appropriate to the planned change in altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R6_Ch9-S13,14_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R6_Ch9-S13,14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-existing_physiological_and_psychological_conditions_in_the_diver">Pre-existing physiological and psychological conditions in the diver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-existing physiological and psychological conditions in the diver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="15%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Heart disease</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Heart attack, with high risk of death as direct consequence, or by drowning as indirect consequence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">Angina</a> with severe pain and severely reduced physical strength and endurance, and reduced situational awareness, which increase the risk of further deterioration of the incident</li></ul> </td> <td>Exertion beyond the capacity of the unhealthy heart. </td> <td> <ul><li>Periodical medical examination for diving fitness, and discussion of medical history with provider.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Stress ECG when indicated by medical examination.</li> <li>Maintaining good cardio-vascular fitness.</li> <li>Use of Nitrox may decrease risk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovale" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent foramen ovale">Patent foramen ovale</a> (PFO) </td> <td>Possibility of venous gas bubbles shunting into arterial circulation and causing emboli </td> <td>Otherwise low-risk venous gas bubbles formed during decompression may shunt through PFO during anomalous pressure differential episode such as coughing, Valsalva manoeuver, or exertion while holding the breath. </td> <td> <ul><li>Screening for PFO for high risk divers</li> <li>Conservative decompression and ascent</li> <li>Avoidance of exercise which is likely to induce shunting during ascent</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a> </td> <td>Loss of consciousness and inability to remain alert and actively control activity. Likely to lead to drowning in Scuba divers. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Epileptic seizure</a>. </td> <td>Divers with a history of epilepsy are generally considered unfit for diving due to the unacceptable risk associated with an underwater seizure. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> </td> <td>(to be added) </td> <td>(to be added) </td> <td>(to be added) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> </td> <td>Difficulty in breathing, particularly difficulty in exhaling adequately during ascent, with reduced physical work capacity, can seriously reduce ability to cope with a relatively minor difficulty and precipitate an emergency. </td> <td>constriction of lung passages, increasing work of breathing. </td> <td>(to be added) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a> </td> <td>Panic, and associated sub-optimal coping behaviour. </td> <td>Higher susceptibility to panic under high stress<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1995_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_1995-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Overlearning of critical skills.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Avoidance of high stress dive plans.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Increased risk of decompression sickness</li> <li>Muscular <a href="/wiki/Cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Cramps">cramps</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Overheating and sweating before dive.</li> <li>Drinking diuretic beverages before diving.</li> <li>Immersion effects of diving.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Ensure adequate hydration before diving.</li> <li>Rehydrate during dives if they are several hours long.</li> <li>Rehydrate after dives.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Excessive hydration, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Drinking too much prior to dive,</li> <li>Pre-existing hypertension,</li> <li>Both</li></ul> </td> <td>Avoid overhydration, particularly with high blood pressure </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">Fatigue</a> </td> <td>Reduced situational awareness, reduced ability to respond appropriately to emergencies </td> <td>Lack of sleep, excessive exertion prior to dive. </td> <td>(To be added) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Compromised <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Reduced ability to respond effectively to emergencies</li> <li>Muscular cramps</li></ul> </td> <td>Illness, lifestyle, lack of exercise. </td> <td>Training and exercise, particularly swimming and finning exercise using diving equipment </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diver_behaviour_and_competence">Diver behaviour and competence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diver behaviour and competence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="20%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="30%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Inadequate learning of critical safety skills. </td> <td>Inability to deal with minor incidents, which consequently may develop into major incidents. </td> <td> <ul><li>Inadequate demonstration and assessment of skills by instructor.</li> <li>Ineffective skills taught, due to inappropriate training standard, or misinterpretation of training standard.</li> <li>Insufficient correct repetition of skills during training.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Quality assurance by training agency</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Inadequate practical competence in critical safety skills. </td> <td>Inability to deal with minor incidents, which consequently may develop into major incidents. </td> <td> <ul><li>Insufficient practice of skills during training.</li> <li>Insufficient practice of skills after training.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Clear standards for competence in assessment criteria of training programme.</li> <li>Quality assurance by training agency.</li> <li>Post training practice of vital skills by the diver.</li> <li>Periodical re-assessment of skills by a competent assessor.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Overconfidence. </td> <td>Diving in conditions beyond the diver's competence, with high risk of accident due to inability to deal with known environmental hazards. </td> <td> <ul><li>Over-optimistic self-assessment of personal competence by the diver.</li> <li>Insufficient information due to inadequate training.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Objective assessment and accurate feedback during training.</li> <li>Realistic training standards and competence level descriptions.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Inadequate strength or fitness for the conditions </td> <td> <ul><li>Inability to compensate for difficult conditions even though well versed at the required skills.</li> <li>Over-exertion, overtiredness, stress injuries or exhaustion.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Underestimating severity of conditions.</li> <li>Overestimating fitness and strength.</li> <li>Conditions deteriorate during the dive.</li> <li>Excessive task loading.</li> <li>Use of equipment that requires greater exertion than the diver can produce.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Experience and familiarity with local conditions.</li> <li>Use of weather and tide forecasts when planning dives.</li> <li>Maintaining fitness to dive by adequate exercise.</li> <li>Use of equipment and techniques that reduce physical exertion required.</li> <li>Gradual buildup of task-loading to develop appropriate skills and fitness.</li> <li>Training with equipment in benign conditions before using in severe conditions.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Peer pressure </td> <td>Inability to deal with reasonably predictable incidents in a dive. </td> <td> <ul><li>Divers may be pressurised into undertaking dives beyond their competence or fitness.</li> <li>Divers may be pressurised into diving with unsuitable buddies, often by dive professionals who should know better.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Objective and accurate knowledge of the diver's capabilities.</li> <li>Recognising and accepting responsibility for possible consequences of exerting or submitting to peer pressure.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Diving with an incompetent buddy </td> <td>Injury or death while attempting to deal with a problem caused by the buddy. </td> <td> <ul><li>The buddy may get into difficulty due to inattention or incompetence, and require a rescue that is hazardous to the rescuer.</li> <li>The buddy may get into difficulty and mishandle the situation or panic, creating an incident that is hazardous to both divers.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Diving with a buddy is known to be competent and who can be trusted to behave responsibly.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006-41-42&54-55_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-41-42&54-55-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Training to deal with emergencies and rescue.</li> <li>Carrying equipment to be independent of the buddy in most emergencies.</li> <li>In some circumstances it may be safer to dive without a buddy.<sup id="cite_ref-CDG_Manual_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDG_Manual-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Overweighting </td> <td>Difficulty in neutralising and controlling buoyancy. <ul><li>Uncontrolled descent.</li> <li>Inability to establish neutral buoyancy.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Inefficient swimming.</li> <li>High gas consumption.</li> <li>Poor trim.</li> <li>Kicking up silt.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Difficulty in ascent</li> <li>Inability to control depth accurately for decompression</li></ul> </td> <td>Carrying more weight than needed. Recreational divers do not usually need more weight than is needed to remain slightly negative after using all the gas carried. Professional divers may need to be heavy at the bottom to provide stability to work. </td> <td rowspan="2">Establish and use the correct amount of weight for the circumstances of the dive, taking into account: <ul><li>Density of water (sea or fresh).</li> <li>Buoyancy of equipment (mainly exposure suit).</li> <li>Buoyancy change of cylinders as gas is used up.</li> <li>Tasks of the dive.</li> <li>Capacity of buoyancy compensator to neutralise buoyancy at depth and provide positive buoyancy at the surface.</li> <li>Use surface supply equipment or a lifeline if it is necessary to dive heavy.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Underweighting </td> <td>Difficulty in neutralising and controlling buoyancy. <ul><li>Inability to achieve neutral buoyancy, particularly at decompression stops.</li></ul> </td> <td>Not carrying sufficient weight. Divers need to be able to remain neutral at 3m depth at the end of a dive when the gas has been used up. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Diving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or with a hangover </td> <td> <ul><li>Inappropriate or delayed response to contingencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldrake2012_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldrake2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>reduced ability to deal timeously with problems, leading to greater risk of developing into an accident.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Increased risk of hypothermia.</li> <li>Increased risk of decompression sickness.</li></ul> </td> <td>Use of drugs that alter mental state or physiological responses to environmental conditions. </td> <td>Avoid use of substances that are known or suspected to reduce the ability to respond appropriately to contingencies. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Use of inappropriate equipment and/or configuration </td> <td>Muscular <a href="/wiki/Cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Cramps">cramps</a> </td> <td>Use of fins that are too large or stiff for the diver </td> <td> <ul><li>Exercise to develop skills and fitness appropriate to the fins chosen</li> <li>Use softer or smaller bladed fins (this may compromise speed and/or maneuverability)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Lower back pain </td> <td>Use of heavy weightbelts for scuba diving </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of integrated weight systems, which support the weights directly by the buoyancy compensator</li> <li>Different distribution of weights - some weight transferred to the harness, BCD, cylinder or backplate</li> <li>Avoiding excessive weighting</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Inappropriate attitude towards safety </td> <td>Wilful or negligent violation of procedures leading to avoidable incidents </td> <td>Psychological and competence problems </td> <td>Background checks </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="15%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Ballast weight loss<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Possible inability to establish neutral buoyancy leading to uncontrolled ascent </td> <td>Loss of diving weights. </td> <td> <ul><li>Inspection of weight belt buckle or weight pocket clips for good condition and correct function before dive.</li> <li>Use of correct length weight belt.</li> <li>Use weight harness or integrated weight system if weight belts tend to slide over hips and fall off.</li> <li>Carry weights in secure method, which can not easily be accidentally released.</li> <li>Carry the amount of weight appropriate for regaining neutral buoyancy on a releasable system, and the rest securely attached to the harness.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Water ingress into dry suit, and associated loss of air from dry suit.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Insulation loss, accelerated loss of body heat, potentially leading to hypothermia.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Buoyancy loss - potential inability to establish neutral or positive buoyancy, and difficulty or inability to ascend.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Catastrophic leak in dry suit: <ul><li>Zipper bursting.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tear of latex neck seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Maintenance and pre-use inspection of dry suit zip and seals.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of a dry suit undergarment that retains moderate insulation properties when flooded (e.g. Thinsulate B).<sup id="cite_ref-Romet_1992_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romet_1992-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_1989_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba_1989-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of a drysuit material having significant inherent insulation properties (e.g. foam neoprene).<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Training and practice of skills for recovery from this situation.</li> <li>Use of a buoyancy compensator with sufficient volume to compensate for the suit buoyancy loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of a lifeline with a surface tender.</li> <li>Sufficient ballast weight ditchable to recover neutral buoyancy at depth.</li> <li>Use of a DSMB or surface marker buoy with sufficient volume to compensate for loss of buoyancy.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Drysuit blow-up<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7_46-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_R7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Uncontrolled ascent with possible decompression problems<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Inflation valve jammed open.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_47-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of low flow rate inflator hose connections.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Training and competence at emergency procedures for inflation valve failure.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Loss of propulsion, maneuvering control and mobility </td> <td> <ul><li>Inability to swim against current.</li> <li>Inability to exit overhead environment before running out of gas.</li></ul> </td> <td>Loss of swimfin(s). Most often due to strap or strap connector failure. </td> <td> <ul><li>Pre-use inspection of straps and strap connectors.</li> <li>Practice skill of finning with one fin.</li> <li>Spare fin strap in emergency spares for team.</li> <li>Replace original straps with more reliable type.<sup id="cite_ref-fund2006-100_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fund2006-100-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Loss of mask </td> <td>Inability to focus vision underwater: <ul><li>High level of stress.</li> <li>Inability to read instruments</li></ul> </td> <td>Failure of mask strap or buckle. <ul><li>Broken lens/faceplate due to impact with hard object.</li> <li>Mask knocked off and lost</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Inspection of the mask and strap before use.<sup id="cite_ref-CDG_Risk_assessment_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDG_Risk_assessment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hold mask in place with hand.</li> <li>Practice diving with no mask.<sup id="cite_ref-CDG_Risk_assessment_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDG_Risk_assessment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spare mask in emergency spares for team.<sup id="cite_ref-CDG_Risk_assessment_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDG_Risk_assessment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of full face mask that is more securely attached to the head and tethered by the hose.<sup id="cite_ref-Caramanna_and_Leinikki_2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caramanna_and_Leinikki_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Buoyancy compensator blow-up. (uncontrolled inflation) </td> <td>Uncontrolled ascent with possible decompression problems </td> <td>Inflation valve stuck open. </td> <td> <ul><li>Inspection and testing of inflator mechanism before use.</li> <li>Appropriate maintenance after use.</li> <li>Training and practice of skills to control situation.</li> <li>Use of buoyancy compensator with moderate volume.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Uncontrollable loss of air from buoyancy compensator </td> <td>Inability to achieve neutral or positive buoyancy, and potential difficulty or inability to make controlled ascent or to ascend at all. </td> <td>Catastrophic leak in buoyancy compensator: <ul><li>Loss of manifold fitting.</li> <li>Corrugated hose failure.</li> <li>Torn bladder.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Maintenance and inspection of BC before use.</li> <li>Use of drysuit as emergency buoyancy control device</li> <li>Use of reel and DSMB of sufficient volume as shotline and buoyancy aid for ascent.</li> <li>Use of lifeline and surface tender.</li> <li>Use of double bladder buoyancy compensator.</li> <li>Ditching of sufficient weights to allow ascent.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Blunt edged cutting tool </td> <td>Inability to cut free from entanglement, possibly resulting in drowning. </td> <td>Poor maintenance and pre-dive inspection procedures. </td> <td> <ul><li>Inspect and test cutting edge periodically</li> <li>Sharpen or replace tool when blunt</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Hot water suit heating system failure </td> <td>Inability to regulate diver body temperature, leading to hypothermia or scalding </td> <td>Umbilical damage, heater malfunctions </td> <td> <ul><li>Return to bell,</li> <li>Switch to backup system</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards_of_the_dive_task_and_special_equipment">Hazards of the dive task and special equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hazards of the dive task and special equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hazards specific to special purpose underwater tools should be described in the article for the tool, but may be added here. </p> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <caption>- </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="15%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Carrying tools (in general) in midwater and at the surface. </td> <td>Buoyancy problems due to weight of tools—Inability to achieve neutral buoyancy for ascent and positive buoyancy on surface. <ul><li>Increased risk of drowning.</li> <li>difficulty in controlling ascent rate.</li> <li>Risk of losing tools if they must be abandoned.</li></ul> </td> <td>Carrying an excessive weight of tools. </td> <td> <ul><li>Tools may be lifted and lowered to the worksite using a rope.<sup id="cite_ref-Larn_and_Whistler_1993_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larn_and_Whistler_1993-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tools may be returned to the surface using a lift bag and a surface marker buoy in case the bag sinks.</li> <li>Surface supplied divers may be pulled up by the tender or lifted on the diving stage or bell.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bags</a> </td> <td>Uncontrolled ascent of diver. </td> <td>Snagging on lift bag as it begins ascent, and being dragged up with it. </td> <td>Precautions can be taken to reduce risk if diver snagging on bag or load. These include the use of a rigid extension pipe to fill parachute-style bags, allowing the diver to remain at a safe distance.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Loss of breathing gas. </td> <td>Using up breathing air to fill lift bag. </td> <td> <ul><li>Use of an independent air cylinder dedicated to bag filling, rather than filling from the breathing gas cylinder(s).<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of surface supplied air to fill bags.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li>Impact of falling objects.</li> <li>Loss of lift bag and cargo.</li> <li>Damage to lift bag, cargo or other equipment.</li></ul> </td> <td>Runaway lift(bag): <ul><li>Lift bag broaching at surface or leaking, losing gas and sinking on top of divers.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lift bag broaching at surface or leaking and sinking at unknown position.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lift bag surfacing under vessel or structure and snagging on projection that punctures bag, or fouling propeller or rudder, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poor rigging causing damage to bag or cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Marking lift bag or load with a surface marker buoy before lifting.</li> <li>Ensuring that lift takes place when surface vessels and structures are clear of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Buoyant assisted lifting, where the lift bag is insufficient volume to lift the load without assistance from a crane or winch.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Staged lifting, where the load is lifted in stages, a short distance at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adequate training and use of suitable rigging equipment and lift bag size and style. Attachment to suitable lift points, taking trim and stability into account.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Lifting, moving, aligning and lowering heavy objects </td> <td>Crushing trauma </td> <td>Getting caught in pinch points between objects with great inertia and relative movement </td> <td>Use appropriate tools, rigging, PPE, and procedures <ul><li>deadman anchors and tie-backs to limit movement</li> <li>pullers, levers and guide-bars to align object</li> <li>avoid getting any part of the body between or under heavy objects</li> <li>maintain clear communications</li> <li>use of helmet video or observation ROV can help remote operators understand the underwater scenario</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_dive_platform_and_support_equipment">The dive platform and support equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The dive platform and support equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="15%">Hazard </th> <th scope="col" width="20%">Consequences </th> <th scope="col" width="25%">Cause </th> <th scope="col" width="40%">Avoidance and prevention </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Anchoring patterns </td> <td>Getting caught under catenary sag causing entrapment and/or crushing trauma </td> <td>Diving in close vicinity to mooring chain in a seaway or wind. Chain lifting under tension and dropping on diver in pinch zone </td> <td> <ul><li>Physical restraint from entering danger zone by way of limited umbilical length and underwater tending.</li> <li>Remain above chain at all times when near pinch zone if necessary to work in the area.</li> <li>Avoid diving near chains when weather conditions are likely to cause lifting.</li> <li>Avoid diving near chains in low visibility.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Thrusters on dynamically positioned diving support vessels </td> <td>Diver sucked into water flow through thruster, causing physical trauma, entanglement, umbilical or other life support damage </td> <td>Pressure differences cause diver or equipment to be entrained in water flow towards the hazard </td> <td>Physical restraint from entering danger zone by way of limited umbilical length and underwater tending from bell, stage, or other points. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_positioning#Failure" title="Dynamic positioning">Dynamic positioning runout</a> </td> <td>Impact with obstacles, trauma, life support system damage </td> <td>Bell or stage and divers dragged away from worksite by vessel movement </td> <td>Multiple redundancy of critical components, and DP status warnings as system reliability degrades </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Live-boating" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-boating">Live-boating</a> from small craft (too small for stage or bell operations) </td> <td>Impact with vessel hull or propellers, entanglement of <a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">diver's umbilical</a> or lifeline with propellers, thrusters, or other appendages </td> <td>Uncontrolled relative motion between vessel and diver or attached equipment in close proximity. </td> <td>Use scuba without a lifeline where live-boating is essential. <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">surface marker buoy</a> can be used to monitor the position of the diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Equipment" title="Diver communications">Through-water systems</a> if voice communications required.</li> <li>Diver ascends at shotline or <a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">decompression buoy</a> while vessel keeps clear</li> <li>Vessel only approaches diver on surface when visible to skipper</li> <li>Engines disengaged when diver in water alongside</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Bells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">stages</a> </td> <td>Crushing trauma, entrapment </td> <td>Diver caught between bell or stage and obstacle on bottom or side of dive platform </td> <td> <ul><li>Keep bell or stage shallower than work area and local obstacles</li> <li>Heave compensation in launch and recovery system winch</li> <li>Handholds on stage within envelope of fender bars and basket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell stage">Bell stage</a> under <a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">closed bell</a> to keep bottom airlock hatchway area clear</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a> – Dizziness resulting from unequal pressures in the middle ears</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> – Diving in water-filled caves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> – Loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold dive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a> – Rescue of a distressed or incapacitated diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> – Processes to develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely underwater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> – Group for improving diving safety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a> – Equipment used to facilitate underwater diving</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving hazards</a> – Agents and situations that pose a threat to the underwater diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a> – Risk management of underwater diving activities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a> – Situation or object that can cause harm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a> – The influence of physical, cognitive and behavioral characteristics of divers on safety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a> – Estimation of risk associated with exposure to a given set of hazards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a> – Non-profit organization for promoting research and information access for underwater diving</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a> – Relationship between operator capacity and the accumulated activities that must be done</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a> – Decompression sickness after breath-hold diving</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a> – Recreational diving on wrecks</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=90+21+365+-+GA+2215.000+de%2Fen&rft.atitle=Dr%C3%A4gerRay+Mixed+Gas-Rebreather+Instructions+for+Use&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1999-08&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wern.com%2Fsitebuildercontent%2Fsitebuilderfiles%2Fdragerrayinstr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concannon_2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concannon_2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concannon_2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConcannon2012" class="citation conference cs1">Concannon, David G. (18–20 May 2012). Vann, Richard D.; Denoble, Petar J.; Pollock, Neal W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.dan.org/RF3_web.pdf"><i>Rebreather accident investigation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rebreather Forum 3 Proceedings. 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(1995). "Anxiety and Panic in Recreational Scuba Divers". <i>Sports Medicine</i>. <b>20</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">398–</span>421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-199520060-00005">10.2165/00007256-199520060-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8614760">8614760</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23619756">23619756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Anxiety+and+Panic+in+Recreational+Scuba+Divers&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23619756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8614760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00007256-199520060-00005&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fund2006-41-42&54-55-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fund2006-41-42&54-55_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJablonski2006">Jablonski 2006</a>, pp. 41–42 & 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDG_Manual-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDG_Manual_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Cave Diving Group Manual</i> (2nd Revised ed.). 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721035800/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3922">"Thermal Insulation in various dry and flooded drysuit/pile undergarment combinations"</a>. <i>In: Proceedings of the DCIEM Diver Thermal Protection Workshop, 1989, DCIEM No. 92–10, R.Y. Nishi (Ed), Pp. 75–80, Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Canada</i>. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Newton Abbott, UK: David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4"><bdi>0-7153-0100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Diving+Manual&rft.place=Newton+Abbott%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7153-0100-4&rft.aulast=Larn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Whistler%2C+Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_2007-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_2007_69-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Underwater Air Lift Bags, IMCA D 016 Rev. 3 June 2007,The International Marine Contractors Association, www.imca-<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.imca-int.com/divisions/diving/publications/016.html">http://www.imca-int.com/divisions/diving/publications/016.html</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSN_Diving_Manual2008" class="citation book cs1">US Navy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624063639/http://www.usu.edu/scuba/navy_manual6.pdf"><i>US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command (published 15 April 2008). SS521-AG-PRO-010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usu.edu/scuba/navy_manual6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Diving+Manual%2C+6th+revision&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=US+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rft.date=2008&rft.au=US+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usu.edu%2Fscuba%2Fnavy_manual6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski2006" class="citation book cs1">Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). <i>Doing it Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving</i>. Global Underwater Explorers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9713267-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9713267-0-3"><bdi>0-9713267-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+it+Right%3A+The+Fundamentals+of+Better+Diving&rft.pub=Global+Underwater+Explorers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9713267-0-3&rft.au=Jablonski%2C+Jarrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Steven M. Barsky (2007). <i>Diving in High-Risk Environments</i> (4th ed.). Hammerhead Press, Ventura, CA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9674305-7-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+in+High-Risk+Environments&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press%2C+Ventura%2C+CA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9674305-7-7&rft.au=Steven+M.+Barsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Manual" class="citation book cs1"><i>NOAA Diving Manual</i> (4th ed.). CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Diving+Manual&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=CD-ROM+prepared+and+distributed+by+the+National+Technical+Information+Service+%28NTIS%29in+partnership+with+NOAA+and+Best+Publishing+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung,_JBrugger,_JCurley,_MWallick,_M2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Chung, J; Brugger, J; Curley, M; Wallick, M; Perkins, R; Regis, D; Latson, G (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415174319/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10138">"Health survey of U.S. Navy divers from 1960 to 1990: A first look"</a>. <i>US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 2011-11</i>. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Navy+Experimental+Diving+Unit+Technical+Report+2011-11&rft.atitle=Health+survey+of+U.S.+Navy+divers+from+1960+to+1990%3A+A+first+look&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Chung%2C+J&rft.au=Brugger%2C+J&rft.au=Curley%2C+M&rft.au=Wallick%2C+M&rft.au=Perkins%2C+R&rft.au=Regis%2C+D&rft.au=Latson%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F10138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds,_CThomas,_RMcKenzie,_BPennefather,_J2012" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, C; Thomas, R; McKenzie, B; Pennefather, J (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220050959/http://www.divingmedicine.info/"><i>Diving Medicine for Scuba Divers</i></a> (5th ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divingmedicine.info">the original</a> on 20 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+Medicine+for+Scuba+Divers&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Edmonds%2C+C&rft.au=Thomas%2C+R&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+B&rft.au=Pennefather%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divingmedicine.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+diving+hazards+and+precautions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.DDRC.org">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits65" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Marine_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Marine Brigade">7th Marine Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Diver_behaviour_and_competence">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dive_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of dive computers">History of dive computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atmospheric_diving_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of atmospheric diving suits">Timeline of atmospheric diving suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles64" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Keller" title="Hannes Keller">Hannes Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory50" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle72" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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