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</li> <li id="toc-National_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Инджылызрэ Уелсрэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Инджылызрэ Уелсрэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="إنجلترا وويلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجلترا وويلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99_v%C9%99_Uels" title="İngiltərə və Uels – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərə və Uels" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymru_a_Lloegr" title="Cymru a Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymru a Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_og_Wales" title="England og Wales – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="England og Wales" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_und_Wales" title="England und Wales – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="England und Wales" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra_y_Gales" title="Inglaterra y Gales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglaterra y Gales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre-et-Galles" title="Angleterre-et-Galles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angleterre-et-Galles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="잉글랜드 웨일스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드 웨일스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris_dan_Wales" title="Inggris dan Wales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inggris dan Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra_e_Galles" title="Inghilterra e Galles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inghilterra e Galles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_dan_Wales" title="England dan Wales – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="England dan Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engeland_en_Wales" title="Engeland en Wales – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engeland en Wales" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="イングランドおよびウェールズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランドおよびウェールズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_og_Wales" title="England og Wales – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="England og Wales" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_og_Wales" title="England og Wales – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="England og Wales" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra_e_Gales" title="Inglaterra e Gales – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglaterra e Gales" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Англия и Уэльс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англия и Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englanti_ja_Wales" title="Englanti ja Wales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englanti ja Wales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_och_Wales" title="England och Wales – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="England och Wales" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiltere_ve_Galler" title="İngiltere ve Galler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere ve Galler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Англія й Уельс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англія й Уельс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="انگلستان اور ویلز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگلستان اور ویلز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anh_v%C3%A0_Wales" title="Anh và Wales – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anh và Wales" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%92%8C%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB" title="英格兰和威尔士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格兰和威尔士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1156248#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Legal jurisdiction in the United Kingdom</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/England_and_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/England and Wales">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22England+and+Wales%22">"England and Wales"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22England+and+Wales%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22England+and+Wales%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22England+and+Wales%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22England+and+Wales%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22England+and+Wales%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_and_Wales_within_the_UK_and_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/England_and_Wales_within_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/300px-England_and_Wales_within_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/England_and_Wales_within_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/450px-England_and_Wales_within_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/England_and_Wales_within_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/600px-England_and_Wales_within_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, two of the four <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">constituent countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>England and Wales</b> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Cymru a Lloegr</i>) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom#Legal_jurisdictions" title="Law of the United Kingdom">three legal jurisdictions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It covers the constituent countries <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a>. The substantive law of the jurisdiction is <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">devolved</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> (Welsh Parliament; <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Senedd Cymru</i>) – previously named the National Assembly for Wales – was created in 1999 under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a> and provides a degree of <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-government</a> in Wales. The powers of the legislature were expanded by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a>, which allows it to pass <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">its own laws</a>, and the Act also formally separated the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> from the Senedd. There is no <a href="/wiki/Devolved_English_parliament" title="Devolved English parliament">equivalent body for England</a>, which is directly governed by the parliament and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">government of the United Kingdom</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_jurisdiction">History of jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brittain_410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brittain_410.jpg/220px-Brittain_410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brittain_410.jpg/330px-Brittain_410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brittain_410.jpg/440px-Brittain_410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>The Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> in 410</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_occupation_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman occupation of Britain">Roman occupation of Britain</a>, the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit, except for the land to the north of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> – though the Roman-occupied area varied in extent, and for a time extended to the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine/Severan Wall</a>. At that time, most of the native inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> spoke <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic languages</a>, and were all regarded as <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons</a>, divided into numerous tribes. After the conquest, the Romans administered this region as a single unit, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>. </p><p>Long after the departure of the Romans, the Britons in what became Wales developed their <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">own system of law</a>, first codified by <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a> (Hywel the Good; reigned 942–950) when he was king of most of present-day Wales (compare <a href="/wiki/King_of_Wales" title="King of Wales">King of Wales</a>); in England <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon law</a> was initially codified by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great#Legal_reform" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Doom_book" title="Doom book">Legal Code</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 893</span>. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion of Wales</a> in the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> came to apply in the parts of Wales conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>). In 1283, the English, led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>, with the biggest army brought together in England since the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England">conquered the remainder of Wales</a>, then organised as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>. This was then united with the English crown by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> of 1284. This aimed to replace Welsh criminal law with English law. </p><p>Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century by the Welsh <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a> then consolidated the administration of all the Welsh territories and incorporated them fully into the legal system of the Kingdom of England.<sup id="cite_ref-Principality_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principality-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in part to update outdated Welsh laws, but also to control Wales alongside England; through these acts, the Welsh could be seen as equals to the English.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was reflected on both <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>'s coat of arms where the dragon represented Wales and the lion represented England.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As soon as the Tudor dynasty ended with the death of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, however, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon of Wales</a> was dropped and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">unicorn</a> of Scotland with the succession of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a> who demoted Wales' status on the coat of arms and on the first adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Flag of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_20060410_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_20060410-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1746, it was not clear whether a reference to "England" in legislation included Wales, and so in 1746, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">Wales and Berwick Act 1746</a>. This specified that in all prior and future laws, references to "England" would by default include Wales (and <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>). The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a>, although the statutory definition of "England" created by that Act still applies for laws passed before 1967. In new legislation since then, what was referred to as "England" is now "England and Wales", while subsequent references to "England" and "Wales" refer to those political divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales_jurisdiction">Wales jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wales jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Wales_criminal_justice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Wales criminal justice system">Proposed Wales criminal justice system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></div> <p>There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Wales_criminal_justice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Wales criminal justice system">Wales criminal justice system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg/220px-Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg/330px-Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg/440px-Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a> of England and Wales</figcaption></figure> <p>England and Wales are treated as a single unit for some purposes, because the two form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. The continuance of <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a> was guaranteed under the 1706 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, and as a consequence English law—and after <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">1801</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish law</a>—continued to be separate. Following the two Acts of Union, Parliament can restrict the effect of its laws to part of the realm, and generally the effect of laws, where restricted, was originally applied to one or more of the former kingdoms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, most laws applicable to England also applied to Wales. However, Parliament now passes laws applicable to Wales and not to England (and vice versa), a practice which was rare before the middle of the 20th century. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh Language</a> Acts <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">1993</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a>. Measures and <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Acts of the Senedd</a> apply in Wales, but not in England. </p><p>Following the Government of Wales Act, effective since May 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> can legislate on matters devolved to it. Following a <a href="/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="2011 Welsh devolution referendum">referendum on 3 March 2011</a>, the Senedd gained direct law-making powers, without the need to consult Westminster. This was the first time in almost 500 years that Wales had its own powers to legislate. Each piece of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh legislation</a> is known as an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Act of Senedd Cymru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Company_registration">Company registration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Company registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Companies_House" title="Companies House">Companies House</a></div> <p>For a <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> in the United Kingdom, its application for registration with <a href="/wiki/Companies_House" title="Companies House">Companies House</a> must state "whether the company's registered office is to be situated in England and Wales (or in Wales), in Scotland or in Northern Ireland",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which will determine the law applicable to that business entity. A registered office must be specified as "in Wales" if the company wishes to use a name ending <i>cyfyngedig</i> or <i>cyf</i>, rather than <i>Limited</i> or <i>Ltd.</i> or to avail itself of certain other privileges relating to the official use of the Welsh language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_bodies">Other bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside the legal system, the position is mixed. Some organisations combine as "England and Wales", others are separate. </p> <ul><li>In sports, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> has a <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">combined international team</a> (simply called "England") administered by the <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board" title="England and Wales Cricket Board">England and Wales Cricket Board</a>, who also govern the sport across both nations, and <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club" title="Glamorgan County Cricket Club">Glamorgan County Cricket Club</a> participates in the English and Welsh <a href="/wiki/County_cricket" title="County cricket">county cricket</a> system. In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> and other sports have separate national representative teams for each country. A few <a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Wales">Welsh association football clubs</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C." title="Cardiff City F.C.">Cardiff City F.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C." title="Swansea City A.F.C.">Swansea City A.F.C.</a>, play in the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">English football league system</a>, while <a href="/wiki/The_New_Saints_F.C." title="The New Saints F.C.">The New Saints F.C.</a>, which represents places on both sides of the border, plays in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_football_league_system" title="Welsh football league system">Welsh football league system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Welsh_Cup" title="Anglo-Welsh Cup">Anglo-Welsh Cup</a> was a rugby union competition contested by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_regional_rugby" title="Welsh regional rugby">Welsh regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">English Premiership</a> clubs between 1971 and 2018.</li> <li>Some religious denominations organise on the basis of England and Wales, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Roman Catholic Church</a>, but also small denominations, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales">Evangelical Presbyterian Church</a>. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">disestablishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> in 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> church in Britain operated under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> throughout Wales and England.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a> maintains a register of political parties, organised according to where the party operates (either <i>England</i>, <i>Wales</i> or <i>England and Wales</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a> stands candidates only in English and Welsh constituencies; separate Green parties exist <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">in Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland" title="Green Party Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a>.</li> <li>Some professional bodies represent England and Wales, for example the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_in_England_and_Wales" title="Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales">Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Bar" title="General Council of the Bar">General Council of the Bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Law_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Law Society">The Law Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Farmers_Union_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Farmers Union (England and Wales)">National Farmers Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales" title="Police Federation of England and Wales">Police Federation of England and Wales</a>.</li> <li>Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Canal_%26_River_Trust" title="Canal & River Trust">Canal & River Trust</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Commission">Charity Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Register_Office_for_England_and_Wales" title="General Register Office for England and Wales">General Register Office for England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Constabulary_and_Fire_%26_Rescue_Services" title="His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services">His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/HM_Land_Registry" title="HM Land Registry">HM Land Registry</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">His Majesty's Prison Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue_in_England_and_Wales" title="Mountain rescue in England and Wales">Mountain Rescue England and Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Chartered_Accountants_in_England_and_Wales" title="Worshipful Company of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales">Worshipful Company of Chartered Accountants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Youth_Hostels_Association_(England_%26_Wales)" title="Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales)">Youth Hostels Association</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_precedence">Order of precedence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Order of precedence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_England_and_Wales" title="Order of precedence in England and Wales">order of precedence in England and Wales</a> is distinct from those of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Order of precedence in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_Scotland" title="Order of precedence in Scotland">Scotland</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_parks">National parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_England" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">Wales</a> have a distinctive legislative framework and history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English" title="Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English">Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Judiciary of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Wales_justice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Wales justice system">Proposed Wales justice system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Principality-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Principality_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCannon2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cannon_(historian)" title="John Cannon (historian)">Cannon, John</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC"><i>A Dictionary of British History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 661. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955037-1"><bdi>978-0-19-955037-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+British+History&rft.pages=661&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955037-1&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYnfhTq2M7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland+and+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, Gwilym, et al. "The Acts of Union 1536–43—Not Quite the End of the Road for Welsh Law?" <i>Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium</i>, vol. 37, Department of Celtic Languages & Literatures, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, 2017, pp. 217–250, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45048897">45048897</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox-Davies (1909), <i>A complete guide to heraldry</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_20060410-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_20060410_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2006" class="citation news cs1">Duffy, Jonathan (10 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4895076.stm">"Union recognition"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130134900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4895076.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Union+recognition&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F4895076.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland+and+Wales" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/magazine_enl_1144679591/html/1.stm">Graphic</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410134721/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/magazine_enl_1144679591/html/1.stm">archive of Graphic</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.wales/written-statement-update-development-justice-system-and-legal-sector-wales">"Written Statement: Update on the development of the justice system and the legal sector in Wales (30 September 2021)"</a>. <i>GOV.WALES</i>. 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.WALES&rft.atitle=Written+Statement%3A+Update+on+the+development+of+the+justice+system+and+the+legal+sector+in+Wales+%2830+September+2021%29&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fwritten-statement-update-development-justice-system-and-legal-sector-wales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland+and+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.cymru/news/plaid-cymru-devolution-justice/">"Plaid Cymru call for devolution of justice to Wales - 'we can't be treated as an appendage to England'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Nation.Cymru</i>. 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nation.Cymru&rft.atitle=Plaid+Cymru+call+for+devolution+of+justice+to+Wales+-+%27we+can%27t+be+treated+as+an+appendage+to+England%27&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.cymru%2Fnews%2Fplaid-cymru-devolution-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland+and+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/2678710-devolution-a-necessary-step-towards-a-better-welsh-criminal-justice-system,-academics-argue">"Devolution a 'necessary step' towards a better Welsh criminal justice system, academics argue"</a>. <i>Cardiff University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardiff+University&rft.atitle=Devolution+a+%27necessary+step%27+towards+a+better+Welsh+criminal+justice+system%2C+academics+argue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardiff.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fview%2F2678710-devolution-a-necessary-step-towards-a-better-welsh-criminal-justice-system%2C-academics-argue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland+and+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subsection 9(2) of the Companies Act 2006</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=England_and_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Robert (2022). <i>The Welsh Criminal Justice System</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78683-945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78683-945-9"><bdi>978-1-78683-945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Criminal+Justice+System&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78683-945-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland+and+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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