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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Protestants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Druze community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Civil regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_civil_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_civil_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recognition of civil marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_civil_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal status of marriages and divorces in the state of Israel</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DD_6839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DD_6839.jpg/300px-DD_6839.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DD_6839.jpg/450px-DD_6839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DD_6839.jpg/600px-DD_6839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="4987" /></a><figcaption>Bride and groom praying at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> before their wedding</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> can be performed only under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_community" title="Confessional community">religious community</a> to which couples belong, and <a href="/wiki/Inter-faith_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-faith marriage">inter-faith marriages</a> performed within the country are not legally recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-lerner2011p214_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lerner2011p214-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, marriages performed abroad or remotely via videoconference must be registered by the government. Matrimonial law is based on the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)"><i>millet</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Confessional_community" title="Confessional community">confessional community</a> system which had been employed in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, including what is now Israel, was not modified during the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> of the region, and remains in force in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel recognizes only marriages under the faiths of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> communities, and ten <a href="#Christian_churches">specified denominations of Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriages in each community are under the jurisdiction of their own religious authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious authority for Jewish marriages performed in Israel is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical court">Rabbinical courts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Israeli Interior Ministry</a> registers marriages on presentation of the required documentation. Israel's religious authorities — the only entities authorized to perform weddings in Israel — are not permitted to marry couples where both partners do not have the same religion or if they have the same sex;<sup id="cite_ref-npr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only way for people of different (or no) faith to marry is by converting to the same religion. However, civil, interfaith, and same-sex marriages entered into abroad are recognized by the state;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a consequence Israeli residents not permitted to marry in Israel sometimes marry overseas, often in nearby Cyprus, or since 2022, remotely via videotelephony with an officiant in Utah, which a lower court and subsequently the Supreme Court de facto recognized in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law" title="Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law">Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law</a>, the right of a spouse of an Israeli citizen to automatic Israeli citizenship is dependent on the country or territory of the spouse; it is not automatic for West Bank residents or citizens of certain Muslim-majority countries. </p><p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> over 50 percent of Israelis married before age 25, with marriage rates much higher among <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> than among secular Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an average age at first marriage among all social groups was reported to be 30.6 for men and 28.2 for women.<sup id="cite_ref-UNECE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNECE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MinhagYerushalayim3909.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/MinhagYerushalayim3909.JPG/220px-MinhagYerushalayim3909.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/MinhagYerushalayim3909.JPG/330px-MinhagYerushalayim3909.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/MinhagYerushalayim3909.JPG/440px-MinhagYerushalayim3909.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> which controlled the territory that is now Israel, all matters of a religious nature and personal status, which included marriage, were within the jurisdiction of Muslim courts and the courts of other recognized religions, called <a href="/wiki/Confessional_community" title="Confessional community">confessional communities</a>, under a system known as <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)"><i>millet</i></a>. Capitulation Treaties also permitted the registration of marriages and divorces in the British, German, American, and other consulates during the Ottoman period. Jewish religious matters were handled by the <a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a> and the Jewish courts. </p><p>Article 14 of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>, including the territory that is now Israel, required the mandatory administration to establish a commission to study, define, and determine the rights and claims relating to the different religious communities in Palestine. Article 15 required the mandatory administration to see to it that complete freedom of conscience and the free exercise of all forms of worship were permitted, but this was never put into effect. The High Commissioner established the Orthodox Rabbinate, and retained a modified <i>millet</i> system that recognized eleven religious communities: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, and nine Christian denominations. All those who were not members of these recognised communities were excluded from the <i>millet</i> arrangement, and marriages conducted in Palestine outside these communities were not recognised. Consular marriages remained customary during the British Mandate, and civil divorces granted in other countries were registered and recognized by the mandatory administration. Provision was made for the registration of marriages, but not for the manner in which marriages would be conducted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewish community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_2709_wedding_%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PikiWiki_Israel_2709_wedding_%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/170px-PikiWiki_Israel_2709_wedding_%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PikiWiki_Israel_2709_wedding_%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/255px-PikiWiki_Israel_2709_wedding_%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PikiWiki_Israel_2709_wedding_%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/340px-PikiWiki_Israel_2709_wedding_%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a> in Israel, early 1950s</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish views of marriage">Jewish views of marriage</a></div> <p>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and the religious parties reached an agreement that included an understanding that matters of personal status in Israel, which included marriage, would continue to be determined by religious authorities. This arrangement has been termed the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_(Israel)" title="Status quo (Israel)">status quo agreement</a> and has been maintained, despite numerous changes of government since. Under the arrangement, the Mandate period confessional system would continue, with membership in the Jewish community being on the basis of membership of a body called "Knesset Israel", which was a voluntary organization that managed registrations of people who were related to it — that is, those recognised as Jews. There does not seem to have been any dispute at the time of <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Who is a Jew">who was a Jew</a>. However, in 1953 <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical court">rabbinical courts</a> were established under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a> with jurisdiction over marriage and divorce for all Jews in Israel. The rabbinate's standards and interpretations in these matters are generally used by the Israeli Interior Ministry in registering marriages and divorces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_JEWISH_BRIDE_FROM_KIBBUTZ_LAVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A_JEWISH_BRIDE_FROM_KIBBUTZ_LAVI.jpg/170px-A_JEWISH_BRIDE_FROM_KIBBUTZ_LAVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A_JEWISH_BRIDE_FROM_KIBBUTZ_LAVI.jpg/255px-A_JEWISH_BRIDE_FROM_KIBBUTZ_LAVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A_JEWISH_BRIDE_FROM_KIBBUTZ_LAVI.jpg/340px-A_JEWISH_BRIDE_FROM_KIBBUTZ_LAVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A sip of wine under the wedding canopy</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Halakhic</i> restrictions on marriage are applied in Israel. So, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a> may not marry a convert to Judaism. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">children of adulterous and incestuous unions</a> are restricted as to whom they can marry.<sup id="cite_ref-jpunknown_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpunknown-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orthodox <i>halachic</i> rules apply to converts who want to marry in Israel. Under these rules, a conversion to Judaism must strictly follow <i>halachic</i> standards to be recognised as valid. Non-Orthodox conversions are not recognized, nor are some Orthodox conversions that do not meet the requirements of the Chief Rabbinate. For example, a man who converted to Orthodox Judaism in the United States was denied an official marriage in Israel because the Orthodox rabbi who converted him was not recognized in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-jstandard_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstandard-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meyers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a person's Jewish status is in doubt, formal conversion is required in order for them to be allowed to marry according to the Orthodox rules which govern all marriages between Jews in Israel. This frequently occurs with Jews from the former Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jews">and Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to marry, Jewish couples must attend classes on <a href="/wiki/Family_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Family purity">family purity</a>, even if they are not religious.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2013, the Tzohar Law was passed, allowing Jews to choose to be married by any rabbi recognized by the Chief Rabbinate instead of only their community rabbi.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Tzohar_(organization)" title="Tzohar (organization)">Tzohar</a> (a religious Zionist rabbinic organization in Israel), along with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Bar_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Bar Association">Israeli Bar Association</a>, introduced a prenuptial agreement meant to help ensure divorcing wives will receive a <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)"><i>get</i></a>; under the agreement the husband commits to paying a large sum of money daily to his spouse in the event of a separation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a criminal offense for Israeli citizens to marry or divorce without informing the government about their marriage status change, which can result a sentence of up to two years In jail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiddush_(organization)" title="Hiddush (organization)">Hiddush</a> ranked Israel as the only Western democracy that is on a par with Islamic states including Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia in relation to freedom of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-ottoman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottoman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, it was reported that there was a growing trend for Israeli couples to marry in Israel outside of the Rabbinate's jurisdiction. There was a consistent growth in the number of couples marrying outside of the Rabbinate, and a drop in the number of couples marrying within the Rabbinate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_community">Muslim community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Muslim community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_11009_Arab_wedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PikiWiki_Israel_11009_Arab_wedding.jpg/170px-PikiWiki_Israel_11009_Arab_wedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PikiWiki_Israel_11009_Arab_wedding.jpg/255px-PikiWiki_Israel_11009_Arab_wedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PikiWiki_Israel_11009_Arab_wedding.jpg/340px-PikiWiki_Israel_11009_Arab_wedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Two men dancing <a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">dabke</a> at a village wedding, 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Israeli Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, the British created the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a> as the Muslim religious authority in the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin al-Husayni">Amin al-Husayni</a> (1895–1974) as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a>. The council and the office of Mufti was abolished in 1948 by the Israeli authorities. </p><p>Muslim marriages are conducted in accordance with Islamic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">sharia law</a>. Inter-faith marriages are permitted only between Muslim men and Christian or Jewish women. </p><p>A Muslim woman may petition for and receive a divorce through the sharia courts without her husband's consent under certain conditions, and a marriage contract may provide for other circumstances in which she may obtain a divorce without her husband's consent. A Muslim man may divorce his wife without her consent and without petitioning the court.<sup id="cite_ref-hr2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hr2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_churches">Christian churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of marriage">Christian views of marriage</a></div> <p>There are ten officially recognised churches for the purposes of marriage. These are the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin rite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholic">Armenian Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Catholic">Syriac Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Greek Catholic">Melkite Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic">Maronite Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglicanism having been included with the other recognised churches in 1970. At the same time, special arrangements for the recognition of marriage were made between the State of Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</a> churches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christians may seek official separations or divorces, depending on the denomination, through <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hr2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hr2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestants">Protestants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protestants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations other than the above-mentioned recognized Anglican, and Lutheran churches with special arrangements, marriages are considered on a case-by-case basis: the religious minister conducting the marriage ceremony writes a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Services" title="Ministry of Religious Services">Ministry of Religious Services</a> to request permission to perform the marriage and be granted a marriage certificate, stating the names, nationalities, and religious affiliation of the couple. It usually takes two to four weeks for these formalities to be completed before the marriage can take place.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze_community">Druze community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Druze community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> community was recognized as a separate community from the Muslim community in 1957. In 1962, separate Druze courts were established to deal with personal status issues in the Druze community, alongside the rabbinical courts, the Sharia courts, and the courts of the Christian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_regulations">Civil regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the general minimum age for marriage in Israel was raised to 18;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it had earlier been 18 for men and 17 for women,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then equalised at 17 years. Family courts are still able to recognise marriage for individuals above the age of consent (ie. Persons aged 16 years and above) in special cases. </p><p>The Israeli Supreme Court affirmed that <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a> is a crime in a 1980 decision, citing law based on the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RiM284_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiM284-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IntroCrim79_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroCrim79-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rape, including spousal rape, is now a felony in Israel, punishable by 16 years in prison. </p><p>Under the <i>Penal Law Amendment (Bigamy) Law</i>, 5719 (1959), it is illegal to marry in Israel while currently married, regardless of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1977, attempting to take a second spouse can be punished by up to five years in jail, although the law is rarely enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a> is nevertheless still practised by Muslim <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Bedouins">Negev Bedouins</a>; according to a 2013 Knesset report, 30% of Negev Bedouin men have more than one wife.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Bedouin men use nominal divorces or unrecognized marriages with women who are not Israeli citizens in order to circumvent the law. In 2017, Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Ayelet_Shaked" title="Ayelet Shaked">Ayelet Shaked</a> began a crackdown against the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of more than 300 cases investigated in 2018, 16 men were indicted for polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_of_civil_marriage">Recognition of civil marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recognition of civil marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_civil_marriage_in_Israel" title="Recognition of civil marriage in Israel">Recognition of civil marriage in Israel</a></div> <p>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> ruled<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that marriages entered into outside Israel conducted by a rabbinical court in accordance with <i>halakha</i> must be recognized in Israel. The issue of recognizing civil marriages is of special significance because Orthodox Judaism has various prohibitions involving marriages. The couples in these prohibited marriage situations sometimes marry overseas, mostly <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Cyprus" title="Marriage in Cyprus">in Cyprus</a>, which is near Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the Supreme Court determined that the Ministry of the Interior must register couples who married in a civil ceremony abroad, even if either or both of the couple were citizens of Israel. The act of registration is for statistical purposes only, and not a recognition of the personal status of the couple, as registration does not determine the validity of the marriage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2006, the Supreme Court voted 6-1 to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overseas marriages are increasingly popular; about 9,000 couples registered overseas marriages with the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Israel passed the <i>Civil Union Law for Citizens with no Religious Affiliation, 2010</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing a couple to form a <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil union</a> in Israel if they are both registered as officially not belonging to any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of civil marriages is a major issue for secular and non-Orthodox Jews, as they are required to follow Orthodox practice to marry in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, more than 98% of Israelis are married to a partner of the same religion. 97% of Israeli Jews would be uncomfortable if their child married a Muslim and 89% would be uncomfortable if their child married a Christian. The vast majority of secular Israeli Jews oppose interfaith marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, an Israeli court in <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a> recognized civil and religious marriages solemnized on <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a> <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videoconference</a> by officiants in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> as legal.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> on 7 March 2023, with the court siding against the Interior Ministry who appealed the lower court's ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling allows for couples to not have to leave Israeli soil in order to receive solemnization of a civil marriage, but was opposed by religious parties in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-seventh government of Israel">Netanyahu cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divorce">Divorce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agunot" class="mw-redirect" title="Agunot">Agunot</a></div> <p>The 1973 Spouses' Property Relations Act officially defined what assets would be divided after divorce or if one of the spouses dies, unless they both agreed beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-ppafvaga_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppafvaga-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amendment was later added to the 1973 law in 2008 to ensure that property would be divided equally among both spouses before the divorce rather than after.<sup id="cite_ref-ppafvaga_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppafvaga-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The divorce process in Israel for married people of Jewish faith is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Get Procedure</a> and finalized by Rabbinical Judges.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 November 2016, the Get Procedure was officially regulated after State Attorney <a href="/wiki/Shai_Nitzan" title="Shai Nitzan">Shai Nitzan</a> required criminal prosecution of men or women who refuse to grant or accept a divorce after being instructed to do so by a rabbinical court, although some said it would not have a dramatic impact since criminal proceedings will only be possible if the rabbinical court issues a rarely used ruling obligating a spouse to agree to the divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the number of Jewish divorces granted per year has been increasing; 11,145 couples divorced in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli Jewish couples who marry in civil ceremonies outside Israel must divorce via the rabbinical courts.<sup id="cite_ref-ottoman_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottoman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed a law, slated to remain in effect for three years, allowing Israel’s rabbinical courts to handle certain cases of Jewish women wishing to divorce their Jewish husbands, even if neither spouse is an Israeli citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel" title="Judiciary of Israel">judicial system</a> can issue a <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_exit" title="Stay of exit">stay of exit</a> to a man undergoing a divorce if he neglects to fulfill his <a href="/wiki/Child_support_in_Israel" title="Child support in Israel">child support</a> obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the nation's Capacity and Guardianship Law, <a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a> is almost always granted to the mother following a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, however, an amendment was added to the law to ensure that both the father and any child of the divorced parents who is at least six years of age would share equal rights as the mother as state-appointed social workers determine child custody.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age of the child with equal privilege was later lowered to two in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">Interfaith marriage in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in Israel">Same-sex marriage in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unregistered_cohabitation_in_Israel" title="Unregistered cohabitation in Israel">Unregistered cohabitation in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gett:_The_Trial_of_Viviane_Amsalem" title="Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem">Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in the Palestinian territories">Marriage in the Palestinian territories</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lerner2011p214-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lerner2011p214_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHanna_Lerner2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanna Lerner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC"><i>Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50292-4"><bdi>978-1-139-50292-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Constitutions+in+Deeply+Divided+Societies&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50292-4&rft.au=Hanna+Lerner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMykpY_PRtmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadday2005" class="citation web cs1">Radday, Frances (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/state/Pages/A%20Free%20People%20in%20Our%20Land-%20Gender%20Equality.aspx">"A Free People in Our Land: Gender Equality in a Jewish State"</a>. <i>embassies.gov.il</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241024030217/https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/state/Pages/A%20Free%20People%20in%20Our%20Land-%20Gender%20Equality.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2013). <i>Marriage and Divorce in the Jewish State: Israel's Civil War</i>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611683653" title="Special:BookSources/9781611683653"><bdi>9781611683653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+Divorce+in+the+Jewish+State%3A+Israel%27s+Civil+War&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781611683653&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Gross-Horowitz%2C+Netty+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Israel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marriage_in_Israel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marriage in Israel">Marriage in Israel</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Tzvi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/770990/jewish/Why-Does-Torah-Law-Allow-Polygamy.htm">"Why Does Torah Law Allow Polygamy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Does+Torah+Law+Allow+Polygamy%3F&rft.pub=Chabad&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Tzvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F770990%2Fjewish%2FWhy-Does-Torah-Law-Allow-Polygamy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marriage_in_Asia407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marriage_in_Asia407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marriage in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Marriage in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Cambodia" title="Marriage in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Cyprus" title="Marriage in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Indonesia" title="Marriage in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Iran" title="Marriage in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Myanmar" title="Marriage in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Marriage in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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