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id="toc-Kyu_and_dan_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achieving_a_dan_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achieving_a_dan_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Achieving a dan rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achieving_a_dan_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Professional ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rating systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rating_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rating systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elo_ratings_as_used_in_Go" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elo_ratings_as_used_in_Go"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elo ratings as used in Go</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elo_ratings_as_used_in_Go-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other rating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rating_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rating_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rating base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rating_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winning_probabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winning_probabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Winning probabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winning_probabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winning_chances_and_handicaps_in_Go_versus_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winning_chances_and_handicaps_in_Go_versus_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Winning chances and handicaps in Go versus chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winning_chances_and_handicaps_in_Go_versus_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_jugadores_de_go" title="Clasificación de los jugadores de go – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clasificación de los jugadores de go" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_jokalarien_sailkapena" title="Go jokalarien sailkapena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Go jokalarien sailkapena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangs_et_classements_au_go" title="Rangs et classements au go – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rangs et classements au go" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%91%91%EC%9D%98_%EB%8B%A8%EA%B8%89%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="바둑의 단급제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바둑의 단급제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B2%E7%A2%81%E3%81%AE%E6%AE%B5%E7%B4%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="囲碁の段級位制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="囲碁の段級位制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopnie_i_rankingi_w_go" title="Stopnie i rankingi w go – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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.sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_board_part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Go_board_part.jpg/220px-Go_board_part.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Go_board_part.jpg/330px-Go_board_part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Go_board_part.jpg/440px-Go_board_part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Game specifics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Go" title="Rules of Go">Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_(Go)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicap (Go)">Handicaps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Go_handicaps" title="Professional Go handicaps">professional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_proverb" title="Go proverb">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms" title="List of Go terms">List of terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_strategy_and_tactics" title="Go strategy and tactics">Strategy and tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_opening" title="Go opening">Opening</a> (<a href="/wiki/Go_opening_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Go opening theory">theory</a>; <a href="/wiki/Go_opening_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Go opening strategy">strategy</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuseki" title="Fuseki">Fuseki</a></i> (whole-board openings)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dseki" title="Jōseki">Jōseki</a></i> (corner-based openings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_and_death" title="Life and death">Life and death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsumego" title="Tsumego">Tsumego</a></i> (Go puzzles)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History and culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Go" title="History of Go">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_equipment" title="Go equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_variants" title="Go variants">Variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_go_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Four go houses">Four go houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_games" title="List of Go games">List of games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Players and organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_players" class="mw-redirect" title="Go players">Players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Go_players" title="European Go players">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Go_players" title="Female Go players">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranks and ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_professional" title="Go professional">Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_organizations" title="List of Go organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_Go_tournaments" title="List of professional Go tournaments">Competitions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Computers and mathematics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_and_mathematics" title="Go and mathematics">Go and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Go" title="Computer Go">Computer Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_software" title="Go software">Go software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Go_server" title="Internet Go server">Internet Go servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Go_(game)_series_sidebar" title="Template:Go (game) series sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Go_(game)_series_sidebar" title="Template talk:Go (game) series sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Go_(game)_series_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Go (game) series sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are various systems of <b>Go ranks and ratings</b> that measure the skill in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Go_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Go (board game)">board game Go</a>. Traditionally, Go rankings have been measured using a system of <a href="/wiki/Dan_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan rank">dan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyu">kyu</a> ranks. Especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Go_handicap" class="mw-redirect" title="Go handicap">handicapping system</a>, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. This system is also commonly used in many East Asian <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, where it often corresponds with a <a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)#Obi_and_martial_arts" title="Obi (sash)">belt</a> color. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, rating systems have been introduced. In such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kyu_and_dan_ranks">Kyu and dan ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Kyu and dan ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the level of players has been defined using <i>kyu</i> and <i>dan</i> ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-dankyu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dankyu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kyu ranks are considered <i>student</i> ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-gobondclass_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gobondclass-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dan ranks are considered <i>master</i> ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-gobondclass_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gobondclass-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginners who have just learned the rules of the game are usually around 30th kyu.<sup id="cite_ref-goranks_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goranks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they progress, they advance numerically downwards through the kyu grades. The best kyu grade attainable is therefore 1st kyu. If players progress beyond 1st kyu, they will receive the rank of 1st dan, and from then on will move numerically upwards through the dan ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-goranks_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goranks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In martial arts, <a href="/wiki/Shodan_(rank)" title="Shodan (rank)">1st dan</a> is the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a>. The very best players may achieve a <i>professional dan rank</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-goranks_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goranks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rank system is tabulated from the lowest to highest ranks: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank Type </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Stage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Double-digit <i>kyu</i> (級,급) (<i>geup</i> in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>) </td> <td>30–20k </td> <td>Beginner </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double-digit <i>kyu</i> (abbreviated: DDK) </td> <td>19–10k </td> <td>Casual player </td></tr> <tr> <td>Single-digit <i>kyu</i> (abbreviated: SDK) </td> <td>9–1k </td> <td>Intermediate amateur </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amateur <i>dan</i> (段,단) </td> <td>1–7d </td> <td>Advanced amateur </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional <i>dan</i> (段,단) </td> <td>1–9p </td> <td>Professional player </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(There is also an amateur title of 8-dan and a professional title of 10-dan, but these are not the same as ranks.) </p><p>Although almost all organizations use this system, there is no universal calibration. The methods of awarding each of those ranks and the corresponding levels of strength vary from country to country and among <a href="/wiki/Internet_Go_server" title="Internet Go server">online Go servers</a>. This means that a player who is considered to be a 2nd kyu in one country, may only be considered a 5th kyu in another.<sup id="cite_ref-RankCompare_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RankCompare-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differences in strength up to amateur dan level generally correspond to the level of handicap that would yield an even game between the two players. For instance, it is expected that a 3d player could give 2 handicap stones to a 1d player and win half of their games. In contrast, differences in professional ranks are much smaller, perhaps 1/4 to 1/3 of a handicap stone. There are some significant differences in strength between ordinary 9p players and the best players in the world because 9p is the highest rank possible, which may account for this variation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Go ranks were given in 2nd century (CE) China, when <a href="/wiki/Handan_Chun" title="Handan Chun">Handan Chun</a> (Chinese: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%AF%E9%83%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:邯郸">邯郸</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:淳">淳</a>) described the <a href="/wiki/9_Pin_Zhi" title="9 Pin Zhi">9 Pin Zhi</a> (九品制) ranking system in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Arts" title="Classic of Arts">Classic of Arts</a></i> (艺经). From the early 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> formalised the teaching and ranking of Go.<sup id="cite_ref-sansa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sansa-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was later used in <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> schools; and is thought to be derived originally from <a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">court ranks</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It is thought that the fact that there are 9 professional dan grades finds its base in the original 9 Chinese Pin Zhi grades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achieving_a_dan_rank">Achieving a dan rank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Achieving a dan rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dan</i> (abbreviated online as "d") ranks are for advanced amateur players. Although many organisations let players choose their own kyu rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated. This means that players will have to show good results in tournaments or pass exams to be awarded a dan rank. Serious students of the game will often strive to attain a dan rank, much as martial arts practitioners will strive to achieve a black belt. For amateurs, dan ranks up to 7th dan are available. Above this level, a player must become a <a href="/wiki/Go_professional" title="Go professional">professional player</a> to achieve further promotions. In Japan and China, some players are awarded an amateur 8th <i>dan</i> rank as an honorary title for exceptional achievement. In the United States, amateur dan ranks are often based on the AGA rating system. Under this system, some strong amateurs and former professional players have achieved up to 9th dan amateur, though generally they will register as 6th or 7th dan in international events. Similarly, some players have achieved 9th dan amateur ranks in the rating system of online Go servers. </p><p>Although players who have achieved professional dan ranks are nominally stronger than amateur dan players, in practice some of the strongest 7th dan amateur players have a playing level on par with that of some professional players. Such players have either never tried for a professional rank, or have chosen to remain amateur players because they do not want to make a career out of playing Go. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_ranks">Professional ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professional ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_professional" title="Go professional">Go professional</a></div> <p>The professional dan ranking system is similar to that of amateurs in that it awards dan ranks that increase numerically with skill. The difference between these grades is much smaller than with amateurs however, and is not based on the number of handicap stones required. Professional dan ranks go up to 9th dan, but the strength difference between a 1st dan and a 9th dan professional is generally no more than 2–3 handicap stones. </p><p>To distinguish between professional <i>dan</i> and amateur <i>dan</i> ranks, the former is often abbreviated to "p" (sometimes called <i>ping</i>) and the latter to "d". There was no such abbreviation in the past, and this is not generally used as an abbreviation beyond the Internet, where it is common, but not universal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rating_systems">Rating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the invention of calculators and computers, it has become easy to calculate a <b>rating</b> for players based on the results of their games. Commonly used rating systems include the <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glicko_rating_system" title="Glicko rating system">Glicko</a> rating systems. Rating systems generally predict the probability that one player will defeat another player and use this prediction to rank a player's strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elo_ratings_as_used_in_Go">Elo ratings as used in Go</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elo ratings as used in Go"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; float: right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elo Rating</th> <th>Go rank </th></tr> <tr> <td>2940</td> <td>9 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2910</td> <td>8 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2880</td> <td>7 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2850</td> <td>6 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2820</td> <td>5 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2790</td> <td>4 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2760</td> <td>3 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2730</td> <td>2 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2700</td> <td>7 dan amateur or 1 dan professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>2600</td> <td>6 dan (amateur) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500</td> <td>5 dan </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400</td> <td>4 dan </td></tr> <tr> <td>2300</td> <td>3 dan </td></tr> <tr> <td>2200</td> <td>2 dan </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100</td> <td>1 dan </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>1 kyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td>2 kyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>3 kyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>1500</td> <td>6 kyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000</td> <td>11 kyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td>16 kyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>20 kyu </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Go_Federation" title="European Go Federation">European Go Federation (EGF)</a> implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo rating system</a> attempts to establish rough correspondence between ratings and kyu/dan ranks. This is done by varying some of the components of the Elo formula to achieve a close match to the adjacent table. The probability (S<sub>E</sub>) that the player with the lower rating, player A, wins against a higher rated player B is given by the formula </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{E}(A)={\frac {1}{e^{D/a}+1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{E}(A)={\frac {1}{e^{D/a}+1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/271dea7425017da7c6a9d7f18ce4421a63fbdf3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.771ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{E}(A)={\frac {1}{e^{D/a}+1}}}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>D</i> is the rating difference: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{B}-R_{A}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{B}-R_{A}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/11c2f71c3da8119e0923278bf05e4e34f5250f59" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.7ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{B}-R_{A}\,}"></span></li> <li><i>a</i> is varied depending on the prior rating of player A.</li></ul> <p>The probability that player B wins is calculated as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{E}(B)=1-S_{E}(A)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{E}(B)=1-S_{E}(A)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09253e2c5c95761c094fa725aa3abf113beed0e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.44ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{E}(B)=1-S_{E}(A)\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The new rating of a player is calculated as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{n}=R_{o}+K(S-S_{E})\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{n}=R_{o}+K(S-S_{E})\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3508c5213c8c55cfb183c9d38801767dd9ca6ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.23ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{n}=R_{o}+K(S-S_{E})\,}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>R</i><sub><i>n</i></sub> = new rating</li> <li><i>R</i><sub><i>o</i></sub> = old rating</li> <li><i>S</i> = score (1, 0.5 or 0)</li> <li><i>S</i><sub><i>E</i></sub> = expected score</li> <li><i>K</i> is varied depending on the rating of the players</li></ul> <p><i>K</i> is varied depending on the rating of the players, because of the low confidence in (lower) amateur ratings (high fluctuation in the outcome) but high confidence in pro ratings (stable, consistent play). K is 116 at rating 100 and 10 at rating 2700<sup id="cite_ref-GoR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the EGF system, the Elo points won by the winner almost equal the ones lost by the loser and the maximum points movement is the constant <i>K</i> (from above). However, there is a slight inflationary mechanism built into the ratings adjustment after each game to compensate for the fact that newcomers usually bring fewer ELO points into the pool than they take out with them when they cease active play. Other Elo-flavor ratings such as the AGA, IGS, and DGS systems use <a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation" title="Maximum likelihood estimation">maximum likelihood estimation</a> to adjust ratings, so those systems are anchored by prior distributions rather than by attempting to ensure that the gain/loss of ratings is zero sum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_rating_systems">Other rating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other rating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variation of the Elo rating system called WHR ('Whole History Rating'), differs from standard Elo in that it retroactively re-rates players based on their entire history after each new result is added, rather than incrementally changing a player's rating on a game-by-game basis. This involves more intense computation than other methods, but is claimed that "in comparison to Elo, Glicko, TrueSkill, and decayed-history algorithms, WHR produces better predictions.".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goratings.org/en/">Go Ratings</a> implements the WHR method to calculate global player rankings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rating_base">Rating base</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rating base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ratings of players are generally measured using the game results of Go competitions and <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournaments</a>. Most clubs and countries maintain their own ratings, as do Go playing servers. Go tournaments in Europe use the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemma.ujf.cas.cz/~cieply/GO//gor.html">EGF Official ratings</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a small club, ranks may be decided informally and adjusted manually when players consistently win or lose. In larger clubs or country wide rating systems, a mathematical ranking system is generally easier to maintain. Players can then be promoted or demoted based on their strength as calculated from their wins and losses. </p><p>Most Go playing servers use a mathematical rating system to keep track of the playing strength of their members. Such ratings may or may not be translated to kyu and dan ranks for the convenience of the players. </p><p>Player pools that do not regularly mix (such as different countries, or sub-groups on online servers) often result in divergent playing strengths compared to the same nominal rank level of other groups. Players asked to give their rank will therefore often qualify it with "in my country" or "on this Internet server".<sup id="cite_ref-RankCompare_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RankCompare-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winning_probabilities">Winning probabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Winning probabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rating indirectly represents the probability of winning an even game against other rated players. This probability depends only on the difference between the two players' ratings, but its magnitude varies greatly from one implementation to another. The American Go Association adopted a uniform standard deviation of 104,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. slightly more than one rank, while the European Go Federation ratings have a sliding standard of deviation from 200 for beginners down to 70 for top players.<sup id="cite_ref-GoR_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IGS has a fixed standard deviation for all levels of play, but a non-standard distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table displays some of the differences: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rating<br />organisation </th> <th colspan="4">Rating </th> <th colspan="3">Winning % of the stronger player </th></tr> <tr> <th>2 kyu </th> <th>1 kyu </th> <th>1 dan </th> <th>2 dan </th> <th>1k vs. 2k </th> <th>1d vs. 2k </th> <th>2d vs. 2k </th></tr> <tr> <td>AGA </td> <td>−250 </td> <td>−150 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>83.2% </td> <td>97.3% </td> <td>99.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>EGF </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>2100 </td> <td>2200 </td> <td>71.3% </td> <td>86.0% </td> <td>93.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>IGS </td> <td>30 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>71.9% </td> <td>84.2% </td> <td>91.1% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winning_chances_and_handicaps_in_Go_versus_chess">Winning chances and handicaps in Go versus chess</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Winning chances and handicaps in Go versus chess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in chess a player must take some risks to avoid a draw, in Go draws (jigo) are either impossible (with superko and non-integer komi, such as 6.5 points, as is common) or less likely in the case of integer komi. Also, an average game of Go lasts for 240 moves (120 moves in chess terms), compared to 40 in chess, so there are more opportunities for a weaker player to make sub-optimal moves. The ability to transform a small advantage into a win increases with playing strength. Due to this ability, stronger players are more consistent in their results against weaker players and will generally score a higher percentage of wins against opponents at the same rank distance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dankyu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dankyu_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sentego.net/go-ranking-and-rating-system/#Go_rankings_and_ratings">"Go ranking and rating system explained"</a>. <i>Sentego</i>. 28 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sentego&rft.atitle=Go+ranking+and+rating+system+explained&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsentego.net%2Fgo-ranking-and-rating-system%2F%23Go_rankings_and_ratings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gobondclass-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gobondclass_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gobondclass_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNederlandse_Go_Bond" class="citation web cs1">Nederlandse Go Bond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910232529/http://www.gobond.nl/Generiek/ToonPagina.php?Pagina=14">"Classifiactie van spelers"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Go+ranks&rft.au=David+Mechner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechner.com%2Fdavid%2Fgo%2Fkyu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RankCompare-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RankCompare_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RankCompare_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSensei's_Library" class="citation web cs1">Sensei's Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senseis.xmp.net/?RankWorldwideComparison">"Rank Worldwide Comparison"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rank+Worldwide+Comparison&rft.au=Sensei%27s+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsenseis.xmp.net%2F%3FRankWorldwideComparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sansa-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sansa_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoGoD_(Fairbairn_&_Hall)2007" class="citation cs2">GoGoD (Fairbairn & Hall) (2007), "Honinbo Dosaku", <i>Articles on Famous Players</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Honinbo+Dosaku&rft.btitle=Articles+on+Famous+Players&rft.date=2007&rft.au=GoGoD+%28Fairbairn+%26+Hall%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoR_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoR_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Go_Database" class="citation web cs1">European Go Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europeangodatabase.eu/EGD/EGF_rating_system.php">"EGF Official ratings system"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGF+Official+ratings+system&rft.au=European+Go+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropeangodatabase.eu%2FEGD%2FEGF_rating_system.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remi-coulom.fr/WHR/">"Whole-History Rating: A Bayesian Rating System for Players of Time-Varying Strength"</a>. <i>www.remi-coulom.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.remi-coulom.fr&rft.atitle=Whole-History+Rating%3A+A+Bayesian+Rating+System+for+Players+of+Time-Varying+Strength&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remi-coulom.fr%2FWHR%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulom" class="citation web cs1">Coulom, Rémi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remi-coulom.fr/WHR/WHR.pdf">"Whole-History Rating: A Bayesian Rating System for Players of Time-Varying Strength"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whole-History+Rating%3A+A+Bayesian+Rating+System+for+Players+of+Time-Varying+Strength&rft.aulast=Coulom&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remi-coulom.fr%2FWHR%2FWHR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226050729/http://gemma.ujf.cas.cz/~cieply/GO/gor.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214230651/https://www.usgo.org/files/pdf/AGARatings-Simple.pdf">Inside the AGA Ratings System</a> refers to the standard deviation used to calculate winning expectancies as px_sigma.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pandanet.co.jp/English/commands/term/TOC.html">The IGS Rating System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825012128/http://www.pandanet.co.jp/English/commands/term/TOC.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> implies a distribution function which is not a bell curve, but a "pointy hat".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficial_European_Ratings" class="citation web cs1">Official European Ratings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104237/http://gemma.ujf.cas.cz/~cieply/GO/statev.html">"Statistics on Even Games"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemma.ujf.cas.cz/~cieply/GO/statev.html">the original</a> on 2016-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+on+Even+Games&rft.au=Official+European+Ratings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemma.ujf.cas.cz%2F~cieply%2FGO%2Fstatev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+ranks+and+ratings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_ranks_and_ratings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemma.ujf.cas.cz/~cieply/GO/gor.html">Official European Ratings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220125808/http://gemma.ujf.cas.cz/~cieply/GO/gor.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the European Go Federation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017035131/http://www.usgo.org/ratings/default.html">AGA Rating Information</a> by the American GO Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senseis.xmp.net/?RankWorldwideComparison">Approximate comparison between different ranking systems</a> at Sensei's Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goratings.org/en/">Go Ratings</a> website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Go440" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Go_(game)" title="Template:Go (game)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Go_(game)" title="Template talk:Go (game)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Go_(game)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Go (game)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Go440" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_handicaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Go handicaps">Handicaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_(go)" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi (go)"><i>Komi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Go" title="Rules of Go">Rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Go_equipment" title="Go equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_equipment#Bowls" title="Go equipment">Bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goban_(go_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goban (go game)"><i>Goban</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_(tree)#Uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsura (tree)"><i>Katsura</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_(tree)#Uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaya (tree)"><i>Kaya</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Go stones">Stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bivalve_shell#Uses" title="Bivalve shell">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate#Other_uses" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunzi" title="Yunzi"><i>Yunzi</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms" title="List of Go terms">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Aji" title="List of Go terms"><i>Aji</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Atari" title="List of Go terms"><i>Atari</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Board_positions" title="List of Go terms">Board positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Dame" title="List of Go terms"><i>Dame</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Divine_move" title="List of Go terms">Divine move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Double_hane" title="List of Go terms">Double <i>hane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Eyes" title="List of Go terms">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Gote,_sente_and_tenuki" title="List of Go terms"><i>Gote</i>, <i>sente</i> and <i>tenuki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Hane" title="List of Go terms"><i>Hane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Hayago" title="List of Go terms"><i>Hayago</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Jigo" title="List of Go terms"><i>Jigo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Joseki" title="List of Go terms"><i>Joseki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kakari" title="List of Go terms"><i>Kakari</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Keima" title="List of Go terms"><i>Keima</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kiai" title="List of Go terms"><i>Kiai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kikashi" title="List of Go terms"><i>Kikashi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Ko" title="List of Go terms"><i>Ko</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Komi" title="List of Go terms"><i>Komi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Korigatachi" title="List of Go terms"><i>Korigatachi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kosumi" title="List of Go terms"><i>Kosumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Ladder" title="List of Go terms">Ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Liberty" title="List of Go terms">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Miai" title="List of Go terms"><i>Miai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Monkey_jump" title="List of Go terms">Monkey jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Moyo" title="List of Go terms"><i>Moyo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Myoushu" title="List of Go terms"><i>Myoushu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Nakade" title="List of Go terms"><i>Nakade</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Nerai" title="List of Go terms"><i>Nerai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Myoushu" title="List of Go terms"><i>Myoushu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Peep" title="List of Go terms">Peep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Pincer" title="List of Go terms">Pincer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Probe" title="List of Go terms">Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Sabaki" title="List of Go terms"><i>Sabaki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Seki" title="List of Go terms"><i>Seki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Sente" title="List of Go terms"><i>Sente</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Shape" title="List of Go terms">Shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Shoulder_hit" title="List of Go terms">Shoulder hit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Tesuji" title="List of Go terms"><i>Tesuji</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Thickness" title="List of Go terms">Thickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Yose" title="List of Go terms"><i>Yose</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Go_strategy_and_tactics" title="Go strategy and tactics">Strategy and tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capturing_race" title="Capturing race">Capturing race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuseki" title="Fuseki"><i>Fuseki</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fuseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese fuseki">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_fuseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobayashi fuseki">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinfuseki" title="Shinfuseki"><i>Shinfuseki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shusaku_fuseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shusaku fuseki">Shusaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dseki" title="Jōseki"><i>Jōseki</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadare_j%C5%8Dseki" title="Nadare jōseki"><i>Nadare</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisha_j%C5%8Dseki" title="Taisha jōseki"><i>Taisha</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_fight" title="Ko fight"><i>Ko</i> fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_(Go)" title="Ladder (Go)">Ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_and_death" title="Life and death">Life and death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Go" title="Mirror Go">Mirror Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_opening" title="Go opening">Opening theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_proverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Go proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_(Go)" title="Shape (Go)">Shape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empty_triangle" title="Empty triangle">Empty triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnuki" title="Ponnuki"><i>Ponnuki</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuki" title="Tenuki"><i>Tenuki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsumego" title="Tsumego"><i>Tsumego</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Go" title="History of Go">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Arts" title="Classic of Arts"><i>Classic of Arts</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Go_Manual" title="Dunhuang Go Manual"><i>Dunhuang Go Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Emperor Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Go_houses" title="Four Go houses">Four Go houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts#Qi_(棋)" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoensha" title="Hoensha">Hoensha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Pin_Zhi" title="9 Pin Zhi">9 Pin Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Korschelt" title="Oskar Korschelt">Oskar Korschelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshirogo" title="Oshirogo"><i>Oshirogo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_players" title="List of Go players">Players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Go_players" title="European Go players">European players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Go_players" title="Female Go players">Female players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in_Hall_of_Fame" title="Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame">Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Go_handicaps" title="Professional Go handicaps">Professional handicaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_professional" title="Go professional">Go professional</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranks and ratings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(rank)" title="Dan (rank)">Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB" title="Kyū"><i>Kyū</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Go_titles" title="Honorary Go titles">Honorary titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubango" title="Jubango"><i>Jubango</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_title_holders_in_Go" title="List of top title holders in Go">Title holders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_Go_tournaments" title="List of professional Go tournaments">Tournaments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_games" title="List of Go games">Games and matches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui" title="AlphaGo versus Fan Hui">AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie" title="AlphaGo versus Ke Jie">AlphaGo vs. Ke Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_games#Atomic_bomb_game" title="List of Go games">Atomic bomb game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood-vomiting_game" title="Blood-vomiting game">Blood-vomiting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear-reddening_game" title="Ear-reddening game">Ear-reddening game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_games#The_Game_of_the_Century" title="List of Go games">The Game of the Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_jubango" title="Kamakura jubango">Kamakura jubango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_games#Lee's_broken_ladder_game" title="List of Go games">Lee's broken ladder game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_(film)" title="AlphaGo (film)"><i>AlphaGo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Move" title="The Divine Move"><i>The Divine Move</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Played_Go" title="The Girl Who Played Go"><i>The Girl Who Played Go</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Go_Master" title="The Go Master"><i>The Go Master</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Player_(TV_series)" title="Go Player (TV series)"><i>The Go Player</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_World" title="Go World"><i>Go World</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikaru_no_Go" title="Hikaru no Go"><i>Hikaru no Go</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igo_Hatsuy%C5%8Dron" title="Igo Hatsuyōron"><i>Igo Hatsuyōron</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ode_to_Watching_Weiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Ode to Watching Weiqi"><i>Long Ode to Watching Weiqi</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_MANIAC" title="The MANIAC">The MANIAC</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_of_Go" title="The Master of Go"><i>The Master of Go</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranka_(legend)" title="Ranka (legend)"><i>Ranka</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensei%27s_Library" title="Sensei's Library">Sensei's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibumi_(novel)" title="Shibumi (novel)"><i>Shibumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Surrounding_Game" title="The Surrounding Game"><i>The Surrounding Game</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weiqi_Devil" title="The Weiqi Devil"><i>The Weiqi Devil</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Go_software" title="Go software">Computers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Go_UEC_Cup" title="Computer Go UEC Cup">Computer Go UEC Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Go" title="Computer Go">Engines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="AlphaGo Master">AlphaGo Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_Zero" title="AlphaGo Zero">AlphaGo Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Stone_(software)" title="Crazy Stone (software)">Crazy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkforest" title="Darkforest">Darkforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Art_(software)" title="Fine Art (software)">Fine Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KataGo" title="KataGo">KataGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_(software)" title="Leela (software)">Leela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Zero" title="Leela Zero">Leela Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_(software)" title="Zen (software)">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Go_Summit" title="Future of Go Summit">Future of Go Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_tree_search" title="Monte Carlo tree search">Monte Carlo tree search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Game_Format" title="Smart Game Format">Smart Game Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Go_server" title="Internet Go server">Servers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KGS_Go_Server" title="KGS Go Server">KGS Go Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanet" title="Pandanet">Pandanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tygem" title="Tygem">Tygem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_organizations" title="List of Go organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Go_Association" title="American Go Association">American Go Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Go_Association" title="Australian Go Association">Australian Go Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Go_Association" title="British Go Association">British Go Association</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Qiyuan" title="China Qiyuan">China Qiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Weiqi_Association" title="Chinese Weiqi Association">Chinese Weiqi Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Go_Association" title="Hong Kong Go Association">Hong Kong Go Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Go_Federation" title="European Go Federation">European Go Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Federation_of_Go" title="French Federation of Go">French Federation of Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Go_Federation" title="International Go Federation">International Go Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Go_Association" title="Irish Go Association">Irish Go Association</a></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Japan_Student_Go_Federation" title="All Japan Student Go Federation">All Japan Student Go Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_Ki-in" title="Kansai Ki-in">Kansai Ki-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in" title="Nihon Ki-in">Nihon Ki-in</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Baduk_Association" title="Korea Baduk Association">Korea Baduk Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myongji_University" title="Myongji University">Myongji University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_Sports_Organisation" title="Mind Sports Organisation">Mind Sports Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Go_Society" title="New Zealand Go Society">New Zealand Go Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Weiqi_Association" title="Singapore Weiqi Association">Singapore Weiqi Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Chi_Yuan_Culture_Foundation" title="Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation">Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benson%27s_algorithm_(Go)" title="Benson's algorithm (Go)">Benson's algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_game_record" title="Go game record">Game record (<i>kifu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_played_with_Go_equipment" title="Games played with Go equipment">Games played with Go equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_and_mathematics" title="Go and mathematics">Go and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_variants" title="Go variants">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batoo" title="Batoo"><i>Batoo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_go" title="Capture go">Capture go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sygo" title="Sygo">Sygo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GO_game.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GO_game.png/28px-GO_game.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GO_game.png/42px-GO_game.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GO_game.png/56px-GO_game.png 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Go">Go portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Go_(game)" title="Category:Go (game)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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