Virtual Reference: A Selected Annotated Bibliography

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class="bg-secondaryColor20"> <div class="lg:container lg:py-16 relative lg:items-center"> <div class="px-5 py-12 lg:pt-20 lg:pb-0 xl:mb-0 xl:pt-0 2xl:px-0 text-center"> <h1 class="mx-0 my-2">Virtual Reference: A Selected Annotated Bibliography</h1> <div class="text-[22px] text-mainBlack opacity-80 font-bitter max-w-[800px] mx-auto pb-8 lg:pb-0"> This fact sheet offers a selection of articles, web resources, and some vendor information that will provide an introduction when considering implementing virtual reference services. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node__content px-5 xl:px-0"> <div class="layout xl:flex"> <div class="node__sidebar m-auto xl:mx-0 z-50 mt-4 lg:max-w-[338px] xl:max-w-[300px] xl:mt-12"> <nav id="block-toolssecondarynav" class="block block-menu navigation menu--tools-secondary-nav static xl:relative sidebar-menu" aria-labelledby="block-toolssecondarynav-menu" role="navigation"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-toolssecondarynav-menu" 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class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16229">ALA Membership Surveys</a> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/digitalinclusion" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16227">Digital Inclusion Survey</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/digitalinclusion/news" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10475">News</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/initiatives/plftas" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10445">Public Library Funding & Technology Access Study</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/initiatives/plftas/projectpartners" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10446">Project Partners</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/initiatives/plftas/relatedresources" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10447">Related Resources</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10448">Librarianship & Library Staff Statistics</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/diversity" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12675">Diversity</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/diversity/libdirectors" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10458">Library directors: gender and salary</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/diversity/racialethnic" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10466">Racial and ethnic diversity among librarians: a status report</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/librarystaffstudies" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12676">Library Staff Studies</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/librarystaffstudies/collbargainagreement" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10439">Collective Bargaining Agreements and Pay Systems</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/librarystaffstudies/employeebenefits" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10442">Employee Benefits</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/librarystaffstudies/libsupjobtitles" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10460">Library Support Staff Job Titles</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/librarystaffstudies/partialresults" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10463">Partial Results from Schools and Staffing Survey 1999-2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/librarystaffstudies/spendstaffdevel" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10473">Spending on Staff Development</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystaffstats/recruitment" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10456">Recruitment & Retirement</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14045">Library Statistics</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/academic" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10450">Academic Libraries</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/academic/academiclibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10433">Academic libraries* in the United States Statistical trends</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/academic/nces" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10444">NCES Reports</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/economichard" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10441">Economic Hard Times and Public Library Use Revisited</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/outsideUS" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10453">Libraries Outside the US</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/cooperatives" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10451">Library Cooperatives</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/bowker2005" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10437">Library Research and Statistics</a> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/public" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10454">Public Libraries</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/public/publiclibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10465">Public Libraries in the United States Statistical trends, 1990-2003*</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/public/serviceschildren" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10472">Services to children in U.S. public libraries</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://www.ala.org/research/librariesmatter/taxonomy/term/129" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">ROI Bibliography</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/bowker04" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10436">Research & Statistics on Libraries & Librarianship in 2003</a> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/researchlibrarieslibrarianship2000" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10470">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/clirbowker2000" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10438">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/publiclibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10464">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/grantsbowker" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10443">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/awardsbowker" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10434">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/librariansbowker" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10459">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/schoollibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10471">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/noteworthybowker" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10462">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/academiclibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10432">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/digitallibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10440">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2000</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/researchlibrarieslibrarianship" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10469">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2001</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/researchlibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10468">Research on Libraries and Librarianship in 2002</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/librarymediacenter" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10452">School Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/statelibraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10455">State Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/research/librarystats/recipborrresponses" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10467">Table of Responses Reciprocal Borrowing Survey</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded active unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: true }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/resource-guides" class="active max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16696">Resource Guides</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://libguides.ala.org/ala-periodicals" title="A list of the current and historical periodicals published by ALA" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">American Library Association Periodicals</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/bookdiscussiongroups" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Book Discussion Groups</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/book-donations" title="quick resources for those looking to discard or obtain books and magazines" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Book Donations (and Magazines)</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://libguides.ala.org/library-construction" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Building Libraries & Library Additions</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/catalogingtools" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Cataloging Tools and Resources</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/copyright" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Copyright for Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/InformationEvaluation" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Evaluating Information</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/isbn-issn" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">ISBN and ISSN Systems</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/Interlibraryloans" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Interlibrary Loans</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet26" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7878">Internet Access and Digital Holdings in Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/Jointuselibraries/Overview" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Joint-Use Libraries Bibliography</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/disaster" title="Putting a plan in place before a disaster strikes, and what to do when disaster does strike" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Library Disaster Preparedness & Response</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet24" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8142">Library Fund Raising</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet04" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7779">Library Operating Expenditures</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/librarypolicy" title="Why and how to write library policies." class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Library Policy Development</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://libguides.ala.org/vendors" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Library Products, Consultants</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet29" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13166">Links to Library Web Resources</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/mailing-lists" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Lists of Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/marketing-to-libraries" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Marketing to Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://libguides.ala.org/libraryrelocation" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Moving Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/libraryfacts" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Nation's Largest Public Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/NationalLibrarySymbol" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">National Library Symbol</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://libguides.ala.org/c.php?g=751692&p=5384462" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Number Employed in Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/numberoflibraries" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Number of Libraries in the U.S.</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/libpreservation" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Preservation</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/PrisonLibraries" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Prison Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet06" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8115">Public Library Use</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/rfid-libraries" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">RFID and Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/recommended-reading" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Recommended Reading</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/Researchingchallengedbooks" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Researching Banned & Challenged Books</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/SettingUpaLibrary" title="help setting up any type of library" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Setting Up a Library</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://libguides.ala.org/summer-reading" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Summer Reading Programs</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7641">Top 100 Libraries (per collection)</a> </li> <li class="active unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/virtual-reference-selected-annotated-bibliography" class="active max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13259" aria-current="page">Virtual Reference</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet15" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12288">Weeding Bibliography</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/topics/atoz" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15880">Topics A to Z</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/guidelines" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8324">ALA Standards & Guidelines</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/guidelines/standardsguidelines" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16022">ALA Standards & Guidelines</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/guidelines/standardsmanual/manual" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1431">ALA Standards Manual</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/future" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14109">Center for the Future of Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/covid-19-recovery" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15250">COVID-19 Recovery</a> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15378">Challenge Support</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/report" title="Report Censorship!" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15969">Challenge Reporting</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/respond" title="Oral complaints can occur at any time. Library workers and educators who receive such expressions of concern should courteously refer them to the person responsible for responding to concerns, who should take the following steps:" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14822">How to Respond to Challenges and Concerns about Library Resources</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/requestforreconsideration" title="If the library receives a completed reconsideration form, the person or group designated in library policy to handle challenges should take the following steps:" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14509">Formal Requests for Reconsideration</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/reconsiderationcommittees" title="Under the best professional standards, reconsideration policies ask those charged with reviewing a challenged book to set aside their personal beliefs and evaluate the work in light of the objective standards outlined in the library’s materials selection " class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14511">Guidelines for Reconsideration Committees</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/hearing" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14512">Guidance for Holding a Public Meeting</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/media" title="When appropriate, as the challenge becomes public, library and school district administrators may seek the support of local media. Informing local civic organizations of the facts and enlisting their support may counter negative, one-sided media coverage " class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14513">Working with the Media</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/selectionpolicytoolkit" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14514">Selection & Reconsideration Policy Toolkit</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/youthresourcesFAQ" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14558">Answering Questions about Youth and Access to Library Resources</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/community" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14592">Working with Community Leaders</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/challengesupport/share" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14960">"Report Censorship" Toolkit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14981">Libraries Transforming Communities</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/engagement" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13386">What Is Community Engagement?</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/world" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/60243">Community Engagement around the World</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/about-ltc" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16380">About LTC</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/program-evaluation" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16216">Program Evaluation</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://www.ala.org/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/access" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Accessible Small and Rural Communities</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://www.ala.org/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/focusgrants" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Focus on Small and Rural Libraries</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/online-learning" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16698">Online Learning</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/dialogue-deliberation-resources" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16381">Dialogue & Deliberation Resources</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/join-our-mailing-list" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15308">Join Us on ALA Connect</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://www.ala.org/tools/programming/apply" title="Current opportunities from the Public Programs Office" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Current Opportunities</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/ethics" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14682">Professional Ethics</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/ethics/conflictsofinterestqa" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14495">Conflicts of Interest Q&A</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/ethics/copyright" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14494">Copyright Interpretation</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/ethics/enforcementqa" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12837">Enforcement of the Code of Ethics Q&A</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/ethics/socialmediaqa" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14493">Ethics and Social Media Q&A</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/ethics/workplacespeechqa" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14492">Speech in the Workplace Q&A</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11826">Programming & Exhibitions</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://ala.org/offices/ppo" title="ALA Public Programs Office" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">About the ALA Public Programs Office</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/apply" title="Show available grant opportunities from ALA/PPO." class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17553">Apply for Programming Grants and Awards</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/ppo/ccf/culturalcommunities" title="Cultural Communities Fund" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Support ALA's Cultural Communities Fund</a> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/bookgrants" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12937">Current Projects</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/USHolocaustMuseum" title="Americans and the Holocaust: A Traveling Exhibition for Libraries" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17485">Americans and the Holocaust</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/communityconnect/fostering" title="Community Connect: Fostering Digital Access" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16522">Community Connect</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/exploring-human-origins" title="Exploring Human Origins: Promoting a National Conversation on Human Evolution" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17095">Exploring Human Origins</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/greatstories" title="Great Stories Club" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14239">Great Stories Club</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/ltai" title="Let's Talk About It" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15104">Let's Talk About It</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/LTCEG" title="Libraries Transform Communities: Engagement Grant" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17176">Libraries Transform Communities: Engagement Grant</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/access" title="Libraries Transforming Communities: Accessible Small and Rural Communities" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17231">Libraries Transforming Communities: Accessible Small and Rural Communities</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/MediaLiteracy" title="Media Literacy Education in Libraries for Adult Audiences" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15834">Media Literacy Education in Libraries for Adult Audiences</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://nilppa.org/" title="National Impact of Library Public Programs Assessment" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">National Impact of Library Public Programs Assessment</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/PeggyBarberGrant" title="Peggy Barber Tribute Grant" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17174">Peggy Barber Tribute Grant</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/jaffarianaward" title="Sara Jaffarian School Library Program Award" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17423">Sara Jaffarian School Library Program Award</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/thinking-money-kids" title="Thinking Money for Kids" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16682">Thinking Money for Kids</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/world-on-the-move" title="World on the Move: 250,000 Years of Human Migration" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15814">World on the Move</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/pastprojects" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10407">Past Projects</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://live-alaorg.pantheonsite.io/tools/programming/americandream" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">American Dream Literacy Initiative </a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/ARPhumanities" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15151">American Rescue Plan: Humanities Grants for Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/muslimjourneys" title="Apply by Sept. 25, 2012." class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14143">Bridging Cultures Bookshelf: Muslim Journeys</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/commonground" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10403">Building Common Ground: Discussions of Community, Civility and Compassion</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/dustbowl" title="Dust, Drought, and Dreams Gone Dry: a Traveling Exhibition on the Dust Bowl" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15962">Dust, Drought, and Dreams Gone Dry</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/engage-picturing-america-through-civic-engagement" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13797">Engage! Picturing America through Civic Engagement</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/latinoamericans" title="Latino Americans: 500 Years of History" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8207">Latino Americans: 500 Years of History</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/ltai/suffrage" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15049">Let's Talk About It: Women's Suffrage</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://live-alaorg.pantheonsite.io/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming-communities/small-mid-rural-public" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Libraries Transforming Communities: Facilitation Skills for Small and Rural Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/media-literacy-your-library" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14063">Media Literacy @ Your Library</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/nasalibraries" title="NASA @ My Library" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14779">NASA @ My Library</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://apply.ala.org/nativevoices/" title="Native Voices: Native People's Concepts of Health and Illness" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Native Voices: Native People's Concepts of Health and Illness</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/new-americans" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13120">New Americans Library Project</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/onebook" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12495">One Book, One Community</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/climatechange%250d" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13971">Resilient Communities: Libraries Respond to the Climate Change</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/21stcenturyskills" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16547">Skills for 21st-Century Librarians</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/STEAMequity/advisorcall" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13697">STAR_Net Steam Equity Project</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/storycorps" title="StoryCorps @ your library is a two-year pilot program to create a replicable model of multi-format public programming on broad themes of oral narrative and local history, that may be tailored to specific locales, holidays, or heritage months." class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13807">StoryCorps @ your library</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/LOCsuffrage" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16684">Teaching with Primary Sources: Women's Suffrage & Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://apply.ala.org/thinkingmoney/" title="Thinking Money" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Thinking Money</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/thinking-money-kids/inclusivefinlit" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16369">Thinking Money for All Kids: Diverse and Inclusive Reads to Teach Young People about Money</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://live-alaorg.pantheonsite.io/tools/programming/thinking-money-kids" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Thinking Money for Kids Traveling Exhibit</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/programming/visions/visionsuniverse" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2054">Visions of the Universe: Four Centuries of Discovery</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/publications" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13399">Publications</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">American Libraries Magazine</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="https://www.booklistonline.com/Default.aspx" title="" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block">Booklist</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/publications/studiestrends" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7582">Library Studies, Issues & Trends</a> </li> <li class="has-child expanded unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/publications/techsource" title="ALA TechSource publishes Library Technology Reports and Marshall Breeding’s Smart Libraries Newsletter." class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15764">TechSource</a> <span class="below" @click="show = !show"></span> <ul x-show="show" class="sidebar-nav list-style-none pl-0 ml-0 lg:max-w-[340px] w-full" > <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/publications/techsource/about" title="About ALA TechSource" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15190">About</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/tools/publications/techsource/subscribe" title="Subscribe to ALA TechSource Publications" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19650">Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/future" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14109">Center for the Future of Libraries</a> </li> <li class="unlocked relative inline-block items-center pl-0 w-full border-b border-gray-200" x-data="{ show: false }" :class="{ 'active': show }" > <a href="/aboutala/about-ala/home" class="max-w-[90%] font-bitter text-base text-black no-underline py-5 inline-block" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15597">About ALA</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <button class="btn-white sidebar-nav-toggle">Menu <span class="toggle-nav"><span>Toggle navigation</span></span></button> </div> <div class="node__main w-full xl:max-w-940 xl:ml-[7.5rem] xl:text-lg"> <div class="px-6 mx-auto mt-12 xl:px-0 xl:max-w-[940px] xl:text-lg"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><!DOCTYPE html> <html><body> <h2>ALA Library Fact Sheet 19</h2> <p><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> | <a href="#Web%20Resources">Web Resources</a> | <a href="#Guidelines">Guidelines</a> | <a href="#Email%20Discussion">Email Discussion Groups</a> | <a href="#Book%20Resources">Book Resources</a> | <a href="#Journal%20Articles">Journal Articles</a> | <a href="#Vendors">Vendors & Platforms</a></p> <p>This fact sheet offers a selection of articles, web resources, and some vendor information that will provide an introduction to the issues to consider when considering implementing virtual reference services. The American Library Association cannot make specific product recommendations.</p> <p>Also see the resources collected by this office at <a href="http://wikis.ala.org/professionaltips/index.php?title=Virtual_Reference">Virtual Reference on the ALA Professional Tips Wiki</a>.</p> <p>Librarians seeking information not included in these sources are referred to the <em>Library Literature & Information Science Index</em>.</p> <p><a></a></p> <h3>Definitions</h3> <p>Virtual reference is reference service initiated electronically, often in real-time, where patrons employ computers or other Internet technology to communicate with reference staff, without being physically present. Communication channels used frequently in virtual reference include chat, videoconferencing, Voice over IP, co-browsing, e-mail, and instant messaging. (RUSA Guidelines for Implementing and Maintaining Virtual Reference Services, 2010)</p> <p>Reference services requested and provided over the Internet, usually via e-mail, instant messaging ("chat"), or Web-based submission forms, usually answered by librarians in the reference department of a library, sometimes by the participants in a collaborative reference system serving more than one institution. Synonymous with <em>chat reference</em>, <em>e-reference</em>, <em>online reference</em>, <em>real-time reference</em>, and <em>virtual reference</em>. (<a href="http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_d.aspx#digitalref">ODLIS definition of Digital Reference</a>)</p> <p><a></a></p> <h3>Web Resources</h3> <p><a href="http://www.alatechsource.org/">ALA TechSource</a><br><br> Besides publishing in print and online the subscription publications Library Technology Reports, an evaluative guide to library systems and services, and Library Systems Newsletter, a monthly overview of the library automation marketplace, ALA TechSource has launched the ALA TechSource Blog, which, as mentioned in its initial entry, "aims to provide its subscribers with insightful and pertinent news about, and commentary on, technology related to and used in the library field."</p> <p><a href="http://www.libsuccess.org/index.php?title=Online_Reference">Library Success: A Best Practices Wiki</a><br><br> This website offers online resources put together by librarians including software suggestions, lists of libraries using specific types of virtual reference, blogs to watch, and links to additional resources for IM reference training.</p> <p><a href="http://www.ala.org/pla/tools/technotes/virtualreference">PLA (Public Library Association) Tech Notes on Virtual Reference</a><br><br> This is a short, web-based paper introducing Virtual Reference to public libraries.</p> <p><a href="http://www.ala.org/rusa/vrc" target="_blank">Virtual Reference Companion: A Guide for VR Coordinators and Librarians</a><br><br> The Reference & User Services Association (RUSA), a division the the American Library Association, has designed this for anyone who works with or manages a virtual reference program. It includes starting a VR service, what skills those staffing the service should hold, and what types of technologies are relevant. Once you are ready to implement your service, there is also information on marketing and assessing the services.</p> <p><a href="http://www.webjunction.org/virtual-reference/resources/overview">WebJunction Virtual Reference Resources</a><br><br> Content provided by the Virtual Reference Desk project and the WebJunction community.</p> <p><a></a></p> <h3>Guidelines</h3> <p><a href="http://www.ala.org/rusa/sites/ala.org.rusa/files/content/resources/guidelines/GuidelinesVirtualReference_2017.pdf">Guidelines for Implementing and Maintaining Virtual Reference Services (PDF).</a> Reference and User Services Association. Approved by RUSA Board of Directors, 2017.</p> <p><a href="http://ala.org/rusa/resources/guidelines/guidelinesintroduction">Guidelines for the Introduction of Electronic Information Resources to Users.</a><br><br> Reference and User Services Association. Approved by the RUSA Board of Directors, June 2006.</p> <p><a href="http://ala.org/rusa/resources/guidelines/guidelinesbehavioral">Guidelines for Behavioral Performance of Reference and Information Service Providers.</a><br><br> Reference and User Services Association. Approved by the RUSA Board of Directors, June 2004.</p> <p><a href="http://www.ala.org/rusa/resources/guidelines/professional">Professional Competencies for Reference and User Services Librarians.</a><br><br> Reference and User Services Association. Approved by the RUSA Board of Directors, January 26, 2003.</p> <p><a href="http://academic.scranton.edu/department/wml/ajcu_vr/index.htm">Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities (AJCU) Virtual Reference Project: Service Policies and Guidelines</a></p> <p><a></a></p> <h3>Email Discussion Groups</h3> <p><a href="http://www.library.kent.edu/libref-l/">Libref-L</a><br><br> This list serv provides a moderated discussion of issues related to reference librarianship, including, but not limited to virtual reference.</p> <p><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/livereference/">Live Reference eGroup</a><br><br> This Yahoo! Group discusses live reference services for librarians</p> <p><a></a></p> <h3>Book Resources</h3> <p>Bridgewater, Rachel, and Meryl B. Cole. Instant Messaging Reference: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Chandos, 2008.<br><br> This book focuses on practical implementation of instant messaging (IM) as one tool for delivering virtual reference service. this book addresses questions from the basics of what IM is and how it operates to the more complicated issues such as privacy and security to its future potential as a strong candidate in the virtual reference arena.</p> <p>Burke, John. Neal-Schuman Library Technology Companion: A Basic Guide for Library Staff. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2006.<br><br> Introduces and explains technological advances, with Part 3 touching on virtual reference.</p> <p>Coffman, Steve. Going Live: Starting and Running a Virtual Reference Service. Chicago: American Library Association, 2003.<br><br> Virtual reference entails real-life decisions, services, budgets, constraints, and opportunities. This book includes an overview of many questions that need to be answered when providing real-time, online reference service.</p> <p>Dalston, Teresa R., and Michael Pullin.Virtual Reference on a Budget: Case Studies. Columbus, Ohio: Linworth Pub, 2008.<br><br> Discusses virtual reference (VR) services offered by numerous libraries. Instant messenger (IM) services receive the most attention in this book; proprietary chat and E-mail reference are also covered. It is not a practical “how-to” guide.</p> <p>Farkas, Meredith G. Social Software in Libraries: Building Collaboration, Communication, and Community Online. Medford, N.J.: Information Today, 2007.<br><br> Explores social software and how these technologies can be applied in libraries. This nuts-and-bolts guide offers information necessary to implement the most popular and effective social software technologies: blogs, RSS, wikis, social networking software, screencasting, photo-sharing, podcasting, instant messaging, gaming, and more. </p> <p>Hirko, Buff, and Mary Bucher Ross. Virtual Reference Training: The Complete Guide to Providing Anytime, Anywhere Answers. Chicago: American Library Association, 2004.<br><br> Provides guidance for developing a program that will help librarians develop confidence and finesse at the virtual desk. The software-neutral guide means the training works on any platform.</p> <p>Janes, Joseph. Introduction to Reference Work in the Digital Age. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2003.<br><br> For many librarians, the meaning of the word “reference” is changing so rapidly in this Information Age that the subject has become unsettling. Janes attempts to identify user needs and choose the best reference approaches for seeing that those needs are met ..</p> <p>Kern, M. Kathleen. Virtual Reference Best Practices: Tailoring Services to Your Library. Chicago: American Library Association, 2009.<br><br> When it comes to virtual reference, one size doesn't fit all. What works in one library won't necessarily work in another. How do you figure out what to do? The recently published Virtual Reference Service Guidelines from the Reference and User Services Association (RUSA), which is reproduced in appendix A, provides the starting point. Kern outlines the tools and decision-making processes that will help you and your library evaluate, tailor, and launch virtual reference services that are a perfect fit for your community and your library.</p> <p>Kovacs, Diane Kaye. The Virtual Reference Handbook: Interview and Information Delivery Techniques for the Chat and E-Mail Environments. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc., 2007.<br><br> This handbook helps reference librarians develop the communication skills and resources they need to work effectively in the virtual reference environment. The handbook shows how to adapt traditional face-to-face reference interview skills to the virtual interview—and how to interpret and use new cues (chat slang, IM shorthand, emoticons, etc.) to better serve your users.</p> <p>Liu, Jia . The Evaluation of Worldwide Digital Reference Services in Libraries. Chandos information professional series. Oxford: Chandos , 2007.<br><br> This book outlines and evaluates the current status of the digital reference service in libraries worldwide. The book is based on an international collaborative project between two groups from German and Chinese institutions, during which digital reference services provided by nearly 200 libraries all over the world were evaluated. The book also examines the reasons for the resulting differences; it also contains more generic proposals and perspectives on digital reference services.</p> <p>Lankes, R. David, and Philip Nast. Virtual Reference Service: From Competencies to Assessment. Virtual reference desk series. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2008.<br><br> Virtual reference has gone from an idea to a regular library service in an astonishingly fast seven years. This collection shares experts' best practices, forward looking models, and advice on new developments in virtual reference. Chapter authors discuss the building of consortia, motivational and coaching techniques for staff, instant messaging options, creation of subject-specific taxonomies, interpersonal communications improvement, methods of assessment, and more. A special section of the book introduces the all-new core competencies and standards of the Digital Reference Education Initiative an IMLS-funded project to compile training tools from digital reference educators and practitioners. Each chapter is based on a cutting-edge conference presentation and features both practical guidance and the latest thinking about virtual reference work in libraries.</p> <p>Lipow, Anne Grodzins . The Virtual Reference Librarian's Handbook. Berkeley, [Calif.]:Library Solutions Press, 2003.<br><br> A resource to aid in the decision whether to launch a reference service into cyberspace, and provides hints on selecting appropriate software. Also provided is a checklist of skills for virtual reference, tips on basic chat etiquette, and advice on adjusting library policies in light of a new service. Finally, there are suggestions for publicizing and marketing a virtual reference service.</p> <p>Meola, Marc, and Sam Stormont. Starting and Operating Live Virtual Reference Services: A How-to-Do-It Manual for Librarians. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2002.<br><br> A “practical manual” on live virtual reference, this book seeks to inform libraries considering such a service and to assist those that already provide it. Although there is discussion and analysis of several virtual reference software packages, this is not a technical manual. Rather, the focus is on process, from understanding what live virtual reference is to implementing the service, including planning, staffing, training, marketing, and evaluation.</p> <p>Ronan, Jana. Chat Reference: A Guide to Live Virtual Reference Services. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, 2003.<br><br> Designed as a guide for individuals thinking about setting up virtual reference services, this book offers practical advice and information, with an emphasis on academic libraries.</p> <p>Steiner, Sarah K., and M. Leslie Madden. The Desk and Beyond: Next Generation Reference Services. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2008.<br><br> Provides an exploration of the present and possible future applications of eleven reference delivery methods. In order to reflect the growing role of the digital environment while still respecting the importance of in-person interaction, a balance of physical and virtual methods has been maintained. This collection is intended to provide inspiration for potential reference services at your library; each chapter provides an introduction to an innovative service concept and an annotated list of sources for additional research.</p> <p>West, Jessamyn . Digital versus Non-Digital Reference: Ask a Librarian Online and Offline. New York: Haworth Information Press, 2004.<br><br> An analysis of commercial virtual reference and tutorial services and how they compare to traditional library services. Academic librarians and other information specialists share their experiences.</p> <p><a></a></p> <h3>Journal Articles</h3> <p> </p> <h4>General Issues</h4> <p> </p> <p>Barr, Belinda, Jerome Conley, and Joanne Goode. 2003. Chat Is Now: Administrative Issues. Internet Reference Services Quarterly. 8 (1/2):19-25.<br><br> Exploration of administrative issues through the lens of the Kano Model and discussion of balancing customer service with the limited resources available to academic libraries introducing a new service.</p> <p> </p> <p>Carlson, Scott. 2007. Are Reference Desks Dying Out? Librarians Struggle to Redefine - and in Some Cases Eliminate - the Vulnerable Institution. The Reference Librarian. 48 (100):25-30.<br><br> This article examines how librarians are struggling to redefine, and in some cases eliminate, the venerable institution of reference desk services and it explores the new ways in which reference questions get answered at university libraries.</p> <p>Clapp, Janet, and AngelaPfeil . 2005. Virtually Seamless - Exploring the World of Virtual Public Librarians. Public Libraries. 44 (2):95.<br><br> This article focuses on virtual reference librarianship and the public library user, exploring the advantages of virtual reference in a public library setting as well as describing virtual reference service and virtual users.</p> <p>Heise , Jennifer, and Stacey Kimmel. 2003. Reading the River: The State of the Art of Real-Time Virtual Reference. Internet Reference Services Quarterly. 8 (1/2):1-7.<br><br> Briefly sketches the origins of online chat, summarizes the contributions, and discusses common themes that have emerged from the contributor viewpoints.</p> <p>Hirko , Buff. 2006. VET: The Virtual Evaluation Toolkit. The Reference Librarian. 46 (95/96):125-148.<br><br> The purpose of this manual is to provide libraries with practical tools and methods for evaluation, recommendations for implementation, and examples of ways that libraries have improved services through analysis of these and similar instruments. Available online at <a href="http://vrstrain.spl.org/textdocs/VETmanual.pdf">http://vrstrain.spl.org/textdocs/VETmanual.pdf</a>.</p> <p>Shachaf, Pnina , and Sarah M. Horowitz. 2008. "Virtual Reference Service Evaluation: Adherence to RUSA Behavioral Guidelines and IFLA Digital Reference Guidelines." Library & Information Science Research, 30 (2): 122-137.<br><br> Abstract: This study evaluates the level to which virtual (e-mail) reference services adhere to two sets of professional guidelines published by the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) and the American Library Association (ALA) Reference and User Services Association (RUSA). It also provides an empirical benchmark for evaluating virtual reference services</p> <p> </p> <h4>Case Studies</h4> <p> </p> <p>Carroll, Holly, Brian Leszcz , Kristen Pool, and Tracy Strobel . 2007. KnowItNow - Ohio's Virtual Reference Service. Public Libraries. 46(1):45.<br><br> This article gives an overview of the local services developed by three Ohio library systems and the 2004 merger into one program. Current operations are reviewed and an evaluation of the service provided.</p> <p>Ciccone, Karen, and Amy VanScoy . 2003. Managing an Established Virtual Reference Service. Internet Reference Services Quarterly. 8 (1/2):95-105.<br><br> Discusses how the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries has dealt with four areas common to developing virtual reference services: getting too many patrons at once, problem patrons, training and quality assessment, and expanding and improving the service.</p> <p>Granfield, Diane, and Mark Robertson. 2008. Preference for Reference. Reference & User Services Quarterly. 48 (1):44.<br><br> The article explores the way in which library users prefer to obtain reference assistance by focusing on reference use at academic libraries at Ryerson University and York University in Toronto, Ontario. Particular focus is given to reference desk usage and to virtual reference (VR).</p> <p>Jane, Catherine, and Dawn McMillan. 2003. Online in real-time? Deciding whether to offer a real-time virtual reference service. The Electronic Library. 21 (3):240-246.<br><br> This paper describes the service at the University of Canterbury (NZ), our reasons for offering it, the process of implementation and preliminary results. It then outlines and discusses in detail some of the issues that have arisen out of the service with comments and recommendations from our experience.</p> <p>Wanserski , John. 2003. From AskWendt Live to QuestionPoint : A Chronology of the Development of a Persistently Virtual Reference Product and Service. Internet Reference Services Quarterly. 8(1/2):71-94.<br><br> Traces the development of a virtual reference service designed to support a university's extensive and growing digital collections. The project progressed from an idea, to a beta/pilot, and finally to a fullfledged multi-library service. A chronology offers a detailed examination of the challenges, compromises, and successes in developing software to support a new virtual reference service. Issues covered include technical troubleshooting, testing, training, marketing, and integration with existing digital services.</p> <p><a></a></p> <h3>VENDORS & PLATFORMS</h3> <p>Virtual reference can be provided through the use of a variety of platforms and vendor products. The most commonly used venues include Instant Messaging (IM), Short Message Service (SMS), Chat, Email, Web Forms, Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP), and Virtual Worlds. This list is not meant to be comprehensive, and the companies/products are named only for informational purposes.</p> <h4>Virtual worlds</h4> <p><a href="http://www.associationofvirtualworlds.com">Association of Virtual Worlds</a><br><br> <a href="http://www.associationofvirtualworlds.com">http://www.associationofvirtualworlds.com</a><br><br> Dedicated to virtual worlds, social networks, social games, 3D, and virtual commerce.</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://us.cyworld.com/">Cyworld </a><br><br> <a href="http://us.cyworld.com">http://us.cyworld.com</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.entropiauniverse.com">Entropia Universe</a><br><br> <a href="http://www.entropiauniverse.com">http://www.entropiauniverse.com</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.meez.com" title="http://www.meez.com">Meez </a><br><br> <a href="http://www.meez.com/home.dm">http://www.meez.com/home.dm</a></li> <li><a href="http://secondlife.com/whatis">Second Life</a><br><br> <a href="http://www.secondlife.com">http://www.secondlife.com</a><br><br> See <a href="http://www.delicious.com/alalibrary/tag_bundle/Second%20Life">Second Life Resources from ALA Library on Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.there.com/">There</a><br><br> <a href="http://www.there.com">http://www.there.com</a></li> <li><a href="http://whyville.net">Whyville </a><br><br> <a href="http://whyville.net">http://whyville.net</a></li> </ul> <h4>IM/Chat software</h4> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.ceruleanstudios.com/">Trillian</a> (<a href="http://www.ceruleanstudios.com">http://www.ceruleanstudios.com</a>) - Multiple network program</li> <li><a href="http://gaim.sourceforge.net/">Gaim </a> - Open Source, multiple network<br><br> (<a href="http://gaim.sourceforge.net">http://gaim.sourceforge.net</a>) <ul> <li>renamed <a href="http://www.pidgin.im/">Pidgin</a> as of April 6, 2007<br><br> (<a href="http://www.pidgin.im">http://www.pidgin.im</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://fire.sourceforge.net/">Fire</a> - Open Source, Mac, multiple network<br><br> (<a href="http://fire.sourceforge.net">http://fire.sourceforge.net</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://www.adiumx.com/">Adium</a> - Open Source, Mac, multiple networks<br><br> (<a href="http://www.adiumx.com">http://www.adiumx.com</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://www.meebo.com">Meebo</a> - Multiple network, web-based interface<br><br> (<a href="http://www.meebo.com">http://www.meebo.com</a>) <ul> <li>Also: <a href="http://www.meebome.com">Meebo me!</a> is a widget that lets people chat at you directly through your web site.<br><br> (<a href="http://www.meebome.com">http://www.meebome.com</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.miranda-im.org/">Miranda</a> – an open-source multi protocol instant messenger client for Microsoft Windows. Includes support for AIM, Jabber, ICQ, IRC, MSN, Yahoo, Gadu-Gadu and more.<br><br> (<a href="http://www.miranda-im.org">http://www.miranda-im.org</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://libraryh3lp.com" title="">Libraryh3lp</a> - Anonymous widget on the website so users don't need to use Aim, Yahoo, MSN. Can receive Aim, Yahoo, MSN IMS also. Can run on multiple computers, doesn't display when the library is closed, nice stats/saved transcripts.<br><br> (<a href="http://libraryh3lp.com">http://libraryh3lp.com</a>)</li> </ul> <h4>Software for Other Types of Virtual Reference</h4> <ul> <li><a href="http://skype.com">Skype</a> - Free VOIP Software<br><br> (<a href="http://skype.com">http://skype.com</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://www.unyte.net">Unyte </a> - Free 'screen-showing' software, works well with Skype<br><br> (<a href="http://www.unyte.net">http://www.unyte.net</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://get.live.com/messenger/overview">Windows Live Messenger</a> - Free Voice, Video, Sharing features<br><br> (<a href="http://get.live.com/messenger/overview">http://get.live.com/messenger/overview</a>)</li> </ul> <h4>SMS software</h4> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.google.com/sms/">Google SMS</a><br><br> (<a href="http://www.google.com/sms">http://www.google.com/sms</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://www.altarama.com.au/refxsms.htm">Altarama's Reference by SMS</a><br><br> (<a href="http://www.altarama.com.au/refxsms.htm">http://www.altarama.com.au/refxsms.htm</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://www.textalibrarian.com">Text A Librarian - SMS Reference Services</a><br><br> (<a href="http://www.textalibrarian.com">http://www.textalibrarian.com</a>)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Last updated: November 2013 </p> <p> </p> <p>For more information on this or <a href="http://www.ala.org/libraryfactsheets" target="_self">other fact sheets</a>, contact the ALA Library Reference Desk by telephone: 800-545-2433, extension 2153; fax: 312-280-3255; e-mail: <a href="mailto:library@ala.org">library@ala.org</a>; or regular mail: ALA Library, American Library Association, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611-2795.</p> <p> </p> </body></html> </div> </div>   </div> </div> </div> <div class="share flex my-12 lg:my-12 mr-auto ml-auto"> <ul class="flex flex-col md:flex-row flex-nowrap items-center 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