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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Algeria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme_en_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Droits de l'homme en Algérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits de l'homme en Algérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin_dan_Adam_a_Aljeriya" title="Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په الجزایرکې بشري حقونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په الجزایرکې بشري حقونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Algeria" title="Human rights in Algeria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human rights in Algeria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics of Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg/125px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg/188px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg/250px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union"><img alt="African Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">Member State of the African Union</a></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a></span> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Constitution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Algerian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Algerian Constitution">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Algeria">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of government of Algeria">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nadir_Larbaoui" title="Nadir Larbaoui">Nadir Larbaoui</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Algeria" title="Cabinet of Algeria">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Council_of_the_Nation_(Algeria)" title="List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)">President</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_People%27s_National_Assembly_(Algeria)" title="List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)">President</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Algeria">Subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">Communes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Algeria" title="Elections in Algeria">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_presidential_election" title="2019 Algerian presidential election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Algerian_presidential_election" title="2024 Algerian presidential election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2017_Algerian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Algerian parliamentary election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Algerian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Algerian parliamentary election">2021</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Algeria" title="List of political parties in Algeria">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Algeria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Algeria)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Attaf" title="Ahmed Attaf">Ahmed Attaf</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Algeria" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Algeria">(list)</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Algeria" title="List of diplomatic missions of Algeria">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Algeria" title="List of diplomatic missions in Algeria">in Algeria</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationality_law" title="Algerian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_passport" title="Algerian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Algerian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Algerian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Algeria" title="Visa policy of Algeria">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Algeria" title="Template:Politics of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Politics of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2011, the then <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lifted a state of emergency that had been in place since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> in 2002, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests that had occurred throughout the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious challenges to <b>human rights in Algeria</b> have included torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, serious restrictions on free expression and media, overly restrictive laws on the organization, funding, or operation of NGOs, restrictions of religious freedom, serious government corruption, people trafficking, significant restrictions on workers’ freedom of association and child labor.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022HR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022HR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported the Algerian government had increasingly resorted to criminal prosecutions against bloggers, journalists, and media figures for peaceful speech, via articles in the country's penal code criminalising "offending the president", "insulting state officials" and "denigrating <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>", in addition to dismissing peaceful demonstrations as "unauthorised gatherings".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouteflika resigned in 2019 after months of <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9321_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–21 Algerian protests">protests</a> following the declaration of his intention to run for a fifth term as president. Following an interim period, <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a> was elected president, who spoke out in favour of protestors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Human Rights Watch reported in 2021 that the Algerian government continued to arrest and imprison protestors, activists, and journalists from the Hirak movement, alongside amending the country's constitution to restrict freedom of speech and further curtail judicial independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algeria has been categorized by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labeled "partly free".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the extent that there is democracy in today's Algeria, it is founded in three pieces of legislation: </p> <ul><li>The Political Parties Act (1989, amended 1997), which allowed multiple political parties</li> <li>The Associations Act (1987, amended 1990), which permitted establishment of associations</li> <li>The Information Act (1990), which paved the way for independent news media</li></ul> <p>Free elections were held in the country beginning in 1988, but a victory by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a> (FIS) in the 1991 parliamentary ballot sparked a military coup d'état and the imposition, in February 1992, of a state of emergency under which basic human rights were suspended. Freedom of expression, association, and assembly were severely restricted, and many individuals were arrested without charge and held without trial. A <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">civil war</a> raged from 1991 to 1999, and since its end there have been no proper official investigations into the massive human-rights violations that took place during the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Algeria_Human_Rights_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_Human_Rights-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's main opponent in the war was the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Islamic Group">Armed Islamic Group</a> (GIA), an Islamic terrorist organization and <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> affiliate that was described by John R. Schindler in The National Interest in July 2012 as "supremely violent" and as the perpetrator of "a wave of bombings in Paris in the summer of 1995" that were "Al Qaeda's first attacks on the West". Schindler notes that "Algeria's nightmare years of 1993–1997 were a focus of the international human-rights community" but that "the terrible fratricide [of] the 1990s got little coverage in Western media, despite the fact that it probably claimed twice as many lives as the Bosnian conflict, which ran concurrently and received nonstop Western attention." Schindler added that "Algeria's bloody civil war, which began twenty years ago, never really ended."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>December 2010 marked the beginning of a period of frequent and nationwide protests inspired by the so-called "Arab Spring" and sparked by widespread anger over high unemployment, a serious housing shortage, high <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>, extensive corruption, and severe restrictions on freedom of expression and other human rights. </p><p>The National Coordination Committee for Change and Democracy (CNCD) is an umbrella group of opposition parties, unions, and human-rights groups that was formed in January 2011 in the wake of the violent suppression of protests in which several people were killed and hundreds injured or arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Algeria_Human_Rights_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_Human_Rights-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CNCD planned a march in Algiers on January 21, 2011, to demand an end to the state of emergency and a restoration of democracy and freedom. The government sought to prevent the demonstration by blocking roads to Algiers, stopping trains to Algiers, setting up checkpoints and barricades within Algiers, refusing visas to representatives of the international media, detaining government opponents and journalists, and shutting down the Internet. Still, the protest went on, with authorities estimating the number of participants at 800 and the organizers estimating the number at 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many protesters were beaten and cameras confiscated. </p><p>The state of emergency was lifted in February 2011, but extensive restrictions on human rights remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Algeria_Human_Rights_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_Human_Rights-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, president Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who had been in the role since 1999, resigned following <a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Algerian protests">mass protests</a> after he announced his intention to run for a fifth term.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bouteflika was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a>, who spoke in favour in the protestors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria, public health was used by the government to justify the dispersion of ongoing Hirak protests by implementing a lockdown. When the lockdown was lifted in June 2020, protests in major Algerian cities were subsequently repressed, leading to riots in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following chart shows Algeria's ratings since 1972 in the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> reports, published annually by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".<sup id="cite_ref-FH1972_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH1972-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">1</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical ratings </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0; border:none;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:left;">Year </td> <td style="width:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Rights">Political Rights</a> </td> <td style="width:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Liberties">Civil Liberties</a> </td> <td style="width:3em;">Status </td> <td style="width:3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">President</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">2</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1972 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1973 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Houari Boumediene </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1974 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Houari Boumediene </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1975 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Houari Boumediene </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1976 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Houari Boumediene </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1977 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Houari Boumediene </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1978 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1979 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1980 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1981 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1982<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">3</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1983 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1984 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1985 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1986 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1987 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1988 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1989 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">6 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">4 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">Partly Free </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1990 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">4 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">4 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">Partly Free </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1991 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">4 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">4 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">Partly Free </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">Chadli Bendjedid </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1992 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kafi" title="Ali Kafi">Ali Kafi</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1993 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Ali Kafi </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1994 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Liamine_Z%C3%A9roual" title="Liamine Zéroual">Liamine Zéroual</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1995 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Liamine Zéroual </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1996 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Liamine Zéroual </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1997 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Liamine Zéroual </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1998 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Liamine Zéroual </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1999 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2000 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2001 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2002 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2003 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2004 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2005 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2006 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2007 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2008 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2009 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2010 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2011 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2012<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2013<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2014<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">5 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Abdelaziz Bouteflika </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, Freedom House rated Algeria's human rights as 32 out of 100 (not free).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_rights">Basic rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discrimination based on birth, race, gender, and a number of other attributes is illegal, although women, in particular, face considerable and systemic discrimination. Although it is unconstitutional, the government monitors the communications of its political opponents, the news media, human-rights organizations, and terrorist suspects. Homes are searched without warrants. The constitution also guarantees freedom of speech and of the press, but with various caveats. Public comments about the conduct of government forces during the 1990s are illegal, as are criticism of Islam, speech that insults government leaders, or anything that threatens "national unity" or offends against "individual dignity". </p><p>Pressure is exerted by the government on the news media, largely by arresting journalists for defamation, which is defined broadly and punished harshly under Algerian law. Self-censorship by some journalists is common, although other journalists do not hesitate to criticize the government openly. Radio and TV, which are entirely state-owned, provide slanted coverage and deny access to opponents of the regime. Most newspapers are printed at government-owned presses, and the regime uses this fact to exert influence on editors and reporters. It also exerts influence by wielding the power of the government-owned advertising company to place or not place ads in various publications. </p><p>Internet access is usually not a problem, although the government monitors e-mail accounts and chat rooms. Academic conferences and the like are sometimes subject to governmental interference, with visas sometimes being denied to foreign scholars who have been invited to participate in such events. In the past, Algerian academics have needed official approval before attending conferences abroad, and are often denied that approval.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Algeria's constitution guarantees freedom of worship, it also declares Islam the state religion and prohibits activities incompatible with Islamic morals, and in reality religious liberty for non-Muslims is limited by a number of laws and practices. Registering non-Muslim groups is difficult, proselytizing is punishable by up to three years in jail, and Christian groups often have trouble obtaining visas, although this last problem has apparently eased in recent years. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Algeria" title="Protestant Church of Algeria">Protestant Church of Algeria</a> has been particularly targeted, with eighteen of their churches shut down between November, 2017 and October, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This casts doubt on the state of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of religion in Algeria">religious freedom in Algeria</a>. In general, non-Muslims are socially tolerated, but some discrimination and abuse exists, and many Christians keep a low profile.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the rights of assembly and of association are guaranteed by the constitution, they are severely curtailed in practice. Demonstrations have been banned in Algiers since 2000. Permits are required for public meetings, and are often difficult to obtain. Official approval is required in order to form political parties and many other types of organizations, such as NGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While congratulating Algeria for lifting the state of emergency in February 2011, Human Rights Watch urged that the government still needed to "restore basic liberties" by amending "numerous repressive laws and end various arbitrary practices that have no legal basis". Sarah Leah Whitson of HRW said that lifting the state of emergency had had "very little impact on civil liberties because a whole range of laws is on the books that can be just as repressive, or applied in a repressive manner". Freedom of assembly, HRW noted, was "still stifled in Algiers, and inconsistently and selectively observed in the provinces".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2012, HRW complained that the Algerian government had been using "arrests and other tactics to keep people from demonstrating in the capital in the period leading up to the May 10, 2012 elections". Peaceful demonstrators in Algiers, including at least one candidate for election, were being detained, and some individuals had been prevented from entering the city. HRW noted that while the state of emergency had technically been lifted February 2011, security forces were still enforcing "repressive laws on public gatherings, including a ban on gatherings in Algiers". HRW described these laws as being "contrary to Algeria's binding human rights obligations under international law" and called on the country's government to "end its unjustified restrictions on freedom of assembly in Algiers".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, although the constitution guarantees free movement, this, too, is restricted in practice. There are limits on travel to and through the country's southern provinces. The minister of interior is empowered to place people under house arrest. Young men who still owe the country military service cannot leave the country without permission. Married women cannot travel abroad without their husbands' permission. </p><p>A 1992 state of emergency law remains in effect, and the government is especially concerned with enforcing the restrictions on assembly and association. These restrictions, which are used to limit the activities of opposition political parties and other opponents of the regime, are among the major human-rights problems in Algeria. </p><p>On 21 February 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that the Algerian authorities arbitrarily imprisoned human rights defenders, civil society activists, opposition figures and journalists for peacefully exercising their rights to speak and assemble.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that Algerian authorities ramped up their assault on civil society, with 27 human rights defenders and peaceful activists arrested in February. According to the reports, the authorities have sought to suppress Hirak protests, have arrested hundreds of activists, human rights defenders and journalists, and held them in pretrial detention or sentenced them under vaguely worded charges.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Algerian Family Code of 1984, according to Amnesty International, "imposed many serious limitations on women's rights, including the right to equality before the law and the right of self-determination".<sup id="cite_ref-Algeria_Human_Rights_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_Human_Rights-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Algerian law, nonspousal rape is illegal, but spousal rape is not. Women often choose to report their rapes, but convictions can be difficult to obtain. Things have improved on these fronts since a 2007-2011 nationwide program to combat violence against women. Women abused by their husbands cannot file charges unless they can provide medical confirmation that they have been incapacitated for at least 15 days. A number of women's groups run rape-crisis centers and provide counseling to abused women, but have limited resources and have trouble getting spousal abuse taken seriously. Sexual harassment is a crime punishable by a fine. Women receive decent medical care during pregnancy and childbirth. </p><p>Although the sexes are equal under the constitution, there are discriminatory elements of sharia in Algerian law. Muslim women cannot marry non-Muslims, for example. Women have the ability to get a divorce and are usually awarded child custody, although certain decisions about children's lives remain in the father's hands. Men can marry up to four women, although this is supposedly allowed only if the first wife approves and if the man can afford it. Women can choose their own husbands. Daughters inherit less than their brothers by law. Women are discriminated against in employment. In cities, women are encouraged to seek an education, and more girls than boys actually make it through secondary school. In 2010, the majority of health-care and media professionals were women, as were many judges and business owners.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2012 report, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women called on Algeria to take action to "promote gender equality and eliminate patriarchal attitudes and deeprooted discriminatory stereotypes concerning the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and society". It asked Algeria specifically to promote equal opportunity in the workplace, to eliminate sexual stereotypes from school curricula, in the media, and among the judiciary, to pass legislation on violence against women, ensure that the definition of rape includes spousal rape.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2019, a new constitution was approved by 66% of voters in a referendum, with a national turnout of 23%, a historical low.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution included within it protections for women from "all forms of violence in all places and circumstances" in addition to the provision of "shelters, care centres, appropriate means of redress and free legal assistance".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, it was reported that feminicides continued into 2020, with at least 36 murders of women and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2019 and 2021, the Féminicides Algérie platform registered 187 cases of men murdering women in Algeria because of their gender, referred to as femicides.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children's_rights"><span id="Children.27s_rights"></span>Children's rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Children's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A child can inherit Algerian nationality from either parent. The child of a Muslim father is automatically Muslim. Education through high school is free and, up to age 16, compulsory. Although illegal, child abuse is a problem, attributed to a "culture of violence". Child sexual abuse is technically punishable by 10-20 years in prison but offenders rarely receive such long sentences. Algeria is not a signatory of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022HR_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022HR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no organized system of adoption in Algeria, and orphans and other children are placed with guardians in accordance with the so-called "Kafala" system, under which the children are in a "precarious" situation, with very little in the way of individual rights, according to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. The system is inconsistent with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other countries in the Maghreb region, this results in a high number of children in institutions in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_Assembly">Freedom of Assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freedom of Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> said in its annual report -2015-2016- that Algerian authorities continued to suppress peaceful protests by prohibiting all kind of gatherings held without prior approval. According to Article 97 of the penal code, organizing or participating in an unauthorized gathering, even if it is peaceful, is regarding a crime and imposes a penalty of up to one year in prison. In February, a court sentenced eight members of the National Committee for the Defense of the Rights of Unemployed Workers to one-year prison after convicting them of "unauthorized gathering" and "exercising pressure on the decisions of magistrates".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disabled_people's_rights"><span id="Disabled_people.27s_rights"></span>Disabled people's rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disabled people's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discrimination on the basis of disability is illegal, but this law is not well enforced, and social prejudice is common.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022HR_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022HR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LGBT rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">LGBT rights in Algeria</a></div> <p>Homosexuality and lesbianism are punishable by up to 3 years imprisonment with fines up to 10,000 dinars,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> torture,<sup id="cite_ref-Algeria_{{!}}_Human_Dignity_Trust_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_{{!}}_Human_Dignity_Trust-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beatings,<sup id="cite_ref-Refugees_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refugees-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or vigilante execution.<sup id="cite_ref-maskorg_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maskorg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police join in on the attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-Algeria_{{!}}_Human_Dignity_Trust_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_{{!}}_Human_Dignity_Trust-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are complicit, or turn a blind eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Refugees_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refugees-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is intense social discrimination, and very few gay people live openly. Gender expression is banned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and discrimination is rampant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HIV/AIDS_rights"><span id="HIV.2FAIDS_rights"></span>HIV/AIDS rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is social <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-US2022HR_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022HR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government reported in 2022 that it does not take measures to specifically prevent and treat HIV/AIDS in the LGBTQI+ community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refugee_and_asylum_seekers'_rights"><span id="Refugee_and_asylum_seekers.27_rights"></span>Refugee and asylum seekers' rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Refugee and asylum seekers' rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country has provisions for helping refugees and asylum seekers, and works with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other groups. Algeria has helped some such individuals from sub-Saharan Africa while turning away many others.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022HR_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022HR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, 17, 000 mostly sub-Saharan migrants were expelled from the country, including some asylum seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employees'_rights"><span id="Employees.27_rights"></span>Employees' rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Employees' rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government approval is required to form <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">unions</a>, and a union can lose its legal status for various reasons. Strikes are permitted, but require government approval, and are only allowed after two weeks of mediation or conciliation. Collective bargaining is permitted. Forced labor is prohibited. The Ministry of Labor is supposed to enforce the ban on child labor, but 1.5 million Algerian children work, mostly on farms and in shops. There is a low minimum wage, but enforcement of it is inconsistent. however, the Algerian government is helping the workers with benefits. There are rules about work hours and the like which are better enforced in the public than in the private sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_of_persons_under_arrest">Rights of persons under arrest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rights of persons under arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a> is unconstitutional in Algeria, but there is nonetheless frequent use of pretrial detention. A 2009 report noted that suspects were subjected to "physical abuse and other brutalities" while in pretrial detention and during questioning. A summons is required to compel a suspect to preliminary questioning and to compel defendants and plaintiffs to appear in court. Warrantless arrests may be made by police who have witnessed an offense. There are also rules indicating how long suspects may be held without charge, These procedures are usually followed. A major problem, however, is that suspects are often held before trial for very long periods. Prosecutors' requests to extend preventive detention are rarely denied by judges. There is no bail, but defendants are often released pending trial, and must report regularly to the police. The right to legal representation, and to government-paid counsel if one cannot afford to pay, is respected. </p><p>Torture is forbidden by law but there were a few reports of this in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022HR_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022HR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 December 2021 the Algerian authorities unjustly imprisoned Algerian blogger and activist Merzoug Touati. He was prosecuted for his online criticism of prison conditions. On 3 January 2022, he was sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of 100,000 dinars (US$700).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_of_persons_on_trial">Rights of persons on trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rights of persons on trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Algeria's constitution stipulates that the judiciary is to be independent and provide fair trials, the president has ultimate power over the courts and defendants' rights are not always respected. Defendants enjoy the presumption of innocence, the right to present witnesses and evidence, the right to appeal, and other rights, and these rights are generally respected. In the past, verdicts have often been influenced by family connections and status.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>-based prosecutor Mohamed Sid Ahmed Belhadi was transferred to <a href="/wiki/El_Oued" title="El Oued">El Oued</a> after calling for 16 Hirak protestors to be acquitted, citing their right to freedom of assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human Rights Watch complained in June 2012 about the cases of eight terror suspects who had been detained secretly for several years and who faced "trials of questionable fairness because the judges refuse to allow an important witness to testify". These cases, according to HRW, underscore "the continuing obstacles faced by those charged with terrorist offenses, even after authorities lifted a state of emergency in 2011, to obtaining justice that is both prompt and fair". Sarah Leah Whitson of HRW said that "President Abdelaziz Bouteflika speaks often about judicial reform, but when it comes to trying suspected militants, reform does not yet mean fairness."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_of_prisoners">Rights of prisoners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rights of prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a rule, prison conditions are below international standards, and human-rights groups are not allowed to inspect many facilities. Overcrowding is a widespread problem, as are poor lighting, ventilation, food, and hygiene. Prisoners are allowed regular family visits and private worship. In the past, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have both complained that members of radical Islamic groups are treated more harshly in prison than others.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_of_journalists">Rights of journalists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rights of journalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2016, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro-med_HRM-_Geneva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euro-med HRM- Geneva (page does not exist)">Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor</a> issued a report regarding violation of <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom">media freedom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. Death of the journalist Mohammed Tamalt, 42, is an example of using the government its power to silence the individuals whose writing insulted the president of republic and the official bodies. He died after three- month hunger strike in Algeria prison in 11 December. He was sentenced two years and started his hunger the same day. He spent his three months in intensive care unit in a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> since he was suffering severe lung inflammation. He was deprived of his family and his lawyer visits. In addition, it showed that detention of a journalist because of his writing criticizing the government and not paying attention to their health are considered as violation of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. In July 2014, he was accused of being convicted committing crimes against the government by the Algerian court. As a result, he was sentenced two years as well as a payment of a fine equal $1,800. Finally, it clarified that the Algerian government imposed restriction on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">media</a> and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticize the ruling government, some media organizations' licenses are canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of expression in Algeria">Freedom of expression in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Algeria" title="Censorship in Algeria">Censorship in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Algeria" title="Disability in Algeria">Disability in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of religion in Algeria">Freedom of religion in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Algeria" title="Human trafficking in Algeria">Human trafficking in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">LGBT rights in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics of Algeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> As of January 1.</dd> <dd>3.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^</a></b></span> The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/3/algerias-abdelaziz-bouteflika-resigns-after-mass-protests">"Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns after mass protests"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131163543/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/3/algerias-abdelaziz-bouteflika-resigns-after-mass-protests">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Algeria%27s+Abdelaziz+Bouteflika+resigns+after+mass+protests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F4%2F3%2Falgerias-abdelaziz-bouteflika-resigns-after-mass-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-emergency-lifting-idUSTRE71N6VS20110224">"Algeria lifts 19-year-old state of emergency"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 2011-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+State+Dept+2022+Human+Rights+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Falgeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154458.htm">"2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria"</a>. <i>US Department of State</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320140735/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154458.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2010+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2010%2Fnea%2F154458.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/algeria"><i>Algeria Events of 2016</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=The+Ugly+Truth+about+Algeria&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-ugly-truth-about-algeria-7146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2011" class="citation web cs1">Nicholson, Catherine (12 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110212-algeria-protest-defy-ban-demonstration-clash-police-algiers-bouteflika-egypt">"Defying a ban, protesters rally in heavily policed Algiers"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103072849/http://www.france24.com/en/20110212-algeria-protest-defy-ban-demonstration-clash-police-algiers-bouteflika-egypt">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Defying+a+ban%2C+protesters+rally+in+heavily+policed+Algiers&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110212-algeria-protest-defy-ban-demonstration-clash-police-algiers-bouteflika-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTlemçani2008" class="citation book cs1">Tlemçani, Rachid (2008). <i>Algeria Under Bouteflika: Civil Strife and National Reconciliation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+ratings+and+status%2C+FIW+1973-2012&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Freedom+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFIW%2520All%2520Scores%252C%2520Countries%252C%25201973-2012%2520%2528FINAL%2529.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedom_House2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf">"Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173735/https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+Restore+Civil+Liberties&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2011%2F04%2F06%2Falgeria-restore-civil-liberties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/09/algeria-crackdown-protest-election-nears">"Algeria: Crackdown on Protest as Election Nears"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 9 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221120622/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/09/algeria-crackdown-protest-election-nears">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+Mounting+repression+as+more+human+rights+defenders+are+detained&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2Falgeria-mounting-repression-as-more-human-rights-defenders-are-detained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/CEDAW-C-DZA-CO-3-4.pdf">"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706203106/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/CEDAW-C-DZA-CO-3-4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Elimination+of+All+Forms+of+Discrimination+against+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fbodies%2Fcedaw%2Fdocs%2Fco%2FCEDAW-C-DZA-CO-3-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Algerian draft constitution: human rights concerns</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algerian+draft+constitution%3A+human+rights+concerns&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algerie360.com/20200914-le-phenomene-de-feminicide-prend-de-lampleur-en-algerie/">"Le phénomène du féminicide prend de l'ampleur en Algérie - Algerie360"</a>. <i>www.algerie360.com</i> (in French). 2020-09-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410112729/https://www.algerie360.com/20200914-le-phenomene-de-feminicide-prend-de-lampleur-en-algerie/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/nouvelle-operation-de-rapatriement-des-migrants-subsahariens-03-10-2020">the original</a> on 2021-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elwatan.com&rft.atitle=Le+ministre+de+l%27Int%C3%A9rieur+annonce+une+intensification+des+contr%C3%B4les+et+le+d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement+des+r%C3%A9seaux+d%27accueil+%3A+Nouvelle+op%C3%A9ration+de+rapatriement+des+migrants+subsahariens+%7C+El+Watan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elwatan.com%2Fedition%2Factualite%2Fnouvelle-operation-de-rapatriement-des-migrants-subsahariens-03-10-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/19/algeria-jailed-activist-ends-hunger-strike">"Algeria: Jailed Activist Ends Hunger Strike"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 19 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419100620/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/19/algeria-jailed-activist-ends-hunger-strike">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+Jailed+Activist+Ends+Hunger+Strike&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F04%2F19%2Falgeria-jailed-activist-ends-hunger-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/24/algeria-one-year-activists-languish-jail">"Algeria: One Year On, Activists Languish in Jail"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 2020-02-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410183156/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/24/algeria-one-year-activists-languish-jail">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+One+Year+On%2C+Activists+Languish+in+Jail&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2F24%2Falgeria-one-year-activists-languish-jail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/18/algeria-long-delays-tainting-terrorism-trials">"Algeria: Long Delays Tainting Terrorism Trials"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 18 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228053814/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/18/algeria-long-delays-tainting-terrorism-trials">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+Long+Delays+Tainting+Terrorism+Trials&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F06%2F18%2Falgeria-long-delays-tainting-terrorism-trials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonitor" class="citation news cs1">Monitor, Euro-Med. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/1629/Algeria-must-stop-crushing-dissent-by-imprisoning-journalists-and-activists">"Algeria must stop crushing dissent by imprisoning journalists and activists"</a>. <i>Euro-Mediterranean</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064732/http://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/1629/Algeria-must-stop-crushing-dissent-by-imprisoning-journalists-and-activists">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euro-Mediterranean&rft.atitle=Algeria+must+stop+crushing+dissent+by+imprisoning+journalists+and+activists&rft.aulast=Monitor&rft.aufirst=Euro-Med&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuromedmonitor.org%2Fen%2Farticle%2F1629%2FAlgeria-must-stop-crushing-dissent-by-imprisoning-journalists-and-activists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/algeria/report-2012">2012 Annual Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/algeria">Freedom in the World 2012 Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-algeria">World Report 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Angola" title="Human rights in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Benin" title="Human rights in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Botswana" title="Human rights in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Human rights in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burundi" title="Human rights in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cameroon" title="Human rights in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cape_Verde" title="Human rights in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Human rights in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chad" title="Human rights in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Comoros" title="Human rights in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Djibouti" title="Human rights in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Human rights in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eritrea" title="Human rights in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eswatini" title="Human rights in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Gabon" title="Human rights in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Gambia" title="Human rights in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ghana" title="Human rights in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Guinea" title="Human rights in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Human rights in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Human rights in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kenya" title="Human rights in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lesotho" title="Human rights in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Liberia" title="Human rights in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Madagascar" title="Human rights in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malawi" title="Human rights in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali" title="Human rights in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania" title="Human rights in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritius" title="Human rights in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Morocco" title="Human rights in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mozambique" title="Human rights in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Namibia" title="Human rights in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Niger" title="Human rights in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rwanda" title="Human rights in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Human rights in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Senegal" title="Human rights in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Human rights in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Human rights in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Sudan" title="Human rights in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tanzania" title="Human rights in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Togo" title="Human rights in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tunisia" title="Human rights in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uganda" title="Human rights in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zambia" title="Human rights in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human rights in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somaliland" title="Human rights in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template talk:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">Pre-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'ath era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Post-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Palestinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Dubai" title="Human rights in Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom_in_the_Middle_East" title="Academic freedom in the Middle East">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" title="Capital punishment in the Middle East">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in the Middle East">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Middle East">Freedom of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Middle East">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Arab_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Arab societies">Status of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Women's suffrage, timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_anti_male-guardianship_campaign" title="Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign">Male guardianship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">NGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pan-Arab" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Network_for_Human_Rights_Information" title="Arabic Network for Human Rights Information">Arabic Network for Human Rights Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Commission_for_Human_Rights" title="Arab Commission for Human Rights">Arab Commission for Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Human_Rights_Project" title="Kurdish Human Rights Project">Kurdish Human Rights Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Initiative_for_Personal_Rights" title="Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights">Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Human_Rights_Center" title="Defenders of Human Rights Center">Defenders of Human Rights Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Najdeh" title="Association Najdeh">Association Najdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marsad" title="Al-Marsad">al-Marsad</a></li> <li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First_Society" title="Human Rights First Society">HRFS (founded 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Defense_of_Women%27s_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia">APDWRSA (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Civil_and_Political_Rights_Association" title="Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association">ACPRA (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">SDC (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Saudi_Organisation_for_Human_Rights" title="European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights">ESOHR (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALQST" title="ALQST">ALQST (2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">GONGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Human_Rights" title="National Society for Human Rights">NSHR (2004)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">Human rights in Muslim-majority countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Association_of_Victims_of_Grave_Human_Rights_Violations_Committed_by_the_Moroccan_State" title="Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State">Sahrawi Association of Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Marocaine_des_Droits_Humaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine">Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algeria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algeria_topics" title="Template talk:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical period <span style="font-size:85%;">(Antiquity)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Ottoman regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">popular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Algerian_coup_attempt" title="1967 Algerian coup attempt">1967 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">1962–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">1992 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Algeria" title="Template:Borders of Algeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Algeria" title="List of earthquakes in Algeria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Algeria" title="List of ecoregions in Algeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">Municipalities <span style="font-size:85%;">(communes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Algeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Algeria" title="List of rivers of Algeria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Algeria" title="List of volcanoes in Algeria">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Algeria" title="Wildlife of Algeria">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Algeria" title="Cabinet of Algeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Algeria" title="Elections in Algeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Algeria" title="Law enforcement in Algeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_People%27s_National_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the People's National Army">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Algeria" title="List of political parties in Algeria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Bank of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Algeria" title="List of companies of Algeria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Algeria" title="Tourism in Algeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Algeria" title="Category:Society of Algeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Algerians">List of Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Algeria" title="Squatting in Algeria">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Algeria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Algeria" title="National symbols of Algeria">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria" title="Category:Algeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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