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</a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99_kokpit" title="Şüşə kokpit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şüşə kokpit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стъклена кабина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стъклена кабина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabina_de_pilotatge_de_vidre" title="Cabina de pilotatge de vidre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cabina de pilotatge de vidre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklen%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_kokpit" title="Skleněný kokpit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skleněný kokpit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabina_de_cristal" title="Cabina de cristal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabina de cristal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کابین شیشه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کابین شیشه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planche_de_bord_tout_%C3%A9cran" title="Planche de bord tout écran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planche de bord tout écran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%98%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BD%95%ED%95%8F" title="글래스 콕핏 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글래스 콕핏" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Glass_cockpit%22_pilotska_kabina" title=""Glass cockpit" pilotska kabina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title=""Glass cockpit" pilotska kabina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokpit_kaca" title="Kokpit kaca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kokpit kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glass cockpit" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokpit_kaca" title="Kokpit kaca – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kokpit kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazen_cockpit" title="Glazen cockpit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glazen cockpit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="グラスコックピット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラスコックピット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szklany_kokpit" title="Szklany kokpit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szklany kokpit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glass cockpit" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стеклянная кабина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стеклянная кабина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stekleni_kokpit" title="Stekleni kokpit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stekleni kokpit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiohjaamo" title="Lasiohjaamo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lasiohjaamo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glascockpit" title="Glascockpit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glascockpit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_kokpit" title="Cam kokpit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cam kokpit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дисплей-кабіна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дисплей-кабіна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%E1%BB%93ng_l%C3%A1i_m%C3%A0n_h%C3%ACnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_th%E1%BB%8B" title="Buồng lái màn hình hiển thị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buồng lái màn hình hiển thị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft instrumentation system consisting primarily of multi-function electronic displays</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Glass_cockpit" title="Special:EditPage/Glass cockpit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22">"Glass cockpit"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glass+cockpit%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glass+cockpit%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirBaltic_Bombardier_CS300_launch_event_(31581897816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AirBaltic_Bombardier_CS300_launch_event_%2831581897816%29.jpg/220px-AirBaltic_Bombardier_CS300_launch_event_%2831581897816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AirBaltic_Bombardier_CS300_launch_event_%2831581897816%29.jpg/330px-AirBaltic_Bombardier_CS300_launch_event_%2831581897816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AirBaltic_Bombardier_CS300_launch_event_%2831581897816%29.jpg/440px-AirBaltic_Bombardier_CS300_launch_event_%2831581897816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Simplified glass cockpit of an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A220" title="Airbus A220">Airbus A220</a>, featuring unified LCD screens for both pilots to reduce pilot <a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">workload</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>glass cockpit</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cockpit" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft cockpit">aircraft cockpit</a> that features an array of electronic (digital) <a href="/wiki/Flight_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight instrument">flight instrument</a> <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">displays</a>, typically large <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> screens, rather than traditional <a href="/wiki/Analog_device" title="Analog device">analog</a> dials and gauges.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a traditional cockpit relies on numerous mechanical gauges (nicknamed "steam gauges") to display information, a glass cockpit uses several <a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">multi-function displays</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Primary_flight_display" title="Primary flight display">primary flight display</a> driven by <a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">flight management systems</a>, that can be adjusted to show flight information as needed. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilots</a> to focus only on the most pertinent information. They are also popular with airline companies as they usually eliminate the need for a <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a>, saving costs. In recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> years the technology has also become widely available in small aircraft. </p><p> As aircraft displays have modernized, the sensors that feed them have modernized as well. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight instrument">flight instruments</a> have been replaced by electronic <a href="/wiki/Attitude_and_heading_reference_system" title="Attitude and heading reference system">attitude and heading reference systems</a> (AHRS) and <a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">air data computers</a> (ADCs), improving reliability and reducing cost and maintenance. <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> receivers are usually integrated into glass cockpits.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/220px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/330px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/440px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> glass cockpit featuring "pull out keyboards and two wide computer screens on the sides for pilots"<sup id="cite_ref-Chui_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chui-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Early glass cockpits, found in the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">McDonnell Douglas MD-80</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737 Classic</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">ATR 72</a> and in the Airbus <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">A300-600</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">A310</a>, used <a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">electronic flight instrument systems</a> (EFIS) to display attitude and navigational information only, with traditional mechanical gauges retained for airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, and engine performance. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">767-200/-300</a> introduced an electronic <a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">engine-indicating and crew-alerting system</a> (EICAS) for monitoring engine performance while retaining mechanical gauges for airspeed, altitude and vertical speed. </p><p>Later glass cockpits, found in the Boeing <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">737NG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">747-400</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">767-400</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">777</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320</a>, later Airbuses, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-96" title="Ilyushin Il-96">Ilyushin Il-96</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-204" title="Tupolev Tu-204">Tupolev Tu-204</a> have completely replaced the mechanical gauges and warning lights in previous generations of aircraft. While glass cockpit-equipped aircraft throughout the late 20th century still retained analog <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">attitude</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">airspeed indicators</a> as standby instruments in case the EFIS displays failed, more modern aircraft have increasingly been using digital standby instruments as well, such as the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">integrated standby instrument system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Glass_cockpit" title="Special:EditPage/Glass cockpit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22">"Glass cockpit"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glass+cockpit%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glass+cockpit%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glass+cockpit%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:435px;max-width:435px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C-5A_Cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/C-5A_Cockpit.jpg/223px-C-5A_Cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/C-5A_Cockpit.jpg/335px-C-5A_Cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/C-5A_Cockpit.jpg/446px-C-5A_Cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Analog instrument panel of a <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5A</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C-5M_Cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/C-5M_Cockpit.jpg/204px-C-5M_Cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/C-5M_Cockpit.jpg/306px-C-5M_Cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/C-5M_Cockpit.jpg/408px-C-5M_Cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Upgraded "glass" <a href="/wiki/C-5M" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5M">C-5M</a> instrument panel</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Glass cockpits originated in military aircraft in the late 1960s and early 1970s; an early example is the Mark II avionics of the F-111D (first ordered in 1967, delivered from 1970 to 1973), which featured a <a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">multi-function display</a>. </p><p>Prior to the 1970s, air transport operations were not considered sufficiently demanding to require advanced equipment like electronic flight displays. Also, computer technology was not at a level where sufficiently light and powerful electronics were available. The increasing complexity of transport aircraft, the advent of digital systems and the growing air traffic congestion around airports began to change that. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">Boeing 2707</a> was one of the earliest commercial aircraft designed with a glass cockpit. Most cockpit instruments were still analog, but <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) displays were to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">attitude indicator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">horizontal situation indicator</a> (HSI). However, the 2707 was cancelled in 1971 after insurmountable technical difficulties and ultimately the end of project funding by the US government. </p><p>The average transport aircraft in the mid-1970s had more than one hundred cockpit instruments and controls, and the primary flight instruments were already crowded with indicators, crossbars, and symbols, and the growing number of cockpit elements were competing for cockpit space and pilot attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> conducted research on displays that could process the raw aircraft system and flight data into an integrated, easily understood picture of the flight situation, culminating in a series of flights demonstrating a full glass cockpit system. </p><p>The success of the NASA-led glass cockpit work is reflected in the total acceptance of electronic flight displays. The safety and efficiency of flights have been increased with improved pilot understanding of the aircraft's situation relative to its environment (or "<a href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational awareness">situational awareness</a>"). </p><p>By the end of the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) panels were increasingly favored among aircraft manufacturers because of their efficiency, reliability and legibility. Earlier LCD panels suffered from poor legibility at some viewing angles and poor response times, making them unsuitable for aviation. Modern aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Boeing 737 Next Generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">777</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">747-400ER</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8I" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-8I">747-8F</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">767-400ER</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8" title="Boeing 747-8">747-8</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">787</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a> (later versions), <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">A330</a> (later versions), <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340-500/600</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340-300</a> (later versions), <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">A350</a> are fitted with glass cockpits consisting of LCD units.<sup id="cite_ref-A320_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A320-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SR22TN_Perspective_Cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SR22TN_Perspective_Cockpit.jpg/220px-SR22TN_Perspective_Cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SR22TN_Perspective_Cockpit.jpg/330px-SR22TN_Perspective_Cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SR22TN_Perspective_Cockpit.jpg/440px-SR22TN_Perspective_Cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Glass cockpit in a <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR22" title="Cirrus SR22">Cirrus SR22</a>. Note the three analog <a href="/wiki/Cockpit#back-up_instruments" title="Cockpit">standby instruments</a> near the bottom of the main instrument panel.</figcaption></figure> <p>The glass cockpit has become standard equipment in <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_jets" class="mw-redirect" title="Business jets">business jets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a>. It was fitted into NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> orbiters <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>, and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> TMA model spacecraft that were launched for the first time in 2002. By the end of the century glass cockpits began appearing in <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> aircraft as well. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrus Design">Cirrus Design</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR20" title="Cirrus SR20">SR20</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR22" title="Cirrus SR22">SR22</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aircraft</a> equipped with glass cockpits, which they made standard on all Cirrus aircraft. By <a href="/wiki/2005_in_aviation" title="2005 in aviation">2005</a>, even basic trainers like the <a href="/wiki/Piper_Cherokee" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Cherokee">Piper Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a> were shipping with glass cockpits as options (which nearly all customers chose), as well as many modern utility aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_DA42" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond DA42">Diamond DA42</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a> features a "panoramic cockpit display" touchscreen that replaces most of the switches and toggles found in an aircraft cockpit. The civilian <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Vision_SF50" title="Cirrus Vision SF50">Cirrus Vision SF50</a> has the same, which they call a "Perspective Touch" glass cockpit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_aviation">Commercial aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commercial aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-07-14-Suchoj-Superjet-100-RalfR-WMA_0547-0550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/15-07-14-Suchoj-Superjet-100-RalfR-WMA_0547-0550.jpg/220px-15-07-14-Suchoj-Superjet-100-RalfR-WMA_0547-0550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/15-07-14-Suchoj-Superjet-100-RalfR-WMA_0547-0550.jpg/330px-15-07-14-Suchoj-Superjet-100-RalfR-WMA_0547-0550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/15-07-14-Suchoj-Superjet-100-RalfR-WMA_0547-0550.jpg/440px-15-07-14-Suchoj-Superjet-100-RalfR-WMA_0547-0550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100" title="Sukhoi Superjet 100">Sukhoi Superjet 100</a> glass cockpit</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the previous era of glass cockpits—where designers merely copied the look and feel of conventional electromechanical instruments onto cathode-ray tubes—the new displays represent a true departure. They look and behave very similarly to other computers, with windows and data that can be manipulated with point-and-click devices. They also add terrain, approach charts, weather, vertical displays, and 3D navigation images. </p><p>The improved concepts enable aircraft makers to customize cockpits to a greater degree than previously. All of the manufacturers involved have chosen to do so in one way or another—such as using a <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a>, thumb pad or <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a> as a pilot-input device in a computer-style environment. Many of the modifications offered by the aircraft manufacturers improve situational awareness and customize the human-machine interface to increase safety. </p><p>Modern glass cockpits might include <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vision_system" title="Synthetic vision system">synthetic vision systems</a> (SVS) or <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_flight_vision_system" title="Enhanced flight vision system">enhanced flight vision systems</a> (EFVS). Synthetic vision systems display a realistic 3D depiction of the outside world (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight simulator</a>), based on a database of terrain and geophysical features in conjunction with the attitude and position information gathered from the aircraft navigational systems. Enhanced flight vision systems add real-time information from external sensors, such as an infrared camera. </p><p>All new airliners such as the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787</a> and private jets such as <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Global_Express" title="Bombardier Global Express">Bombardier Global Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learjet" title="Learjet">Learjet</a> use glass cockpits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_aviation">General aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessna_T182T_Cockpit_-_Garmin_G1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cessna_T182T_Cockpit_-_Garmin_G1000.jpg/220px-Cessna_T182T_Cockpit_-_Garmin_G1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cessna_T182T_Cockpit_-_Garmin_G1000.jpg/330px-Cessna_T182T_Cockpit_-_Garmin_G1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cessna_T182T_Cockpit_-_Garmin_G1000.jpg/440px-Cessna_T182T_Cockpit_-_Garmin_G1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garmin_G1000" title="Garmin G1000">Garmin G1000</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_182" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 182">Cessna 182</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> aircraft are available with glass cockpits. Systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Garmin_G1000" title="Garmin G1000">Garmin G1000</a> are now available on many new <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">GA</a> aircraft, including the classic <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a>. Many small aircraft can also be modified post-production to replace analogue instruments. </p><p>Glass cockpits are also popular as a retrofit for older private jets and turboprops such as <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault Falcon">Dassault Falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Beechcraft#Products" title="Hawker Beechcraft">Raytheon Hawkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger" title="Bombardier Challenger">Bombardier Challengers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_family" title="Cessna Citation family">Cessna Citations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_Aerospace#Products" title="Gulfstream Aerospace">Gulfstreams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air" title="Beechcraft King Air">King Airs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learjet#Aircraft" title="Learjet">Learjets</a>, <a href="/wiki/IAI_Astra" class="mw-redirect" title="IAI Astra">Astras</a>, and many others. Aviation service companies work closely with equipment manufacturers to address the needs of the owners of these aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer,_research,_hobby_&_recreational_aviation"><span id="Consumer.2C_research.2C_hobby_.26_recreational_aviation"></span>Consumer, research, hobby & recreational aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consumer, research, hobby & recreational aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, smartphones and tablets use mini-applications, or "apps", to remotely control complex devices, by WiFi radio interface. They demonstrate how the "glass cockpit" idea is being applied to consumer devices. Applications include toy-grade <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">UAVs</a> which use the display and touch screen of a tablet or smartphone to employ every aspect of the "glass cockpit" for instrument display, and <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> for aircraft control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spaceflight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STSCPanel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STSCPanel.jpg/220px-STSCPanel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STSCPanel.jpg/330px-STSCPanel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STSCPanel.jpg/440px-STSCPanel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> glass cockpit</figcaption></figure> <p>The glass cockpit idea made news in 1980s trade magazines, like <i><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, when NASA announced that it would be replacing most of the electro-mechanical flight instruments in the space shuttles with glass cockpit components. The articles mentioned how glass cockpit components had the added benefit of being a few hundred pounds lighter than the original flight instruments and support systems used in the Space Shuttles. The <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> was the first orbiter to be retrofitted with a glass cockpit in 2000 with the launch of <a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> was the second orbiter with a glass cockpit on <a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a> in 2002, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i> in 2005 with <a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> in 2007 with <a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a>. </p><p>NASA's <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a> will use glass cockpits derived from <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787 Dreamliner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As aircraft operation depends on glass cockpit systems, flight crews must be trained to deal with failures. The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a> has seen fifty incidents where several flight displays were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-NTSB_A08-53_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_A08-53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 January 2008, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> Flight 731 experienced a serious glass-cockpit blackout, losing half of the Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_centralized_aircraft_monitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic centralized aircraft monitor (page does not exist)">ECAM</a>) displays as well as all radios, transponders, Traffic Collision Avoidance System (<a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a>), and attitude indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-United_731_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_731-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilots were able to land at Newark Airport without radio contact in good weather and daylight conditions. </p><p>Airbus has offered an optional fix, which the US <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) has suggested to the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) as mandatory, but the FAA has yet to make it a requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-allthingsaviation_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allthingsaviation-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="decade old (April 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Glass_cockpit#Dubious" title="Talk:Glass cockpit">discuss</a></i>]</sup> A preliminary NTSB factsheet is available.<sup id="cite_ref-NTSB_A08-56_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_A08-56-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the possibility of a blackout, glass cockpit aircraft also have an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">integrated standby instrument system</a> that includes (at a minimum) an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial horizon">artificial horizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">airspeed indicator</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronically</a> separate from the main instruments and can run for several hours on a backup battery. </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">NTSB</a> published a study done on 8,000 general aviation light aircraft. The study found that, although aircraft equipped with glass cockpits had a lower overall accident rate, they also had a larger chance of being involved in a fatal accident.<sup id="cite_ref-NTSB_A08-56_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_A08-56-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NTSB Chairman said in response to the study:<sup id="cite_ref-NTSB_Safety_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_Safety-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Training is clearly one of the key components to reducing the accident rate of light planes equipped with glass cockpits, and this study clearly demonstrates the life and death importance of appropriate training on these complex systems... While the technological innovations and flight management tools that glass cockpit-equipped airplanes bring to the general aviation community should reduce the number of fatal accidents, we have not—unfortunately—seen that happen.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockpit_display_system" title="Cockpit display system">Cockpit display system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_flight_display" title="Primary flight display">Primary flight display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_661" title="ARINC 661">ARINC 661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_instrument_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic instrument cluster">Electronic instrument cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFS._Nagabhushana,_L._K._Sudha2010" class="citation book cs1">S. Nagabhushana, L. K. Sudha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwmJI0I3qCMC"><i>Aircraft Instrumentation and Systems</i></a>. New Delhi: I. K. International. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380578354" title="Special:BookSources/9789380578354"><bdi>9789380578354</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229054239/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwmJI0I3qCMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Transportation Safety Board. 2008-07-22. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210042527/https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safety-recs/RecLetters/A08_53_55.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span></span>. <q>According to Airbus, as of May 2007, 49 events similar to the United Airlines flight 731 and UK events had occurred in which the failure of electrical busses resulted in the loss of flight displays and various aircraft systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safety+Recommendation+A08-53&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Fsafety%2Fsafety-recs%2Frecletters%2FA08_53_55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+cockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_731-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_731_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter" class="citation news cs1">Porter, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/airbus-a320s-suffer-cockpit-power-failure-await-fixes/">"Airbus A320s suffer cockpit power failure, await fixes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229054330/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/airbus-a320s-suffer-cockpit-power-failure-await-fixes/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Airbus+A320s+suffer+cockpit+power+failure%2C+await+fixes&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fairbus-a320s-suffer-cockpit-power-failure-await-fixes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+cockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allthingsaviation-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allthingsaviation_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116161232/http://all-things-aviation.com/uncategorized/blackouts-in-the-cockpit/">"Blackouts In The Cockpit"</a>. All Things Aviation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://all-things-aviation.com/uncategorized/blackouts-in-the-cockpit/">the original</a> on January 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackouts+In+The+Cockpit&rft.pub=All+Things+Aviation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fall-things-aviation.com%2Funcategorized%2Fblackouts-in-the-cockpit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+cockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTSB_A08-56-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_A08-56_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_A08-56_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safety-recs/recletters/A08_56_58.pdf">"Safety Recommendation A08-56"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Transportation Safety Board. 2008-01-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816150608/https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safety-recs/recletters/A08_56_58.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safety+Recommendation+A08-56&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Fsafety%2Fsafety-recs%2Frecletters%2FA08_56_58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+cockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTSB_Safety-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_Safety_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004157/https://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/Pages/NTSB_Study_2010_Glass_Cockpits.aspx">"Forum: NTSB Study Shows Introduction Of 'Glass Cockpits' In General Aviation Airplanes Has Not Led To Expected Safety Improvements"</a>. <i>National Transportation Safety Board</i>. 9 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/Pages/NTSB_Study_2010_Glass_Cockpits.aspx">the original</a> on 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.atitle=Forum%3A+NTSB+Study+Shows+Introduction+Of+%27Glass+Cockpits%27+In+General+Aviation+Airplanes+Has+Not+Led+To+Expected+Safety+Improvements&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Fnews%2Fevents%2FPages%2FNTSB_Study_2010_Glass_Cockpits.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+cockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_George2017" class="citation news cs1">Fred George (Mar 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/less-more-merit-cockpit-minimalism">"Less Is More: Merit In Cockpit Minimalism"</a>. <i>Business & Commercial Aviation</i>. Aviation Week Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+%26+Commercial+Aviation&rft.atitle=Less+Is+More%3A+Merit+In+Cockpit+Minimalism&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.au=Fred+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fbusiness-aviation%2Fless-more-merit-cockpit-minimalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+cockpit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot-static</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machmeter" title="Machmeter">Machmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscopic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn coordinator">Turn coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn indicator">Turn indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Magnetic compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Integrated_GPS/INS" title="Space Integrated GPS/INS">SIGI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_inertial_reference_unit" title="Air data inertial reference unit">Air data inertial reference unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">ECAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">Integrated standby instrument system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_flight_display" title="Primary flight display">Primary flight display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_speeds" title="V speeds">V speeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_engines_and_aircraft_gas_turbines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Template:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_engines_and_aircraft_gas_turbines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbines</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_propulsion" title="Jet propulsion">jet propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br /> components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_drive" title="Accessory drive">Accessory drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">Air intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner (reheat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">Combustor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_speed_drive" title="Constant speed drive">Constant speed drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">Impeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_bullet" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">Turbine blade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">Compressor stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_pressure_ratio" title="Engine pressure ratio">Engine pressure ratio (EPR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flameout" title="Flameout">Flameout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine_performance" title="Jet engine performance">Jet engine performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust lapse">Thrust lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Thrust specific fuel consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust to weight ratio">Thrust to weight ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">Windmill restart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprotor" title="Proprotor">Proprotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine<br /> instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass cockpit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">Fuel</a> and induction<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_holder" title="Flame holder">Flame holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-start_system" title="Air-start system">Air-start system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit (APU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&oldid=1253367212">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass_cockpit&oldid=1253367212</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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