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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Franklin_machine.jpg/240px-Franklin_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Franklin_machine.jpg/360px-Franklin_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Franklin_machine.jpg/480px-Franklin_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Franklin's electrostatic machine <br /> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Franklin's electrostatic machine</b> is a high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a>-<a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_generator" title="Electrostatic generator">generating device</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> in the mid-18th century for research into electrical phenomena. Its key components are a <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> globe which turned on an axis via a <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">crank</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a> pad in contact with the spinning globe, a set of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> needles to conduct away the <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charge</a> developed on the globe by its <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> with the pad, and a <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jar</a> – a high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> – to accumulate the charge. Franklin's experiments with the machine eventually led to new theories about <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and inventing the <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin#Inventions_and_scientific_inquiries" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin § Inventions and scientific inquiries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin%27s_Leyden_jar_experiment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Franklin%27s_Leyden_jar_experiment.png/150px-Franklin%27s_Leyden_jar_experiment.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Franklin%27s_Leyden_jar_experiment.png/225px-Franklin%27s_Leyden_jar_experiment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Franklin%27s_Leyden_jar_experiment.png/300px-Franklin%27s_Leyden_jar_experiment.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Leyden jar experiment</figcaption></figure> <p>Franklin was not the first to build an electrostatic generator. European scientists developed machines to generate static electricity decades earlier. In 1663, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke" title="Otto von Guericke">Otto von Guericke</a> generated static electricity with a device that used a sphere of sulfur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200961_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200961-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hauksbee" title="Francis Hauksbee">Francis Hauksbee</a> developed a more advanced electrostatic generator around 1704 using a glass bulb that had a vacuum. He later replaced the globe with a glass tube of about 2.5 feet (0.76 m) emptied of air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200961_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200961-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glass tube was a less effective static generator than the globe, but it became more popular because it was easier to use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200962_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200962-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Machines that generated static electricity with a glass disc were popular and widespread in Europe by 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, German cleric <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist" title="Ewald Georg von Kleist">Ewald Georg von Kleist</a> and Dutch scientist <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek" title="Pieter van Musschenbroek">Pieter van Musschenbroek</a> discovered independently that the electric charge from these machines could be stored in a <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jar</a>, named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1745, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Collinson_(botanist)" title="Peter Collinson (botanist)">Peter Collinson</a>, a businessman from London who corresponded with American and European scientists, donated a German "glass tube"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with instructions how to make static electricity, to Franklin's <a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199061_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199061-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collinson was the library's London agent and provided the latest technology news from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200958–59_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200958–59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane195448_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane195448-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasles2008119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasles2008119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin wrote a letter to Collinson on March 28, 1747,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200967_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200967-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thanking him, and saying the tube and instructions had motivated several colleagues and him to begin serious experiments with electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin%27s_static_electricity_tube_(Collinson_tube),_maker_unknown,_London,_c._1747_-_DSC06567.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_static_electricity_tube_%28Collinson_tube%29%2C_maker_unknown%2C_London%2C_c._1747_-_DSC06567.JPG/200px-Benjamin_Franklin%27s_static_electricity_tube_%28Collinson_tube%29%2C_maker_unknown%2C_London%2C_c._1747_-_DSC06567.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_static_electricity_tube_%28Collinson_tube%29%2C_maker_unknown%2C_London%2C_c._1747_-_DSC06567.JPG/300px-Benjamin_Franklin%27s_static_electricity_tube_%28Collinson_tube%29%2C_maker_unknown%2C_London%2C_c._1747_-_DSC06567.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_static_electricity_tube_%28Collinson_tube%29%2C_maker_unknown%2C_London%2C_c._1747_-_DSC06567.JPG/400px-Benjamin_Franklin%27s_static_electricity_tube_%28Collinson_tube%29%2C_maker_unknown%2C_London%2C_c._1747_-_DSC06567.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Collinson gift of "glass tube" used for producing static electricity</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1746, Franklin began working on electrical experiments with <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Kinnersley" title="Ebenezer Kinnersley">Ebenezer Kinnersley</a> after he bought all of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Spencer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Spencer (page does not exist)">Archibald Spencer</a>'s electrical equipment that he used in his lectures. Later, he was also associated with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkinson" title="Thomas Hopkinson">Thomas Hopkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Syng" title="Philip Syng">Philip Syng</a> in experimentation with electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean1877142_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean1877142-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005182_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005182-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1747 they had received an electrical system from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Penn" title="Thomas Penn">Thomas Penn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no records exists to tell exactly what parts were included in the system, historian J. A. Leo LeMay believes it was a combination of an electricity generating machine, a Leyden jar, a glass tube, and a stool that was electrically insulated from the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200975_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarche2013596_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarche2013596-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave Franklin a complete system to experiment with generating and storing electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane195448_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane195448-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> are rubbed with certain materials, they produce electrical effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199028_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199028-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin theorized this "electrical fire" was collected from this other material somehow, and not produced by the friction on the object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005184_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005184-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200971_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He decided to retire early from his printing business, still in his early forties, to spend more time studying electricity. In 1748, Franklin turned over his entire printing business to his partner <a href="/wiki/David_Hall_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hall (publisher)">David Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2005126–127_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2005126–127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved into a new Philadelphia home with his wife, where he built a laboratory to conduct experiments and research new electrical theories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinger201285_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger201285-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HomeLab_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HomeLab-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin experimented not only with the electrostatic machine with the glass globe, but also with the Leyden jar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker200540_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker200540-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He kept a detailed journal of his research in a diary called "Electrical Minutes" that has since been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200991_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200991-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin's machine was given to <a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a> by Franklin's grandson in 1792,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin%27s_electrostatic_generator,_maker_unknown,_c._1745_-_DSC06559.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_electrostatic_generator%2C_maker_unknown%2C_c._1745_-_DSC06559.JPG/220px-Benjamin_Franklin%27s_electrostatic_generator%2C_maker_unknown%2C_c._1745_-_DSC06559.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_electrostatic_generator%2C_maker_unknown%2C_c._1745_-_DSC06559.JPG/330px-Benjamin_Franklin%27s_electrostatic_generator%2C_maker_unknown%2C_c._1745_-_DSC06559.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_electrostatic_generator%2C_maker_unknown%2C_c._1745_-_DSC06559.JPG/440px-Benjamin_Franklin%27s_electrostatic_generator%2C_maker_unknown%2C_c._1745_-_DSC06559.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption> The glass globe spinning against the bottom pad develops static charge, which is conducted away by metal needles at top.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin's machine used a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage#chain_and_belt_drives" title="Mechanical advantage">belt and pulley system</a> that could be operated by one person turning a crank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker200540_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker200540-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large pulley was attached to the crank handle, and a much smaller pulley was attached to a large glass globe. An iron axle passed through the globe. This allowed the globe to be rotated at high speed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESecor1975214_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESecor1975214-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the crank was turned, the glass globe rubbed against a leather pad, which generated a large static charge, similar to the electrical charge that could be created by rubbing a glass tube with wool cloth by hand. The machine was unique improvement over others made in Europe at the time, as the glass globe could be spun faster with much less labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200972_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few revolutions of the handle were all that were needed to charge a Leyden jar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200972_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1956440_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956440-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electricity produced by the machine, in the form of sparks, passed through a set of metal needles positioned close to the spinning globe. The electric charge continued passing through a beaded iron chain, which acted as a conductor, to a Leyden jar that received the electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNichol200610–16_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNichol200610–16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory18228_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory18228-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20011335_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20011335-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin called the sparks produced by the machine "electrical fire".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane195448_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane195448-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The glass globes, known as "electerizing globes",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridenbaugh201263_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridenbaugh201263-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were made of glass that was scientifically designed to produce static electricity effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin specified the materials to be used in the glass formula, and the globes were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Wistar_(glassmaker)" title="Caspar Wistar (glassmaker)">Caspar Wistar</a>, a close associate of Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200975_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wistarburgh_Glass_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Wistarburgh Glass Works">Wistarburgh Glass Works</a> also made scientific glass for the Leyden jars Franklin used in the 1750s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200975_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridenbaugh201263_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridenbaugh201263-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_principles">Electrical principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electrical principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin's experiments with Leyden jars progressed to connecting several Leyden jars together in a series, with "one hanging on the tail of the other". All of the jars in the series could be charged simultaneously, which multiplied the electrical effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1956460_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956460-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar apparatus had been created earlier by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gralath" title="Daniel Gralath">Daniel Gralath</a>. Franklin called this device an "<a href="/wiki/Electrical_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical battery">electrical battery</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that term later came to have a different meaning, referring instead to a set of one or more <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cells</a>. At that time, the word "battery" was a military term for a <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">group of cannons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2009136_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2009136-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin was the first to apply the terms "positive" and "negative" to electricity. </p><p>Through his research, Franklin was among first to prove the electrical principal of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of charge">conservation of charge</a> in 1747:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005184_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005184-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200972_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a similar discovery was made independently in 1746 by <a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(scientist)" title="William Watson (scientist)">William Watson</a>. Franklin wrote detailed letters and documents about his experiments with the electrostatic machine and Leyden jars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005184_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005184-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNichol200616_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNichol200616-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmivuoPlonsey199513_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmivuoPlonsey199513-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1749, Franklin made a list of several ways in which lightning was similar to electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200312_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200312-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> was essentially nothing more than giant electric sparks, similar to the sparks from the static charges produced by his electrostatic machine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200312_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200312-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He referred to static electricity as "electric fire", "electric matter", or "electric fluid".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1956460_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956460-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "electric fluid" was based on the idea that a jar could be filled and refilled when it became empty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That led to the revolutionary idea of "electrical fire" as a type of motion or current flow rather than a type of explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200972–75_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200972–75-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several 18th-century electric terms were derived from his name. For example, static electricity was known as "Franklin current",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014496_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014496-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Franklinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklinization">Franklinization</a>" is a form of <a href="/wiki/Electrotherapy" title="Electrotherapy">electrotherapy</a> where Franklin shocked patients with strong static charges, to treat patients with various illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffer2003136,_137_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffer2003136,_137-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Americana_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americana-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leyden_battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several Leyden jars connected together = a battery. (18 inches wide × 13 inches deep × 15 inches high)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leyden_battery.jpg/300px-Leyden_battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leyden_battery.jpg/450px-Leyden_battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leyden_battery.jpg/600px-Leyden_battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leyden_battery_label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Museum label for Leyden jar "electrical battery"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leyden_battery_label.jpg/300px-Leyden_battery_label.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leyden_battery_label.jpg/450px-Leyden_battery_label.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leyden_battery_label.jpg/600px-Leyden_battery_label.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Leyden jar battery at the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> science museum and the associated museum label that is below it</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lightning_rod_invention">Lightning rod invention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lightning rod invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_safe_study.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lightning_safe_study.jpg/180px-Lightning_safe_study.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lightning_safe_study.jpg/270px-Lightning_safe_study.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lightning_safe_study.jpg/360px-Lightning_safe_study.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Kite apparatus for safe study of atmospheric electricity and lightning</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thunder_house" title="Thunder house">Thunder house</a></div> <p>Franklin invented the <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> based on what he learned from experiments with his electrostatic machine. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean1877142_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean1877142-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulson195032_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulson195032-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin and his associates observed that pointed objects were more effective than blunt objects at "drawing off" and "throwing off" sparks from static electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005182_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005182-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMay1987600_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMay1987600-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery was first reported by Hopkinson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinger201285_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger201285-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin wondered if this discovery could be used in a practical invention. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004137–145_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004137–145-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought something could be made to attract the electricity out of storm clouds, but first he had to verify that lightning bolts really are giant electric sparks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004137–145_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004137–145-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote Collinson and <a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_Colden" title="Cadwallader Colden">Cadwallader Colden</a> letters about this theory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200986–96_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200986–96-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he described the <a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">kite experiment</a> in the October 19, 1752 issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Gazette">Pennsylvania Gazette</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004141_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004141-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Tom Tucker of the <a href="/wiki/Isothermal_Community_College" title="Isothermal Community College">Isothermal Community College</a> doubts the account, however, because of ambiguities in the account and points that out in his book <i>Bolt of Fate: Benjamin Franklin and his Electric Kite Hoax</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2005_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2005-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others disagree with this view, arguing that Franklin would not make up such a fake story because he valued the integrity of the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffer2004_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffer2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoese2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoese2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_fulmine_inv_1545_IF_41785.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Casa_del_fulmine_inv_1545_IF_41785.jpg/170px-Casa_del_fulmine_inv_1545_IF_41785.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Casa_del_fulmine_inv_1545_IF_41785.jpg/255px-Casa_del_fulmine_inv_1545_IF_41785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Casa_del_fulmine_inv_1545_IF_41785.jpg/340px-Casa_del_fulmine_inv_1545_IF_41785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A "thunder house" example</figcaption></figure> <p>To test his theory, Franklin proposed a potentially deadly experiment, to be performed during an electrical storm, where a person would stand on an insulated stool inside a sentry box, and hold out a long, pointed iron rod to attract a lightning bolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199028_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199028-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar but less dangerous version of this experiment was first performed successfully <a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment#Lightning_rod_experiments" title="Kite experiment">in France On May 10</a>, 1752, and later repeated several more times throughout Europe, though after a <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Richmann" title="Georg Wilhelm Richmann">fatality in 1753</a> it was less frequently tried. Franklin declared that this "sentry-box experiment" showed that lightning and electricity were one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199028_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199028-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franklin realized that wooden buildings could be protected from lightning strikes, and the deadly fires that often resulted, by placing a pointed iron on a rooftop, with the other end of the rod placed deep into the ground. The sharp point of the lightning rod would attract the electrical discharge from the cloud, and the lightning bolt would hit the iron rod instead of the wooden building. The electric charge from the lightning would flow through the rod directly into the earth, bypassing the structure, and preventing a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer199258_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer199258-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franklin's friend Kinnersley traveled throughout the eastern United States in the 1750s demonstrating man-made "lightning" on model <a href="/wiki/Thunder_house" title="Thunder house">thunder houses</a> to show a how an iron rod placed into the ground would protect a wooden structure. He explained that lightning followed the same principles as the sparks from Franklin's electrostatic machine. These lectures by Kinnersley were widely advertised, and were one of the ways Franklin's lightning rod was demonstrated to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005188_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005188-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familiar_Introduction_to_Electricity_by_Joseph_Priestly,_plate_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Familiar_Introduction_to_Electricity_by_Joseph_Priestly%2C_plate_7.jpg/150px-Familiar_Introduction_to_Electricity_by_Joseph_Priestly%2C_plate_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Familiar_Introduction_to_Electricity_by_Joseph_Priestly%2C_plate_7.jpg/225px-Familiar_Introduction_to_Electricity_by_Joseph_Priestly%2C_plate_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Familiar_Introduction_to_Electricity_by_Joseph_Priestly%2C_plate_7.jpg/300px-Familiar_Introduction_to_Electricity_by_Joseph_Priestly%2C_plate_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption> One of Joseph Priestley's <br /> "electrostatic machines"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></div> <p>Franklin distributed copies of the electrostatic machine to many of his close associates to encourage them to study electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200975_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1747 and 1750, Franklin sent many letters to his friend Collinson in London about his experiments with the electrostatic machine and the Leyden jar, including his observations and theories on the principles of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005182_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005182-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These letters were collected and published in 1751 in a book entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity">Experiments and Observations on Electricity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNichol200619_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNichol200619-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1751_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1751-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1956432,_478_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956432,_478-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> was writing about the history of electricity, Franklin encouraged him to use an electrostatic machine to perform the experiments he was writing about. Priestly designed and used his own variations of Franklin's machine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPyensonGauvin200293_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyensonGauvin200293-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While replicating the electrical experiments, some unanswered questions prompted Priestly to design additional experiments, leading to additional discoveries. In 1767, he published a 700-page book on his findings called <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_and_Present_State_of_Electricity" title="The History and Present State of Electricity">The History and Present State of Electricity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200564–66_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200564–66-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield1997140–150_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield1997140–150-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eighteenth-century scientific laboratories usually contained some form of hand-operated electrostatic machine. Italian scientist <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> had an electrostatic generator in his laboratory, where experiments with frog legs led him to conclude that animals generated a vital force, an <a href="/wiki/Animal_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal electricity">animal electricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery2016207_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery2016207-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Italian scientist, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, disagreed with Galvani's claim that the electrical effects were due to something peculiar to living matter, and he demonstrated that electricity can be generated merely by placing wet, salty material in between two different metals. This led directly to the invention of the first practical electric battery, the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>. </p><p>After Franklin's death, two iconic artifacts from his research, the original "battery" of Leyden jars, and the "glass tube" that was a gift from Collinson in 1747, were given to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1836 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkinson" title="Thomas Hopkinson">Thomas Hopkinson</a>'s grandson <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hopkinson" title="Joseph Hopkinson">Joseph Hopkinson</a>, in accordance with Franklin's will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1956454B_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956454B-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wistarburgh_Glass_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Wistarburgh Glass Works">Wistarburgh Glass Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbett%27s_electrostatic_machine" title="Corbett's electrostatic machine">Corbett's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator">Van de Graaff generator</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200961-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200961_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200961_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemay2009">Lemay 2009</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200962-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200962_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemay2009">Lemay 2009</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimnes2014495_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimnes2014">Grimnes 2014</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbott2005185_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbott2005">Talbott 2005</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199061-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199061_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1990">Cohen 1990</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200958–59-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200958–59_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemay2009">Lemay 2009</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrane195448-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane195448_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane195448_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrane195448_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrane1954">Crane 1954</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasles2008119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasles2008119_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasles2008">Pasles 2008</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay200967-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemay200967_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemay2009">Lemay 2009</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028190523/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-03-02-0055">"From Benjamin Franklin to Peter Collinson, 28 March 1747"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Publications_and_Records_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Publications and Records Commission">National Historical Publications and Records Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-03-02-0055">the original</a> on 28 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=4&page=360a">the original</a> on September 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Kite+Experiment&rft.date=1752-10-19&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffranklinpapers.org%2Ffranklin%2FframedVolumes.jsp%3Fvol%3D4%26page%3D360a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benjamin-franklin-history.org/kite-experiment/">"Kite Experiment"</a>. <i>Benjamin Franklin Historical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNichol2006">McNichol 2006</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1751-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1751_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin1751">Franklin 1751</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956432,_478-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1956432,_478_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1956">Cohen 1956</a>, pp. 432, 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyensonGauvin200293-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPyensonGauvin200293_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPyensonGauvin2002">Pyenson & Gauvin 2002</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200564–66-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200564–66_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, pp. 64–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield1997140–150-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield1997140–150_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1997">Schofield 1997</a>, pp. 140–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery2016207-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery2016207_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvery2016">Avery 2016</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1956454B-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1956454B_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1956">Cohen 1956</a>, p. 454B.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery2016" class="citation book cs1">Avery, John Scales (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU8tDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>Science and Society</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3147-73-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3147-73-7"><bdi>978-981-3147-73-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Society&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-981-3147-73-7&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=John+Scales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU8tDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoese2015" class="citation web cs1">Boese, Alex (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_electric_kite_hoax/">"The Electric Kite Hoax"</a>. The Museum of Hoaxes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Kite+Hoax&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Hoaxes&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Boese&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoaxes.org%2Farchive%2Fpermalink%2Fthe_electric_kite_hoax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridenbaugh2012" class="citation book cs1">Bridenbaugh, Carl (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QQG2yN2bhYC&pg=PA63"><i>The Colonial Craftsman</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Courier_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Corporation">Courier Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14473-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14473-3"><bdi>978-0-486-14473-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Craftsman&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-486-14473-3&rft.aulast=Bridenbaugh&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QQG2yN2bhYC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1956" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, I. Bernard (1956). <i>Franklin and Newton: An Inquiry Into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science and Franklin's Work in Electricity as an Example Thereof</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin+and+Newton%3A+An+Inquiry+Into+Speculative+Newtonian+Experimental+Science+and+Franklin%27s+Work+in+Electricity+as+an+Example+Thereof&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=I.+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1990" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, I. Bernard (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin00iber"><i>Benjamin Franklin's Science</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin00iber/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06659-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06659-5"><bdi>978-0-674-06659-5</bdi></a>. <q>Peter Collinson glass tube Franklin gift.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%27s+Science&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06659-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=I.+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjaminfranklin00iber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulson1950" class="citation book cs1">Coulson, Thomas (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephhenryhisli0000coul"><i>Joseph Henry: His Life and Work</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <q>The atmosphere of Philadelphia gave him and his associates exceptional opportunity to exercise their skill with the electrostatic machine. As a result, many of their experiments were of an original character. The famous kite experiment enabled the Philadelphia group to established what had been surmised by others, that lightning was identical to the mild charge of electricity produced by the friction of the electrostatic machine. Franklin invented the lightning rod, which goes down in history as the first practical electrical invention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Henry%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephhenryhisli0000coul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane1954" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Verner Winslow (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin0000unse_t8p0"><i>Benjamin Franklin and a Rising People</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin+and+a+Rising+People&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Verner+Winslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjaminfranklin0000unse_t8p0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Finger, Stanley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvrPsUhW7wC&pg=PA85"><i>Doctor Franklin's Medicine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0191-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctor+Franklin%27s+Medicine&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0191-8&rft.aulast=Finger&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRpvrPsUhW7wC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1751" class="citation web cs1">Franklin, Benjamin (1751). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/experimentsobser00fran">"Experiments and Observations on Electricity"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Cave (page does not exist)">E. Cave</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Libraries">Smithsonian Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experiments+and+Observations+on+Electricity&rft.pub=E.+Cave&rft.date=1751&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.si.edu%2Fdigital-library%2Fbook%2Fexperimentsobser00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarche2013" class="citation book cs1">Garche, Jürgen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAi_QBsTz5UC&q=Franklin+electrostatic+machine+about+static+electricity+principles&pg=RA2-PA596"><i>Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Newnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Newnes">Newnes</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52745-5"><bdi>978-0-444-52745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Electrochemical+Power+Sources&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-444-52745-5&rft.aulast=Garche&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAi_QBsTz5UC%26q%3DFranklin%2Belectrostatic%2Bmachine%2Babout%2Bstatic%2Belectricity%2Bprinciples%26pg%3DRA2-PA596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1822" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, George (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8NDAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-PT800"><i>A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins and Company">Collins and Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.pub=Collins+and+Company&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8NDAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA8-PT800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimnes2014" class="citation book cs1">Grimnes, Sverre (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-R-cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495"><i>Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-411533-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-411533-0"><bdi>978-0-12-411533-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioimpedance+and+Bioelectricity+Basics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-12-411533-0&rft.aulast=Grimnes&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-R-cAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2004" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L64OOJGaCKIC"><i>Benjamin Franklin: An American Life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5807-4"><bdi>978-0-7432-5807-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+An+American+Life&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5807-4&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL64OOJGaCKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Joe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9XaAAAAMAAJ"><i>World on Fire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03434-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03434-5"><bdi>978-0-670-03434-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+on+Fire&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03434-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9XaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeMay1987" class="citation book cs1">LeMay, J. A. Leo (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=go3qoQEACAAJ"><i>Benjamin Franklin: Writings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Group USA">Penguin Group USA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-29-5"><bdi>978-0-940450-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+Writings&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+USA&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-940450-29-5&rft.aulast=LeMay&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgo3qoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemay2009" class="citation book cs1">Lemay, J. A. Leo (2009). <i>The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 3: Soldier, Scientist, and Politician, 1748–1757</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4121-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-4121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Benjamin+Franklin%2C+Volume+3%3A+Soldier%2C+Scientist%2C+and+Politician%2C+1748%E2%80%931757&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4121-1&rft.aulast=Lemay&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2009" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Barry C. (2009). <i>Cornered: The New Monopoly Capitalism and the Economics of Destruction</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-55703-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-55703-7"><bdi>978-0-470-55703-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornered%3A+The+New+Monopoly+Capitalism+and+the+Economics+of+Destruction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-55703-7&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Barry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean1877" class="citation book cs1">Maclean, John (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycollegen04maclgoog"><i>History of the College of New Jersey: From Its Origin in 1746 to the Commencement of 1854</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_%26_Co." title="J. B. Lippincott & Co.">Lippincott</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+College+of+New+Jersey%3A+From+Its+Origin+in+1746+to+the+Commencement+of+1854&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycollegen04maclgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2003" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Robert (June 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3308983/Benjamin-Franklin-faked-kite-experiment.html">"Benjamin Franklin 'faked kite experiment'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Franklin+%27faked+kite+experiment%27&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F3308983%2FBenjamin-Franklin-faked-kite-experiment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2001" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Kimberley A. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galeencyclopedia0000mcgr"><i>The Gale Encyclopedia of Science: Catastrophism-Eukaryotae</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Group">Gale Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4372-0"><bdi>978-0-7876-4372-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Science%3A+Catastrophism-Eukaryotae&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-4372-0&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Kimberley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaleencyclopedia0000mcgr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNichol2006" class="citation book cs1">McNichol, Tom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yh-ajmMQzv8C&pg=PA16"><i>AC/DC: The Savage Tale of the First Standards War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-04702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-04702-6"><bdi>978-1-118-04702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AC%2FDC%3A+The+Savage+Tale+of+the+First+Standards+War&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-118-04702-6&rft.aulast=McNichol&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYh-ajmMQzv8C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2003" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Edmund Sears (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin00edmu"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10162-1"><bdi>978-0-300-10162-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10162-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Sears&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjaminfranklin00edmu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmivuoPlonsey1995" class="citation book cs1">Malmivuo, Jaakko; Plonsey, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9CFM0TqWwsC&pg=PA13"><i>Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505823-9"><bdi>978-0-19-505823-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioelectromagnetism%3A+Principles+and+Applications+of+Bioelectric+and+Biomagnetic+Fields&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505823-9&rft.aulast=Malmivuo&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rft.au=Plonsey%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9CFM0TqWwsC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasles2008" class="citation book cs1">Pasles, Paul C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqugpLLyZUEC&pg=PA119"><i>Benjamin Franklin's Numbers: An Unsung Mathematical Odyssey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12956-3"><bdi>978-0-691-12956-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%27s+Numbers%3A+An+Unsung+Mathematical+Odyssey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12956-3&rft.aulast=Pasles&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqugpLLyZUEC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyensonGauvin2002" class="citation book cs1">Pyenson, Lewis; Gauvin, Jean-François (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEJfIJK84MAC&pg=PA93"><i>Art of Teaching Physics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89ditions_du_Septentrion" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Éditions du Septentrion">Les Éditions du Septentrion</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-320-6"><bdi>978-2-89448-320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Teaching+Physics&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+du+Septentrion&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-89448-320-6&rft.aulast=Pyenson&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft.au=Gauvin%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEJfIJK84MAC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1992" class="citation book cs1">Schafer, Larry E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELAQDPnOCU8C&pg=PA58"><i>Taking Charge: An Introduction to Electricity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/NSTA_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NSTA Press">NSTA Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87355-110-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87355-110-6"><bdi>978-0-87355-110-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Charge%3A+An+Introduction+to+Electricity&rft.pub=NSTA+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87355-110-6&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Larry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELAQDPnOCU8C%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schiffer, Michael B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQuk6bH2apcC&q=+treat+patients&pg=PR136"><i>Draw the Lightning Down</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23802-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23802-8"><bdi>0-520-23802-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Draw+the+Lightning+Down&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23802-8&rft.aulast=Schiffer&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQuk6bH2apcC%26q%3D%2Btreat%2Bpatients%26pg%3DPR136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffer, Michael B. (2004). "Bolt of Fate: Benjamin Franklin and His Electric Kite Hoax (review)". <i><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_Culture" title="Technology and Culture">Technology and Culture</a></i>. <b>45</b> (4): 839–840. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.2004.0202">10.1353/tech.2004.0202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109344397">109344397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Bolt+of+Fate%3A+Benjamin+Franklin+and+His+Electric+Kite+Hoax+%28review%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=839-840&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftech.2004.0202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109344397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schiffer&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1997" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Robert E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71_MHXumhYEC"><i>Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Press">Penn State Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-04083-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-04083-1"><bdi>0-271-04083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+of+Joseph+Priestley&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-271-04083-1&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71_MHXumhYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecor1975" class="citation book cs1">Secor, Robert (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pennsylvania177600seco"><i>Pennsylvania: 1776</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01217-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01217-9"><bdi>978-0-271-01217-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania%3A+1776&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01217-9&rft.aulast=Secor&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpennsylvania177600seco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbott2005" class="citation book cs1">Talbott, Page (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rqAPwAACAAJ"><i>Search of a Better World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-6732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-6732-6"><bdi>978-1-4379-6732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Search+of+a+Better+World&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-6732-6&rft.aulast=Talbott&rft.aufirst=Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rqAPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Tom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrTCl4e1u1AC&pg=PT40"><i>Bolt of Fate</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3942-4"><bdi>978-0-7867-3942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolt+of+Fate&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3942-4&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrTCl4e1u1AC%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldstreicher2005" class="citation book cs1">Waldstreicher, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWtQBKH-cEC&pg=PA126"><i>Runaway America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-8315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-8315-2"><bdi>978-0-8090-8315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runaway+America&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-8315-2&rft.aulast=Waldstreicher&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQLWtQBKH-cEC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranklin%27s+electrostatic+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_712387">Benjamin Franklin's electrical apparatus (electrostatic machine) at Smithsonian National Museum of American History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2012113_2011976_2011962,00.html"><i>The Amazing Adventures of Ben Franklin – Scientist & Inventor / Opposites Attract</i> with picture of glass globe on top</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/franklin.htm">Franklin's Electrostatic Generator information and picture from University of Maryland Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206022243/http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/franklin.htm">Archived</a> 2016-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benjamin_Franklin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template talk:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benjamin_Franklin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassador to France (1779–1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding of the<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die"><i>Join, or Die.</i> (1754 political cartoon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">"...to be self-evident"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions,<br />other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica#Franklin's_armonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass armonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity,_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain"><i>A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain</i> (1725)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette"><i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i> (1729–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack"><i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> (1732–1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drinker%27s_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."><i>Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity"><i>Experiments and Observations on Electricity</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth"><i>The Way to Wealth</i> (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle"><i>Pennsylvania Chronicle</i> (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One"><i>Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One</i> (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy"><i>A Letter to a Royal Academy</i> (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage"><i>Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America</i> (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw" title="s:An Address to the Public"><i>An Address to the Public</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks"><i>A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"><i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i> (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires"><i>Bagatelles and Satires</i> (pub. 1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a></i> (1816 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS <i>Franklin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me"><i>Ben and Me</i> (1953 short)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris"><i>Ben Franklin in Paris</i> (1964 musical play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2002 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2022 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache (son-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Category:Benjamin Franklin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&oldid=1257907051">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine&oldid=1257907051</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrostatic_generators" title="Category:Electrostatic generators">Electrostatic generators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrical_generators" title="Category:Electrical generators">Electrical generators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrostatics" title="Category:Electrostatics">Electrostatics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_scientific_instruments" title="Category:Historical scientific instruments">Historical scientific instruments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 05:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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