CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>National Guard (Nicaragua) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"62a44f6c-6155-4782-ba92-76b1073a45b6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"National_Guard_(Nicaragua)","wgTitle":"National Guard (Nicaragua)","wgCurRevisionId":1275588105,"wgRevisionId":1275588105,"wgArticleId":931062,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2023","Articles containing Spanish-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2016","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Source attribution","CS1 maint: postscript","Commons category link from Wikidata","Banana Wars","Defunct gendarmeries","Law enforcement in Nicaragua","Military history of Nicaragua","Paramilitary organizations based in Nicaragua","Organizations of the Nicaraguan Revolution"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"National_Guard_(Nicaragua)","wgRelevantArticleId":931062,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1541185","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="National Guard (Nicaragua) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-National_Guard_Nicaragua rootpage-National_Guard_Nicaragua skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=National+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=National+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=National+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=National+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somoza_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somoza_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Somoza regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somoza_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Chief_Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Chief_Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Chief Directors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Chief_Directors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Chief Directors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Chief_Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_National_Guard_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_National_Guard_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notable National Guard officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_National_Guard_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Appearance and insignia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearance_and_insignia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appearance and insignia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helmets_and_body_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmets_and_body_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Helmets and body armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmets_and_body_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accoutrements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accoutrements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Accoutrements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accoutrements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Rank insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branch_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branch_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Branch insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branch_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Weapons and equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weapons and equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Small arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortars_and_artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortars_and_artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mortars and artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortars_and_artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_and_transport_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_and_transport_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Combat and transport vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_and_transport_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle_as_by_1978–79" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle_as_by_1978–79"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Order of battle as by 1978–79</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Order_of_battle_as_by_1978–79-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Order of battle as by 1978–79 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle_as_by_1978–79-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ground Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Air Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Naval forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Police_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Police_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>National Police branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Police_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Special Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Training institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_Academy_–_AMN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Academy_–_AMN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Military Academy – AMN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Academy_–_AMN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infantry_Basic_Training_School_–_EEBI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry_Basic_Training_School_–_EEBI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Infantry Basic Training School – EEBI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry_Basic_Training_School_–_EEBI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signals_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signals_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Signals School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signals_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaraguan_Air_Force_Academy_–_EMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaraguan_Air_Force_Academy_–_EMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Nicaraguan Air Force Academy – EMA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaraguan_Air_Force_Academy_–_EMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Guard_Police_Academy_–_ENP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Guard_Police_Academy_–_ENP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>National Guard Police Academy – ENP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Guard_Police_Academy_–_ENP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Managua_Weapons_Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Managua_Weapons_Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Lake Managua Weapons Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Managua_Weapons_Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Guard (Nicaragua)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Nacional_de_Nicaragua" title="Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Nacional_(Nicaragua)" title="Guardia Nacional (Nicaragua) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guardia Nacional (Nicaragua)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraguako_Guardia_Nazionala" title="Nikaraguako Guardia Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikaraguako Guardia Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_nationale_(Nicaragua)" title="Garde nationale (Nicaragua) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Garde nationale (Nicaragua)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Nacional_de_Nicaragua" title="Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwardia_Narodowa_(Nikaragua)" title="Gwardia Narodowa (Nikaragua) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwardia Narodowa (Nikaragua)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda_Nacional_(Nicar%C3%A1gua)" title="Guarda Nacional (Nicarágua) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guarda Nacional (Nicarágua)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0)" title="Национальная гвардия (Никарагуа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная гвардия (Никарагуа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1541185#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&oldid=1275588105" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=National_Guard_%28Nicaragua%29&id=1275588105&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNational_Guard_%28Nicaragua%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNational_Guard_%28Nicaragua%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=National_Guard_%28Nicaragua%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1541185" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1925–1979 US-created militia in Nicaragua</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Nicaraguan National Guard</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Honor, Patria, Disciplina</i></span> ("Honour", "Fatherland", "Discipline")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nicaraguan National Guard Ground Forces <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Air_Force" title="Nicaraguan Air Force">Air Force of the Nicaraguan National Guard</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Navy" title="Nicaraguan Navy">Nicaraguan National Guard Navy</a><br /> National Police of the National Guard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiscapa_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiscapa Hill (page does not exist)">Tiscapa Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commander-in-Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief Director</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#List_of_Chief_Directors">See list</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">7,500 (January 1978)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_military_ranks" title="Nicaragua military ranks">Nicaragua military ranks</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nicaraguan</b> <b>National Guard</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Guardia Nacional</i>, otherwise known as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">la Guardia</i></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> created in 1925 during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">occupation of Nicaragua by the United States</a>. It became notorious for human rights abuses and <a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">corruption</a> under the regime of the <a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza family</a> (1936–1979). The National Guard was disbanded when the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">came to power</a> in 1979. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stLt_Lewis_B._Puller_with_members_of_the_Guardia_Nacional.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1stLt_Lewis_B._Puller_with_members_of_the_Guardia_Nacional.tif/lossless-page1-200px-1stLt_Lewis_B._Puller_with_members_of_the_Guardia_Nacional.tif.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1stLt_Lewis_B._Puller_with_members_of_the_Guardia_Nacional.tif/lossless-page1-300px-1stLt_Lewis_B._Puller_with_members_of_the_Guardia_Nacional.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1stLt_Lewis_B._Puller_with_members_of_the_Guardia_Nacional.tif/lossless-page1-400px-1stLt_Lewis_B._Puller_with_members_of_the_Guardia_Nacional.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marine 1st Lt <a href="/wiki/Chesty_Puller" title="Chesty Puller">Chesty Puller</a> with members of the Guardia Nacional, 1931.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the U.S. occupation, the long period of civil strife had encouraged the development of a variety of private armies. The freshly elected government of President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%B3rzano" title="Carlos José Solórzano">Carlos José Solórzano</a> requested that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> (equally interested in central control) remain in Nicaragua until an indigenous internal security force could be trained; for that effect, the Nicaraguan government hired in 1925 a retired U.S. General to help set up a new paramilitary gendarmerie force, titled the <i>Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua</i> (National Guard of Nicaragua).<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, U.S. forces left the country, but after a <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan civil war">civil war</a> broke out, they returned in 1926 and took over the command (and training) of the National Guard from 1927 to 1933, when it was returned to Nicaraguan control under the government of President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Sacasa" title="Juan Bautista Sacasa">Juan Bautista Sacasa</a>. </p><p>President Sacasa, under political pressure from <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Moncada" title="José María Moncada">José María Moncada</a>, who had been the leader of a rebel faction which later joined the government after U.S. mediation efforts, appointed <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a> as Chief Director of the National Guard in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides being a nephew of Sacasa, Somoza Garcia was a trusted friend of Moncada and a supporter of the liberal revolt. He was trusted by the Americans due to his service as a translator to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a> during the 1927 peace conference, schooling in the U.S., and training under the U.S. Marines (apparently, as an officer in the National Guard). </p><p>After the departure of U.S. troops in 1933 (at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>), the Sacasa government opened negotiations with the National Sovereignty Defense Army (EDSN) rebel guerrilla faction led by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto César Sandino</a>, which had fought both the National Guard and the U.S. occupation forces. During the negotiations, Sandino insisted on the disbandment of the National Guard as a pre-condition for any peace agreement, leading Somoza Garcia to react ruthlessly by arresting and executing Sandino, in violation of a safe passage agreement Sacasa had given to the rebel leader.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Guard then swiftly crushed Sandino's EDSN, further weakening the Sacasa government.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the National Guard had grown to some 3,000 troops. </p><p>After using the influence of the National Guard to support Sacasa's re-election in 1936, Somoza Garcia flouted civilian power, installing military cronies in key civilian posts and then deposed Sacasa in a coup d'état held in June that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an ally appointed interim president, Somoza Garcia then resigned from the position of Chief Director of the National Guard in order to meet the constitutional requirements to run for the presidency himself. Breaking with the Liberal party, he established the <i>Partido Liberal Nacionalista</i> (PLN, National Liberal Party) and Somoza was elected president in December with a reported margin of 64,000 of the 80,663 votes cast.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1937, President Somoza Garcia reappointed himself again chief director of the National Guard, installing a corrupt military dictatorship linked to U.S. business interests that would last four decades.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Somoza_regime">Somoza regime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Somoza regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somoza Garcia rapidly took complete control of Nicaraguan institutions including the National Guard, promoting allies and purging enemies. The National Guard was the backbone of a growing network of control, eventually including telecommunications, railroads, and key civilian agencies from customs to hospitals to tax collection. In 1938, Somoza Garcia appointed a civilian assembly that rubber-stamped constitutional changes allowing him to stay in office; his personal fortune expanded as he and his family took over key areas of the private economy. An increasingly pervasive corruption comparable to a gangland mob, with bribery, kickbacks, and sometimes violent enforcement, protected the power of the Somoza family at all levels. The U.S. supported the National Guard through the World War II <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> act and under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Treaty">Rio Treaty</a>, but did not publicly approve of Somoza Garcia's extraconstitutional governance. The National Guard, which had been until then a predominately light infantry force composed largely of rifle companies equipped with World War I-vintage U.S. small arms, began to acquire surplus heavy equipment such as armoured cars, light tanks, transport vehicles and artillery. </p><p>The regime permitted nominal political dissent, and, in 1947, agreed to elections, hoping to mollify both the United States and local opponents, but quickly deposed the winning candidate in a coup d'état that brought strong disapproval from the U.S. Government. Under a new constitution, an assembly-appointed president, and a strong anti-communist stance relations improved. Nevertheless, Somoza Garcia was the true power behind the curtain and an increasing target of attempted coups and assassination; he even raised a personal bodyguard separated from the rest of the National Guard and had the constitution amended to allow him to run for yet another term in 1955. In January of that same year, Somoza Garcia, in collusion with the dictator of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a>, supported an unsuccessful invasion of <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> from Nicaragua by exiled supporters of former President <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Calder%C3%B3n_Guardia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Calderón Guardia (page does not exist)">Rafael Calderón Guardia</a>, with the Nicaraguan National guard providing air cover to the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1956, Somoza Garcia was fatally shot by a young dissident poet, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberto_L%C3%B3pez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Rigoberto López Pérez">Rigoberto López Pérez</a>, and was succeeded in the presidency by his elder son, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Somoza_Debayle" title="Luis Somoza Debayle">Luis Somoza Debayle</a>, while his youngest son <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a>, a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> became the Chief Director of the National Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brutal repression of the internal political opposition followed suit. In 1957, the National Guard was involved in the only external military action of its existence, a brief border skirmish with Honduras. In 1961, the National Guard cooperated with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> in the preparation for the abortive <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> of Cuba, permitting its bases to be used for training and staging areas. From May 1965 to September 1966, one infantry company of the National Guard participated in a <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operation in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> alongside U.S., Brazilian, Paraguayan, Honduran and Costa Rican troops as part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interamerican_Pacification_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interamerican Pacification Force (page does not exist)">Interamerican Pacification Force</a> (FIP), deployed under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guard's domestic power, however, gradually broadened to embrace not only its original internal security and police functions but also control over customs, telecommunications, port facilities, radio broadcasting, the merchant marine, and civil aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even as trusted friends of the family succeeded Luis in the presidency, his brother remained firmly in control of the National Guard. Eventually, in 1967, Anastasio himself was elected president; Luis soon died of a heart attack, leaving Anastasio in sole control. Without his brother's technocratic influence, Anastasio's corrupt ways were unrestrained. The <a href="/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1972 Nicaragua earthquake">1972 Nicaragua earthquake</a>, which severely damaged the capital of <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, brought further evidence of corruption, as members of the National Guard openly looted damaged businesses and misappropriated international aid,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Somoza Debayle's personal wealth soared during the reconstruction period. In 1974, the growing <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> movement FSLN (named after the assassinated Sandino) succeeded in forcing the government to accept an amnesty, after which Somoza Debayle declared a state of siege and the National Guard launched a violent and repressive reaction in the period 1975–76.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the FSLN was weakened, so was the regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse">Collapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct U.S. military aid ended in November 1978 although the U.S. still attempted to pursue a policy of "Somocismo sin Somoza,"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively allowing the power structure of the National Guard to prevent a Sandinista victory while removing the increasingly unpopular Somoza from power. The Carter Administration even sent Somoza a congratulatory note from Carter after his disputed victory in the 1978 elections. </p><p>After the assassination of opposition leader among the business elites <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Chamorro_Cardenal" title="Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal">Pedro Chamorro</a> in January 1978, the Nicaraguan public reacted with a series of nationwide strikes and increasing political unrest against the regime. The National Guard was re-organized and expanded, growing to a force of more than 10,000 officers and enlisted men, with localized security companies dispersed throughout the country and modern specialized units such as mechanized and engineer battalions, a Presidential Guard, and a reinforced tactical battalion. The strengthened National Guard continued to tighten its grip but opposition only grew broader and fiercer. A humiliating hostage crisis ensued on 22 August 1978 when 25 Sandinista rebels disguised as National Guard soldiers led by "Comandante Cero" (Commander Zero), future Contra leader <a href="/wiki/Ed%C3%A9n_Pastora" title="Edén Pastora">Edén Pastora</a>, occupied the National Assembly Palace in <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, took 2,000 hostages, and escaped to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> with 50 released political prisoners. The seizure of the National Palace was the second major action launched by the Sandinistas.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1979, the Somoza regime faced an open civil war as well as being cut off from all aid by the United States, including blocking of an emergency shipment of weapons and ammunition coming from Israel. With ammunition, spare parts, fuel, and medical supplies running dangerously low,<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the increasingly hard-pressed National Guard could no longer sustain a prolonged fight against the rebels. Already plagued by shaky morale, and weakened by casualties and desertions after seven weeks of battle, GN units were gradually forced to fall back to Managua.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, on 17 July 1979 Somoza Debayle resigned from office and fled the country by plane to Miami, Florida, followed by almost all of the senior military officers of the National Guard's General Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somoza's successor as head of state, interim President <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Urcuyo_Malia%C3%B1os" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños">Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños</a> opened negotiations for a cease-fire but at the same time tried to strengthen his political position by filling with younger colonels and lieutenant-colonels the depleted National Guard's General Staff, now headed by the new Chief Director Lt. Col. (later General) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Mej%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Mejía González (page does not exist)">Federico Mejía González</a>. The 12,000 Guardsmen still under his command, now besieged in the government quarter of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiscapa_hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiscapa hill (page does not exist)">Tiscapa hill</a> at Managua and <a href="/wiki/Managua_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Managua International Airport">Managua International Airport</a>, and at the remaining holdouts throughout the country were exhorted to continue the fight. After negotiations with the Sandinistas broke down due to his refusal to resign on 18 July, President Urcuyo fled to Guatemala, leaving in charge GN Chief Director General Mejía who tried unsuccessfully to pursue conversations for the cease-fire. Faced with the rejection by the Sandinistas of his list of demands – which included retention of all property belonging to individual officers – in exchange for a surrender, on the dawn of 19 July 1979, General Mejía and most of the high-ranking officers of the General Staff left Nicaragua by plane, leaving their men leaderless. </p><p>Early in the morning of that same day as 5,000 Sandinista guerrillas and 10,000 assorted "people's militia" took control of Managua's city center and called for a cease-fire. The last senior commander of the National Guard, Lt. Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulgencio_Largaespada_Baez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulgencio Largaespada Baez (page does not exist)">Fulgencio Largaespada Baez</a> finally bowed to the inevitable and ordered his demoralised and exhausted soldiers to lay down their arms.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the conclusion of the civil war, 7,500 Guardsmen were taken prisoner – with many former Guards suspected of violating human rights being held in detention by the Sandinistas – while another 4,500 officers and enlisted men fled to neighboring Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Guatemala to form the nucleus of an armed opposition force to the new Nicaraguan government, which would later become known as the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sandinista junta replaced the disbanded Guardia Nacional with two new forces, the <i>Ejército Popular Sandinista</i> (EPS, <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_Popular_Army" title="Sandinista Popular Army">Sandinista Popular Army</a>) and the <i>Policía Sandinista</i> (Sandinista Police). Eventually, alumni of the National Guard would be reconstituted, with the support of the CIA and Honduras, as the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra</a> rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the collapse of the National Guard, many members relocated to Guatemala and went on to form the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_of_September_Legion" title="Fifteenth of September Legion">Fifteenth of September Legion</a>, which was committed to overthrowing the Sandinista rule.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Chief_Directors">List of Chief Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of Chief Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="number"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th class="unsortable">Portrait </th> <th>Chief Director</th> <th data-sort-type="date">Took office</th> <th data-sort-type="date">Left office</th> <th>Time in office </th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Somoza-Garsia_1936.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anastasio Somoza García"><img alt="Anastasio Somoza García" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_Somoza-Garsia_1936.png/100px-A_Somoza-Garsia_1936.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_Somoza-Garsia_1936.png/150px-A_Somoza-Garsia_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_Somoza-Garsia_1936.png/200px-A_Somoza-Garsia_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Somoza García, Anastasio</span>Major General<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a></b><br /><small>(1896–1956)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1928</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">29 September 1956 †</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">27–28 years</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">2</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle"><img alt="Anastasio Somoza Debayle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG/100px-Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG/150px-Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG/200px-Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Somoza Debayle, Anastasio</span>Major General<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a></b><br /><small>(1925–1980)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">29 September 1956</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1960</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">3–4 years</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">3</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustavo Montiel"><img alt="Gustavo Montiel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Montiel, Gustavo</span>Brigadier General<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Montiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustavo Montiel (page does not exist)">Gustavo Montiel</a></b></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1960</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1966</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">5–6 years</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">(2)</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle"><img alt="Anastasio Somoza Debayle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG/100px-Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG/150px-Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG/200px-Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle.PNG 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Somoza Debayle, Anastasio</span>Major General<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a></b><br /><small>(1925–1980)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1966</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">July 1979</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">12–13 years</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">4</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Federico Mejía González"><img alt="Federico Mejía González" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Mejía González, Federico</span>General<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Mej%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Mejía González (page does not exist)">Federico Mejía González</a></b></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">July 1979</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">July 1979</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">0 months</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">5</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fulgencio Largaespada Baez"><img alt="Fulgencio Largaespada Baez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Largaespada Baez, Fulgencio</span>Lieutenant Colonel<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulgencio_Largaespada_Baez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulgencio Largaespada Baez (page does not exist)">Fulgencio Largaespada Baez</a></b></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">July 1979</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">July 1979</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">0 months</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_National_Guard_officers">Notable National Guard officers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable National Guard officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brigadier general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_R._Somoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José R. Somoza (page does not exist)">José R. Somoza</a> (a.k.a. "Don José", "Papa Chepe") – Inspector-general of the National Guard from 1976 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Portocarrero" title="Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero">Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero</a> (a.k.a. "El Chigüín") – Founder and Chief Director of the Infantry Basic Training School (EEBI) from 1976 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donaldo_Humberto_Frixote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donaldo Humberto Frixote (page does not exist)">Donaldo Humberto Frixote</a> – Commander of the Air Force of the Nicaraguan National Guard.</li> <li>Lieutenant colonel <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Enrique Bermúdez">Enrique Bermúdez Varela</a> – GN <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> until 1979 and later head of the military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Democratic_Force" title="Nicaraguan Democratic Force">Nicaraguan Democratic Force</a> (FDN), an anti-Sandinista <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra</a> guerrilla movement in the 1980s.</li> <li>Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Emilio_Salazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pablo Emilio Salazar (page does not exist)">Pablo Emilio Salazar</a> (a.k.a. "Comandante Bravo") – Commander of the GN Southern Front in 1978–79.</li> <li>Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Montenegro (page does not exist)">Franklin Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justiniano_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justiniano Pérez (page does not exist)">Justiniano Pérez</a> – Vice-director and Executive officer of the Infantry Basic Training School (EEBI) from 1977 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Francisco_Rivera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Francisco Rivera (page does not exist)">Juan Francisco Rivera</a> (a.k.a. "El Gato") – Head of the personnel section of the Infantry Basic Training School (EEBI) from 1977 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_insignia">Appearance and insignia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appearance and insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard uniform for all ranks since the late 1920s was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>'s tropical '<a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a>' khaki cotton shirt and pants, worn with the US <a href="/w/index.php?title=M1912_Campaign_Hat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M1912 Campaign Hat (page does not exist)">M1912 Campaign Hat</a> (a.k.a. 'Montana Peak Hat') in <a href="/wiki/Olive_Drab" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive Drab">Olive Drab</a> felt with the triangular Nicaraguan national cap badge.<sup id="cite_ref-jw45_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military Academy cadets were issued a special version of the 'Chino' uniform, with the shirt modified by the addition of black shoulder straps and breast pockets' flaps dyed black. Officers and sometimes NCOs wore in the field breeches and riding boots or the US M1931 cavalry laced boots whereas the other ranks' had their trousers trucked into US-type canvas (or leather) gaiters and ankle boots.<sup id="cite_ref-jw45_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter consisted of brown leather <a href="/wiki/Trench_boot" title="Trench boot">Field Shoes M-1918 (Pershing boot)</a><sup id="cite_ref-jw45_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Type II/III Service Shoes, later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Combat_boot" title="Combat boot">M-1943 Combat Service Boots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Combat_boot" title="Combat boot">M-1948 Russet Leather Lace-Up Boots</a>. A four-pocket, open-collar beltless tunic modelled after the US M1926 pattern was adopted by Guardia officers and worn with a khaki shirt and tie, replaced by a white shirt and black tie on formal occasions; in active and formal service, a brown leather <a href="/wiki/Sam_Browne_belt" title="Sam Browne belt">Sam Browne belt</a> (US Officer's belt, M1921) was frequently worn with the tunic. A tropical white linen <a href="/wiki/Dress_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress uniform">dress uniform</a> very similar to the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>'s Service Dress White or "chokers", was adopted by the Guardia and naval service officers and Military Academy cadets. Comprising a high-collar tunic, slacks and white shoes plus a matching peaked cap, the tunic was worn with removable exaggerated twisted cord <a href="/wiki/Epaulettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epaulettes">epaulettes</a> and a red silk sash tied around the waist on formal occasions whilst enlisted ranks wore exaggerated black buff chevrons instead. Starting in the mid-1930s, Guardia officers began being issued with the M1937 or M1942 American peaked caps, in either light tropical khaki and Olive Drab wool cloth, which slowly began to replace the campaign hat in service dress.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The khaki US M1934 <a href="/wiki/Sidecap" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidecap">sidecap</a> (a.k.a. '<a href="/wiki/Garrison_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison cap">garrison cap</a>') was also supplied to GN personnel during the 1930-1940s. </p><p>Guardia uniforms underwent some changes in the 1950s and 1960s, with officers adopting the US M1942 light khaki service dress, comprising tunic, slacks and a matching peaked cap with brown-japanned chinstrap and peak, or black dress cap with gold chinstrap, black peak with gold leaf embroidery for field and general ranks (the GN Chief Director had additional French-style embroidery on the cap band), and silver triangular national cap badge.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For formal occasions, senior officers adopted a black ceremonial version of their M1942 service dress with gold embroidered insignia whilst the other ranks' retained the old khaki 'Chino' uniform as barrack dress or for walking-out, usually worn with the khaki sidecap. The 'Sam Browne' belt was discontinued, and brown (black for the other GN branches) leather shoes replaced the earlier breeches and riding boots. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Air_Force" title="Nicaraguan Air Force">Nicaraguan Air Force</a> (FAGN) officers received a royal blue <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a>-style M1947 service dress, worn with a light blue shirt and royal blue tie on formal occasions; a short-sleeved shirt and matching royal blue sidecap (a.k.a. '<a href="/wiki/Flight_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight cap">flight cap</a>') was worn by officers and other ranks in active service. The <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Navy" title="Nicaraguan Navy">Nicaraguan Navy</a> retained both the white dress and khaki uniforms, with officers' adopting a modified version of the M1942 tunic with removable <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_boards" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder boards">shoulder boards</a>, which was worn with a light khaki shirt and black tie on service dress. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan National Police">Nicaraguan National Police</a> (PNGN) officers' continued to wear as service dress the 'Chino' khaki shirt (in long or short sleeve versions) and trousers with shoes or <a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)" title="Olive (color)">Olive Green</a> (OG) fatigues with combat boots, whereas female constables were given a khaki short-sleeved blouse and assorted knee-length skirt worn with a flat-top, short snapped-brimmed khaki hat. Their male counterparts retained the 'Montana Peak' Hat as standard headgear, though the latter also began to be replaced by a light khaki M1954-type Visor Cap;<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police officers on traffic control duties were given a white-topped version. It never entirely superseded the earlier headgear however, for photos taken in Managua at the time of the 1972 earthquake show local policemen going on patrol still wearing the old 'Montana' Hat.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on patrol duties, the M1912 black leather Sam Browne belt with pistol holster and assorted magazine pouches, handcuff pouch and M1944 baton in its respective carrier was worn. </p><p>Around the late 1960s Guardia units began to receive surplus American <a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)" title="Olive (color)">Olive Green</a> tropical uniforms, the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> <a href="/wiki/OG-107" title="OG-107">OG-107</a> cotton sateen utilities and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=M1967_Jungle_Utility_Uniform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M1967 Jungle Utility Uniform (page does not exist)">M1967 Jungle Utility Uniform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elite formations within the GN received camouflage versions of these same uniforms, first in the "<a href="/wiki/Frog_Skin" title="Frog Skin">Duck Hunter</a>" pattern, soon followed by "<a href="/wiki/Tigerstripe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigerstripe">Tigerstripe</a>" (<i>ERDL Thai Tadpole type</i>) and "<a href="/wiki/ERDL_pattern" title="ERDL pattern">Highland</a>" (<i>ERDL 1948 Leaf pattern</i>, a.k.a. "Woodland pattern"). National Police BECAT teams had their own distinctive "Tan leaf" pattern, which consisted of puzzle leaf-shapes in medium brown, light brown, and sandy-grey on a tan background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Standard headgear for all-ranks in the Guardia was either the US Army M1943 'Walker cap'<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and M1951 Olive Green Field caps, the tropical <a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">OG-106 Baseball cap</a> or the IDF "Old style" <a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)" title="Olive (color)">Olive Drab</a> fatigue cap, partially replaced on the field by US Army <a href="/wiki/Boonie_hat" title="Boonie hat">Boonie hats</a> or <a href="/wiki/US_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="US Marines">US Marines</a>' utility caps in both olive green and ERDL camouflage versions. Specialized units authorized berets wore them pulled to the right, American-fashion, with the colour sequence for the ground forces as follows: Armoured Cavalry and Counter-insurgency "Commandos" – <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a>; Paratroopers – Cherry-red (<a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a>); Presidential Guard – <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a>; GN berets were made of one-piece artificial wool attached to a black leather rim-band, with both US or Israeli patterns being worn.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Black leather <a href="/wiki/Combat_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat boots">combat boots</a> were also provided by the Americans who issued both the early US Army M-1962 'McNamara' model and the M-1967 model with 'ripple' pattern rubbler sole;<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the US Army <a href="/wiki/Jungle_boot" title="Jungle boot">Jungle boot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> fame was worn by Nicaraguan soldiers and Police officers only while operating in tropical jungle or marshy ground environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helmets_and_body_armour">Helmets and body armour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Helmets and body armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first combat helmet provided to Guardia units was the US steel <a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">M1917 A1 "Kelly" helmet</a> during World War II, replaced in 1954 by the <a href="/wiki/M1_helmet" title="M1 helmet">M-1</a>, issued with a Mitchell 'Clouds' pattern camouflage cover and the Israeli-made <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlite_Industries_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlite Industries Ltd (page does not exist)">Orlite Industries Ltd</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">composite fibreglass</a> <a href="/wiki/OR-201" title="OR-201">OR-201 Model 76</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic helmet">ballistic helmet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which began to replace the earlier M-1 in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Period photos however, do show GN soldiers and National Police constables within the same units wearing side-by-side both US and Israeli types, often worn plain without camo covers. Armoured crews, depending on the vehicle they manned, received either the old World War II US M1938 'Gruyére' composite fiber-and-leather <a href="/wiki/Crash_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash helmet">crash helmet</a> or the Vietnam-era <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fibreglass</a> 'bone dome' Combat Vehicle Crew (CVC) T-56-6 helmet though neither models offered any satisfactory protection against shrapnel or small arms rounds. Guardia's military and National Police personnel were also issued with <a href="/wiki/Flak_jacket" title="Flak jacket">flak jackets</a>, either the <a href="/wiki/Flak_jacket" title="Flak jacket">Ballistic Nylon US M-1952 and M-1952/69 'Half-collar' versions</a> or the Israeli-produced <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabintex_Industries_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabintex Industries Ltd (page does not exist)">Rabintex Industries Ltd</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_III_RAV_200_Protective_Vest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Type III RAV 200 Protective Vest (page does not exist)">Type III RAV 200 Protective Vest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: "Shapats"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accoutrements">Accoutrements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accoutrements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web gear was supplied by the Americans, who provided to the early Guardia infantry companies the <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> web <a href="/w/index.php?title=M-1910_infantry_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M-1910 infantry equipment (page does not exist)">M-1910 infantry equipment</a> in all of its versions (M-1917/18 and later World War II/<a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> M-1945 patterns).<sup id="cite_ref-jw45_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the full introduction of semi-automatic and automatic small-arms, however, the GN and Police adopted both the US Army <a href="/wiki/M-1956_load-carrying_equipment" title="M-1956 load-carrying equipment">M-1956 load-carrying equipment</a> (LCE) in <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> cotton canvas<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the M-1967 <a href="/wiki/Modernized_load-carrying_equipment" title="Modernized load-carrying equipment">modernized load-carrying equipment</a> (MLCE) in OG Nylon; some photos do show that the <a href="/wiki/All-purpose_lightweight_individual_carrying_equipment" title="All-purpose lightweight individual carrying equipment">all-purpose lightweight individual carrying equipment</a> (ALICE), an upgrade of the latter, was also given to some Guardia troops in 1978–79. Usually, personnel armed with M-1s, FALs and M16s tended to be issued with American web gear whereas those soldiers or policemen issued Galils or Uzi SMGs received the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> 1950's "Old style" <a href="/wiki/Tan_(color)" title="Tan (color)">tan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> cotton canvas equipment (similar in design to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/58_pattern_webbing" title="58 pattern webbing">58 pattern webbing</a>) or the newer olive green Nylon <a href="/wiki/Ephod_Combat_Vest" title="Ephod Combat Vest">Ephod Combat Vest</a> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rank_insignia">Rank insignia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rank insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_military_ranks" title="Nicaragua military ranks">Nicaragua military ranks</a></div> <p>The Nicaraguan National Guard rank chart was directly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with chevrons pointed upwards for <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">NCOs</a>, horizontal linked brass bars for company officers and vertically placed gilded or silvered stars for field officers. The sequence, however, was slightly different, with sergeants' ranks being limited to two only; captains were identified by three bars instead of two as per in the <a href="/wiki/US_Armed_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="US Armed Services">US Armed Services</a>, whilst majors had a five-point gilded star in lieu of a leaf. National Guard rank insignia from Subteniente to Coronel resembled a US antecedent—but that of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>. There were also some differences in colour and nomenclature according to the branches of service: <a href="/wiki/Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a>' NCOs had yellow on dark-green chevrons, the Air Force personnel wore white on royal blue ground forces' rank insignia whilst the Navy's seamen and petty officers' ranks were identical to the other branches of the Guardia, but line officers had <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>-style rank insignia on removable navy blue shoulder boards instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branch_insignia">Branch insignia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Branch insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skills and trades badges followed more closely the American practice. The ground forces officers' service dress tunic had the triangular national cap badge on the collar and US-style brass lapel insignia: crossed rifles – <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>; crossed cavalry sabres and tank – <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>; crossed cannons – <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>; castle – engineers; crossed signal flags and torch – <a href="/wiki/Signals_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signals (military)">signals</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a> – medical department, whilst pilot-qualified officers of the Air Force had the winged propeller badge on the lapels.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Guardia was formed in the mid-1920s, its personnel wore on the left sleeve of their light khaki shirts a simple diamond-shaped blue patch with the white letters "GN",<sup id="cite_ref-jw45_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later replaced by a more elaborate system of service and unit insignia. On the olive green or camouflage combat uniforms, officers' wore cloth subdued or black metal pin-on rank insignia on the right collar, branch insignia on the left, and NCOs' yellow chevrons on an olive green background. A subdued nametape was worn over the right breast pocket, the 'Guardia' national title on the left, and full-colour or subdued unit patches and shoulder titles on both sleeves.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the 1st Armored Battalion wore at the sides of their OR-201 helmets a blue triangular-shaped decal bearing the unit's black crest inserted on a white disc at the center. For parade in field dress branch-colour neck scarfs were worn, being <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">light blue</a> for infantry and EEBI "Commandos",<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a> for armour, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> for artillery, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a> for engineers and signals, and <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green#Apple_green" title="Shades of green">apple green</a> for the GN General Staff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_equipment">Weapons and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Weapons and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout its existence, the Nicaraguan National Guard received military assistance mainly from the United States, who provided since the late 1920s everything that the Guardia used, from uniforms and boots to rifles, artillery and vehicles, mostly under the US <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Assistance Program">Military Assistance Program</a> (MAP). However, starting in the early 1950s, the Somozas made consistent efforts to diversify their sources of military hardware and supplies in a hope to reduce their dependence from the Americans. The majority of its weaponry until the mid-1970s consisted of U.S.-made surplus 'hand-me-downs' from both world wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Korean_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Korean War (page does not exist)">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>, partially supplemented by more modern equipment either donated or sold by Israel, Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentina,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco, and South Africa, particularly after U.S. aid was cut in 1978. Other countries such as Italy, West Germany, Portugal, El Salvador, Paraguay, Sweden, South Korea, and the Philippines were also involved in providing some form of covert aid or acted as brokers in secret arms deals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_arms">Small arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Small arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first standard issue weapon of the Guardia Nacional (GN) infantry companies at the mid-1920s was the <a href="/wiki/Krag%E2%80%93J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Krag–Jørgensen">Krag–Jørgensen US M1896/98 .30-40</a> (7.62 mm) <a href="/wiki/Bolt-action_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt-action rifle">bolt-action rifle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soon superseded by the <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield" title="M1903 Springfield">Springfield US M1903 .30-06</a> (7.62×63mm).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squad weapon was the <a href="/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle">Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) M1918A2 US .30-06</a> (7.62×63mm) <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine gun</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the GN also appears to have received the American-made version of the famed World War I British-made <a href="/wiki/Lewis_gun" title="Lewis gun">Lewis gun</a> <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 (7.7mm)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_gun#Production" title="Lewis gun">Savage Model 1917</a> LMG chambered for the US .30-06 (7.62×63mm) cartridge –, with the company weapons being the <a href="/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun" title="M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun">Colt-Browning M1895 "potato digger" .30-06 medium machine gun</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1917 Browning machine gun">US M1917A1 .30-06 Browning water-cooled medium machine gun</a>. Officers and NCOs received the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson M1928A1 US .45 caliber</a> (11.4mm) <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/M1911_pistol" title="M1911 pistol">Colt M1911A1</a> <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 caliber</a> (11.4mm) <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistol</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as personal sidearm. A small number of <a href="/wiki/ZB_vz._30" title="ZB vz. 30">ZB vz. 30</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Light machine guns">light machine guns</a> were acquired from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1937 for evaluation, but they were never adopted as standard weapons by the GN.<sup id="cite_ref-militaria.cz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militaria.cz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s–1950s, the GN received surplus American infantry weapons of World War II/<a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>-vintage – <a href="/wiki/M1_Carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Carbine">M1/M2 US .30 carbines</a> (7.62×33mm)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand US .30-06</a> (7.62×63mm) <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic rifles</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replaced the earlier bolt-action Springfields, with Thompson M1A1 and <a href="/wiki/M3_submachine_gun" title="M3 submachine gun">M3 "Grease Gun"</a> submachine gun models in US .45 caliber (11.4mm) replacing the older Thompson M1928A1 model. Although the popular Colt pistol was retained,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colt_Cobra" title="Colt Cobra">Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolvers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_10" title="Smith & Wesson Model 10">Smith & Wesson Model 10</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolvers">revolvers</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_15" title="Smith & Wesson Model 15">Smith & Wesson Model 15</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolvers">revolvers</a> in <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a> were also adopted. <a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine guns</a>, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">M1919A4 US .30-06 Browning</a> (7.62×63mm) – or its <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">M1919A6 light machine gun</a> version – and the larger <a href="/wiki/Browning_M2" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning M2">M2HB .50 Browning</a> (12.7×99mm) were added to the Guardia's arsenal, replacing the ageing M1895 and M1917A1 water-cooled medium machine guns. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault rifles">Assault rifles</a> began to be adopted towards the end of the 1960s, though they never displaced entirely the earlier weaponry, such as the Garand rifle which remained the weapon of choice for soldiers serving in the Guardia's infamous firing squads and the security companies, who employed it to disperse demonstrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, by 1978–79 most GN infantry formations had either the Belgian <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FAL</a> (or its Israeli version, the lightened ROMAT) 7.62×51mm NATO or US <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16A1</a> 5.56×45mm assault rifles,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with elite units receiving the Israeli-made <a href="/wiki/IMI_Galil" title="IMI Galil">IMI Galil</a> SAR and ARM variants in both 5.56×45mm and 7.62×51mm which was adopted in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At squad level, the Belgium-made <a href="/wiki/FN_MAG" title="FN MAG">FN MAG 58</a> and US <a href="/wiki/M60_machine_gun" title="M60 machine gun">M60</a> light machine guns both in 7.62×51mm NATO, replaced the obsolete BAR and Savage models, though the heavier Brownings were retained as platoon and company machine guns. The Israeli <a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi 9mm submachine gun</a> was also given to armoured crews, Police BECAT teams and EEBI "<a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a>" troops, who were also issued the US <a href="/wiki/Remington_Model_700" title="Remington Model 700">Remington Model 700 Sniper rifle</a> 7.62×51mm, and the <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_37" title="Ithaca 37">Ithaca Model 37 12-gauge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remington_Model_870" title="Remington Model 870">Remington Model 870 12-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Pump-action_shotgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pump-action shotgun">pump-action shotguns</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">Hand grenades</a> were supplied by the Americans, who provided <a href="/wiki/United_States_hand_grenades" title="United States hand grenades">M59 "Baseball" hand grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mk_2_grenade" title="Mk 2 grenade">Mark 2 "Pineapple" Fragmentation Hand/Rifle Grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/M61_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="M61 grenade">M61 Fragmentation Hand Grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/M67_grenade" title="M67 grenade">M67 grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/M26_grenade" title="M26 grenade">M26A1 Fragmentation Hand Grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/M34_grenade" title="M34 grenade">M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenades</a> and <a href="/wiki/M18_smoke_grenade" title="M18 smoke grenade">M18 Smoke Hand Grenades</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M18_Claymore_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="M18 Claymore mine">M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mines</a> were also employed. The Nicaraguan infantryman was also provided with two types of portable rocket weapons, the shoulder-fired US <a href="/wiki/M79_grenade_launcher" title="M79 grenade launcher">M79 "Blooper" 40mm</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> single-shot grenade launcher and the expendable anti-tank, one-shot US <a href="/wiki/M72_LAW" title="M72 LAW">M72 LAW 66 mm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortars_and_artillery">Mortars and artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mortars and artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guardia infantry and artillery formations were equipped with a variety of crew-served weapons. Light mortars ranged from the <a href="/wiki/M2_mortar" title="M2 mortar">M2 60 mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_mortar" title="M1 mortar">M1 81 mm</a> models of World War II-vintage, to the more recent <a href="/wiki/M29_mortar" title="M29 mortar">M29 81 mm</a>; some selected elite troops received the Israeli-designed <a href="/wiki/Soltam_M-65" title="Soltam M-65">Soltam M-65 120 mm heavy mortar</a>. They were also issued US <a href="/wiki/M18_recoilless_rifle" title="M18 recoilless rifle">M18 57 mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/M20_recoilless_rifle" title="M20 recoilless rifle">M20 75 mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/M67_recoilless_rifle" title="M67 recoilless rifle">M67 90 mm</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/M40_recoilless_rifle" title="M40 recoilless rifle">M40A1 106 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoilless rifles">recoilless rifles</a>. The field artillery battery was provided with six to nine World War II-vintage <a href="/wiki/37_mm_gun_M3" title="37 mm gun M3">M3 37 mm towed anti-tank guns</a>, four US <a href="/wiki/M101_howitzer" title="M101 howitzer">M101A1 105 mm towed Howitzers</a> and an unspecified number of <a href="/w/index.php?title=EDESA_Yarar%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EDESA Yarará (page does not exist)">EDESA Yarará 70 mm 42-tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">multiple rocket launchers</a> of Argentinian origin mounted on <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_C/K_(second_generation)" title="Chevrolet C/K (second generation)">Chevrolet C-10 Cheyenne 4×4 light pickups</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Aircraft">Anti-Aircraft</a> battery operated US Maxson <a href="/wiki/M45_Quadmount" title="M45 Quadmount">M45 Quadmount</a> turrets on towed wheeled trailers and Israeli-supplied <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404" title="Hispano-Suiza HS.404">Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20 mm autocannons</a> mounted on the <a href="/wiki/TCM-20" class="mw-redirect" title="TCM-20">TCM-20</a> turret configuration. Usually installed on the back of cross-country vehicles, such weapon systems proved useful in the direct fire supporting role, particularly against fortified positions and to root out snipers from urban buildings. The AA battery originally fielded six to eight <a href="/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60">M1 Bofors 40 mm Anti-Aircraft guns</a>, but these were re-fitted in 1979 to a civilian cargo vessel commandeered from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memnic_Line_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memnic Line Company (page does not exist)">Memnic Line Company</a>, in order to provide direct fire support off the Pacific coast to Guardia infantry units fighting in the Southern Front. It is also rumored<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2016)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the anti-aircraft battery received from Israel in 1977–78 an unspecified number of surplus US-made <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a> <a href="/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">FIM-43 Redeye</a> man-portable <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> (SAM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_and_transport_vehicles">Combat and transport vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Combat and transport vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insurrecci%C3%B3n_de_Estel%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Insurrecci%C3%B3n_de_Estel%C3%AD.jpg/250px-Insurrecci%C3%B3n_de_Estel%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Insurrecci%C3%B3n_de_Estel%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tank of the Nicaraguan National Guard during clashes with Sandinista rebels in <a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD" title="Estelí">Estelí</a>, 1979.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Guardia also fielded a small armoured corps, organized since 1978 into a single mechanized company while platoon-sized units where attached to General Somoza Combat Battalion, the Presidential Guard, the engineer battalion, and the EEBI Infantry School. The inventory consisted mostly of World War II-vintage American vehicles acquired in the 1950s – ten ex-<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a> <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4A3 E8 (76) and M4A3E8 (105) Sherman tanks</a>, three to four <a href="/wiki/Stuart_light_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart light tank">M3A1 Stuart light tanks</a>, and eighteen <a href="/wiki/T17E1_Staghound" title="T17E1 Staghound">T17E1 M6 Staghound armoured cars</a> of Israeli origin (some had their turrets removed and replaced by a 30. or 50. cal Browning HMG mount instead).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto9_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, two obsolete <a href="/wiki/L3/33" title="L3/33">L3/33</a> <a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankettes</a> acquired from Italy in the mid-1930s were reportedly held in reserve, but only one (nicknamed "La Mascota" by the Nicaraguans) was still kept in running conditions by 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto9_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from a mere ten <a href="/wiki/M2_half-track_car" title="M2 half-track car">M2 half-track cars</a>, the Guardia suffered from a chronic shortage of light <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carriers">armored personnel carriers</a> (APCs)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for its infantry units, forcing them to rely on their extensive fleet of soft-skinned transport and liaison vehicles. These ranged from World War II-vintage <a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">Willys MB ¼-ton 4×4 jeeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodge_WC_series" title="Dodge WC series">Dodge WC51 ¾-ton 4×4 utility trucks</a> to more modern <a href="/wiki/Willys_M38A1" title="Willys M38A1">Willys M38A1 MD ¼-ton 4×4 jeeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeep_CJ#CJ-5" title="Jeep CJ">Willys CJ-5 4×4 jeeps</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculos_Industriales_y_Agr%C3%ADcolas,_S.A" title="Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas, S.A">VIASA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ebro_trucks" title="Ebro trucks">Ebro trucks</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeep_CJ#CJ-3B" title="Jeep CJ">MB-CJ6b jeeps</a> (Spanish-produced version of the Willys CJ-3B jeep),<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santana_Motor" title="Santana Motor">Santana Series III</a> (Spanish-produced variant of the <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Rover Series">Land Rover Series III model</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)" title="Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)">Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)</a> light pickups, <a href="/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculos_Industriales_y_Agr%C3%ADcolas,_S.A" title="Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas, S.A">VIASA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ebro_trucks" title="Ebro trucks">Ebro trucks</a> "Campeador" one-ton pickups (Spanish-produced variant of the <a href="/wiki/Jeepster_Commando" title="Jeepster Commando">Jeepster Commando</a>), <a href="/wiki/M151_%C2%BC-ton_4%C3%974_utility_truck" title="M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck">M151A1 ¼-ton 4×4 utility trucks</a> (nicknamed "Pumas" by the Nicaraguans), <a href="/wiki/Dodge_M37" title="Dodge M37">Dodge M37B ¾-ton 4×4 1953 utility trucks</a> (nicknamed "Chatas" by the Nicaraguans; in 1978, one M37B was converted by the GN engineers into an armored car prototype dubbed "La Trigra", but the whole project was discontinued due to the lack of funds), and Israeli <a href="/wiki/AIL_M325_Command_Car" title="AIL M325 Command Car">AIL M325 Command Cars</a> ("Nun-Nun") and <a href="/wiki/Unimog_404" title="Unimog 404">Mercedes-Benz Unimog 404</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Light trucks">light trucks</a>. Heavy transport vehicles were also employed, ranging from older World War II <a href="/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck" title="GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck">GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_G506" title="Chevrolet G506">Chevrolet G506 1½-ton 4×4 trucks</a> to newer US <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Power_Wagon" title="Dodge Power Wagon">Dodge W500/W600 Power Wagon 4×4 medium-duty trucks</a>, US <a href="/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_cargo_truck" title="M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck">M35A2 2½-ton 6×6 cargo trucks</a> and US <a href="/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck" title="M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck">M39 5-ton 6x6 cargo trucks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BDAR_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDAR-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Pegaso" title="Pegaso">Pegaso 3046 4×4 and 3050 6×6 heavy-duty trucks</a>, which the GN received in both civilian and military versions. </p><p>Besides being used as troop carriers these vehicles also doubled as '<a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">gun trucks</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">technicals</a>', being fitted with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine-guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy machine-guns">heavy machine-guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoilless rifles">recoilless rifles</a> and AA <a href="/wiki/Autocannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocannons">autocannons</a>. Moreover, their lack of protection rendered them highly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised explosive devices">improvised explosive devices</a> (IEDs) or <a href="/wiki/Small-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-arms">small-arms</a> fire, and many were lost together with their crews in 1979 due to intense street fighting and ambushes in rural areas. </p><p>Commandeered tracked <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a> or wheeled civilian <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">Bulldozers</a> of American and Spanish origin were also employed by the Guardia during the battles for <a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a> and Managua to clear paths on rebel-held urban neighbourhoods by demolishing buildings turned into bunkers by the guerrillas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle_as_by_1978–79"><span id="Order_of_battle_as_by_1978.E2.80.9379"></span>Order of battle as by 1978–79</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Order of battle as by 1978–79"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_Forces">Ground Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ground Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1978 National Guard overall strength peaked at about 25,000 officers and enlisted men under the direct personal command of their Chief Director and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Nicaragua">President of Nicaragua</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a> <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a> (a.k.a. 'Tachito'). Often described as something closer to a corps of feudal retainers (or an occupation force) than to a modern national army,<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the GN was primarily organized for internal security and <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a> (COIN) operations rather than national defense, with most infantry units being assigned static garrison duties, and consequently its conventional military value was very low. Out of this total some 10,000–12,500 served in the ground forces proper (including women in the military and PNGN), but only about 7,500 were combat troops, organized into one Presidential Guard battalion, one armoured battalion, one <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized infantry</a> battalion, one mechanized company, one engineer battalion, one <a href="/wiki/Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Police">Military Police</a> battalion, one field artillery battery and one anti-aircraft battery, plus sixteen security companies.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the aforementioned units were deployed in traditional Spanish colonial fashion in <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a>-like <i>cuarteles</i> (Quarters; barracks-cum-garrisons) in the main cities, including the national capital of <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Headquarters of the GN's <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a> was placed at the heart of the government quarter of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiscapa_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiscapa Hill (page does not exist)">Tiscapa Hill</a> near downtown Managua, allocated in an underground <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunker</a>-style complex built after the <a href="/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1972 Nicaragua earthquake">1972 Nicaragua earthquake</a>; the quarter's adjacent facilities also housed the main offices' of the Guardia's own administration, signals, engineering, medical, logistics and military justice support services, and the main military schools.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Managua was also home to most of the GN's main tactical units such as the <i>Batallón de Guardia Presidencial</i> (BGP, Presidential Guard Battalion), the <i>Patrulla Presidencial</i> (PP, Presidential VIP protection unit), the <i>Primero Batallón Blindado</i> (PBB, 1st Armoured Battalion), the <i>Batallón de Combate General Somoza</i> (BCGS, <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Somoza_Combat_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Somoza Combat Battalion (page does not exist)">General Somoza Combat Battalion</a>), the <i>Batallón de Ingeniería</i> (Engineer Battalion), the <i>Batallón de Policía Militar</i> (BPM, Military Police Battalion), and the Field Artillery Batteries. All of them formed part of the Managua garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Compañías de Seguridad de la Guardia Nacional</i> (CSGN, NG Security Companies for short) were dispersed throughout the country's 16 departments (Spanish: <i>Departamentos</i>), being allocated one per each in the provincial capitals of <a href="/wiki/Boaco" title="Boaco">Boaco</a> (Boaco), <a href="/wiki/Jinotepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinotepe">Jinotepe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carazo_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carazo (department)">Carazo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chinandega" title="Chinandega">Chinandega</a> (Chinandega), <a href="/wiki/Juigalpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Juigalpa">Juigalpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chontales_Department" title="Chontales Department">Chontales</a>), <a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD" title="Estelí">Estelí</a> (Estelí), <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> (Granada), <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a> (Jinotega), <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> (León), <a href="/wiki/Madriz_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madriz (department)">Madriz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Somoto">Somoto</a>), <a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a> (Masaya), <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa" title="Matagalpa">Matagalpa</a> (Matagalpa), <a href="/wiki/Ocotal" title="Ocotal">Ocotal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Segovia (department)">Nueva Segovia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rivas,_Nicaragua" title="Rivas, Nicaragua">Rivas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rivas_Department" title="Rivas Department">Rivas</a>), <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos, Río San Juan">San Carlos</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_Department" title="Río San Juan Department">Río San Juan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zelaya_Department" title="Zelaya Department">Zelaya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Forces">Air Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Fuerza Aérea de La Guardia Nacional</i> (FAGN, Air Force of the Nicaraguan National Guard) in 1978 comprised some 1,500 officers and enlisted men,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including pilots and ground personnel, under the command of Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donaldo_Humberto_Frixote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donaldo Humberto Frixote (page does not exist)">Donaldo Humberto Frixote</a>, an experienced pilot and staunch Somoza loyalist. FAGN main air elements at the time consisted of four squadrons – one attack, one helio, one transport and one advanced training – provided with a mixed inventory of aircraft of various types, mostly of U.S., Israeli, British, Canadian and Spanish origin, the majority being <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a>-driven. All FAGN aircraft and personnel were concentrated at the military airbase adjacent to the then <a href="/wiki/Managua_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Managua International Airport">Mercedes International Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, which also housed the Air Force HQ and the Aviation School.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>Escuadrón de Combate</i> (combat squadron), operated on air assault and counter-insurgency missions ten <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Skymaster" title="Cessna Skymaster">Cessna 337A Super Skymaster</a> "Push and Pull" light aircraft converted for the <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack">ground attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> roles,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either seven or eleven <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">North American T-28A/D Trojan</a> dual-seat trainers converted for the <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack">ground attack</a> role,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seven <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_T-33" title="Lockheed T-33">Lockheed T-33A</a> dual-seat jet trainers converted to the <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> role, two <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Douglas A-20G Havoc</a> night fighters and seven <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas A-26">Douglas A-26B/C Invader</a> reconnaissance/light bombers.</li> <li>The <i>Escuadrón de Ala Rotatoria</i> (helicopter squadron) aligned for aerial reconnaissance, search-and-rescue (SAR), transport and assault duties eleven <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34" title="Sikorsky H-34">Sikorsky S-58T (CH-34A) Choctaw</a> helicopters converted for the gunship role (nicknamed "Skyraiders" by the Nicaraguans),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> twelve <a href="/wiki/Hughes_OH-6_Cayuse" title="Hughes OH-6 Cayuse">Hughes OH-6A/H-369HS Defender</a> light observation helicopters,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four <a href="/wiki/Hiller_12E" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiller 12E">Hiller 12B Raven</a> light utility helicopters, three <a href="/wiki/Hughes_269" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes 269">Hughes 269 A/B (TH-55A) Osage</a> light utility helicopters,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">Bell UH-1H Iroquois</a> utility transports, an unspecified number of <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-19_Chickasaw" title="Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw">Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw</a> utility helicopters<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one <a href="/wiki/Bell_47" title="Bell 47">Bell 47H</a> light utility helicopter.</li> <li>The <i>Escuadrón de Transporte</i> (transport squadron) operated thirteen <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas C-47">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a> transports, eight <a href="/wiki/Cessna_180" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 180">Cessna 180 Skywagon</a> light utility aircraft,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seven <a href="/wiki/Cessna_185_Skywagon" title="Cessna 185 Skywagon">Cessna 185 (U-17B) Skywagon</a> light utility aircraft, seven <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">Beech 18 (C-45) Expeditor</a> trainer & utility aircraft, six <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-3">De Havilland Canada DHC-3 (U-1A) Otter</a> STOL utility transports, five <a href="/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar" title="CASA C-212 Aviocar">CASA C-212 Aviocar</a> medium transports,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/IAI_Arava" title="IAI Arava">IAI Arava 201</a> STOL utility transports, two <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-23" title="Piper PA-23">Piper PA-23-250 Aztec</a> twin-engined light piston utility transports, eight <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-34_Seneca" title="Piper PA-34 Seneca">Piper PA-34-200 Seneca</a> twin-engined light utility transports, one <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_125" title="British Aerospace 125">Hawker Siddeley HS-125-600B</a> mid-size <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">business jet</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Aero_Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell Aero Commander">Rockwell Aero Commander 680FL Grand</a> utility transport and an unspecified number of <a href="/wiki/Cessna_421" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 421">Cessna 421 Golden Eagle</a> light transports.</li> <li>The advanced training squadron of the Aviation School operated twenty-nine <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">North American AT-6 Texan</a> dual-seat trainers, ten <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-18_Super_Cub" title="Piper PA-18 Super Cub">Piper PA-18 Super Cub</a> light utility aircraft, seven <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172 J/K Skyhawk</a> utility aircraft and six <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_PT-19" title="Fairchild PT-19">Fairchild PT-19A</a> trainers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_forces">Naval forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Naval forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Marina de Guerra de la Guardia Nacional</i> (MG-GN, Nicaraguan National Guard Navy) in 1978 stood at about 1,000 sailors and ratings who manned a surface flotilla of some eight to ten Israeli <a href="/wiki/Dabur-class_patrol_boat" title="Dabur-class patrol boat">Dabur-1 class patrol boats</a>, one GC2 patrol boat, one GC6 patrol boat, and one Swiftships 85 ft-type patrol boat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The MG-GN flotilla was divided into a Pacific coast patrol squadron, the <i>Guardia Marina del Pacífico</i>, and an Atlantic coast patrol squadron, the <i>Guardia Marina del Atlântico</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main naval bases were situated at the coastal towns of <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Chinandega" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinto, Chinandega">Corinto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinandega" title="Chinandega">Chinandega</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabezas" title="Puerto Cabezas">Puerto Cabezas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zelaya_Department" title="Zelaya Department">Zelaya</a>) on the Caribbean coast, with secondary naval stations set up at <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Sur" title="San Juan del Sur">San Juan del Sur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rivas_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivas (department)">Rivas</a>) and <a href="/wiki/El_Bluff" title="El Bluff">El Bluff</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zelaya_Department" title="Zelaya Department">Zelaya</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Police_branch">National Police branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National Police branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Created in 1970 out of the law-enforcement branch of the Guardia, the <i>Policia Nacional – Guardia Nacional</i> (PNGN, National Police of the National Guard) was a municipal <a href="/wiki/Constabulary" title="Constabulary">constabulary</a> numbering some 9,000–10,000 male and female uniformed <a href="/wiki/Constables" class="mw-redirect" title="Constables">constables</a>, although other sources estimate that their actual number was no fewer than 3,000–8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of its lightly armed personnel were concentrated in the main cities (Managua, Leon, Matagalpa, and Masaya) on police duties, or assigned to the <i>Brigadas Especiales contra Actos de Terrorismo</i> (BECAT, Special Counter-insurgency Brigades).<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an urban rapid-reaction, <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist unit">anti-terrorist unit</a> closely modelled on <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a>, whose members received special camouflage uniforms and Israeli helmets and flak vests, being armed with <a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a> SMGs, M-16s, <a href="/wiki/Pump-action_shotguns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pump-action shotguns">pump-action shotguns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniper rifles">sniper rifles</a>. Easily recognizable by their <a href="/wiki/Jeep_CJ#CJ-5" title="Jeep CJ">Willys CJ-5 4×4 jeeps</a> equipped with <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicle_lighting" title="Emergency vehicle lighting">vehicular beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">sirens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wire_cutter_(jeep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire cutter (jeep)">wire cutters</a> installed on the front bumper, and painted in blue-and-white National Police markings,<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BECAT teams were frequently employed in raids at Nicaraguan urban slums in search for hidden guerrillas, and quickly earned an unenviable reputation for brutality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Forces">Special Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Special Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By July 1979, the GN also fielded some 2,000–2,500 elite counter-insurgency EEBI troops, comprising Commandos (a.k.a. the <i>Boinas Negras</i> or "Black Berets", first formed in 1968), Paratroopers (a.k.a. the <i>Gansos Salvajes</i> or "Wild Geese", formed in 1978–79) and infantry trainees led by Major (later, Colonel) <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Portocarrero" title="Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero">Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">armed jeeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun-truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-truck">gun-trucks</a> plus two small artillery and <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured car</a> platoons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_institutions">Training institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Training institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that 4,252 Nicaraguan servicemen had been trained by the United States between 1970 and 1976 at the Inter-American Military Academy (a.k.a. "<a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="School of the Americas">School of the Americas</a>") at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gulick" title="Fort Gulick">Fort Gulick</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>, in the Psychological and Special Warfare Academy at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg" title="Fort Bragg">Fort Bragg</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Defense_College" title="Inter-American Defense College">Inter-American Defense College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Academy_–_AMN"><span id="Military_Academy_.E2.80.93_AMN"></span>Military Academy – AMN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military Academy – AMN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Created on 9 November 1939, the <i>Academia Militar de Nicaragua</i> (AMN, Nicaraguan Military Academy) was the noncommissioned officers' and <a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Candidate School">Officer Candidate School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff College">Staff College</a> of the Guardia Nacional. Modelled after the <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point Academy">West Point Academy</a>, the AMN was initially staffed by a cadre of <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> instructors headed by Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Mullins_Jr." title="Charles L. Mullins Jr.">Charles L. Mullins</a> (1939–1942), himself a West Point graduate. He was succeeded as Director of the AMN by other three US Army senior officers, Brigadier-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_T._Cruse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred T. Cruse (page does not exist)">Fred T. Cruse</a> (1942–1943), Brigadier-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=LeRoy_Bartlett_jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LeRoy Bartlett jr. (page does not exist)">LeRoy Bartlett jr.</a> (1943–1946) and Brigadier-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Greco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Greco (page does not exist)">John F. Greco</a> (1947) until GN Infantry Colonel <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a> was appointed its first Nicaraguan-born Superintendent in 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infantry_Basic_Training_School_–_EEBI"><span id="Infantry_Basic_Training_School_.E2.80.93_EEBI"></span>Infantry Basic Training School – EEBI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Infantry Basic Training School – EEBI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Escuela de Entrenamiento Basico de Infanteria</i> (EEBI, Infantry Basic Training School) was founded in 1976–77 by then Capitan <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Portocarrero" title="Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero">Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero</a> upon his return from the United States after attending both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Infantry_School" title="United States Army Infantry School">U.S. Army Infantry School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a> and the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">U.S. Army school for psychological and special warfare</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg" title="Fort Bragg">Fort Bragg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially attached for administrative purposes to the 3rd company of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Somoza_Combat_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Somoza Combat Battalion (page does not exist)">General Somoza Combat Battalion</a> and headquartered at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiscapa_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiscapa Hill (page does not exist)">Tiscapa Hill</a> just outside <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, the EEBI was an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> training center modelled after Fort Bragg, and was tasked of training the Guardia's own elite anti-<a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> Commandos, the "Black Berets" and its first parachute unit, the "Wild Geese".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">U.S. Special Forces</a> (USSF), <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a> Commandos' and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> Paratroopers' training programs, the School's own special curriculum placed emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a>. Advanced courses ranged from basic <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> skills, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle combat">jungle combat</a> and survival to <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a>, light and heavy weapons (<a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>), demolitions, 'Commando' operations and intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> (Ranger), communications, medical, <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne</a> and even light armor tactics. Ex-USSF and exiled <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Vietnamese">South Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces">LLDB</a> instructors conducted most of the training,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the School's teaching staff is said to have included anti-Castro <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a> (former members of the <a href="/wiki/Brigade_2506" title="Brigade 2506">Brigade 2506</a>, which had participated in the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a> in 1961),<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guatemalans, Salvadorans and Chileans, as well as Israeli and German <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signals_School">Signals School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Signals School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Escuela de Transmissiones</i> (Signals School) was established on 15 January 1933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaraguan_Air_Force_Academy_–_EMA"><span id="Nicaraguan_Air_Force_Academy_.E2.80.93_EMA"></span>Nicaraguan Air Force Academy – EMA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nicaraguan Air Force Academy – EMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>Escuela del Aire</i> (Air School) was first formed in 1932 to train Nicaraguan pilots for the recently created National Guard Air Wing, though it was only in August 1940 that was formally established at Managua airfield as the <i>Escuela Militar de Aviación</i> (EMA, Military Aviation School). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Guard_Police_Academy_–_ENP"><span id="National_Guard_Police_Academy_.E2.80.93_ENP"></span>National Guard Police Academy – ENP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: National Guard Police Academy – ENP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Escuela Nacional de Policia</i> (ENP, National Police School) was the Police Academy of the National Guard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Managua_Weapons_Range">Lake Managua Weapons Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lake Managua Weapons Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Polígono de Tiro</i> (Weapons Range) was located close to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Managua" title="Lake Managua">Lake Managua</a>, being used for artillery and air superiority training of GN ground units and Air Force pilots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nicaraguan National Guard was featured in three major film productions, all set during the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a>, the first being the 1980 German film <i>The Uprising</i> shot on location at Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed in 1983 by the Hollywood films <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Plane_Out" title="Last Plane Out">Last Plane Out</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Fire_(1983_film)" title="Under Fire (1983 film)">Under Fire</a></i>; the latter was actually shot at Mexico with <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican Army</a> soldiers portraying both Guardia' troops and <a href="/wiki/FSLN" class="mw-redirect" title="FSLN">FSLN</a> guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Somoza Family">Somoza Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_Popular_Army" title="Sandinista Popular Army">Sandinista Popular Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War">Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(El_Salvador)" title="National Guard (El Salvador)">National Guard (El Salvador)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990">Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nicaragua Elects Gen. Somoza President— Commander of National Army Receives Nearly 3/4 Of Votes Cast in Election", <i>Baltimore Sun</i>, December 9, 1936, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another source says that Somoza won the 1936 election "by the remarkable margin of 107,201 votes to 100."<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiedreich1981" class="citation book cs1">Diedreich, Bernard (1981). <i>Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America</i>. New York: Dutton. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somoza+and+the+Legacy+of+U.S.+Involvement+in+Central+America&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Dutton&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Diedreich&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990">Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990">Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTartter1994">Tartter 1994</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990">Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopel" class="citation web cs1">Kopel, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davekopel.org/Misc/Nicaragua.htm">"Nicaragua and the Sandinistas"</a>. <i>Dave Kopel Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Kopel+Website&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+and+the+Sandinistas&rft.aulast=Kopel&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavekopel.org%2FMisc%2FNicaragua.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990">Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1999">Williamson 1999</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEveringham2008">Everingham 2008</a>, pp. 925–926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebb1999">Webb 1999</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2010">Pérez 2010</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2010">Pérez 2010</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2010">Pérez 2010</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2010">Pérez 2010</a>, pp. 163, 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2010">Pérez 2010</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jw45-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jw45_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jw45_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jw45_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jw45_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jw45_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowettWalsh2018">Jowett & Walsh 2018</a>, p. 45, Plate D3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990">Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/nicaragua/">"Nicaragua"</a>. <i>mahargpress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mahargpress&rft.atitle=Nicaragua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahargpress.com%2Fmilitary-helmets%2Fchapters-summaries%2Fcentral-america%2Fnicaragua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinodefenceforum.com/central-south-american-military-news-reports-data-etc.t6627/">"Central/South American Military News, Reports, Data, etc"</a>. <i>China Defence Forum</i>. 29 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Defence+Forum&rft.atitle=Central%2FSouth+American+Military+News%2C+Reports%2C+Data%2C+etc.&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinodefenceforum.com%2Fcentral-south-american-military-news-reports-data-etc.t6627%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuzmarov2012">Kuzmarov 2012</a>, p. 48–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowettWalsh2018">Jowett & Walsh 2018</a>, pp. 15, 17, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorain1979">Lorain 1979</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowettWalsh2018">Jowett & Walsh 2018</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegler2010">Pegler 2010</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowettWalsh2018">Jowett & Walsh 2018</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogg1989">Hogg 1989</a>, pp. 826–836.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2011">Thompson 2011</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militaria.cz-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-militaria.cz_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFencl1991" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fencl, Jiří (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaria.cz/archiv/391/clanky/391-08.html">"Nejprodávanější československá zbraň"</a> (in Czech). Militaria, Elka Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nejprod%C3%A1van%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD+%C4%8Deskoslovensk%C3%A1+zbra%C5%88&rft.pub=Militaria%2C+Elka+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Fencl&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaria.cz%2Farchiv%2F391%2Fclanky%2F391-08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bavarianm1carbines.com/carbinesnara.html">"Foreign Military Assistance and the U.S. M1 & M2 Carbines"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Military+Assistance+and+the+U.S.+M1+%26+M2+Carbines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bavarianm1carbines.com%2Fcarbinesnara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.activeresponsetraining.net/back-from-nicaragua">"Back from Nicaragua!"</a>. 28 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+from+Nicaragua%21&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.activeresponsetraining.net%2Fback-from-nicaragua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottman2011b">Rottman 2011b</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottman2011a">Rottman 2011a</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottman2017">Rottman 2017</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGanderCutshaw2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gander, Terry J.; Cutshaw, Charles Q. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Janes_Infantry_Weapons/page/n5347">"90 mm M67 recoilless rifle"</a>. <i>Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002–2003</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">5347–</span>5348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=90+mm+M67+recoilless+rifle&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Infantry+Weapons+2002%E2%80%932003&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5347-%3C%2Fspan%3E5348&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gander&rft.aufirst=Terry+J.&rft.au=Cutshaw%2C+Charles+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FJanes_Infantry_Weapons%2Fpage%2Fn5347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZalogaBull2000">Zaloga & Bull 2000</a>, pp. 42–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foro.flotilla-aerea.com/t/vehiculos-de-la-guardia-nacional-de-nicaragua/532/20">"Vehículos de la Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua"</a>. <i>Flotilla Aérea</i>. 12 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flotilla+A%C3%A9rea&rft.atitle=Veh%C3%ADculos+de+la+Guardia+Nacional+de+Nicaragua&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforo.flotilla-aerea.com%2Ft%2Fvehiculos-de-la-guardia-nacional-de-nicaragua%2F532%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Nicaragua/Nicaragua.html">Nicaraguan Armor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529075249/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Nicaragua/Nicaragua.html">Archived</a> 29 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mailer.fsu.edu. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1999">Williamson 1999</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDAR-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDAR_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Annex C Appendix II". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imfmotorpool.com/063247.PDF"><i>US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904154546/http://imfmotorpool.com/063247.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annex+C+Appendix+II&rft.btitle=US+Army+Technical+Manual+of+Foreign+Military+Sales%3A+Battlefield+Damage+Assessment+and+Repair&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=262&rft.date=1987-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimfmotorpool.com%2F063247.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1999">Williamson 1999</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717221234/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_157.shtml">Nicaragua, 1980–1988</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. Acig.org. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlight_International2004">Flight International 2004</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylorMunson1973">Taylor & Munson 1973</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzsimons1988">Fitzsimons 1988</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adcock, Greer and Sewell, <i>T-28 Trojan in action</i> (1989), pp. 15; 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunston1981">Gunston 1981</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202534.html">"World's Air forces 1981, p. 362."</a> <i>flightglobal.com</i>. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202094.html">"Military Helicopter Market 1971"</a>. flightglobal.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Helicopter+Market+1971&rft.pub=flightglobal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1971%2F1971%2520-%25202094.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunston1981">Gunston 1981</a>, pp. 40–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunston1981">Gunston 1981</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunston1981">Gunston 1981</a>, pp. 58–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaines1982">Gaines 1982</a>, p. 1387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastwoodRoach1990">Eastwood & Roach 1990</a>, pp. 85–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlight_International1955">Flight International 1955</a>, p. 652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2015/08/09/suplemento/la-prensa-domingo/1880715-policias-de-ayer-y-hoy">"Policías de ayer y hoy"</a>. <i>La Prensa</i>. 9 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Prensa&rft.atitle=Polic%C3%ADas+de+ayer+y+hoy&rft.date=2015-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprensa.com.ni%2F2015%2F08%2F09%2Fsuplemento%2Fla-prensa-domingo%2F1880715-policias-de-ayer-y-hoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2010">Pérez 2010</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2010">Pérez 2010</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinowelt-international.de/detail_v3.php?lang=en&kid=006178_1_1">Kinowelt International</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311042333/http://kinowelt-international.de/detail_v3.php?kid=006178_1_1&lang=en">Archived</a> 11 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Kinowelt-international.de. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imcdb.org/movie.php?id=86510">Nicaraguan National Guard vehicles in the 1983 film <i>Under Fire</i> at imcdb.org.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Al Adcock, Don Greer and Joe Sewell, <i>T-28 Trojan in action</i>, Aircraft No. 89, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-211-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-211-X">0-89747-211-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990" class="citation book cs1">Caballero Jurado, Carlos; Thomas, Nigel (1990). <i>Central American Wars 1959–89</i>. Men-at-Arms series, no. 221. London: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-945-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-945-6"><bdi>978-0-85045-945-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+American+Wars+1959%E2%80%9389&rft.place=London&rft.series=Men-at-Arms+series%2C+no.+221&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-945-6&rft.aulast=Caballero+Jurado&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastwoodRoach1990" class="citation book cs1">Eastwood, Tony; Roach, John (1990). <i>Turbo Prop Airliner Production List</i>. London: The Aviation Hobby Shop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907178-32-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-907178-32-4"><bdi>0-907178-32-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turbo+Prop+Airliner+Production+List&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Aviation+Hobby+Shop&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-907178-32-4&rft.aulast=Eastwood&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Roach%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEveringham2008" class="citation book cs1">Everingham, Mark (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture">Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684315904" title="Special:BookSources/9780684315904"><bdi>9780684315904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+History+and+Culture&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780684315904&rft.aulast=Everingham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzsimons1988" class="citation book cs1">Fitzsimons, Bernie (1988). <i>The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA</i>. London: Aerospace Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-2181-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-2181-2"><bdi>0-8317-2181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defenders%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Warplanes+of+the+USA&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aerospace+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8317-2181-2&rft.aulast=Fitzsimons&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaines1982" class="citation journal cs1">Gaines, Mike (6 November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%202495.html">"World Air Forces 1982"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i>. <b>122</b> (3835): <span class="nowrap">1327–</span>1388. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-3710">0015-3710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=World+Air+Forces+1982&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3835&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1327-%3C%2Fspan%3E1388&rft.date=1982-11-06&rft.issn=0015-3710&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1982%2F1982%2520-%25202495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunston1981" class="citation book cs1">Gunston, Bill (1981). <i>An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Salamander_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamander Books">Salamander Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86101-110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86101-110-0"><bdi>978-0-86101-110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Guide+to+Military+Helicopters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Salamander+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86101-110-0&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHogg1989" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Ian (1989). <i>Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989–90</i> (15th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0889-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0889-5"><bdi>978-0-7106-0889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Infantry+Weapons+1989%E2%80%9390&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7106-0889-5&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJowettWalsh2018" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip; Walsh, Stephen (2018). <i>Latin American Wars 1900–1941 – "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions</i>. Men-at-Arms series 519. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a> Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472826282" title="Special:BookSources/9781472826282"><bdi>9781472826282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Wars+1900%E2%80%931941+%E2%80%93+%22Banana+Wars%2C%22+Border+Wars+%26+Revolutions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Men-at-Arms+series+519&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781472826282&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuzmarov2012" class="citation book cs1">Kuzmarov, Jeremy (2012). <i>Modernizing Repression: Police Training and Nation Building in the American Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-917-1"><bdi>978-1-55849-917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernizing+Repression%3A+Police+Training+and+Nation+Building+in+the+American+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-917-1&rft.aulast=Kuzmarov&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorain1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lorain, Pierre (September 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-74-septembre-1979/page-12-13-texte-integral">"Le F.M. BAR [The BAR automatic rifle]"</a>. <i>La Gazette des Armes</i> (in French) (74): <span class="nowrap">12–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Gazette+des+Armes&rft.atitle=Le+F.M.+BAR+%5BThe+BAR+automatic+rifle%5D&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1979-09&rft.aulast=Lorain&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.1001mags.com%2Fparution%2Fgazette-des-armes%2Fnumero-74-septembre-1979%2Fpage-12-13-texte-integral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPegler2010" class="citation book cs1">Pegler, Martin (2010). <i>The Thompson Submachine Gun: From Prohibition Chicago to World War II</i>. Weapon series 1. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849081498" title="Special:BookSources/9781849081498"><bdi>9781849081498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thompson+Submachine+Gun%3A+From+Prohibition+Chicago+to+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Weapon+series+1&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781849081498&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPérez2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez, Justiniano (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.es/85694784-El-ejercito-de-los-somoza.html"><i>El Ejercito de los Somoza: Auge, caída y secuela de su extinción</i></a> (in Spanish). Editarte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9992434628" title="Special:BookSources/978-9992434628"><bdi>978-9992434628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ejercito+de+los+Somoza%3A+Auge%2C+ca%C3%ADda+y+secuela+de+su+extinci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Editarte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9992434628&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Justiniano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.es%2F85694784-El-ejercito-de-los-somoza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRottman2011a" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2011a). <i>The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles</i>. Weapon series 8. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-461-1"><bdi>978-1-84908-461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+AK-47+Kalashnikov-series+assault+rifles&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Weapon+series+8&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-461-1&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRottman2011b" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2011b). <i>The M16</i>. Weapon series 14. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-690-5"><bdi>978-1-84908-690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+M16&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Weapon+series+14&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-690-5&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRottman2017" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2017). <i>US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320</i>. Weapon series 57. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1952-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-1952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Grenade+Launchers+%E2%80%93+M79%2C+M203%2C+and+M320&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Weapon+series+57&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1952-9&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTartter1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tartter, Jean R. (1994). "National Guard, 1927-79". In Merrill, Tim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/94021664/"><i>Nicaragua: a country study</i></a> (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0831-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0831-X"><bdi>0-8444-0831-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30623751">30623751</a>. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Guard%2C+1927-79&rft.btitle=Nicaragua%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30623751&rft.isbn=0-8444-0831-X&rft.aulast=Tartter&rft.aufirst=Jean+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F94021664%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMunson1973" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John J.H.; Munson, Kenneth (1973). <i>Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Collier_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier Books">Collier Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7232-3697-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7232-3697-6"><bdi>0-7232-3697-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Pocket+Book+of+Major+Combat+Aircraft&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-7232-3697-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+J.H.&rft.au=Munson%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2011" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Leroy (2011). <i>The Colt 1911 Pistol</i>. Weapon series 9. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849084338" title="Special:BookSources/9781849084338"><bdi>9781849084338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colt+1911+Pistol&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Weapon+series+9&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849084338&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Leroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb1999" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Gary (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Alliance_(book)" title="Dark Alliance (book)">Dark Alliance</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories_Press" title="Seven Stories Press">Seven Stories Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888363-93-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888363-93-7"><bdi>978-1-888363-93-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Alliance&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-888363-93-7&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Owen (August 1999). "Nicaraguan Guerrilla Victory". <i>Military History</i>. <b>16</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia" title="Leesburg, Virginia">Leesburg, Virginia</a>: Primedia Special Interest Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0889-7328">0889-7328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=Nicaraguan+Guerrilla+Victory&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999-08&rft.issn=0889-7328&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlight_International2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202334.html">"World Air Forces 2004"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>100. 16–22 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=World+Air+Forces+2004&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2004-11-16%2F2004-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F2004%2F2004-09%2520-%25202334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlight_International1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200615.html">"The World's Air Forces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2416): <span class="nowrap">615–</span>668. 13 May 1955.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Air+Forces&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2416&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E668&rft.date=1955-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1955%2F1955%2520-%25200615.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZalogaBull2000" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J.; Bull, Peter (2000). <i>Staghound armored car 1942–62</i>. New Vanguard series 159. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-392-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staghound+armored+car+1942%E2%80%9362&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=New+Vanguard+series+159&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-392-6&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Bull%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28Nicaragua%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:National Guard (Nicaragua)">National Guard (Nicaragua)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3TP0TP5GT8/Nicaraguan">National Guard YouTube video 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FLfQvQmoV0/Nicaraguan">National Guard YouTube video 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE3hPRQ6e-4/Nicaraguan">National Guard YouTube video 3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBFvhEdKbqQ/Nicaraguan">National Guard YouTube video 4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-studies.com/nicaragua/">Country Studies: Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060109165124/http://www.thinkquest.org/library/site_sum.html?tname=17749&url=17749/somoza.html">ThinkQuest: Somoza Dynasty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/COLDnicaragua.htm">Spartacus Educational</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110033552/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/clas/nicaragua_proj/history/somoza/Hist-Somoza-dinasty.pdf">History of the Somoza Dynasty</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/nicaragua/nicaragua110.html">Nicaraguan National Guard</a> – original source LOC</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541185#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata498" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541185#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata498" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541185#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122718359">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80119550">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&oldid=1275588105">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&oldid=1275588105</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banana_Wars" title="Category:Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_gendarmeries" title="Category:Defunct gendarmeries">Defunct gendarmeries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement in Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Military history of Nicaragua">Military history of Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_organizations_based_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Paramilitary organizations based in Nicaragua">Paramilitary organizations based in Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_of_the_Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Category:Organizations of the Nicaraguan Revolution">Organizations of the Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Czech-language_sources_(cs)" title="Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)">CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2023">Use dmy dates from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2016">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 22:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(Nicaragua)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Guard (Nicaragua)</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6fd9bbc867-v48zx","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.315","walltime":"1.671","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7555,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":114372,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11787,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":133038,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1433.349 1 -total"," 29.12% 417.382 1 Template:Infobox_national_military"," 28.72% 411.672 1 Template:Infobox"," 20.56% 294.658 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.99% 186.250 19 Template:Cite_book"," 9.51% 136.267 1 Template:Nativename"," 7.56% 108.367 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.81% 97.547 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.98% 85.773 5 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.80% 83.080 42 Template:Harvnb"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.809","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19261076,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCaballero_JuradoThomas1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiedreich1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastwoodRoach1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEveringham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFencl1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzsimons1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlight_International1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlight_International2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaines1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanderCutshaw2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunston1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogg1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowettWalsh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzmarov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorain1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPegler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRottman2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRottman2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRottman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTartter1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorMunson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalogaBull2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 42,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISR\"] = 1,\n [\"ITA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox national military\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"MEX\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nativename\"] = 1,\n [\"Officeholder table\"] = 6,\n [\"Officeholder table end\"] = 1,\n [\"Officeholder table start\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TWN\"] = 1,\n [\"UK\"] = 1,\n [\"USA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-65bf7dbd64-8b4nz","timestamp":"20250325195142","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"National Guard (Nicaragua)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1541185","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1541185","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-26T03:27:13Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T22:15:32Z","headline":"Nicaraguan militia (1925-1979)"}</script> </body> </html>