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id="toc-Soviet_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1978–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1978–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1978–1992) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1978–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghan_Civil_War_(1992–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_Civil_War_(1992–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_Civil_War_(1992–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2021_offensive_and_return_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_offensive_and_return_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2021 offensive and return to power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_offensive_and_return_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(2021–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(2021–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(2021–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_education_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_education_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.1 Current education policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_education_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ideology and aims </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_and_aims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideology and aims subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideological_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ideological influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pashtun_cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pashtun_cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Pashtun cultural influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pashtun_cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_rules_under_Deobandi_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_rules_under_Deobandi_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Islamic rules under Deobandi philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_rules_under_Deobandi_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prohibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Prohibitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_the_Bamyan_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_the_Bamyan_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Views on the Bamyan Buddhas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_the_Bamyan_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_bacha_bazi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_bacha_bazi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Views on bacha bazi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_bacha_bazi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_towards_other_Muslim_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_towards_other_Muslim_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Attitudes towards other Muslim communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_towards_other_Muslim_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Salafism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Salafism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Opposition to Salafism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Salafism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Shia Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistency_of_the_Taliban's_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistency_of_the_Taliban's_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Consistency of the Taliban's ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistency_of_the_Taliban's_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluations_and_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations_and_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Evaluations and criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluations_and_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condemned_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemned_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Condemned practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Condemned_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Condemned practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Condemned_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massacre_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Massacre campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Human trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oppression_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oppression_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Oppression of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oppression_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ban_on_women's_participation_in_the_healthcare_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_on_women's_participation_in_the_healthcare_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Ban on women's participation in the healthcare sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_on_women's_participation_in_the_healthcare_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Violence against civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_Hindus_and_Sikhs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_Hindus_and_Sikhs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Discrimination against Hindus and Sikhs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_Hindus_and_Sikhs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_religious_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_religious_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Relationship with other religious groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_religious_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions_on_modern_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_on_modern_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Restrictions on modern education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_on_modern_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Cultural genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ban_on_entertainment_and_recreational_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_on_entertainment_and_recreational_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Ban on entertainment and recreational activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_on_entertainment_and_recreational_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_conscription_and_conscription_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_conscription_and_conscription_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Forced conscription and conscription of children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_conscription_and_conscription_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Leadership and organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership_and_organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leadership and organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Current leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Organization and governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economic activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Designation as a terrorist organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_and_NGOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_and_NGOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 United Nations and NGOs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_and_NGOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Taliban</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طالبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طالبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թալիպան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թալիպան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib%C3%A1n" title="Talibán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Talibán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ТӀалибан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀалибан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طالیبان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طالیبان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তালেবান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তালেবান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талибан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Талибан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талібан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Талібан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талібан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Талібан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Талибани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Талибани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibaned" title="Talibaned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Talibaned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib%C3%A0" title="Talibà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Talibà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талибан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Талибан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1lib%C3%A1n" title="Tálibán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tálibán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Taliban" title="Y Taliban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Taliban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A2%C4%81leb%C4%81n" title="Ţālebān – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ţālebān" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ταλιμπάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταλιμπάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib%C3%A1n" title="Talibán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Talibán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibano" title="Talibano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Talibano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طالبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طالبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibans" title="Talibans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Talibans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Talaban" title="An Talaban – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Talaban" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib%C3%A1n" title="Talibán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Talibán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તાલિબાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાલિબાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%88%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%98" title="탈레반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탈레반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թալիբան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թալիբան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="तालिबान आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तालिबान आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibani" title="Talibani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talibani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibano" title="Talibano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Talibano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C3%ADbanar" title="Talíbanar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Talíbanar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talebani" title="Talebani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Talebani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טליבאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טליבאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თალიბანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თალიბანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талибан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Талибан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C3%AEban" title="Talîban – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Talîban" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanas" title="Talibanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Talibanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleban" title="Taleban – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Taleban" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1libok" title="Tálibok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tálibok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Талибанци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Талибанци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibana" title="Talibana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Talibana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="താലിബാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താലിബാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तालिबान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तालिबान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თალიბანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თალიბანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طالبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طالبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طالبان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="طالبان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талибан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Талибан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="တာလီဘန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာလီဘန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तालिबान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तालिबान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ターリバーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ターリバーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolibon" title="Tolibon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tolibon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਲਿਬਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਲਿਬਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تحریک اسلامی طالبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تحریک اسلامی طالبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طالبان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طالبان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="តាលីបង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តាលីបង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibowie" title="Talibowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Talibowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib%C3%A3" title="Talibã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Talibã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талибан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Талибан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талибан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Талибан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban%C3%ABt" title="Talibanët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Talibanët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibbani" title="Talibbani – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Talibbani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="තලෙයිබාන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තලෙයිබාන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1lib%C3%A1n" title="Tálibán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tálibán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibani" title="Talibani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Talibani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibany" title="Talibany – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Talibany" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daliban" title="Daliban – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Daliban" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاڵیبان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاڵیبان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талибан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Талибан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibani" title="Talibani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Talibani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாலிபான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாலிபான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="తాలిబన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తాలిబన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ตอลิบาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตอลิบาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Толибон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Толибон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талібан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Талібан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تحریک اسلامی طالبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحریک اسلامی طالبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazlibanh" title="Dazlibanh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dazlibanh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="塔利班" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塔利班" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טאליבאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאליבאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塔利班" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Taliban" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔利班" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamist militant organization in control of Afghanistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Taliban_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Taliban (disambiguation)">Taliban (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Afghan group. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansarullah" title="Jamaat Ansarullah">Jamaat Ansarullah</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Taliban" title="Punjabi Taliban">Punjabi Taliban</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Talibon" title="Talibon">Talibon</a>, a municipality in the Philippines.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Taliban</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">طَالِبَانْ (Tālibān)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Shahada written in black on a white background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/450px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/600px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Taliban, also used as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">flag of Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme leaders</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a> (1994–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">†</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1994–1996 (<a href="#Afghan_Civil_War_(1992–1996)">militia</a>)</li> <li>1996–2001 (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">1st government</a>)</li> <li>2001–2021 (<a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">insurgency</a>)</li> <li>2021–present (<a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">2nd government</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Giustozzi-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clements0-2">[2]</a> minority <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> (1994–2001; 2021–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">Afghanistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Majority: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maley2-14-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a><a href="#cite_note-Whine_54–72-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maley_1998_14-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turbulent-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationalism" title="Afghan nationalism">Afghan nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Traditionalism</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">Core strength <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>45,000 (2001 est.)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>11,000 (2008 est.)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>36,000 (2010 est.)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>60,000 (2014 est.)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>60,000 (2017 est. excluding 90,000 local militia and 50,000 support elements)<a href="#cite_note-2021number-22">[22]</a></li> <li>75,000 (2021 est.)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>168,000 soldiers and 210,121 police forces and pro-Taliban militia (2024 self-claim)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">2021–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Subgroups <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a> (since 1995)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al-Dawah_ila_al-Quran_wal-Sunnah" title="Jamaat al-Dawah ila al-Quran wal-Sunnah">Jamaat al-Dawah ila al-Quran wal-Sunnah</a> (since 2010)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Tora_Bora_Military_Front" title="Tora Bora Military Front">Tora Bora Military Front</a> (since 2016)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat_flag.svg/23px-Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat_flag.svg/35px-Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat_flag.svg/46px-Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="173" /> <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a> (since 2017)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (since 2021)</li></ul> <hr /> State allies <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (alleged by the US, but denied by China)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (alleged during the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a>, but denied by Iran)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (alleged by the US)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (1994–2001; alleged during the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a>, but denied by Pakistan)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giraldo-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-PST-33">[33]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (alleged by Saudi Arabia)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scroll-35">[35]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (alleged, but denied by Russia)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (alleged by the US)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scroll-35">[35]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (alleged, since 2024)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (until 2001)<a href="#cite_note-Stratfor-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (until 2001)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <hr /> Non-state allies <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/40px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/60px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="478" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a> (anti-<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> faction)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="383" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> (denied from 2016–2021,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> openly since 2021)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-48">[48]</a> (occasional support)<a href="#cite_note-Salafi-49">[49]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Gul_Bahadur_Group" title="Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group">Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group</a> (denied)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (currently denied)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansarullah" title="Jamaat Ansarullah">Jamaat Ansarullah</a><a href="#cite_note-autoQTQ-52">[52]</a> (denied)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Jihad_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan</a> (denied)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/20px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/31px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/40px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-48">[48]</a> (denied)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/InfoboxHTS.svg/23px-InfoboxHTS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/InfoboxHTS.svg/35px-InfoboxHTS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/InfoboxHTS.svg/46px-InfoboxHTS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham">Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_Victory_Conference" title="Syrian Revolution Victory Conference">until January 2025</a>)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (until 2001)<a href="#cite_note-Stratfor-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a><a href="#cite_note-advances-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> (denied)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Union" title="Islamic Jihad Union">Islamic Jihad Union</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="195" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /> <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Al-Badr_flag.svg/23px-Al-Badr_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Al-Badr_flag.svg/35px-Al-Badr_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Al-Badr_flag.svg/46px-Al-Badr_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="534" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Badr (India)">Al-Badr</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Jamaat_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Jamaat_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Jamaat_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Jamaat_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Jamaat_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Jamaat_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Front_(militant_group)" title="Caucasian Front (militant group)">Caucasian Front</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Ghazwat-ul-Hind" title="Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind">Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind</a> (denied)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Islam" title="Lashkar-e-Islam">Lashkar-e-Islam</a> (denied)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> (sometimes)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="236" /> <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Jhangvi" title="Lashkar-e-Jhangvi">Lashkar-e-Jhangvi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_JTJ.svg/23px-Flag_of_JTJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_JTJ.svg/35px-Flag_of_JTJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_JTJ.svg/46px-Flag_of_JTJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="499" /> <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Caucasian_Emirate.svg/40px-Flag_of_Caucasian_Emirate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Caucasian_Emirate.svg/60px-Flag_of_Caucasian_Emirate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="510" /> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tnsm-flag.svg/23px-Tnsm-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tnsm-flag.svg/35px-Tnsm-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tnsm-flag.svg/46px-Tnsm-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="498" /> <a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi" title="Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi">Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> State and intergovernmental opponents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (1994–2021)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> Non-state opponents <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="427" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Freedom_Front" title="Afghanistan Freedom Front">Afghanistan Freedom Front</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Islamic State – Khorasan Province</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> (sometimes)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a> (ISIS allied faction)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Fidai_Mahaz" title="Fidai Mahaz">Fidai Mahaz</a> (sometimes 2016–2021, no fighting since 2021)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (2015–2021)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Second Afghan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)">Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a><a href="#cite_note-google-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Third Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-nz-list-70">[70]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-ru-71">[71]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><a href="#cite_note-tj-list-72">[72]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-bozbas-73">[73]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-uae-2017-18-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-uae-2017-28-75">[75]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-USDT-76">[76]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alemarahenglish.af">alemarahenglish.af</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Haqqania" title="Darul Uloom Haqqania">Students of Darun Uloom Haqqania</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Uloom-ul-Islamia" title="Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia">Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Islami Khalis">Hezb-e Islami Khalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Haqqani Network">Haqqani Network</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Afghan_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Afghan Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Afghan_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Afghan Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Afghan_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Afghan Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghan_conflict908" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Panjshir_Valley_uprising" title="1975 Panjshir Valley uprising">1975 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_uprisings_in_Afghanistan" title="1979 uprisings in Afghanistan">1979 uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics of Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/250px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="318" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga ("Grand assembly")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">Treatment of women by the Taliban</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan#Non-monarchs" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_decrees_by_Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada">decrees</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> (first)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a> (second)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> (third)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> (acting, first)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Hanafi" title="Abdul Salam Hanafi">Abdul Salam Hanafi</a> (acting, second)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Afghanistan" title="Judiciary of Afghanistan">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Afghanistan" title="Law of Afghanistan">Law of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Deputy chief justices <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qasim_Rasikh" title="Mohammad Qasim Rasikh">Mohammad Qasim Rasikh</a> (first)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdul_Malik" title="Sheikh Abdul Malik">Sheikh Abdul Malik</a> (second)</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Capital punishment in Afghanistan">Capital punishment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Afghanistan" title="Law enforcement in Afghanistan">Law enforcement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Interior Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Interior Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Police" title="Afghan National Police">Afghan National Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mohammad_Khalid" title="Sheikh Mohammad Khalid">Mohammad Khalid</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_Office_of_Afghanistan" title="Attorney General's Office of Afghanistan">Attorney General</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsulldin_Shariati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsulldin Shariati (page does not exist)">Shamsulldin Shariati</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan" title="Provinces of Afghanistan">Provinces</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Governors</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdistricts of Afghanistan">Subdistricts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Afghanistan" title="Elections in Afghanistan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2014_Afghan_presidential_election" title="2014 Afghan presidential election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afghan_presidential_election" title="2019 Afghan presidential election">2019</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2010_Afghan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Afghan parliamentary election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Afghan_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Afghan parliamentary election">2018</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Afghanistan" title="List of political parties in Afghanistan">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Acting Minister: <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Amir_Khan_Muttaqi_as_Acting_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan" title="List of international trips made by Amir Khan Muttaqi as Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan">trips</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Afghanistan" title="List of ambassadors of Afghanistan">Ambassadors</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Afghanistan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Afghanistan">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Afghanistan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law" title="Afghan nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_passport" title="Afghan passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Afghan_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Afghan citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Afghanistan" title="Visa policy of Afghanistan">Visa policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Recognition of the Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Afghanistan and the United Nations">Afghanistan and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Politics of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Politics of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Taliban (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtælɪbæn, ˈtɑːlɪbɑːn/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: طَالِبَانْ, romanized: Tālibān, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'students'), which also refers to itself by its <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[a]</a> is an Afghan political and militant movement with an ideology comprising elements of <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whine_54–72-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maley_1998_14-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-dni.gov-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokhari-Senzai_2013-89">[88]</a> It ruled approximately 75% of Afghanistan <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">from 1996 to 2001</a>, before it was overthrown by an <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">American invasion</a> after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> carried out by the Taliban's ally <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>. The Taliban <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">recaptured Kabul</a> in August 2021 following the departure of <a href="/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission" title="Resolute Support Mission">coalition forces</a>, after 20 years of <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a>, and now controls the entire country. The Taliban government <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">is not recognized by any country</a> and has been internationally condemned for restricting <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">human rights</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">women</a>'s rights to work and have an <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The Taliban emerged in 1994 as a prominent faction in the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War</a> and largely consisted of students from the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> areas of east and south Afghanistan, who had been educated in <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">traditional Islamic schools</a> (madāris). Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1996–2001), the movement spread through most of Afghanistan, shifting power away from the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> <a href="/wiki/Warlords" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlords">warlords</a>. In 1996, the group established the First Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The Taliban's government was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> militia, which seized parts of northeast Afghanistan and maintained international recognition as a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State of Afghanistan</a>. During their rule from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban enforced a strict interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, or Islamic law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937,_42–43-91">[90]</a> and were widely condemned for massacres against Afghan civilians, harsh discrimination against religious and ethnic minorities, denial of UN food supplies to starving civilians, destruction of cultural monuments, banning women from school and most employment, and prohibition of most <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> The Taliban committed a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> against Afghans by destroying their historical and cultural texts, artifacts and sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-RAWA2022-93">[92]</a> The Taliban held control of most of the country until the United States invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001. Many members of the Taliban fled to neighboring Pakistan. After being overthrown, the Taliban launched an insurgency to fight the US-backed <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-led <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF) in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>. In May 2002, exiled members formed the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Council of Leaders</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, Pakistan. Under <a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a>'s leadership, in May 2021, the Taliban launched a <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">military offensive</a>, that culminated in the fall of Kabul in August 2021 and the Taliban regaining control. The Islamic Republic was dissolved and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> reestablished. Following their return to power, the Afghanistan government budget lost 80% of its funding and food insecurity became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> The Taliban returned Afghanistan to many policies implemented under its previous rule, including banning women from holding almost any jobs, requiring women to wear head-to-toe coverings such as the <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a>, blocking women from travelling without male guardians, banning female speech and banning all education for girls.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word Taliban is Pashto, طَالِباَنْ (ṭālibān), meaning "students", the plural of <a href="/wiki/Talibe" title="Talibe">ṭālib</a>. This is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from Arabic طَالِبْ (ṭālib), using the Pashto plural ending -ān اَنْ.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> (In Arabic طَالِبَانْ (ṭālibān) means not "students" but rather "two students", as it is a <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> form, the Arabic plural being طُلَّابْ (ṭullāb)—occasionally causing some confusion to Arabic speakers.) Since becoming a loanword in English, Taliban, besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also been used as a singular noun referring to an individual. For example, <a href="/wiki/John_Walker_Lindh" title="John Walker Lindh">John Walker Lindh</a> has been referred to as "an American Taliban" rather than "an American Talib" in domestic media. This is different in Afghanistan, where a member or a supporter of the group is referred to as a Talib (طَالِبْ) or its plural Talib-ha (طَالِبْهَا). In other definitions, Taliban means 'seekers'.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In English, the spelling Taliban has gained predominance over the spelling Taleban.<a href="#cite_note-Arabic_Dictionary-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> is used, the group is referred to as "the Taliban", rather than "Taliban". In English-language media in Pakistan, the definite article is always omitted.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>-language media tend to name the group "Afghan Taliban",<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> thus distinguishing it from the <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a>. Additionally, in Pakistan, the word Talibans is often used when referring to more than one Taliban member. In Afghanistan, the Taliban is frequently called the گرُوهْ طَالِبَانْ (Goroh-e Taleban), Dari term which means 'Taliban group'.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> As per Dari/Persian grammar, there is no "the" prefix. Meanwhile, in Pashto, a <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiner</a> is normally used and as a result, the group is normally referred to as per Pashto grammar: دَ طَالِبَانْ (Da Taliban) or دَ طَالِبَانُو (Da Talibano). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)">History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">History of Afghanistan (1992–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1978–1992)">Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1978–1992)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/220px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/330px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/440px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Mujahideen">Afghan Mujahideen</a> leaders in the Oval Office in 1983</figcaption></figure> After the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict#Soviet_intervention" title="Afghan conflict">intervened and occupied Afghanistan</a> in 1979, Islamic mujahideen fighters waged a war against Soviet forces. During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, nearly all of the Taliban's original leaders had fought for either the <a href="/wiki/Hezb-i_Islami_Khalis" title="Hezb-i Islami Khalis">Hezb-i Islami Khalis</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Harakat-i_Inqilab-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat-i Inqilab-e Islami">Harakat-i Inqilab-e Islami</a> factions of the Mujahideen.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Pakistan's President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> feared that the Soviets were also planning to invade <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, Pakistan, so he sent <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a> to Saudi Arabia to garner support for the Afghan resistance against Soviet occupation forces. A while later, the US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> and the Saudi Arabian <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Saudi_Arabia)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Saudi Arabia)">General Intelligence Directorate</a> (GID) funnelled funding and equipment through the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Service Intelligence Agency</a> (ISI) to the Afghan mujahideen.<a href="#cite_note-Price-107">[106]</a> About 90,000 Afghans, including Mullah Omar, were trained by Pakistan's ISI during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Price-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghan_Civil_War_(1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)">Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)</a></div> In April 1992, after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Soviet-backed régime</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a>, many Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Accord" title="Peshawar Accord">Peshawar Accord</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State of Afghanistan</a> and appointed an interim government for a transitional period. <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbe_Wahdat" title="Hezbe Wahdat">Hezbe Wahdat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ittihad-i_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ittihad-i Islami">Ittihad-i Islami</a> did not participate. The state was paralysed from the start, due to rival groups contending for total power over <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-photius,_peshawar-108">[107]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin party refused to recognise the interim government, and in April infiltrated Kabul to take power for itself, thus starting this civil war. In May, Hekmatyar started attacks against government forces and Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(4)-109">[108]</a> Hekmatyar received operational, financial and military support from Pakistan's ISI.<a href="#cite_note-Neamatollah_Nojumi-110">[109]</a> With that help, Hekmatyar's forces were able to destroy half of Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-Amin_Saikal-111">[110]</a> Iran assisted the Hezbe Wahdat forces of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mazari" title="Abdul Ali Mazari">Abdul-Ali Mazari</a>. Saudi Arabia supported the Ittihad-i Islami faction.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(4)-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amin_Saikal-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy_Gutman-112">[111]</a> The conflict between these militias also escalated into war. Due to this sudden initiation of civil war, working government departments, police units or a system of justice and accountability for the newly created Islamic State of Afghanistan did not have time to form. Atrocities were committed by individuals inside different factions.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Ceasefires, negotiated by representatives of the Islamic State's newly appointed Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Sibghatullah_Mojaddedi" title="Sibghatullah Mojaddedi">Sibghatullah Mojaddedi</a> and later President <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a> (the interim government), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(4)-109">[108]</a> The countryside in northern Afghanistan, parts of which were under the control of Defense Minister Massoud, remained calm and some reconstruction took place. The city of Herat under the rule of Islamic State ally <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Khan" title="Ismail Khan">Ismail Khan</a> also witnessed relative calm.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile, southern Afghanistan was neither under the control of foreign-backed militias nor the government in Kabul, but was ruled by local leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Gul_Agha_Sherzai" title="Gul Agha Sherzai">Gul Agha Sherzai</a> and their militias. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Taliban" title="History of the Taliban">History of the Taliban</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a></div> The Taliban movement originated in <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a>, and its ideological underpinnings are with that of broader Afghan society. The Taliban's roots lie in the religious schools of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> and were influenced significantly by foreign support, particularly from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, during the Soviet–Afghan War. They emerged in Afghanistan in the mid-1990s, capturing Kandahar and expanding their control across the country; they became involved in a war with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>. The international response to the Taliban varied, with some countries providing support while others opposed and did not recognize their regime. During their rule from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban implemented strict religious regulations, notably affecting women's rights and cultural heritage. This period included significant ethnic persecution and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a>. After the US-led invasion in 2001, the Taliban were ousted from power but regrouped and launched an insurgency that lasted two decades. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 following the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">US withdrawal</a>. Their efforts to establish the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan continue, with education policies and international relations, including internal and external challenges faced by the Taliban regime. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_offensive_and_return_to_power">2021 offensive and return to power</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul (2021)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan#Taliban_resurgence" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan § Taliban resurgence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Taliban_Offensive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/220px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/330px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/440px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5514" /></a><figcaption>A map of Afghanistan showing the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a></figcaption></figure> In mid 2021, the Taliban led a major offensive in Afghanistan during the withdrawal of US troops from the country, which gave them control of over half of Afghanistan's 421 districts as of 23 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Taliban_Consolidation_and_Foothold-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> By mid-August 2021, the Taliban controlled every major city in Afghanistan; following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kabul (2021)">near seizure of the capital Kabul</a>, the Taliban occupied the <a href="/wiki/Arg_(Kabul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg (Kabul)">Presidential Palace</a> after the incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a> fled Afghanistan to the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Ghani's Asylum was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(United_Arab_Emirates)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (United Arab Emirates)">UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation</a> on 18 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Remaining Afghan forces under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Amrullah_Saleh" title="Amrullah Saleh">Amrullah Saleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Massoud" title="Ahmad Massoud">Ahmad Massoud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan_Mohammadi" title="Bismillah Khan Mohammadi">Bismillah Khan Mohammadi</a> retreated to Panjshir to continue resistance.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(2021–present)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul,_August_2021_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/500px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Taliban <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">Humvee</a> in Kabul, August 2021.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliban_member_with_chest_flags.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Taliban_member_with_chest_flags.png/220px-Taliban_member_with_chest_flags.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Taliban_member_with_chest_flags.png/330px-Taliban_member_with_chest_flags.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Taliban_member_with_chest_flags.png/440px-Taliban_member_with_chest_flags.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>A Taliban member with chest flags in Kabul, September 2022.</figcaption></figure> The Taliban had "seized power from an established government backed by some of the world's best-equipped militaries"; and as an ideological insurgent movement dedicated to "bringing about a truly Islamic state" its victory has been compared to that of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> in 1949 or <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979, with their "sweeping" remake of society. However, as of 2021–2022, senior Taliban leaders have emphasized the "softness" of their revolution and how they desired "good relations" with the United States, in discussions with American journalist Jon Lee Anderson.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> Anderson notes that the Taliban's war against any "<a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">graven images</a>", so vigorous in their early rule, has been abandoned, perhaps made impossible by smartphones and Instagram. One local observer (Sayed Hamid Gailani) has argued the Taliban have not killed "a lot" of people after returning to power. Women are seen out on the street, Zabihullah Mujahid (acting Deputy Minister of Information and Culture) noted there are still women working in a number of government ministries, and claimed that girls will be allowed to attend secondary education when bank funds are unfrozen and the government can fund "separate" spaces and transportation for them.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> When asked about the slaughter of Hazara Shia by the first Taliban régime, Suhail Shaheen, the Taliban nominee for Ambassador to the U.N. told Anderson "The Hazara Shia for us are also Muslim. We believe we are one, like flowers in a garden."<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> In late 2021, journalists from The New York Times <a href="/wiki/Embedded_journalism" title="Embedded journalism">embedded</a> with a six-man Taliban unit tasked with protecting the Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Sakhi_Shrine" title="Sakhi Shrine">Sakhi Shrine</a> in Kabul from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, noting "how seriously the men appeared to take their assignment." The unit's commander said that "We do not care which ethnic group we serve, our goal is to serve and provide security for Afghans."<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In response to "international criticism" over lack of diversity, an ethnic Hazara was appointed deputy health minister, and an ethnic Tajik appointed deputy trade minister.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women%27s_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Women's Affairs</a> has been closed and its building is the new home of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice</a>. According to Anderson, some women still employed by the government are "being forced to sign in at their jobs and then go home, to create the illusion of equity"; and the appointment of ethnic minorities has been dismissed by an "adviser to the Taliban" as tokenism.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> Reports have "circulated" of <blockquote>"Hazara farmers being forced from their land by ethnic Pashtuns, of raids of activists' homes, and of extrajudicial executions of former government soldiers and intelligence agents".<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a></blockquote> According to a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>'s report released in November 2021, the Taliban killed or forcibly disappeared more than 100 former members of the Afghan security forces in the three months since the takeover in just the four provinces of Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, and Kunduz. According to the report, the Taliban identified targets for arrest and execution through intelligence operations and access to employment records that were left behind. Former members of the security forces were also killed by the Taliban within days of registering with them to receive a letter guaranteeing their safety.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Despite Taliban claims that the ISIS has been defeated, IS carried out suicide bombings in October 2021 at Shia mosques <a href="/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing" title="2021 Kunduz mosque bombing">in Kunduz</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing" title="2021 Kandahar bombing">and Kandahar</a>, killing over 115 people. As of late 2021, there were still "sticky bomb" explosions "every few days" in the capital Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> Explanations for the relative moderation of the new Taliban government and statements from its officials such as – "We have started a new page. We do not want to be entangled with the past,"<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> –?include that it did not expect to take over the country so quickly and still had "problems to work out among" their factions";<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> that $7 billion in Afghan government funds in US banks has been frozen, and that the 80% of the previous government's budget that came from "the United States, its partners, or international lenders", has been shut off, creating serious economic crisis; according to the U.N. World Food Program country director, Mary Ellen McGroarty, as of late 2021, early 2022 "22.8 million Afghans are already severely food insecure, and seven million of them are one step away from famine"; and that the world community has "unanimously" asked the Taliban "to form an inclusive government, ensure the rights of women and minorities and guarantee that Afghanistan will no more serve as the launching pad for global terrorist operations", before it recognizes the Taliban government.<a href="#cite_note-Geo_News-2021-125">[124]</a> In conversation with journalist Anderson, senior Taliban leaders implied that the harsh application of sharia during their first era of rule in the 1990s was necessary because of the "depravity" and "chaos" that remained from the Soviet occupation, but that now "mercy and compassion" were the order of the day.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> This was contradicted by former senior members of the Ministry of Women's Affairs, one of which who told Anderson, "they will do anything to convince the international community to give them financing, but eventually I'll be forced to wear the burqa again. They are just waiting."<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> After Taliban retook power in 2021, border clashes erupted between the Taliban with its neighbors includes <a href="/wiki/2021_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_clashes" title="2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Pakistan</a>, leading to casualties on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In the early months of Taliban rule, international journalists have had some access to Afghanistan. In February 2022, several international journalists, including <a href="/wiki/Andrew_North_(journalist)" title="Andrew North (journalist)">Andrew North</a> were detained. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> described their detention as "a sad reflection of the overall decline of press freedom and increasing attacks on journalists under Taliban rule."<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The journalists were released after several days.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Subsequently, watchdog organizations have continued to document a number of arrests of local journalists, as well as barring access to international journalists.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The country's small community of <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> - who form Afghanistan's second largest religion<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> - as well as <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, have reportedly been prevented from celebrating their holidays as of 2023 by the Taliban government.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Despite this, the Taliban in a later statement praised the communities and assured that their private land and property will be secured.<a href="#cite_note-Bhattacherjee-133">[132]</a> In April 2024, the former sole Sikh member of parliament, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Singh_Khalsa" title="Narendra Singh Khalsa">Narendra Singh Khalsa</a>, returned to Afghanistan for the first time since the collapse of the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Bhattacherjee-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Current_education_policy">Current education policy</h5></div> In September 2021, the government ordered <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a> to reopen for both sexes and announced plans to reopen <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary schools</a> for male students, without committing to do the same for female students.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-Harrison_09/17/21-134">[133]</a> While the Taliban stated that female <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> students will be able to resume <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Afghanistan" title="Higher education in Afghanistan">higher education</a> provided that they are segregated from male students (and professors, when possible),<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_09/12/21-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> noted that "if the high schools do not reopen for girls, the commitments to allow university education would become meaningless once the current cohort of students graduated."<a href="#cite_note-Graham-Harrison_09/17/21-134">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)">Higher Education Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Baqi_Haqqani" title="Abdul Baqi Haqqani">Abdul Baqi Haqqani</a> said that female university students will be required to observe proper <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>, but did not specify if this required covering the face.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_09/12/21-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a> reopened in February 2022, with female students attending in the morning and males in the afternoon. Other than the closure of the music department, few changes to the curriculum were reported.<a href="#cite_note-AP_Reopening-136">[135]</a> Female students were officially required to wear an <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a> and a hijab to attend, although some wore a <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawl</a> instead. Attendance was reportedly low on the first day.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In March 2022, the Taliban abruptly halted plans to allow girls to resume secondary school education even when separated from males.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> At the time, The Washington Post reported that apart from university students, "sixth is now the highest grade girls may attend". The Afghan Ministry of Education cited the lack of an acceptable design for female student uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> On December 20, 2022, in violation of their prior promises, the Taliban banned female students from attending higher education institutions with immediate effect.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The following day, December 21, 2022, the Taliban instituted a ban on all education for all girls and women around the country alongside a ban on female staff in schools, including teaching professions. Teaching was one of the last few remaining professions open to women.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_aims">Ideology and aims</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg/250px-Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg/375px-Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg/500px-Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:white; background:#86575d;"> Ideology and influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dars-i_Nizami" title="Dars-i Nizami">Dars-i Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi fiqh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:white; background:#86575d;"> Founders and key figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Ali_Nanautawi" title="Mamluk Ali Nanautawi">Mamluk Ali Nanautawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imdadullah_Muhajir_Makki" title="Imdadullah Muhajir Makki">Imdadullah Muhajir Makki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ali_Saharanpuri" title="Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri">Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yaqub_Nanautawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi">Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Muhammad_Abid" title="Sayyid Muhammad Abid">Sayyid Muhammad Abid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Deobandi" title="Mahmud Deobandi">Mahmud Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Mungeri" title="Muhammad Ali Mungeri">Muhammad Ali Mungeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hasan_Deobandi" title="Mahmud Hasan Deobandi">Mahmud Hasan Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifayatullah_Dehlawi" title="Kifayatullah Dehlawi">Kifayatullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani" title="Hussain Ahmed Madani">Hussain Ahmed Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ilyas_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi">Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Idris_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi">Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariyya_al-Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:white; background:#86575d;"> Notable institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Darul_uloom" title="Darul uloom">Darul ulooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Deoband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahir_Uloom,_Saharanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur">Mazahir Uloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Nadwatul_Ulama" title="Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama">Nadwatul Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Aminia_Islamia_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Aminia Islamia Arabia">Aminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Shahi" title="Madrasa Shahi">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Islamia_Talimuddin" title="Jamia Islamia Talimuddin">Dabhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jamiatul_Ahlia_Darul_Ulum_Moinul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam">Hathazari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ashrafia" title="Jamia Ashrafia">Ashrafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Darul_Uloom,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamia Darul Uloom, Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Uloom-ul-Islamia" title="Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia">Banuri Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Bury" title="Darul Uloom Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasah_In%27aamiyyah" title="Madrasah In'aamiyyah">In'aamiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Deobandi_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deobandi universities">List of Deobandi universities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:white; background:#86575d;"> Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj-ul-Masajid" title="Taj-ul-Masajid">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markazi_Masjid,_Dewsbury" title="Markazi Masjid, Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakrail_Mosque" title="Kakrail Mosque">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Nerul" title="Jama Masjid, Nerul">Nerul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Markaz_Mosque" title="Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque">Nizamuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiwind_Markaz" title="Raiwind Markaz">Raiwind</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:white; background:#86575d;"> Associated organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Personal_Law_Board" title="All India Muslim Personal Law Board">All India Muslim Personal Law Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Qawmi_Madrasa_Education_Commission" title="Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasa Education Commission">Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasa Education Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefazat-e-Islam_Bangladesh" title="Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh">Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fiqh_Academy,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Fiqh Academy, India">Islamic Fiqh Academy, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Hind" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind">Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:white; background:#86575d;"> Deobandi jihadism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a>: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Jhangvi" title="Lashkar-e-Jhangvi">Lashkar-e-Jhangvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipah-e-Sahaba_Pakistan" title="Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan">Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Jihad_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deobandism" title="Template:Deobandism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deobandism" title="Template talk:Deobandism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deobandism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deobandism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Taliban's ideology has been described as an "innovative form of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> combining Pashtun tribal codes",<a href="#cite_note-Muslim_World_2004-144">[143]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a>, with radical Deobandi interpretations of Islam favoured by <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam</a> and its splinter groups.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Their ideology was a departure from the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan mujahidin">anti-Soviet mujahideen rulers</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and the radical Islamists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (Ikhwan).<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The Taliban have said they aim to restore peace and security to Afghanistan, including Western troops leaving, and to enforce Sharia, or Islamic law, once in power.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a>, at least in the first years of their rule, the Taliban adopted Deobandi and Islamist anti-nationalist beliefs, and they opposed "tribal and feudal structures", removing traditional tribal or feudal leaders from leadership roles.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The Taliban strictly enforced their ideology in major cities like Herat, Kabul, and Kandahar. But in rural areas, the Taliban had little direct control, and as a result, they promoted village <a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">jirgas</a>, so in rural areas, they did not enforce their ideology as stringently as they enforced it in cities.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_influences">Ideological influences</h3></div> The Taliban's religious/political philosophy, especially during its first régime from 1996 to 2001, was heavily advised and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmed_Ludhianvi" title="Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi">Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi</a> and his works. Its operating political and religious principles since its founding, however, were modeled on those of <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pashtun_cultural_influences">Pashtun cultural influences</h4></div> The Taliban, being largely Pashtun tribespeople, frequently follow a pre-Islamic cultural tribal code that is focused on preserving honor. <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a> strongly influences decisions regarding other social matters. It is best described as subconscious social values and attitudes promoting various qualities such as bravery, preserving honor, being hospitable to all guests, seeking revenge and justice if one has been wronged, and providing sanctuary to anyone who seeks refuge, even an enemy. However, non-Pashtuns and others usually criticize some of the values, such as the Pashtun practice of equally dividing inheritances among sons, even though the Qur'an clearly states that women are supposed to receive one-half of a man's share.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> According to Ali A. Jalali and Lester Grau, the Taliban "received extensive support from Pashtuns across the country who thought that the movement might restore their national dominance. Even Pashtun intellectuals in the West, who differed with the Taliban on many issues, expressed support for the movement on purely ethnic grounds."<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_rules_under_Deobandi_philosophy">Islamic rules under Deobandi philosophy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg/220px-Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg/330px-Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg/440px-Darul_Uloom_Deoband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a> in Uttar Pradesh, India, where the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> began</figcaption></figure> Written works published by the group's Commission of Cultural Affairs, including Islami Adalat, De Mujahid Toorah – De Jihad Shari Misalay, and Guidance to the Mujahideen outlined the core of the Taliban Islamic Movement's philosophy regarding jihad, sharia, organization, and conduct.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The Taliban régime interpreted the Sharia law in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">school of Islamic jurisprudence</a> and the religious edicts of Mullah Omar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937,_42–43-91">[90]</a> The Taliban, Mullah Omar in particular, emphasised dreams as a means of revelation.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prohibitions">Prohibitions</h4></div> The Taliban forbade the consumption of pork and alcohol, the use of many types of consumer technology such as music with instrumental <a href="/wiki/Accompaniments" class="mw-redirect" title="Accompaniments">accompaniments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36-159">[158]</a> television,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36-159">[158]</a> filming,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36-159">[158]</a> and the Internet, as well as most forms of art such as paintings or photography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36-159">[158]</a> participation in <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935-160">[159]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational</a> activities such as <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kite</a>-flying and the keeping of pigeons and other pets were also forbidden, and the birds were killed according to the Taliban's rules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935-160">[159]</a> Movie theatres were closed and repurposed as mosques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935-160">[159]</a> The celebration of the <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nauroz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauroz">Iranian New Years</a> was also forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199936-161">[160]</a> Taking photographs and displaying pictures and portraits were also banned because the Taliban considered them forms of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry#Islam" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935-160">[159]</a> This extended even to "blacking out illustrations on packages of baby soap in shops and painting over road-crossing signs for livestock.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> Women were banned from working,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199934-162">[161]</a> girls were forbidden to attend schools or universities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199934-162">[161]</a> were required to observe <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a> (physical separation of the sexes) and <a href="/wiki/Awrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awrah">awrah</a> (concealing the body with clothing), and to be accompanied by male relatives outside their households; those who violated these restrictions were punished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199934-162">[161]</a> Men were forbidden to shave their beards, and they were also required to let them grow and keep them long according to the Taliban's rules, and they were also required to wear turbans outside their households.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-cr-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a> was made compulsory. Those men who did not respect the religious obligation after the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">azaan</a> were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937-163">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambling in Islam">Gambling</a> was banned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199936-161">[160]</a> and the Taliban punished thieves by <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence#Islam_and_crime" title="Islam and violence">amputating their hands or feet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935-160">[159]</a> In 2000, the Taliban's leader Mullah Omar officially banned <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">opium cultivation</a> and drug trafficking in Afghanistan;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199939-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maziyar2019-167">[166]</a> the Taliban succeeded in nearly eradicating the majority of the opium production (99%) by 2001.<a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maziyar2019-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> During the Taliban's governance of Afghanistan, drug users and dealers were both severely persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199939-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Views_on_the_Bamyan_Buddhas">Views on the Bamyan Buddhas</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/220px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/330px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/440px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Taller Buddha in 1963 and in 2008 after destruction</figcaption></figure> In 1999, Mullah Omar issued a decree in which he called for the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddha statues</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a>, two 6th-century monumental statues of standing <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">buddhas</a> which were carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley in the <a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a> region of central Afghanistan. But in March 2001, the Taliban destroyed the statues, following a decree by Mullah Omar, which stated: "All the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Yahya Massoud, brother of the anti-Taliban and resistance leader <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>, recalls the following incident after the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamyan: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It was the spring of 2001. I was in Afghanistan's Panjshir Valley, together with my brother <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>, the leader of the Afghan resistance against the Taliban, and Bismillah Khan, who currently serves as Afghanistan's interior minister. One of our commanders, Commandant Momin, wanted us to see 30 Taliban fighters who had been taken hostage after a gun battle. My brother agreed to meet them. I remember that his first question concerned the centuries-old Buddha statues that were dynamited by the Taliban in March of that year, shortly before our encounter. Two Taliban combatants from Kandahar confidently responded that worshiping anything outside of Islam was unacceptable and that therefore these statues had to be destroyed. My brother looked at them and said, this time in Pashto, 'There are still many sun- worshippers in this country. Will you also try to get rid of the sun and drop darkness over the Earth?'<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Views_on_bacha_bazi">Views on bacha bazi</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">Bacha bazi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT in Islam</a></div> The Afghan custom of <a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">bacha bazi</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> which is traditionally practiced in various provinces of Afghanistan between older men and young adolescent "dancing boys", was also forbidden under the six-year rule of the Taliban régime.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Under the rule of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, it carried the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">death penalty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The practice remained illegal during the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan's rule, but the laws were seldom enforced against powerful offenders, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan police">police</a> had reportedly been complicit in related crimes.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCfeb2010-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-theweek-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> A controversy arose during the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan's rule, after allegations surfaced that US government forces in Afghanistan after the invasion of the country deliberately ignored bacha bazi.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> The US military responded by claiming the abuse was largely the responsibility of the "local Afghan government".<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_09/15-179">[178]</a> The Taliban has criticized the US role in the abuse of Afghan children. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_towards_other_Muslim_communities">Attitudes towards other Muslim communities</h3></div> Unlike other Islamic fundamentalist organizations, the Taliban are not <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafists</a>. Although wealthy Arab nations had brought Salafist <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a> to Afghanistan during the Soviet war in the 1980s, the Taliban's strict Deobandi leadership suppressed the Salafi movement in Afghanistan after it first came to power in the 1990s. Following the 2001 US invasion, the Taliban and Salafists joined forces to wage a common war against NATO forces. Still, Salafists were relegated to small groups which were under the Taliban's command.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The Taliban are averse to debating doctrine with other Muslims and "did not allow even Muslim reporters to question [their] edicts or to discuss interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>."<a href="#cite_note-rashid_107-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_Salafism">Opposition to Salafism</h4></div> Following the Taliban victory, a nationwide campaign was launched against influential Salafi factions suspected of past ties to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">ISIS–K</a>. The Taliban closed most Salafi mosques and seminaries in 16 provinces, including <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar</a>, and detained <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clerics</a> it accused of supporting the Islamic State.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shia_Islam">Shia Islam</h4></div> During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">first Taliban rule</a> (1996 to 2001), the Taliban attempted to sway Shias, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, to their side, making deals with a number of Shia political figures, as well as securing the support of some Shia religious scholars.<a href="#cite_note-:022-184">[183]</a> One of these was <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Muhammad_Akbari" title="Ustad Muhammad Akbari">Ustad Muhammad Akbari</a>, a Shia Hazara politician who separated from Abdul-Ali Mazari's <a href="/wiki/Hezbe_Wahdat" title="Hezbe Wahdat">Islamic Unity Party</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Unity_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="National Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan">National Islamic Unity Party</a>, thereafter politically aligning himself and his group, which gained the support of the majority of Islamic Unity Party members in the <a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazara hinterland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> with the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Another significant Shia political figure in the administration of the first Islamic Emirate was Sayed Gardizi, a <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hazara" title="Seyyed Hazara">Sayed Hazara</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gardez" title="Gardez">Gardiz</a>, who was appointed as the wuluswal (district governor) of <a href="/wiki/Yakawlang_District" title="Yakawlang District">Yakawlang district</a>, being the only Shia to hold the position of district governor during the period of the first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> At the same time, however, certain incidents caused distrust between the Taliban and Afghan Shias. The <a href="/wiki/1998_Mazar-i-Sharif_massacre" title="1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre">1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre</a> was the most significant, having taken place in response to ethnic Uzbek warlord <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdur-Rashid Dustum</a>'s betrayal and subsequent massacre of Taliban fighters, as well as false rumors that Hazaras had beheaded senior Taliban leader Mawlawi Ihsanullah Ihsan at the grave of Abdul-Ali Mazari, which led to the massacre of a significant number of Hazaras.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The commander responsible for the massacre, Abdul-Manan Niazi, later became notable for his opposition to the Taliban's leadership, having formed the rebellious <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> in 2015, before being killed, reportedly by the Taliban themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:12-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:022-184">[183]</a> The desire of the Taliban leadership to expand the group's relations with Afghan Shias continued after the American invasion of Afghanistan and the group's return to insurgency. Some time following the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">American Invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003, the Taliban published "A Message to the Mujahid People of Iraq and Afghanistan" by Mullah Omar, in which he condemned sectarianism whilst jointly addressing the people of Iraq and Afghanistan, saying:<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><blockquote>"It's incumbent upon all Muslims to thwart all the cursed plots of the cunning enemy, and to not give him the opportunity to light the fires of disagreement amongst the Muslims. A major component of American policy is to categorize the Muslims in Iraq with the labels of Shī’ah and Sunnī, and in Afghanistan with the labels of Pashtun, Tājīk, Hazārah and Uzbek, in order to decrease the severity and strength of the popular uprisings and the accompanying armed resistance. […] As such, I request the brothers in Iraq to put behind them the differences that exist in the name of Shī’ah and Sunnī, and to fight in unity against the occupying enemy, for victory is not possible without unity."</blockquote>Multiple Hazara Shia Taliban commanders took part in the Taliban insurgency, primarily from Bamyan and <a href="/wiki/Daykundi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Daykundi Province">Daikundi</a> provinces. Among the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Baghi_(Hazara_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qara Baghi (Hazara tribe)">Qarabaghi tribe</a> of Shia Hazaras, a number of fighters voluntarily joined the Taliban due to their close relations with the nearby Taliban-supporting Sunni Pashtun population. Additionally, a pro-government Shia Hazara militia from <a href="/wiki/Gizab_District" title="Gizab District">Gizab district</a> of Daikundi province, called Fedayi, defected and pledged allegiance to the Taliban a few years before 2016, with a reported size of 50 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> In reaction to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Afghanistan_Ashura_bombings" title="2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings">2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings</a>, which targeted Shia Afghans in Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif, the Taliban published "Sectarian Killings; A Dangerous Enemy Conspiracy" by Taliban official <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qahar_Balkhi" title="Abdul Qahar Balkhi">Abdul-Qahhar Balkhi</a>, in which he stated:<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <blockquote>"In Afghanistan, Sunnis and Shias have co-existed for centuries. They live communal lives and participate in their mutual festivities. And for centuries they have fought shoulder to shoulder against foreign invaders. [...] The majority of Shia populations in Bamyan, Daikundi and Hazarajat [have] actively aided and continue to support the Mujahideen against the foreigners and their puppets. The foreign occupiers seek to ignite the flames of communal hatred and violence between Sunnis and Shias in Afghanistan. [...] The followers of Islam will only ever reclaim their rightful place in this world if they forgo their petty differences and unite as a single egalitarian body."</blockquote> In recent years, the Taliban have once again attempted to court Shiites, appointing a Shia cleric as a regional governor and recruiting Hazaras to fight against ISIS–K, in order to distance themselves from their past reputation and improve their relations with the Shia-led <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Government of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> After the 2021 Taliban offensive, which led to the restoration of the Islamic Emirate, senior Taliban officials, including Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Hanafi" title="Abdul Salam Hanafi">Abdul Salam Hanafi</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a>, have stressed the importance of unity between Shiites and Sunnis in Afghanistan and promised to protect the Shiite community.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Virtue and Vice</a> have also agreed to hire Shia <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a> in order to implement the ministry's religious edicts.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In general, the Taliban has maintained peace with most Muslims in the Shiite community,<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> although the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Balkhab_uprising" title="Balkhab uprising">Balkhab uprising</a> resulted in the deaths of some Hazaras.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistency_of_the_Taliban's_ideology">Consistency of the Taliban's ideology</h3></div> The Taliban's ideology is not static. Before its capture of Kabul, members of the Taliban talked about stepping aside once a government of "good Muslims" took power and once law and order were restored. The decision-making process of the Taliban in Kandahar was modelled on the Pashtun tribal council (<a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">jirga</a>), together with what was believed to be the early Islamic model. Discussion was followed by the building of a consensus by the believers.<a href="#cite_note-Rashid_2000_95-199">[198]</a> As the Taliban's power grew, Mullah Omar made decisions without consulting the jirga or visiting other parts of the country. He visited the capital, Kabul, only twice while in power. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil explained: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Decisions are based on the advice of the Amir-ul Momineen. For us consultation is not necessary. We believe that this is in line with the Sharia. We abide by the Amir's view even if he alone takes this view. There will not be a head of state. Instead there will be an Amir al-Mu'minin. Mullah Omar will be the highest authority and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree. General elections are incompatible with Sharia and therefore we reject them.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-200">[199]</a></blockquote> Another sign that the Taliban's ideology was evolving was Mullah Omar's 1999 decree in which he called for the protection of the Buddha statues at Bamyan and the destruction of them in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluations_and_criticisms">Evaluations and criticisms</h3></div> The author <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a> suggests that the devastation and hardship which resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion</a> and the period which followed it influenced the Taliban's ideology.<a href="#cite_note-rashid_32-202">[201]</a> It is said that the Taliban did not include scholars who were learned in Islamic law and history. The refugee students brought up in a totally male society had no education in mathematics, science, history, or geography, no traditional skills of farming, herding, or handicraft-making, or even knowledge of their tribal and clan lineages.<a href="#cite_note-rashid_32-202">[201]</a> In such an environment, war meant employment, peace meant unemployment. Dominating women affirmed manhood. For their leadership, rigid <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> was a matter of principle and political survival. Taliban leaders "repeatedly told" Rashid that "if they gave women greater freedom or a chance to go to school, they would lose the support of their rank and file."<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliban_execute_Zarmeena_in_Kabul_in1999_RAWA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Taliban_execute_Zarmeena_in_Kabul_in1999_RAWA.jpg/250px-Taliban_execute_Zarmeena_in_Kabul_in1999_RAWA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Taliban_execute_Zarmeena_in_Kabul_in1999_RAWA.jpg/330px-Taliban_execute_Zarmeena_in_Kabul_in1999_RAWA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Taliban_execute_Zarmeena_in_Kabul_in1999_RAWA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>November 1999 <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public execution</a> in Kabul of a mother of five who was found guilty of killing her husband with an axe while he slept.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> The Taliban have been criticized for their strictness towards those who disobeyed their imposed rules, and Mullah Omar has been criticized for titling himself <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a>. Mullah Omar was criticized for calling himself Amir al-Mu'minin because he lacked scholarly learning, tribal pedigree, or connections to the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Mohammed">Prophet</a>'s family. The sanction for the title traditionally required the support of all of the country's <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>, whereas only some 1,200 Pashtun Taliban-supporting Mullahs had declared that Omar was the Amir. According to Ahmed Rashid, "no Afghan had adopted the title since 1834, when King <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dost Mohammed Khan">Dost Mohammed Khan</a> assumed the title before he declared jihad against the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. But Dost Mohammed was fighting foreigners, while Omar had declared jihad against other Afghans."<a href="#cite_note-rashid_41-42-207">[206]</a> Another criticism was that the Taliban called their 20% tax on truckloads of opium "<a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>," which is traditionally limited to 2.5% of the zakat payers' disposable income (or wealth).<a href="#cite_note-rashid_41-42-207">[206]</a> The Taliban have been compared to the 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> who developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and Shiʿa Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a>, whereby they declared that other Muslims were <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">unbelievers</a> and deemed them worthy of death.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> In particular, the Taliban have been accused of takfir towards Shia. After the August 1998 slaughter of 8,000 mostly Shia Hazara non-combatants in Mazar-i-Sharif, Mullah <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Manan_Niazi" title="Abdul Manan Niazi">Abdul Manan Niazi</a>, the Taliban commander of the attack and the new governor of Mazar, who the Taliban later killed after forming the rebellious High Council of the Islamic Emirate,<a href="#cite_note-:12-189">[188]</a> declared from Mazar's central mosque: <blockquote>Last year you rebelled against us and killed us. From all your homes you shot at us. Now we are here to deal with you. The Hazaras are not Muslims and now have to kill Hazaras. You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan. Wherever you go we will catch you. If you go up we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Carter_Malkasian" title="Carter Malkasian">Carter Malkasian</a>, in one of the first comprehensive historical works on the Afghan war, argues that the Taliban are oversimplified in most portrayals. While Malkasian thinks that "oppressive" remains the best word to describe them, he points out that the Taliban managed to do what multiple governments and political players failed to: bring order and unity to the "ungovernable land". The Taliban curbed the atrocities and excesses of the Warlord period of the civil war from 1992–1996. Malkasian further argues that the Taliban's imposing of Islamic ideals upon the Afghan tribal system was innovative and a key reason for their success and durability. Given that traditional sources of authority had been shown to be weak during the long period of civil war, only religion had proved decisive in Afghanistan. In a period of 40 years of constant conflict, the traditionalist Islam of the Taliban proved to be far more stable, even if the order they brought was "an impoverished peace".<a href="#cite_note-:5-212">[211]</a>: 50–51  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Condemned_practices">Condemned practices</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazara_people#Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Hazara people">Persecution of Hazara people § Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan#Taliban" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">War crimes in Afghanistan § Taliban</a></div>The Taliban have been internationally condemned for their harsh enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic Sharia law, which has resulted in their brutal treatment of many Afghans. During their rule from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban enforced a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937,_42–43-91">[90]</a> The Taliban and their allies committed massacres against Afghan civilians, denied UN food supplies to 160,000 starving civilians, and conducted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>, burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands of homes. While the Taliban controlled Afghanistan, they banned activities and media including paintings, photography, and movies that depicted people or other living things. They also prohibited music with instrumental <a href="/wiki/Accompaniments" class="mw-redirect" title="Accompaniments">accompaniments</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">frame drum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[212]</a> The Taliban prevented girls and young women from attending school, banned women from working jobs outside of healthcare (male doctors were prohibited from treating women), and required that women be accompanied by a male relative and wear a <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> at all times when in public. If women broke certain rules, they were publicly <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">whipped</a> or <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">executed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The Taliban harshly discriminated against religious and ethnic minorities during their rule and they have also committed a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> against the people of Afghanistan by destroying numerous monuments, including the famous 1500-year-old Buddhas of Bamiyan. According to the United Nations, the Taliban and their allies were responsible for 76% of Afghan <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">civilian casualties</a> in 2010, and 80% in 2011 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The group is internally funded by its involvement in the illegal drug trade which it participates in by producing and trafficking in <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a> such as heroin,<a href="#cite_note-FPdrug-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stateterrorismdrugs-217">[216]</a> extortion, and kidnapping for ransom.<a href="#cite_note-VOAmoney-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sufizada-219">[218]</a> They also seized control of mining operations in the mid-2010s that were illegal under the previous government.<a href="#cite_note-BBCmoney-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre_campaigns">Massacre campaigns</h3></div> According to a 55-page report by the United Nations, the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001. They also said, that "[t]hese have been highly systematic and they all lead back to the [Taliban] Ministry of Defense or to Mullah Omar himself." "These are the same type of war crimes as were committed in Bosnia and should be prosecuted in international courts", one UN official was quoted as saying. The documents also reveal the role of Arab and Pakistani support troops in these killings. Bin Laden's so-called <a href="/wiki/055_Brigade" title="055 Brigade">055 Brigade</a> was responsible for mass-killings of Afghan civilians. The report by the United Nations quotes "eyewitnesses in many villages describing Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people". The Taliban's former ambassador to Pakistan, Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef, in late 2011 stated that cruel behaviour under and by the Taliban had been "necessary".<a href="#cite_note-Newsday_2001-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_Rashid/The_Telegraph-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> In 1998, the United Nations accused the Taliban of denying emergency food by the UN's <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> to 160,000 hungry and starving people "for political and military reasons".<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The UN said the Taliban were starving people for their military agenda and using humanitarian assistance as a weapon of war.<a href="#cite_note-Skaine-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shanty1-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNAMA-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haddon-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Weekly_Standard-230">[229]</a> On 8 August 1998, the Taliban launched an attack on Mazar-i-Sharif. Of 1500 defenders only 100 survived the engagement. Once in control the Taliban began to kill people indiscriminately. At first shooting people in the street, they soon began to target Hazaras. Women were raped, and thousands of people were locked in containers and left to suffocate. This <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> left an estimated 5,000 to 6,000 people dead. At this time <a href="/wiki/1998_killing_of_Iranian_diplomats_in_Afghanistan" title="1998 killing of Iranian diplomats in Afghanistan">ten Iranian diplomats</a> and a journalist were killed. Iran assumed the Taliban had murdered them, and mobilised its army, deploying men along the border with Afghanistan. By the middle of September there were 250,000 Iranian personnel stationed on the border. Pakistan mediated and the bodies were returned to Tehran towards the end of the month. The killings of the diplomats had been carried out by <a href="/wiki/Sipah-e-Sahaba_Pakistan" title="Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan">Sipah-e-Sahaba</a>, a Pakistani Sunni group with close ties to the ISI. They burned orchards, crops and destroyed irrigation systems, and forced more than 100,000 people from their homes with hundreds of men, women and children still unaccounted for.<a href="#cite_note-Armajani-207-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riedel-66-7-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clements3-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gutman-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tripathi-235">[234]</a> In a major effort to retake the <a href="/wiki/Shomali_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Shomali Plains">Shomali Plains</a> to the north of Kabul from the United Front, the Taliban indiscriminately killed civilians, while uprooting and expelling the population. Among others, Kamal Hossein, a special reporter for the UN, reported on these and other <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Istalif" title="Istalif">Istalif</a>, a town famous for handmade potteries and which was home to more than 45,000 people, the Taliban gave 24 hours' notice to the population to leave, then completely razed the town leaving the people destitute.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coburn-237">[236]</a> In 1999, the town of <a href="/wiki/Bamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamian">Bamian</a> was taken, hundreds of men, women and children were executed. Houses were razed and some were used for forced labour. There was a further massacre at the town of <a href="/wiki/Yakaolang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakaolang">Yakaolang</a> in January 2001. An estimated 300 people were murdered, along with two delegations of Hazara elders who had tried to intercede.<a href="#cite_note-Maley2-240-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clements4-239">[238]</a> By 1999, the Taliban had forced hundreds of thousands of people from the Shomali Plains and other regions conducting a policy of scorched earth burning homes, farm land and gardens.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_trafficking">Human trafficking</h3></div> Several Taliban and al-Qaeda commanders ran a network of human trafficking, abducting ethnic minority women and selling them into <a href="/wiki/Sex_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slavery">sex slavery</a> in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine-240">[239]</a> Time magazine writes: "The Taliban often argued that the restrictions they placed on women were actually a way of revering and protecting the opposite sex. The behavior of the Taliban during the six years they expanded their rule in Afghanistan made a mockery of that claim."<a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine-240">[239]</a> The targets for human trafficking were especially women from the <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a>, Hazara and other non-Pashtun ethnic groups in Afghanistan. Some women preferred to commit suicide over slavery, killing themselves. During one Taliban and al-Qaeda offensive in 1999 in the Shomali Plains alone, more than 600 women were kidnapped.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine-240">[239]</a> Arab and Pakistani al-Qaeda militants, with local Taliban forces, forced them into trucks and buses.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine-240">[239]</a> Time magazine writes: "The trail of the missing Shomali women leads to Jalalabad, not far from the Pakistan border. There, according to eyewitnesses, the women were penned up inside Sar Shahi camp in the desert. The more desirable among them were selected and taken away. Some were trucked to Peshawar with the apparent complicity of Pakistani border guards. Others were taken to Khost, where bin Laden had several training camps." Officials from relief agencies say, the trail of many of the vanished women leads to Pakistan where they were sold to brothels or into private households to be kept as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oppression_of_women">Oppression of women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">Treatment of women by the Taliban</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg/220px-Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg/330px-Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg/440px-Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Taliban <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">religious police</a> beating a woman in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> on 26 August 2001<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">To PHR's knowledge, no other régime in the world has methodically and violently forced half of its population into virtual <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, prohibiting them on pain of physical punishment.<a href="#cite_note-physicians-242">[241]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Physicians for Human Rights, 1998</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAWA_protest_rally_against_Taliban_in_Peshawar_April28-1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RAWA_protest_rally_against_Taliban_in_Peshawar_April28-1998.jpg/220px-RAWA_protest_rally_against_Taliban_in_Peshawar_April28-1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RAWA_protest_rally_against_Taliban_in_Peshawar_April28-1998.jpg/330px-RAWA_protest_rally_against_Taliban_in_Peshawar_April28-1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RAWA_protest_rally_against_Taliban_in_Peshawar_April28-1998.jpg/440px-RAWA_protest_rally_against_Taliban_in_Peshawar_April28-1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Association_of_the_Women_of_Afghanistan" title="Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan">Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan</a> protesting against the Taliban, in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, Pakistan in 1998</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">Brutal repression of women</a> was widespread under the Taliban and it received significant international condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-Forsythe3-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maley3-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wertheime-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooke-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moghadam-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Massoumi-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skaine1-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skain-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Abuses were myriad and violently enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">religious police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> For example, the Taliban issued edicts forbidding women from being educated, forcing girls to leave schools and colleges.<a href="#cite_note-Women-Amnesty-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-women-StateDepartment-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rashid2-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsday_2001-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-236">[235]</a> Women who were leaving their houses were required to be accompanied by a male relative and were obligated to wear the <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> a traditional dress covering the entire body except for a small slit out of which to see.<a href="#cite_note-Women-Amnesty-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-women-StateDepartment-255">[254]</a> Those women who were accused of disobedience were publicly beaten. In one instance, a young woman named Sohaila was charged with adultery after she was caught walking with a man who was not a relative; she was publicly flogged in <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Stadium" title="Ghazi Stadium">Ghazi Stadium</a>, receiving 100 lashes.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> Female employment was restricted to the medical sector, where male medical personnel were prohibited from treating women and girls.<a href="#cite_note-Women-Amnesty-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> This extensive ban on the employment of women further resulted in the widespread closure of primary schools, as almost all teachers prior to the Taliban's rise had been women, further restricting access to education not only to girls but also to boys. Restrictions became especially severe after the Taliban took control of the capital. In February 1998, for instance, religious police forced all women off the streets of Kabul and issued new regulations which ordered people to blacken their windows so that women would not be visible from outside.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ban_on_women's_participation_in_the_healthcare_sector">Ban on women's participation in the healthcare sector</h4></div> In December 2024, the Taliban's health ministry banned women from being trained in <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwifery</a>, according to media reports confirmed by The Guardian.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_midwife_ban-264">[263]</a> This was a reversal of an earlier February 2024 decision to permit basic medical training for women.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_midwife_ban-265">[264]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, the health ministry had lobbied for an exemption from the general ban on women's education in the healthcare sector because "in some provinces, the Taliban does not allow women to seek treatment from male medical professionals."<a href="#cite_note-NPR_midwife_ban-265">[264]</a> The Taliban's ban on basic medical training for women was widely condemned by human rights organizations as a danger to the health and well-being of Afghan women and children, with Afghanistan already having among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maternal_mortality_ratio" title="List of countries by maternal mortality ratio">highest maternal mortality ratios in the world</a> according to 2020 data, before the Taliban's 2021 seizure of power.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_midwife_ban-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR_midwife_ban-265">[264]</a> For example, Heather Barr of Human Right Watch stated: "If you ban women from being treated by male healthcare professionals, and then you ban women from training to become healthcare professionals, the consequences are clear: women will not have access to healthcare and will die as a result."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_midwife_ban-264">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) stated that the ban "is profoundly discriminatory, short-sighted and puts the lives of women and girls at risk in multiple ways."<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_civilians">Violence against civilians</h3></div> According to the United Nations, the Taliban and its allies were responsible for 76% of civilian casualties in Afghanistan in 2009, 75% in 2010 and 80% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UNAMA-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kegley-267">[266]</a> According to Human Rights Watch, the Taliban's bombings and other attacks which have led to civilian casualties "sharply escalated in 2006" when "at least 669 Afghan civilians were killed in at least 350 armed attacks, most of which appear to have been intentionally launched at non-combatants."<a href="#cite_note-hrw-cbceia-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_gegen_den_Taliban-Krieg_in_Afghanistan_(51380125214).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Demonstration_gegen_den_Taliban-Krieg_in_Afghanistan_%2851380125214%29.jpg/250px-Demonstration_gegen_den_Taliban-Krieg_in_Afghanistan_%2851380125214%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Demonstration_gegen_den_Taliban-Krieg_in_Afghanistan_%2851380125214%29.jpg/330px-Demonstration_gegen_den_Taliban-Krieg_in_Afghanistan_%2851380125214%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Demonstration_gegen_den_Taliban-Krieg_in_Afghanistan_%2851380125214%29.jpg/500px-Demonstration_gegen_den_Taliban-Krieg_in_Afghanistan_%2851380125214%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Afghans in Germany protesting against Taliban violence, 14 August 2021</figcaption></figure> The United Nations reported that the number of civilians killed by both the Taliban and pro-government forces in the war rose nearly 50% between 2007 and 2009. The high number of civilians killed by the Taliban is blamed in part on their increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> (IEDs), "for instance, 16 IEDs have been planted in girls' schools" by the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-Arnoldy-270">[269]</a> In 2009, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kemp" title="Richard Kemp">Richard Kemp</a>, formerly Commander of British forces in Afghanistan and the intelligence coordinator for the British government, drew parallels between the tactics and strategy of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> to those of the Taliban. Kemp wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Like Hamas in Gaza, the Taliban in southern Afghanistan are masters at shielding themselves behind the civilian population and then melting in among them for protection. Women and children are trained and equipped to fight, collect intelligence, and ferry arms and ammunition between battles. Female suicide bombers are increasingly common. The use of women to shield gunmen as they engage <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> forces is now so normal it is deemed barely worthy of comment. Schools and houses are routinely booby-trapped. Snipers shelter in houses deliberately filled with women and children.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-kemp2-272">[271]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Richard Kemp, Commander of British forces in Afghanistan</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_Hindus_and_Sikhs">Discrimination against Hindus and Sikhs</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" title="Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Sikhs</a> have lived in Afghanistan since <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">historic times</a> and they were prominent minorities in Afghanistan, well-established in terms of academics and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> After the Afghan Civil War they started to migrate to India and other nations.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> After the Taliban established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, they imposed strict Sharia laws which discriminated against Hindus and Sikhs and caused the size of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh populations to fall at a very rapid rate because they emigrated from Afghanistan and established <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporas</a> in the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> The Taliban issued decrees that forbade non-Muslims from building places of worship but allowed them to worship at existing holy sites, forbade non-Muslims from criticizing Muslims, ordered non-Muslims to identify their houses by placing a yellow cloth on their rooftops, forbade non-Muslims from living in the same residence as Muslims, and required that non-Muslim women wear a yellow dress with a special mark so that Muslims could keep their distance from them (Hindus and Sikhs were mainly targeted).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid2000231–234-276">[275]</a> The Taliban announced in May 2001 that it would force Afghanistan's Hindu population to wear special badges, which has been compared to the treatment of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wired.com-277">[276]</a> In general, the Taliban treated the Sikhs better than Afghan Shiites, Hindus and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_other_religious_groups">Relationship with other religious groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">Attacks on humanitarian workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Christianity in Afghanistan</a></div> Along with Hindus, the small <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Christian community</a> was also persecuted by the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> Violence against Western aid workers and Christians was common during the Afghan conflict.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> On several occasions between 2008 and 2012, the Taliban claimed that they assassinated Western and Afghani medical or aid workers in Afghanistan, because they <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">feared that the polio vaccine would make Muslim children sterile</a>, because they suspected that the 'medical workers' were really spies, or because they suspected that the medical workers were <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytizing</a> Christianity. In August 2008, three Western women (British, Canadian, US) who were working for the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">aid group</a> '<a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a>' were murdered in Kabul. The Taliban claimed that they killed them because they were foreign spies.<a href="#cite_note-BBC,_Oct008-281">[280]</a> In October 2008, the British woman <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Williams" title="Gayle Williams">Gayle Williams</a> working for Christian UK charity '<a href="/wiki/SERVE_Afghanistan" title="SERVE Afghanistan">SERVE Afghanistan</a>' – focusing on training and education for disabled persons – was murdered near Kabul. Taliban claimed they killed her because her organisation "was preaching Christianity in Afghanistan".<a href="#cite_note-BBC,_Oct008-281">[280]</a> In all 2008 until October, 29 aid workers, 5 of whom non-Afghanis, were killed in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-BBC,_Oct008-281">[280]</a> In August 2010, the Taliban claimed that they murdered 10 medical aid workers while they were passing through <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a> on their way from Kabul to <a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan Province</a> – but the Afghan Islamic party/militia <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin</a> has also claimed responsibility for those killings. The victims were six Americans, one Briton, one German and two Afghanis, working for a self-proclaimed "non-profit, Christian organization" which is named 'International Assistance Mission'. The Taliban stated that they murdered them because they were proselytizing Christianity and possessing which were translated into the Dari language when they were encountered. IAM contended that they "were not missionaries".<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> In December 2012, unidentified gunmen killed four female UN polio-workers in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> in Pakistan; the Western news media suggested that there was a connection between the outspokenness of the Taliban and objections to and suspicions of such '<a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccinations</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> Eventually in 2012, a Pakistani Taliban commander in <a href="/wiki/North_Waziristan" class="mw-redirect" title="North Waziristan">North Waziristan</a> in Pakistan banned polio vaccinations,<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> and in March 2013, the Afghan government was forced to suspend its vaccination efforts in <a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan Province</a> because the Taliban was extremely influential in the province.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> However, in May 2013, the Taliban's leaders changed their stance on polio vaccinations, saying that the vaccine is the only way to prevent polio and they also stated that they will work with immunization volunteers as long as polio workers are "unbiased" and "harmonized with the regional conditions, Islamic values and local cultural traditions."<a href="#cite_note-poliotelegraph-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">History of the Jews in Afghanistan</a></div> During the first period of Taliban rule, only two known Jews were left in Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Zablon_Simintov" title="Zablon Simintov">Zablon Simintov</a> and Isaac Levy (c. 1920–2005). Levy relied on charity to survive, while Simintov ran a store selling carpets and jewelry until 2001. They lived on opposite sides of the dilapidated Kabul synagogue. They kept denouncing each other to the authorities, and both spent time in jail for continuously "arguing". The Taliban also confiscated the synagogue's <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Torah scroll</a>. However, the two men were later released from prison when Taliban officials became annoyed by their arguing.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> After August 2021, the last Jew Simintov and his relative left Afghanistan, ended centuries of Jewish presence in the country.<a href="#cite_note-apnews-289">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions_on_modern_education">Restrictions on modern education</h3></div> Before the Taliban came to power, education was highly regarded in Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a> attracted students from Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. However, the Taliban imposed restrictions on modern education, banned the education of females, only allowed Islamic religious schools to stay open and only encouraged the teaching of the Qur'an. Around half of all of the schools in Afghanistan were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-education-291">[290]</a> The Taliban have carried out brutal attacks on teachers and students and they have also threatened parents and teachers.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-292">[291]</a> As per a 1998 UNICEF report, 9 out of 10 girls and 2 out of 3 boys did not enroll in schools. By 2000, fewer than 4–5% of all Afghan children were being educated at the primary school level and even fewer of them were being educated at higher secondary and university levels.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-education-291">[290]</a> Attacks on educational institutions, students and teachers and the forced enforcement of Islamic teachings have even continued after the Taliban were deposed from power. In December 2017, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (OCHA) reported that over 1,000 schools had been destroyed, damaged or occupied and 100 teachers and students had been killed by the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-RefWorld-Education-293">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_genocide">Cultural genocide</h3></div> The Taliban have committed a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> against the Afghan people by destroying their historical and cultural texts, artifacts and sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-RAWA2022-93">[92]</a> In the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Afghanistan" title="National Museum of Afghanistan">National Museum of Afghanistan</a> was attacked and looted numerous times, resulting in the loss of 70% of the 100,000 artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghan culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">history</a> which were then on display.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-294">[293]</a> On 11 August 1998, the Taliban destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Puli_Khumri" title="Puli Khumri">Puli Khumri</a> Public Library. The library contained a collection of over 55,000 books and old manuscripts, one of the most valuable and beautiful collections of Afghanistan's cultural works according to the Afghan people.<a href="#cite_note-Acta_Academia-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-antoon-296">[295]</a> On 2 March 2001, the Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed with dynamite, on orders from the Taliban's leader Mullah Omar.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> In October of the same year, the Taliban "took sledgehammers and axes to thousands of years’ worth of artifacts"<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> in the National Museum of Afghanistan, destroying at least 2,750 ancient works of art.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> Afghanistan has a rich musical culture, where <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">music</a> plays an important part in social functions like births and marriages and it has also played a major role in uniting an ethnically diverse country.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-299">[298]</a> However, since it came to power and even after it was deposed, the Taliban has banned most music, including cultural folk music, and it has also attacked and killed a number of musicians.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-Free_Muse-300">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-music-301">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFERL-302">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_on_entertainment_and_recreational_activities">Ban on entertainment and recreational activities</h3></div> During their first rule of Afghanistan which lasted from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban banned many recreational activities and games, such as <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kite-Flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Kite-Flying">kite flying</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>. Mediums of entertainment such as televisions, <a href="/wiki/Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinemas">cinemas</a>, music with instrumental <a href="/wiki/Accompaniments" class="mw-redirect" title="Accompaniments">accompaniments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCRs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dishes</a> were also banned.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> Also included on the list of banned items were "<a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> and accessories" and all visual representation of living creatures.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">frame drum</a>, wasn't banned.<a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[212]</a> It was reported that when Afghan children were caught kiting, a highly popular activity, they were beaten.<a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-307">[306]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Hosseini" title="Khaled Hosseini">Khaled Hosseini</a> learned through a 1999 news report that the Taliban had banned kite flying, a restriction he found particularly cruel, the news "struck a personal chord" for him, as he had grown up with the sport while living in Afghanistan. Hosseini was motivated to write a 25-page short story about two boys who fly kites in Kabul that he later developed into his first novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Kite_Runner" title="The Kite Runner">The Kite Runner</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_conscription_and_conscription_of_children">Forced conscription and conscription of children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taliban_conscription" title="Taliban conscription">Taliban conscription</a></div> According to the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_captive" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo captive">Guantanamo captives</a> before their <a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunals</a>, the Taliban, in addition to conscripting men to serve as soldiers, also conscripted men to staff its civil service – both done at gunpoint.<a href="#cite_note-Flee_Taliban-308">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-CsrtNasrullahConscription40-309">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-CsrtShabirAhmed-310">[309]</a> According to a report from Oxford University, the Taliban made widespread use of the conscription of children in 1997, 1998 and 1999.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordJanuary2002-311">[310]</a> The report states that during the civil war that preceded the Taliban régime, thousands of orphaned boys joined various militia for "employment, food, shelter, protection and economic opportunity." The report said that during its initial period, the Taliban "long depended upon cohorts of youth". Witnesses stated that each land-owning family had to provide one young man and $500 in expenses. In August of that year 5000 students aged between 15 and 35 left madrassas in Pakistan to join the Taliban. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_and_organization">Leadership and organization</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">Government of Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Taliban_insurgency_leaders" title="List of Taliban insurgency leaders">List of Taliban insurgency leaders</a></div> <dl><dt>Kandahar faction and Haqqani network</dt></dl> According to <a href="/wiki/Jon_Lee_Anderson" title="Jon Lee Anderson">Jon Lee Anderson</a> the Taliban government is "said to be profoundly divided" between the Kandahar faction and the <a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a>, with a mysterious dispearance of deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> for "several days" in mid-September 2021 explained by rumours of injury after a brawl with other Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> The Kandahar faction is named for the city that Mullah Omar came from and where he founded the Taliban, and is described as "insular" and "rural", interested "primarily" with "ruling its home turf". It includes <a href="/wiki/Haibatullah_Akhundzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Haibatullah Akhundzada">Haibatullah Akhundzada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> (see below). The family-based <a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a>, by contrast are "closely linked to Pakistan's secret services", "interested in global jihad", with its founder (Jalaluddin Haqqani) "connected" the Taliban with <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> It is named for its founder <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a> and is currently led by <a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a>, and includes Khalil Haqqani, Mawlawi Mohammad Salim Saad.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> With Sirajuddin Haqqani as acting interior minister, as of February 2022, the network has control of "a preponderance of security positions in Afghanistan".<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> Taliban leadership have denied tension between factions. Suhail Shaheen states "there is one Taliban", and Zabihullah Mujahid (acting Deputy Minister of Information and Culture), even maintains "there is no Haqqani network."<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_leadership">Current leadership</h3></div> The top members of the Taliban as an insurgency, as of August 2021, are:<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haibatullah_Akhundzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Haibatullah Akhundzada">Haibatullah Akhundzada</a>, the Taliban's Supreme Leader since 2016, a religious scholar from Kandahar province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a>, co-founder of the movement alongside Mullah Omar, was deputy Prime Minister as of March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a> From Uruzgan province, he was imprisoned in Pakistan before his release at the request of the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a>, the son of the Taliban's founder Mullah Omar and leader of the group's military operations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a> is acting interior minister as of February 2022, with authority over police and intelligence services. He oversees the group's financial and military assets between the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan-Pakistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan-Pakistan border">Afghanistan-Pakistan border</a>. The U.S. government has a $10 million bounty for his arrest brought on by several terrorist attacks on hotels and the Indian Embassy.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-92">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Abbas_Stanikzai" title="Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai">Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai</a>, former head of the group's political office in Doha. From Logar province, he holds a university master's degree and trained as a cadet at the Indian Military Academy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Ishaqzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai">Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai</a>, chief negotiatior of the group's political office in Doha, replacing Stanikzai in 2020. Heads the Taliban's powerful council of religious scholars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen" title="Suhail Shaheen">Suhail Shaheen</a>, Taliban nominee for Ambassador to the U.N.; former spokesperson of the Taliban's political office in Doha. University educated in Pakistan, he was editor of the English language <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Times">Kabul Times</a> in the 1990s and served as a deputy ambassador to Pakistan at the time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabihullah_Mujahid" title="Zabihullah Mujahid">Zabihullah Mujahid</a>, the Taliban's spokesperson since 2007. He revealed himself to the public for the first time after the group's capture of Kabul in 2021.</li></ul> All the top leadership of the Taliban are ethnic Pashtuns, more specifically those belonging of the <a href="/wiki/Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai">Ghilzai</a> confederation.<a href="#cite_note-USMA-313">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> Until his death in 2013, Mullah Mullah Omar was the supreme commander of the Taliban. <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Mullah Akhtar Mansour</a> was elected as his replacement in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-Mansoor-elected-314">[313]</a> and following Mansour's killing in a May 2016 US drone strike, Mawlawi <a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> became the group's leader.<a href="#cite_note-Akhundzada-315">[314]</a> The Taliban initially enjoyed goodwill from Afghans weary of the warlords' corruption, brutality, and incessant fighting.<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> This popularity was not universal, particularly among non-Pashtuns. In 2001, the Taliban, <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>, controlled 85% of Afghanistan. De facto the areas under its direct control were mainly Afghanistan's major cities and highways. Tribal <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khans</a> and warlords had de facto direct control over various small towns, villages, and rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliban-herat-2001_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Taliban-herat-2001_retouched.jpg/170px-Taliban-herat-2001_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Taliban-herat-2001_retouched.jpg/255px-Taliban-herat-2001_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Taliban-herat-2001_retouched.jpg/340px-Taliban-herat-2001_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption>Taliban police patrolling the streets of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in a pick-up truck</figcaption></figure> Rashid described the Taliban government as "a secret society run by <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandaharis</a> ... mysterious, secretive, and dictatorial."<a href="#cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-318">[317]</a> They did not hold elections, as their spokesman explained: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> does not allow politics or political parties. That is why we give no salaries to officials or soldiers, just food, clothes, shoes, and weapons. We want to live a life like the Prophet lived 1400 years ago, and jihad is our right. We want to recreate the time of the Prophet, and we are only carrying out what the Afghan people have wanted for the past 14 years.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a></blockquote> They modelled their decision-making process on the Pashtun tribal council (<a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">jirga</a>), together with what they believed to be the early Islamic model. Discussion was followed by a building of a consensus by the "believers".<a href="#cite_note-Rashid_2000_95-199">[198]</a> Before capturing Kabul, there was talk of stepping aside once a government of "good Muslims" took power, and law and order were restored. As the Taliban's power grew, decisions were made by Mullah Omar without consulting the jirga and without consulting other parts of the country. He visited the capital, Kabul, only twice while in power. Instead of an election, their leader's legitimacy came from an oath of allegiance ("<a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a>"), in imitation of the Prophet and the first four <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a>. On 4 April 1996, Mullah Omar had "the <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_Muhammad" title="Cloak of Muhammad">Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed</a>" taken from its shrine for the first time in 60 years. Wrapping himself in the relic, he appeared on the roof of a building in the center of Kandahar while hundreds of Pashtun <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullahs</a> below shouted "<a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a>!" (Commander of the Faithful), in a pledge of support. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil explained: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Decisions are based on the advice of the Amir-ul Momineen. For us consultation is not necessary. We believe that this is in line with the Sharia. We abide by the Amir's view even if he alone takes this view. There will not be a head of state. Instead there will be an Amir al-Mu'minin. Mullah Omar will be the highest authority, and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree. General elections are incompatible with Sharia and therefore we reject them.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-200">[199]</a></blockquote> The Taliban were very reluctant to share power, and since their ranks were overwhelmingly Pashtun they ruled as overlords over the 60% of Afghans from other ethnic groups. In local government, such as Kabul city council<a href="#cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-318">[317]</a> or Herat,<a href="#cite_note-rashid_39-40-320">[319]</a> Taliban loyalists, not locals, dominated, even when the Pashto-speaking Taliban could not communicate with the roughly half of the population who spoke Dari or other non-Pashtun tongues.<a href="#cite_note-rashid_39-40-320">[319]</a> Critics complained that this "lack of local representation in urban administration made the Taliban appear as an occupying force."<a href="#cite_note-rashid_101-102-321">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_and_governance">Organization and governance</h3></div> Consistent with the governance of the early Muslims was the absence of state institutions and the absence of "a methodology for command and control", both of which are standard today, even in non-Westernized states. The Taliban did not issue press releases or policy statements, nor did they hold regular press conferences. The basis for this structure was <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmed_Ludhianvi" title="Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi">Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi</a>'s Obedience to the Amir, as he served as a mentor to the Taliban's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> The outside world and most Afghans did not even know what their leaders looked like, because photography was banned.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> The "regular army" resembled a lashkar or traditional tribal <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> force with only 25,000 men (of whom 11,000 were non-Afghans). Cabinet ministers and deputies were mullahs with a "<a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> education". Several of them, such as the Minister of Health and the Governor of the State bank, were primarily military commanders who left their administrative posts and fought whenever they were needed. Military reverses that trapped them behind enemy lines or led to their deaths increased the chaos in the national administration.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> At the national level, "all senior Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara bureaucrats" were replaced "with Pashtuns, whether qualified or not". Consequently, the ministries "by and large ceased to function".<a href="#cite_note-rashid_101-102-321">[320]</a> The Ministry of Finance did not have a budget nor did it have a "qualified economist or banker". Mullah Omar collected and dispersed cash without bookkeeping. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_activities">Economic activities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy of Afghanistan</a></div> The Kabul money markets responded positively during the first weeks of the Taliban occupation (1996). But the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani</a> soon fell in value. They imposed a 50% tax on any company operating in the country, and those who failed to pay were attacked. They also imposed a 6% import tax on anything brought into the country, and by 1998 had control of the major airports and border crossings which allowed them to establish a monopoly on all trade. By 2001, the per capita income of the 25 million population was under $200, and the country was close to total economic collapse. As of 2007 the economy had begun to recover, with estimated foreign reserves of three billion dollars and a 13% increase in economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Skaine1-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lansford-147-325">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marsden-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pugh1-327">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-Castillo-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skaine2-329">[328]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANA_soldier_shows_opium_captured_in_an_alleged_Taliban_safe_house_in_Helmand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ANA_soldier_shows_opium_captured_in_an_alleged_Taliban_safe_house_in_Helmand.jpg/220px-ANA_soldier_shows_opium_captured_in_an_alleged_Taliban_safe_house_in_Helmand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ANA_soldier_shows_opium_captured_in_an_alleged_Taliban_safe_house_in_Helmand.jpg/330px-ANA_soldier_shows_opium_captured_in_an_alleged_Taliban_safe_house_in_Helmand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ANA_soldier_shows_opium_captured_in_an_alleged_Taliban_safe_house_in_Helmand.jpg/440px-ANA_soldier_shows_opium_captured_in_an_alleged_Taliban_safe_house_in_Helmand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Opium in Taliban safehouse in <a href="/wiki/Helmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmand">Helmand</a></figcaption></figure> Under the Transit treaty between Afghanistan and Pakistan, a massive network for smuggling developed. It had an estimated turnover of 2.5 billion dollars with the Taliban receiving between $100 and $130 million per year. These operations along with the trade from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Crescent" title="Golden Crescent">Golden Crescent</a> financed the war in Afghanistan and also had the side effect of destroying start up industries in Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a> also explained that the Afghan Transit Trade agreed on by Pakistan was "the largest official source of revenue for the Taliban."<a href="#cite_note-Nojum1-330">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nojum2-331">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chouvy1-332">[331]</a> Between 1996 and 1999, Mullah Omar reversed his opinions on the drug trade, apparently as it only harmed <a href="/wiki/Kafirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafirs">kafirs</a>. The Taliban controlled 96% of Afghanistan's poppy fields and made opium its largest source of taxation. Taxes on opium exports became one of the mainstays of Taliban income and their war economy. According to Rashid, "drug money funded the weapons, ammunition and fuel for the war." In The New York Times, the Finance Minister of the United Front, <a href="/wiki/Wahidullah_Sabawoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahidullah Sabawoon">Wahidullah Sabawoon</a>, declared the Taliban had no annual budget but that they "appeared to spend US$300 million a year, nearly all of it on war." He added that the Taliban had come to increasingly rely on three sources of money: "<a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a>, the Pakistanis and bin Laden."<a href="#cite_note-Chouvy1-332">[331]</a> In an economic sense it seems he had little choice, as the war of attrition continued with the Northern Alliance the income from continued opium production was all that prevented the country from starvation. By 2000, Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75% of the world's supply and in 2000 grew an estimated 3276 tonnes of opium from poppy cultivation on 82,171 hectares. At this juncture Omar passed a decree banning the cultivation of opium, and production dropped to an estimated 74 metric tonnes from poppy cultivation on 1,685 hectares. Many observers say the ban – which came in a bid for international recognition at the United Nations – was only issued in order to raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles. 1999 had yielded a record crop and had been followed by a lower but still large 2000 harvest. The trafficking of accumulated stocks by the Taliban continued in 2000 and 2001. In 2002, the UN mentioned the "existence of significant stocks of opiates accumulated during previous years of bumper harvests." In September 2001 – before the 11 September attacks against the United States – the Taliban allegedly authorised Afghan peasants to sow opium again.<a href="#cite_note-Chouvy1-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shaffer3-333">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thourni-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyman-335">[334]</a> There was also an environmental toll to the country, heavy deforestation from the illegal trade in timber with hundreds of acres of pine and cedar forests in <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loya_Paktia" title="Loya Paktia">Paktya</a> being cleared. Throughout the country millions of acres were denuded to supply timber to the Pakistani markets, with no attempt made at reforestation, which has led to significant environmental damage. By 2001, when the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Afghan Interim Administration</a> took power the country's infrastructure was in ruins, Telecommunications had failed, the road network was destroyed and Ministry of Finance buildings were in such a state of disrepair some were on the verge of collapse. On 6 July 1999, then president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed into effect executive order 13129. This order implemented a complete ban on any trade between America and the Taliban régime and on 10 August they froze £5,000,000 in Ariana assets. On 19 December 2000, UN resolution 1333 was passed. It called for all assets to be frozen and for all states to close any offices belonging to the Taliban. This included the offices of <a href="/wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines" title="Ariana Afghan Airlines">Ariana Afghan Airlines</a>. In 1999, the UN had passed resolution 1267 which had banned all international flights by Ariana apart from preapproved humanitarian missions.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wehr-337">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rashid-338">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clements-339">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-340">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farah-341">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Askari-342">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pillar-343">[342]</a> According to the lawsuit, filed in December 2019 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">D.C. District Court</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Families_for_Peace" title="Gold Star Families for Peace">Gold Star families</a>, some US <a href="/wiki/List_of_defense_contractors" title="List of defense contractors">defense contractors</a> involved in Afghanistan made illegal "protection payments" to the Taliban, funding a "Taliban-led terrorist insurgency" that killed or wounded thousands of Americans in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> In 2009, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that the "protection money" was "one of the major sources of funding for the Taliban."<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> It is estimated that in 2020 the Taliban had an income of $1.6 billion, mostly from drugs, mining, extortion and taxes, donations and exports.<a href="#cite_note-Sufizada-219">[218]</a> On 2 November 2021, the Taliban required that all economic transactions in Afghanistan use <a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghanis</a> and banned the use of all foreign currency.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> In 2022 construction on the <a href="/wiki/Qosh_Tepa_Canal" title="Qosh Tepa Canal">Qosh Tepa Canal</a> began in northern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> On 20 April 2024, the Taliban decided to abolish Afghanistan's pension system as <a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> claimed it was “un-Islamic”, which prompted protests by retirees and older veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghan Armed Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. The protest was dispersed by the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_with_the_Taliban" title="International relations with the Taliban">International relations with the Taliban</a></div> During the war, the Taliban were supported by several militant outfits which include the <a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a>. Several countries like China, Iran, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia and Saudi Arabia allegedly support the Taliban.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, all of their governments deny providing any support to the Taliban. Likewise, the Taliban also deny receiving any foreign support from any country.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> At its peak, formal <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. In the past, the United Arab Emirates and Turkmenistan were also alleged to have provided support to the Taliban. It is designated by some countries as a terrorist organization. During its time in power (1996–2001), at its height ruling 90% of Afghanistan, the Taliban régime, or Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, gained diplomatic recognition from only three states: the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia, all of which provided substantial aid. The most other nations and organizations, including the United Nations, recognised the government of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State of Afghanistan</a> (1992–2002) (parts of whom were part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">United Front, also called Northern Alliance</a>) as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. Regarding its relations with the rest of the world, the Taliban's Emirate of Afghanistan held a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">policy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>: "The Taliban believe in non-interference in the affairs of other countries and similarly desire no outside interference in their country's internal affairs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199942-353">[352]</a> Traditionally, the Taliban were supported by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, while Iran, Russia, Turkey, India, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan formed an anti-Taliban alliance and supported the Northern Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> After the fall of the Taliban régime at the end of 2001, the composition of the Taliban supporters changed. According to a study by scholar Antonio Giustozzi, in the years 2005 to 2015 most of the financial support came from the states Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, China, and Qatar, as well as from private donors from Saudi Arabia, from al-Qaeda and, for a short period of time, from the Islamic State.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> About 54 percent of the funding came from foreign governments, 10 percent from private donors from abroad, and 16 percent from al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. In 2014, the amount of external support was close to $900 million.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> Following the Taliban's ascension to power, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan's model of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> has been widely criticized by the international community, despite the government's repeated calls for international recognition and engagement. Acting Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Mohammad Hassan Akhund</a> stated that his interim administration has met all conditions required for official recognition.<a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-357">[356]</a> In a bid to gain recognition, the Taliban sent a letter in September 2021 to the UN to accept <a href="/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen" title="Suhail Shaheen">Suhail Shaheen</a> as <a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent Representative</a> of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – a request that had already been rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Credentials_Committee" title="United Nations Credentials Committee">UN Credentials Committee</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> With regards to international relations after the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">Taliban seizure of Afghanistan</a> in 2021, Taliban spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen" title="Suhail Shaheen">Suhail Shaheen</a> told the Russian news agency <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)" title="Sputnik (news agency)">Sputnik</a>: "Of course, we won't have any relations with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. We want to have relations with other countries; Israel is not among these countries. We would like to have relations with all the regional countries and neighbouring countries as well as <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> countries."<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> On 10 October 2021, Russia hosted the Taliban for talks in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in an effort to boost its influence across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Officials from 10 different countries – Russia, China, Pakistan, India, Iran and five formerly <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asian</a> states – attended the talks, which were held during the Taliban's first official trip to Europe since their return to power in mid-August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> The Taliban won backing from the 10 regional powers for the idea of a United Nations donor conference to help the country stave off economic collapse and a humanitarian catastrophe, calling for the UN to convene such a conference as soon as possible to help rebuild the country. Russian officials also called for action against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS) fighters, who Russia said have started to increase their presence in Afghanistan since the Taliban's takeover. The Taliban delegation, which was led by Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Hanafi" title="Abdul Salam Hanafi">Abdul Salam Hanafi</a>, said that "Isolating Afghanistan is in no one's interests," arguing that the extremist group did not pose any security threat to any other country. The Taliban asked the international community to recognize its government,<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> but no country has yet recognized the new Afghan government.<a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-357">[356]</a> On 23 January 2022, a Taliban delegation arrived in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, and closed-door meetings were held during the Taliban's first official trip to Western Europe and second official trip to Europe since their return to power.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> Western diplomats told the Taliban that <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> to Afghanistan would be tied to an improvement in <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> The Taliban delegation, led by acting Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a>, met senior French foreign ministry officials, Britain's special envoy <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Casey" title="Nigel Casey">Nigel Casey</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Special_Representative" title="European Union Special Representative">EU Special Representative</a> for Afghanistan and members of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Norway)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway)">Norwegian foreign ministry</a>. This followed the announcement by the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee that the committee would extend a travel ban exemption until 21 March 2022 for 14 listed Taliban members to continue attending talks, along with a limited asset-freeze exemption for the financing of exempted travel.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Foreign Minister">Afghan Foreign Minister</a> Amir Khan Muttaqi said that the international community's call for the formation of an inclusive government was a political "excuse" after the 3-day Oslo visit.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> At the United Nations Security Council meeting in New York on 26 January 2022, Norwegian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Store</a> said the Oslo talks appeared to have been "serious" and "genuine". Norway says the talks do "not represent a legitimisation or recognition of the Taliban".<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> In the same meeting, the Russian Federation's delegate said attempts to engage the Taliban through coercion are counter-productive, calling on Western states and donors to return frozen funds.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> China's representative said the fact that aid deliveries have not improved since the adoption of UNSC 2615 (2021) proves that the issue has been politicized, as some parties seek to use assistance as a bargaining chip.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, the Russian Federation, and China were the first countries to accept the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">diplomatic credentials</a> of Taliban-appointed envoys, although this is not equivalent to official recognition.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> On 4 July 2024, the Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> stated that Taliban is an ally of Russia in the fight against terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> In November 2024, Afghanistan's Foreign Ministry announced that Taliban officials would attend the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> (COP29), marking the country's first participation since the Taliban regained control in 2021. Afghanistan had been unable to attend previous climate summits due to the lack of international recognition of the Taliban government. Despite this, the Taliban's environmental officials emphasized that climate change should be viewed as a humanitarian issue rather than a political one, arguing that addressing it transcends political disputes.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> in Syria, the Taliban congratulated the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition_to_Bashar_al-Assad" title="Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad">Syrian opposition</a> and "the people of Syria", hoping for "a peaceful, unified and stable system".<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization">Designation as a terrorist organization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">List of designated terrorist groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></div> The Taliban movement is officially illegal in the following countries to date: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-Terror2021-375">[374]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-nz-list-70">[70]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-ru-71">[71]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-bozbas-73">[73]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-uae-2017-18-74">[74]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-USDT-76">[76]</a> though not on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" title="United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a></li></ul> Former: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (2005–2023)<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (2006–2024)<a href="#cite_note-kg-list-380">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_and_NGOs">United Nations and NGOs</h3></div> Despite the aid of United Nations (UN) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) given (see <a href="#Afghanistan_during_Taliban_rule">§ Afghanistan during Taliban rule</a>), the Taliban's attitude in 1996–2001 toward the UN and NGOs was often one of suspicion. The UN did not recognise the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, most foreign donors and aid workers were non-Muslims, and the Taliban vented fundamental objections to the sort of 'help' the UN offered. As the Taliban's Attorney General Maulvi Jalil-ullah Maulvizada put it in 1997: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Let us state what sort of education the UN wants. This is a big infidel policy which gives such obscene freedom to women which would lead to <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and herald the destruction of Islam. In any Islamic country where adultery becomes common, that country is destroyed and enters the domination of the infidels because their men become like women and women cannot defend themselves. Anyone who talks to us should do so within Islam's framework. The Holy Koran cannot adjust itself to other people's requirements, people should adjust themselves to the requirements of the Holy Koran.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a></blockquote> In July 1998, the Taliban closed "all NGO offices" by force after those organisations refused to move to a bombed-out former <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Polytechnic</a> College as ordered.<a href="#cite_note-bmj-384">[383]</a> One month later the UN offices were also shut down.<a href="#cite_note-rashid,71-385">[384]</a> Around 2000, the UN drew up sanctions against officials and leaders of Taliban, because of their harbouring Osama bin Laden. Several of the Taliban leaders have subsequently been killed.<a href="#cite_note-telegraphJan2010-386">[385]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a> and US Secretary <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> called for talks with 'regular Taliban fighters' while bypassing their top leaders who supposedly were 'committed to global jihad'. <a href="/wiki/Kai_Eide" title="Kai Eide">Kai Eide</a>, the top UN official in Afghanistan, called for talks with Taliban at the highest level, suggesting Mullah Omar – even though Omar dismissed such overtures as long as foreign troops were in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a> In 2010, the UN lifted sanctions on the Taliban, and requested that Taliban leaders and others be removed from terrorism watch lists. In 2010 the US and Europe announced support for President Karzai's latest attempt to negotiate peace with the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-telegraphJan2010-386">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2></div> The Taliban were portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Hosseini" title="Khaled Hosseini">Khaled Hosseini</a>'s popular 2003 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Kite_Runner" title="The Kite Runner">The Kite Runner</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> and its 2007 <a href="/wiki/The_Kite_Runner_(film)" title="The Kite Runner (film)">film adaption</a>. The Taliban have also been portrayed in American film, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Lone_Survivor" title="Lone Survivor">Lone Survivor</a> (2013) which is based on a real-life story.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a> have also portrayed the Taliban in <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Express" title="Kabul Express">Kabul Express</a> (2006),<a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Taliban" title="Escape from Taliban">Escape from Taliban</a> (2003) which is based on a real-life novel A Kabuliwala's Bengali Wife,<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> whose author <a href="/wiki/Sushmita_Banerjee" title="Sushmita Banerjee">Sushmita Banerjee</a> was shot dead by the Taliban in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Also referred to as Taliban Islamic Movement or Islamic Movement of Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Giustozzi-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Giustozzi_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGiustozzi2009" class="citation book cs1">Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decodingnewtalib00anto/page/249">Decoding the new Taliban: insights from the Afghan field</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decodingnewtalib00anto/page/249">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70112-9"><bdi>978-0-231-70112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decoding+the+new+Taliban%3A+insights+from+the+Afghan+field&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70112-9&rft.aulast=Giustozzi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecodingnewtalib00anto%2Fpage%2F249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements0-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Clements0_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Frank A. 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Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Minorities+Are+Fueling+the+Taliban%27s+Expansion+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Bezhan&rft.aufirst=Frud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F06%2F15%2Fethnic-minorities-are-fueling-the-talibans-expansion-in-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-non-pashtun-taleban-of-the-north-a-case-study-from-badakhshan/">"The Non-Pashtun Taleban of the North: A case study from Badakhshan"</a>. Afghanistan Analysts Network. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan+Analysts+Network&rft.atitle=The+Non-Pashtun+Taleban+of+the+North%3A+A+case+study+from+Badakhshan&rft.date=2017-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanistan-analysts.org%2Fthe-non-pashtun-taleban-of-the-north-a-case-study-from-badakhshan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_5-1">b</a> Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U.S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-Maley2-14-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Maley2-14_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaley2001" class="citation book cs1">Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. 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Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taliban%27s+Afghanistan+takeover+raises+big+questions+for+U.S.+security+chiefs&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ftaliban-s-afghanistan-takeover-raises-big-questions-u-s-security-n1276911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2024-01-30qr-section2.pdf#page=30">"Recent Developments 2"</a> (PDF). SIGAR. 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ABC7 San Francisco. <q>A spokesperson for China's foreign ministry, Wang Wenbin, on Thursday denied the accusation, calling it a "smear and slander against China" that was "completely nonsense" and "fake news."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+San+Francisco&rft.atitle=US+investigating+unconfirmed+intel+that+China+offered+bounties+on+American+troops&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Gittleson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7news.com%2Fus-investigating-unconfirmed-intel-that-china-offered-bounties-on-american-troops%2F9234125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Multiple Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39014669">"Report: Iran pays $1,000 for each U.S. soldier killed by the Taliban"</a>. 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The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+cooperation+with+the+Taliban+could+affect+talks+on+U.S.+withdrawal+from+Afghanistan&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=Ariane+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F08%2F09%2Firans-cooperation-with-taliban-could-affect-talks-us-withdrawal-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-support-taliban-alarms-afghan-officials">"Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>. 9 January 2017. <q>Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Iranian+Support+for+Taliban+Alarms+Afghan+Officials&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Firanian-support-taliban-alarms-afghan-officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-backs-taliban-with-cash-and-arms-1434065528">"Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms"</a>. 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The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2010/07/wiki_n_korea_sold_rockets_to_a.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Wikileaks+documents%3A+N.+Korea+sold+missiles+to+al-Qaeda%2C+Taliban&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.washingtonpost.com%2Fspy-talk%2F2010%2F07%2Fwiki_n_korea_sold_rockets_to_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Multiple Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/30/imran-khan-claim-pakistan-helping-taliban">"'Absolute nonsense': Khan rejects claim Pakistan helping Taliban"</a>. NEWS AGENCIES. 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The Diplomat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Understanding+Pakistan%27s+Take+on+India-Taliban+Talks&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft.aulast=Jamal&rft.aufirst=Umair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F05%2Funderstanding-pakistans-take-on-india-taliban-talks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2020" class="citation web cs1">Farmer, Ben (26 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/pakistan-urges-taliban-to-get-on-with-afghan-government-talks-1.1068678">"Pakistan urges Taliban to get on with Afghan government talks"</a>. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorismfinanci00haro">Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective</a>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorismfinanci00haro/page/96">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5566-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-5566-5</bdi></a>. <q>Pakistan provided military support, including arms, ammunition, fuel, and military advisers, to the Taliban through its Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+Financing+and+State+Responses%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5566-5&rft.aulast=Giraldo&rft.aufirst=Jeanne+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterrorismfinanci00haro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-PST-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch-PST_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm">"Pakistan's support of the Taliban"</a>. 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December 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.af/en/18113">the original</a> on 28 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.af&rft.atitle=The+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Islamic+Emirate+of+Afghanistan%2C+held+a+telephonic+conversation+with+the+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Syrian+Interim+Government&rft.date=2024-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.af%2Fen%2F18113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmini2024" class="citation news cs1">Amini, Shujauddin (28 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241231222728/https://8am.media/eng/taliban-appeal-to-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-for-presence-in-syria/">"Taliban Appeal to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham for Presence in Syria"</a>. 8AM Media. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/11/islamist-groups-from-across-the-world-congratulate-hts-on-victory-in-syria">the original</a> on 15 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Islamist+groups+from+across+the+world+congratulate+HTS+on+victory+in+Syria&rft.date=2024-12-11&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fdec%2F11%2Fislamist-groups-from-across-the-world-congratulate-hts-on-victory-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241228103847/https://mfa.gov.af/en/18113">"The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, held a telephonic conversation with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Syrian Interim Government"</a>. mfa.gov.af. December 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.af/en/18113">the original</a> on 28 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.af&rft.atitle=The+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Islamic+Emirate+of+Afghanistan%2C+held+a+telephonic+conversation+with+the+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Syrian+Interim+Government&rft.date=2024-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.af%2Fen%2F18113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmini2024" class="citation news cs1">Amini, Shujauddin (28 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241231222728/https://8am.media/eng/taliban-appeal-to-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-for-presence-in-syria/">"Taliban Appeal to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham for Presence in Syria"</a>. 8AM Media. 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Retrieved 5 March 2022. <q>The Taliban refer to this government, as they have for decades referred to themselves, as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taliban+Government+in+Afghanistan%3A+Background+and+Issues+for+Congress&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FR%2FR46955%23page%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeldin2022" class="citation news cs1">Seldin, Jeff (20 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/amp/how-afghanistan-s-militant-groups-are-evolving-under-taliban-rule/6492194.html">"How Afghanistan's Militant Groups Are Evolving Under Taliban Rule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. 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Retrieved 17 August 2021. <q>Most of the original Taliban leaders came from the same three southern <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan" title="Provinces of Afghanistan">provinces</a>—<a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruzgan_Province" title="Uruzgan Province">Uruzgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a>—and nearly all of them fought for one of the two main clerical resistance parties during the war against the Soviets: Hezb-e Islami (Khales) and Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi's Harakat-I Ineqelab-ye Islami. The Taliban's fighting ranks were mostly filled with veterans of the war against Soviet forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecoi.net&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Political+Parties+and+Insurgent+Groups+1978%E2%80%932001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoi.net%2Fen%2Ffile%2Flocal%2F1154721%2F1226_1369733568_ppig1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Price%20Pakistan.pdf">"Pakistan: A Plethora of Problems"</a> (PDF). 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Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-274-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-274-4"><bdi>978-1-60127-274-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Organizational+Structure+of+the+Taliban+Movement&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60127-274-4&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Roy, Olivier, Globalized Islam, Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. 288–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6"><bdi>978-1-59420-007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+10+September+2001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E288-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-007-6&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935–36_159-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatinuddin1999">Matinuddin 1999</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935_160-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935_160-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199935_160-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatinuddin1999">Matinuddin 1999</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199936-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199936_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199936_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatinuddin1999">Matinuddin 1999</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199934-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199934_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199934_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199934_162-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatinuddin1999">Matinuddin 1999</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199937_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatinuddin1999">Matinuddin 1999</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-cr-164"><a href="#cite_ref-cr_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm">"US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001"</a>. State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Country+Report+on+Human+Rights+Practices+%E2%80%93+Afghanistan+2001&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2002-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2001%2Fsa%2F8222.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199939-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199939_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatinuddin199939_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatinuddin1999">Matinuddin 1999</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-drugpolicy2005-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrellThorne2005" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Graham; Thorne, John (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28576871">"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?: Evaluation of the Taliban Crackdown Against Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Drug_Policy" title="International Journal of Drug Policy">International Journal of Drug Policy</a>. 16 (2). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 81–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2004.07.007">10.1016/j.drugpo.2004.07.007</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Drug+Policy&rft.atitle=Where+Have+All+the+Flowers+Gone%3F%3A+Evaluation+of+the+Taliban+Crackdown+Against+Opium+Poppy+Cultivation+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2004.07.007&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Thorne%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F28576871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maziyar2019-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maziyar2019_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maziyar2019_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhiabi2019" class="citation book cs1">Ghiabi, Maziyar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HoOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">"Crisis as an Idiom for Reforms"</a>. Drugs Politics: Managing Disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47545-7"><bdi>978-1-108-47545-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019001098">2019001098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crisis+as+an+Idiom+for+Reforms&rft.btitle=Drugs+Politics%3A+Managing+Disorder+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019001098&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47545-7&rft.aulast=Ghiabi&rft.aufirst=Maziyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHoOWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011108055954/http://opioids.com/afghanistan/index.html">"Afghanistan, Opium and the Taliban"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opioids.com/afghanistan/index.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2001. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%2C+Opium+and+the+Taliban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopioids.com%2Fafghanistan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarding2001" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (3 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4145138,00.html">"How the Buddha got his wounds"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Buddha+got+his+wounds&rft.date=2001-03-03&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4145138%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassoud2010" class="citation news cs1">Massoud, Yahya (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/07/30/afghans_can_win_this_war">"Afghans Can Win This War"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110042810/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/07/30/afghans_can_win_this_war">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Afghans+Can+Win+This+War&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Massoud&rft.aufirst=Yahya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F07%2F30%2Fafghans_can_win_this_war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcFate2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_McFate" title="Montgomery McFate">McFate, Montgomery</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owFgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA334">"Conclusion"</a>. Military Anthropology: Soldiers, Scholars and Subjects at the Margins of Empire. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190680176.003.0009">10.1093/oso/9780190680176.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068017-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068017-6"><bdi>978-0-19-068017-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Taliban outlawed bacha bazi during their six year-reign in Afghanistan, but as soon as the U.S. overthrew the Taliban, newly-empowered mujahideen warlords rekindled the practice of bacha bazi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.btitle=Military+Anthropology%3A+Soldiers%2C+Scholars+and+Subjects+at+the+Margins+of+Empire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190680176.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068017-6&rft.aulast=McFate&rft.aufirst=Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowFgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesinstitute.org/afghanistan/what-about-the-boys-a-gendered-analysis-of-the-u-s-withdrawal-and-bacha-bazi-in-afghanistan/">"What About the Boys: A Gendered Analysis of the U.S. Withdrawal and Bacha Bazi in Afghanistan"</a>. Newlines Institute. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newlines+Institute&rft.atitle=What+About+the+Boys%3A+A+Gendered+Analysis+of+the+U.S.+Withdrawal+and+Bacha+Bazi+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesinstitute.org%2Fafghanistan%2Fwhat-about-the-boys-a-gendered-analysis-of-the-u-s-withdrawal-and-bacha-bazi-in-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822052916/https://humanrights.brightblue.org.uk/blog-1/2017/8/18/bacha-bazi-afghanistans-darkest-secret">"Bacha bazi: Afghanistan's darkest secret"</a>. Human Rights and discrimination. 18 August 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrights.brightblue.org.uk/blog-1/2017/8/18/bacha-bazi-afghanistans-darkest-secret">the original</a> on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+and+discrimination&rft.atitle=Bacha+bazi%3A+Afghanistan%27s+darkest+secret&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrights.brightblue.org.uk%2Fblog-1%2F2017%2F8%2F18%2Fbacha-bazi-afghanistans-darkest-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Quraishi, Najibullah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/dancingboys/view/">Uncovering the world of "bacha bazi"</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> 20 April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABCfeb2010-175"><a href="#cite_ref-ABCfeb2010_175-0">^</a> Bannerman, Mark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-02-22/the-warlords-tune-afghanistans-war-on-children/338920">The Warlord's Tune: Afghanistan's war on children</a> at <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> 22 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-theweek-176"><a href="#cite_ref-theweek_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/105442/bacha-bazi-the-scandal-of-afghanistan-s-abused-boys">"Bacha bazi: the scandal of Afghanistan's abused boys"</a>. The Week. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Bacha+bazi%3A+the+scandal+of+Afghanistan%27s+abused+boys&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2F105442%2Fbacha-bazi-the-scandal-of-afghanistan-s-abused-boys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/afghanistan-must-end-practice-bacha-bazi-sexual-abuse-boys/">"Afghanistan must end the practice of bacha bazi, the sexual abuse of boys"</a>. European Interest. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Interest&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+must+end+the+practice+of+bacha+bazi%2C+the+sexual+abuse+of+boys&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeaninterest.eu%2Farticle%2Fafghanistan-must-end-practice-bacha-bazi-sexual-abuse-boys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2015" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Joseph (20 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/world/asia/us-soldiers-told-to-ignore-afghan-allies-abuse-of-boys.html">"U.S. Soldiers Told to Ignore Sexual Abuse of Boys by Afghan Allies"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921164708/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/world/asia/us-soldiers-told-to-ignore-afghan-allies-abuse-of-boys.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Soldiers+Told+to+Ignore+Sexual+Abuse+of+Boys+by+Afghan+Allies&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fus-soldiers-told-to-ignore-afghan-allies-abuse-of-boys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_09/15-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_09/15_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLondoño" class="citation news cs1">Londoño, Ernesto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afganistans-dancing-boys-are-invisible-victims/2012/04/04/gIQAyreSwS_story.html?tid=pm_world_pop_b">"Afghanistan sees rise in 'dancing boys' exploitation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+sees+rise+in+%27dancing+boys%27+exploitation&rft.aulast=Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Fafganistans-dancing-boys-are-invisible-victims%2F2012%2F04%2F04%2FgIQAyreSwS_story.html%3Ftid%3Dpm_world_pop_b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/islamic-state-khorasan-provinces-peshawar-seminary-attack-and-war-against-afghan-taliban-hanafis/">"Islamic State Khorasan Province's Peshawar Seminary Attack and War Against Afghan Taliban Hanafis"</a>. Jamestown. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+Khorasan+Province%27s+Peshawar+Seminary+Attack+and+War+Against+Afghan+Taliban+Hanafis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fislamic-state-khorasan-provinces-peshawar-seminary-attack-and-war-against-afghan-taliban-hanafis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rashid_107-181"><a href="#cite_ref-rashid_107_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/taliban-crackdown-salafis-islamic-state-khorasan/31524687.html">"Taliban Wages Deadly Crackdown On Afghan Salafists As War With IS-K Intensifies"</a>. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Taliban+Wages+Deadly+Crackdown+On+Afghan+Salafists+As+War+With+IS-K+Intensifies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Ftaliban-crackdown-salafis-islamic-state-khorasan%2F31524687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/talibans-religious-roadmap-afghanistan">"The Taliban's religious roadmap for Afghanistan"</a>. Middle East Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Taliban%27s+religious+roadmap+for+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Ftalibans-religious-roadmap-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoiz2021" class="citation web cs1">Moiz, Ibrahim (14 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afghaneye.org/2021/06/14/niazi-no-more-the-life-and-legacy-of-a-taliban-mutineer/">"Niazi No More: The Life and Legacy of a Taliban Mutineer"</a>. The Afghan Eye. Retrieved 3 June 2023. <q>Contrary to some understandable, but inflated, claims ..., the Taliban had not intended to either wipe out Hazaras or Shias from the land; in fact they canvassed the support of several Hazara commanders, seniormost a former enemy called Muhammad Akbari, and even obtained the approval of some Shia clerics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Afghan+Eye&rft.atitle=Niazi+No+More%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+a+Taliban+Mutineer&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.aulast=Moiz&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafghaneye.org%2F2021%2F06%2F14%2Fniazi-no-more-the-life-and-legacy-of-a-taliban-mutineer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristia2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fotini_Christia" title="Fotini Christia">Christia, Fotini</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrKsiFjP778C&pg=PA91">Alliance Formation in Civil Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 90–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02302-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02302-4"><bdi>978-1-107-02302-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 June 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliance+Formation+in+Civil+Wars&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02302-4&rft.aulast=Christia&rft.aufirst=Fotini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrKsiFjP778C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuttig2006" class="citation web cs1">Ruttig, Thomas (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/other-publications/external-publications/islamists-leftists-and-a-void-in-the-center-afghanistans-political-parties-and-where-they-come-from-1902-2006-2/">"Islamists, Leftists – and a Void in the Center. Afghanistan's Political Parties and where they come from (1902–2006)"</a>. Afghanistan Analysts Network. p. 25. Retrieved 3 June 2023. <q>The largest of the Shia parties, Hezb-e Wahdat-e Islami, had already split into two during the Taleban era, when Ustad Muhammad Akbari struck an agreement with them and maintained control – under some Kandahari supervision – over parts of the Hazarajat, while Khalili's wing remained with the NA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan+Analysts+Network&rft.atitle=Islamists%2C+Leftists+%E2%80%93+and+a+Void+in+the+Center.+Afghanistan%27s+Political+Parties+and+where+they+come+from+%281902%E2%80%932006%29&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Ruttig&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanistan-analysts.org%2Fen%2Fother-publications%2Fexternal-publications%2Fislamists-leftists-and-a-void-in-the-center-afghanistans-political-parties-and-where-they-come-from-1902-2006-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahimi, Niamatullah (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b75e5274a27b2000b61/WP42.2.pdf">"Divide and rule: State penetration in Hazarajat (Afghanistan) from the Monarchy to the Taliban"</a> (PDF). Crisis States Working Papers. 2 (42). <a href="/wiki/Crisis_States_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis States Research Centre">Crisis States Research Centre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-1800">1749-1800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222130576">222130576</a>. Retrieved 2 June 2023. <q>The only Shiite official of the Taliban was Sayed Gardizi, a Shiite Sayed from Gardez in the southeast of the country. He was appointed as the district governor of Yakawlang.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+States+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Divide+and+rule%3A+State+penetration+in+Hazarajat+%28Afghanistan%29+from+the+Monarchy+to+the+Taliban&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2009-01&rft.issn=1749-1800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222130576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ibrahimi&rft.aufirst=Niamatullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F57a08b75e5274a27b2000b61%2FWP42.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamid2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Walid_al-Masri" title="Abu Walid al-Masri">Hamid, Mustafa</a> (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193132/https://www.mafa.world/2010/06/03/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89/">"إجابات مصطفى حامد عن ثلاث أسئلة من شيعة أفغانستان"</a> [Mustafa Hamid's answers to three questions from the Shiites of Afghanistan]. Māfā as-Sīyāsī (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mafa.world/2010/06/03/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89/">the original</a> on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C4%81f%C4%81+as-S%C4%ABy%C4%81s%C4%AB&rft.atitle=%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB+%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mafa.world%2F2010%2F06%2F03%2F%25D8%25AB%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AB-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AB-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A6%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B7%25D9%2581%25D9%2589%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli2021" class="citation news cs1">Ali (26 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afghanistan.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_st/features/2021/05/26/feature-02">"Assassination of Taliban splinter group leader exposes internal divisions"</a>. Salaam Times. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salaam+Times&rft.atitle=Assassination+of+Taliban+splinter+group+leader+exposes+internal+divisions&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft.au=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafghanistan.asia-news.com%2Fen_GB%2Farticles%2Fcnmi_st%2Ffeatures%2F2021%2F05%2F26%2Ffeature-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsh-Shāmī2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ash-Shāmī, Abū Maysarah (29 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161122/https://media.clarionproject.org/files/islamic-state/isis-isil-islamic-state-magazine-issue-6-al-qaeda-of-waziristan.pdf">"The Qā'idah of adh-Dhawāhirī, al-Harārī, and an-Nadhārī, and the Absent Yemeni Wisdom"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a> (6): 16–25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.clarionproject.org/files/islamic-state/isis-isil-islamic-state-magazine-issue-6-al-qaeda-of-waziristan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Project" title="Clarion Project">Clarion Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dabiq&rft.atitle=The+Q%C4%81%27idah+of+adh-Dhaw%C4%81hir%C4%AB%2C+al-Har%C4%81r%C4%AB%2C+and+an-Nadh%C4%81r%C4%AB%2C+and+the+Absent+Yemeni+Wisdom&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Ash-Sh%C4%81m%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+Maysarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.clarionproject.org%2Ffiles%2Fislamic-state%2Fisis-isil-islamic-state-magazine-issue-6-al-qaeda-of-waziristan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Asylum_Support_Office.2016" class="citation book cs1">European Asylum Support Office. (2016). "Hazaras in the Taliban's ranks". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1131093/90_1474353951_2019-09-easo-afghanistan-recruitment.pdf">COI Report: Afghanistan – Recruitment by armed groups</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Asylum" title="European Union Agency for Asylum">European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA)</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2847%2F044654">10.2847/044654</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9494-181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9494-181-7"><bdi>978-92-9494-181-7</bdi></a>. <q>Some senior Hazara commanders are with the Taliban in Bamyan and Daikundi, and there are a couple of Taliban shadow governors or provincial-level military leaders who are Hazara. ... Qarabaghi, a cluster of villages near the provincial capital of Ghazni, inhabited by a community of Shia Hazaras ... are surrounded by a Sunni population and have very normalised and friendly relations with them, including even inter-marriages. In this particular context, these Hazara communities had active Taliban fighters. ... The Hazaras joined with the Sunni Pashtuns in collective security or governance initiatives which were sometimes directed by the Taliban. ... A few years ago, a Hazara pro-government militia commander in Gizab district (Daykundi) named Fedayi defected with a few dozen of his men to the Taliban. A video was released of him pledging allegiance to the Taliban. 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Brookings Institution. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0451-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-0451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Al+Qaeda%3A+Its+Leadership%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Future&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0451-5&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements3-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Clements3_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Frank (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-402-8&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutman-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutman2008" class="citation book cs1">Gutman, Roy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwemissedstory00gutm/page/142">How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan</a>. Institute of Peace Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwemissedstory00gutm/page/142">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-024-5"><bdi>978-1-60127-024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Missed+the+Story%3A+Osama+Bin+Laden%2C+the+Taliban%2C+and+the+Hijacking+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60127-024-5&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwemissedstory00gutm%2Fpage%2F142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tripathi-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Tripathi_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2011" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Deepak (2011). Breeding Ground: Afghanistan and the Origins of Islamist Terrorism. Potomac. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-530-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-530-8"><bdi>978-1-59797-530-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breeding+Ground%3A+Afghanistan+and+the+Origins+of+Islamist+Terrorism&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Potomac&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-530-8&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_236-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023072254/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/aug/afghanistan/">"Re-Creating Afghanistan: Returning to Istalif"</a>. 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Stanford University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7672-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bazaar+Politics%3A+Power+and+Pottery+in+an+Afghan+Market+Town&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7672-1&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maley2-240-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Maley2-240_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaley2002" class="citation book cs1">Maley, William (2002). The Afghanistan wars. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-80290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-80290-8"><bdi>978-0-333-80290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afghanistan+wars&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-80290-8&rft.aulast=Maley&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements4-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Clements4_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Frank (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-402-8&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_Magazine-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine_240-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine_240-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602140825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,201892,00.html">"Lifting The Veil On Taliban Sex Slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 10 February 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,201892,00.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Lifting+The+Veil+On+Taliban+Sex+Slavery&rft.date=2002-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C201892%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325014821/http://www.rawa.us/movies/beating.mpg">"Movies"</a>. Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawa.us/movies/beating.mpg">the original</a> (MPG) on 25 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movies&rft.pub=Revolutionary+Association+of+the+Women+of+Afghanistan+%28RAWA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawa.us%2Fmovies%2Fbeating.mpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-physicians-242"><a href="#cite_ref-physicians_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702234326/http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/talibans-war-on-women.pdf">"The Taliban's War on Women"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/talibans-war-on-women.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Taliban%27s+War+on+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysiciansforhumanrights.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocuments%2Freports%2Ftalibans-war-on-women.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988">, Physicians for Human Rights, August 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsythe3-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe3_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2009" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, David P. (2009). Encyclopedia of human rights (Volume 1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533402-9</bdi></a>. <q>In 1994 the Taliban was created, funded and inspired by Pakistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+human+rights&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=Volume+1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533402-9&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maley3-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Maley3_244-0">^</a> Dupree Hatch, Nancy. "Afghan Women under the Taliban" in Maley, William. Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. London: Hurst and Company, 2001, pp. 145–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheime-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Wertheime_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWertheime2004" class="citation book cs1">Wertheime, Molly Meijer (2004). Leading Ladies of the White House: Communication Strategies of Notable Twentieth-Century First Ladies. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3672-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-3672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leading+Ladies+of+the+White+House%3A+Communication+Strategies+of+Notable+Twentieth-Century+First+Ladies&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3672-2&rft.aulast=Wertheime&rft.aufirst=Molly+Meijer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooke2006" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Miriam (2006). Sherman, Daniel J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorculturepol0000unse/page/177">Terror, Culture, Politics: 9/11 Reconsidere</a>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorculturepol0000unse/page/177">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34672-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror%2C+Culture%2C+Politics%3A+9%2F11+Reconsidere&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34672-8&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterrorculturepol0000unse%2Fpage%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moghadam-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Moghadam_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoghadam2003" class="citation book cs1">Moghadam, Valentine M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernizingwomen0000mogh_x1r1/page/266">Modernizing women: gender and social change in the Middle East</a> (2nd Revised ed.). Lynne Rienner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernizingwomen0000mogh_x1r1/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-171-7"><bdi>978-1-58826-171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernizing+women%3A+gender+and+social+change+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-171-7&rft.aulast=Moghadam&rft.aufirst=Valentine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernizingwomen0000mogh_x1r1%2Fpage%2F266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massoumi-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Massoumi_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassoumi2010" class="citation book cs1">Massoumi, Mejgan (2010). AlSayyad, Nezar (ed.). The fundamentalist city?: religiosity and the remaking of urban space. Routledge. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77935-7"><bdi>978-0-415-77935-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fundamentalist+city%3F%3A+religiosity+and+the+remaking+of+urban+space&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77935-7&rft.aulast=Massoumi&rft.aufirst=Mejgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skaine1-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skaine1_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skaine1_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkaine2009" class="citation book cs1">Skaine, Rosemarie (2009). Women of Afghanistan in the Post-Taliban Era: How Lives Have Changed and Where They Stand Today. McFarland. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3792-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3792-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-3792-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Afghanistan+in+the+Post-Taliban+Era%3A+How+Lives+Have+Changed+and+Where+They+Stand+Today&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3792-4&rft.aulast=Skaine&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban. Yale Nota Bene Books, 2000, pp. 70, 106 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Skain-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Skain_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkain2002" class="citation book cs1">Skain, Rosemarie (2002). The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban. 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Retrieved 14 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Laura+Bush+Addresses+State+of+Afghan+Women&rft.date=2001-11-18&rft.aulast=Gerstenzan&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Getter%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2001-nov-18-mn-5602-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/">"Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras"</a>. A Woman Among Warlords. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 11 September 2007. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301200918/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/09/the-taliban-took-years-of-my-life-the-afghan-women-living-in-the-shadow-of-war">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Taliban+took+years+of+my+life%27%3A+the+Afghan+women+living+in+the+shadow+of+war&rft.date=2019-02-09&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Makoii%2C+Akhtar+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F09%2Fthe-taliban-took-years-of-my-life-the-afghan-women-living-in-the-shadow-of-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women-Amnesty-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women-Amnesty_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women-Amnesty_254-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women-Amnesty_254-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org.uk/womens-rights-afghanistan-history">"Women in Afghanistan: the back story"</a>. 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Associated Press. 8 January 1998. p. A9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leaf-Chronicle&rft.atitle=U.N.+says+Taliban+starving+hungry+people+for+military+agenda&rft.pages=A9&rft.date=1998-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-leaf-chronicle-un-says-taliban-starv%2F145594960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodson2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodson, Larry P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good">Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban</a>. 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ABC News. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a>. 20 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820061541/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-20/who-are-leaders-taliban-afghanistan/100390308">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Taliban+leaders+now+controlling+Afghanistan%3F&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-08-20%2Fwho-are-leaders-taliban-afghanistan%2F100390308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USMA-313"><a href="#cite_ref-USMA_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021132110/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/tribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies/">"Tribal Dynamics of the Afghanistan and Pakistan Insurgencies"</a>. 15 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctc.usma.edu/tribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies/">the original</a> on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribal+Dynamics+of+the+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan+Insurgencies&rft.date=2009-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctc.usma.edu%2Ftribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansoor-elected-314"><a href="#cite_ref-Mansoor-elected_314-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/144382.stm">"Analysis: Who are the Taleban?"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+article+on+the+Taliban+in+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+Islamic+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2325%3F_hi%3D34%26_pos%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33721074">Mullah Omar: Taliban choose deputy Mansour as successor</a>, BBC News, 30 July 2015</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhundzada-315"><a href="#cite_ref-Akhundzada_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36375975">"Afghan Taliban announce successor to Mullah Mansour"</a>. BBC News. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Afghan+Taliban+announce+successor+to+Mullah+Mansour&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-36375975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world / editor in chief, Richard C. Martin, Macmillan Reference US : Thomson/Gale, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Griffiths 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_318-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, p. 43 Interview with Mullah Wakil, March 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-rashid_39-40-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_39-40_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_39-40_320-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-rashid_101-102-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_101-102_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_101-102_321-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSemple2014" class="citation journal cs1">Semple, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/187121/PW102-Rhetoric-Ideology-and-Organizational-Structure-of-the-Taliban-Movement.pdf">"Rhetoric, Ideology, and Organizational Structure of the Taliban Movement"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a>: 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=Rhetoric%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Organizational+Structure+of+the+Taliban+Movement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F187121%2FPW102-Rhetoric-Ideology-and-Organizational-Structure-of-the-Taliban-Movement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lansford-147-325"><a href="#cite_ref-Lansford-147_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLansford2011" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom (2011). 9/11 and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: A Chronology and Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-419-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-419-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-419-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=9%2F11+and+the+Wars+in+Afghanistan+and+Iraq%3A+A+Chronology+and+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-419-1&rft.aulast=Lansford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1998" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talibanwarreligi0000mars/page/51">The Taliban: war, religion and the new order in Afghanistan</a>. Zed Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talibanwarreligi0000mars/page/51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-522-6"><bdi>978-1-85649-522-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taliban%3A+war%2C+religion+and+the+new+order+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-522-6&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalibanwarreligi0000mars%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugh1-327"><a href="#cite_ref-Pugh1_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPughCooperGoodhand2004" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, Michael C.; Cooper, Neil; Goodhand, Jonathan (2004). War Economies in a Regional Context: Challenges of Transformation. 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Rebuilding War-Torn States: The Challenge of Post-Conflict Economic Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923773-9"><bdi>978-0-19-923773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+War-Torn+States%3A+The+Challenge+of+Post-Conflict+Economic+Reconstruction&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923773-9&rft.aulast=del+Castillo&rft.aufirst=Graciana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skaine2-329"><a href="#cite_ref-Skaine2_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkaine2009" class="citation book cs1">Skaine, Rosemarie (2009). Women of Afghanistan in the Post-Taliban Era: How Lives Have Changed and Where They Stand Today. McFarland. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3792-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3792-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-3792-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Afghanistan+in+the+Post-Taliban+Era%3A+How+Lives+Have+Changed+and+Where+They+Stand+Today&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3792-4&rft.aulast=Skaine&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nojum1-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Nojum1_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNojum2002" class="citation book cs1">Nojum, Neamatollah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseoftalibani00neam/page/178">The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War and the Future of the Region</a>. St Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseoftalibani00neam/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29584-4"><bdi>978-0-312-29584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Taliban+in+Afghanistan%3A+Mass+Mobilization%2C+Civil+War+and+the+Future+of+the+Region&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29584-4&rft.aulast=Nojum&rft.aufirst=Neamatollah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseoftalibani00neam%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nojum2-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Nojum2_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNojum2002" class="citation book cs1">Nojum, Neamatollah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseoftalibani00neam/page/186">The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War and the Future of the Region</a>. St Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseoftalibani00neam/page/186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29584-4"><bdi>978-0-312-29584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Taliban+in+Afghanistan%3A+Mass+Mobilization%2C+Civil+War+and+the+Future+of+the+Region&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29584-4&rft.aulast=Nojum&rft.aufirst=Neamatollah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseoftalibani00neam%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chouvy1-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chouvy1_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chouvy1_332-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chouvy1_332-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChouvy2010" class="citation book cs1">Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2010). Opium: uncovering the politics of the poppy. Harvard University Press. pp. 52ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium%3A+uncovering+the+politics+of+the+poppy&rft.pages=52ff&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chouvy&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Arnaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaffer3-333"><a href="#cite_ref-Shaffer3_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2006" class="citation book cs1">Shaffer, Brenda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/283">The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy</a>. MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/283">283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69321-9"><bdi>978-0-262-69321-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+limits+of+culture%3A+Islam+and+foreign+policy&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-262-69321-9&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitsofculturei0000unse%2Fpage%2F283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thourni-334"><a href="#cite_ref-Thourni_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThourni2006" class="citation book cs1">Thourni, Francisco E. (2006). Bovenkerk, Frank (ed.). The Organized Crime Community: Essays in Honor of Alan A. Block. Springer. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-39019-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-39019-2"><bdi>978-0-387-39019-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organized+Crime+Community%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Alan+A.+Block&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-39019-2&rft.aulast=Thourni&rft.aufirst=Francisco+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyman-335"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyman_335-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyman2010" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, Michael D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901437744506/page/309">Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control</a>. Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901437744506/page/309">309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-4450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-4450-7"><bdi>978-1-4377-4450-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+in+Society%3A+Causes%2C+Concepts+and+Control&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-4450-7&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_2901437744506%2Fpage%2F309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reapingwhirlwind00grif">Reaping the whirlwind: the Taliban movement in Afghanistan</a>. Pluto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reapingwhirlwind00grif/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1274-3"><bdi>978-0-7453-1274-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaping+the+whirlwind%3A+the+Taliban+movement+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1274-3&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freapingwhirlwind00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wehr-337"><a href="#cite_ref-Wehr_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWehr2011" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Kevin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencultureatoz0000unse/page/223">Green Culture: An A-to-Z Guide</a>. Sage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencultureatoz0000unse/page/223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9693-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9693-8"><bdi>978-1-4129-9693-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Culture%3A+An+A-to-Z+Guide&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-9693-8&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreencultureatoz0000unse%2Fpage%2F223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid-338"><a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashid2002" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2002). Taliban: Islam, oil and the new great game in central Asia. I.B.Tauris. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-830-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-830-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+Islam%2C+oil+and+the+new+great+game+in+central+Asia&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-830-4&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements-339"><a href="#cite_ref-Clements_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Frank (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-402-8&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett-340"><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_340-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2005" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Adam (2005). Reconstructing Afghanistan (illustrated ed.). International Monetary Fund. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58906-324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58906-324-2"><bdi>978-1-58906-324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Afghanistan&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58906-324-2&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farah-341"><a href="#cite_ref-Farah_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarahBraun2008" class="citation book cs1">Farah, Douglas; Braun, Stephen (2008). Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible. Wiley. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-26196-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-26196-5"><bdi>978-0-470-26196-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+of+Death%3A+Money%2C+Guns%2C+Planes%2C+and+the+Man+Who+Makes+War+Possible&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-26196-5&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Braun%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Askari-342"><a href="#cite_ref-Askari_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAskari2003" class="citation book cs1">Askari, Hossein (2003). Economic sanctions: examining their philosophy and efficacy. Potomac. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-542-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-542-8"><bdi>978-1-56720-542-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+sanctions%3A+examining+their+philosophy+and+efficacy&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Potomac&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-542-8&rft.aulast=Askari&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillar-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Pillar_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPillar2003" class="citation book cs1">Pillar, Paul R. (2003). Terrorism and U.S. foreign policy. Brookings Institution. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7077-0"><bdi>978-0-8157-7077-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+U.S.+foreign+policy&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-7077-0&rft.aulast=Pillar&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/27/lawsuit-contractors-paid-protection-money-used-in-terrorist-insurgency.html">"US contractors sued for allegedly paying 'protection money' to the Taliban in Afghanistan"</a>. CNBC. 27 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+contractors+sued+for+allegedly+paying+%27protection+money%27+to+the+Taliban+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F12%2F27%2Flawsuit-contractors-paid-protection-money-used-in-terrorist-insurgency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/12/28/792065458/gold-star-families-sue-defense-contractors-alleging-they-funded-the-taliban">"Gold Star Families Sue Defense Contractors, Alleging They Funded The Taliban"</a>. NPR. 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gold+Star+Families+Sue+Defense+Contractors%2C+Alleging+They+Funded+The+Taliban&rft.date=2019-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F12%2F28%2F792065458%2Fgold-star-families-sue-defense-contractors-alleging-they-funded-the-taliban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/27/politics/afghanistan-contractor-suit/index.html">"Gold Star family lawsuit alleges contractors in Afghanistan funneled money to the Taliban"</a>. CNN. 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Gold+Star+family+lawsuit+alleges+contractors+in+Afghanistan+funneled+money+to+the+Taliban&rft.date=2019-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F12%2F27%2Fpolitics%2Fafghanistan-contractor-suit%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/2/taliban-bans-use-of-foreign-currency-across-afghanistan">"Taliban bans the use of foreign currency across Afghanistan"</a>. Al Jazeera. 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Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khaled+Hosseini%3A+The+Kite+Runner+%E2%80%93+booklit&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.booklit.com%2Fblog%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Fkhaled-hosseini-the-kite-runner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerrao2006" class="citation news cs1">Ferrao, Dominic (15 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/kabul-express/articleshow/821444.cms">"Kabul Express"</a>. The Times of India. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kabul+Express&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=Ferrao&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbollywood%2Fkabul-express%2Farticleshow%2F821444.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/escape-from-taliban.shtml">"BBC – Coventry and Warwickshire Films – Escape from Taliban"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Coventry+and+Warwickshire+Films+%E2%80%93+Escape+from+Taliban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcoventry%2Ffilms%2Freviews%2Fa_f%2Fescape-from-taliban.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/real-life-story-of-sushmita-banerjee-who-inspired-manisha-koiralas-film-escape-from-taliban-547398.html">"Real-Life Story Of Sushmita Banerjee Who Inspired Manisha Koirala's Film 'Escape From Taliban'"</a>. IndiaTimes. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndiaTimes&rft.atitle=Real-Life+Story+Of+Sushmita+Banerjee+Who+Inspired+Manisha+Koirala%27s+Film+%27Escape+From+Taliban%27&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebs%2Freal-life-story-of-sushmita-banerjee-who-inspired-manisha-koiralas-film-escape-from-taliban-547398.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatinuddin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Matinuddin" title="Kamal Matinuddin">Matinuddin, Kamal</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIyVMkjat2MC">The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997</a>. Karachi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579274-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579274-2"><bdi>0-19-579274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taliban+Phenomenon%3A+Afghanistan+1994%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-579274-2&rft.aulast=Matinuddin&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIyVMkjat2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashid2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Rashid, Ahmed</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Taliban:_Militant_Islam,_Oil_and_Fundamentalism_in_Central_Asia" title="Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia">Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08902-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08902-3"><bdi>0-300-08902-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+Militant+Islam%2C+Oil+and+Fundamentalism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-08902-3&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2001" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, John C. (2001). Afghanistan: A History of Conflict. London: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Books">Carlton Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84222-597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84222-597-4"><bdi>978-1-84222-597-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+History+of+Conflict&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84222-597-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carole_Hillenbrand" title="Carole Hillenbrand">Hillenbrand, Carole</a> (2015). Islam: A New Historical Introduction. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-11027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-11027-0"><bdi>978-0-500-11027-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+New+Historical+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-500-11027-0&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacksonAmiri2019" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Ashley; Amiri, Rahmatullah (November 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817172337/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/pw_153-insurgent_bureaucracy_how_the_taliban_makes_policy.pdf">"Insurgent Bureaucracy: How the Taliban Makes Policy"</a> (PDF), Peaceworks, vol. 153, Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a>, pp. C1-44, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-789-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60127-789-3"><bdi>978-1-60127-789-3</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/pw_153-insurgent_bureaucracy_how_the_taliban_makes_policy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 August 2021, retrieved 26 March 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peaceworks&rft.atitle=Insurgent+Bureaucracy%3A+How+the+Taliban+Makes+Policy&rft.volume=153&rft.pages=C1-44&rft.date=2019-11&rft.isbn=978-1-60127-789-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Amiri%2C+Rahmatullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-11%2Fpw_153-insurgent_bureaucracy_how_the_taliban_makes_policy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoj2015" class="citation cs2">Moj, Muhammad (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ">The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies</a>, Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-389-3"><bdi>978-1-78308-389-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deoband+Madrassah+Movement%3A+Countercultural+Trends+and+Tendencies&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-389-3&rft.aulast=Moj&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmbm2BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chandra99.com.np/2022/08/one-year-of-taliban-in-afghanistan.html">One Year of Taliban Rule Over Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029205631/http://www.icct.nl/publications/icct-papers/afghan-women-and-the-taliban-an-exploratory-assessment">"Afghan Women and the Taliban: An Exploratory Assessment" (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 2014)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashid2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Rashid, Ahmed</a> (2022). Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26682-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26682-5"><bdi>978-0-300-26682-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+The+Power+of+Militant+Islam+in+Afghanistan+and+Beyond&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26682-5&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Lawrence (2006). The looming tower : Al-Qaeda and the road to 9/11. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2"><bdi>978-0-375-41486-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+looming+tower+%3A+Al-Qaeda+and+the+road+to+9%2F11&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41486-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliban" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Taliban at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taliban" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Taliban">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Afghan_Taliban" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Afghan Taliban">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Taliban" class="extiw" title="q:Taliban">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42418" class="extiw" title="d:Q42418">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alemarahenglish.af/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/organisation/taliban.html">Taliban</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/taliban">Taliban</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42418#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/t/taliban/index.html">Taliban</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taliban209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taliban" title="Template:Taliban"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taliban" title="Template talk:Taliban"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taliban209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decrees_by_Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada">decrees</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rabbani" title="Mohammad Rabbani">Mohammad Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund" title="Obaidullah Akhund">Obaidullah Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kabir" title="Abdul Kabir">Abdul Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayyab_Agha" title="Tayyab Agha">Tayyab Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabuddin_Delawar" title="Shahabuddin Delawar">Shahabuddin Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Amir_Khan_Muttaqi_as_Acting_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan" title="List of international trips made by Amir Khan Muttaqi as Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakil_Ahmed_Muttawakil" title="Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil">Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qari_Ahmadullah" title="Qari Ahmadullah">Qari Ahmadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Abbas_Stanikzai" title="Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai">Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li>Commanders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadullah" title="Dadullah">Dadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_(Taliban_commander)" title="Shahzada (Taliban commander)">Shahzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Zakir" title="Abdul Qayyum Zakir">Abdul Qayyum Zakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain-Ul-Abideen" title="Zain-Ul-Abideen">Zain-Ul-Abideen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Taliban" title="History of the Taliban">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan#Islamic_Emirate_(2021–present)" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_propaganda" title="Taliban propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Afghanistan" title="Emblem of Afghanistan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights/violations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan#Destruction" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">Treatment of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan#Taliban" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Army" title="Afghan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force" title="Afghan Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/055_Brigade" title="055 Brigade">55th Arab Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Unit" title="Red Unit">Red Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_313_Battalion" title="Badri 313 Battalion">Badri 313 Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_conscription" title="Taliban conscription">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Taliban" title="Category:Wars involving the Taliban">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Civil War</a> (1996–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taliban_insurgency_leaders" title="List of Taliban insurgency leaders">leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive" title="2006 Taliban offensive">2006 offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with IS</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency in Afghanistan</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> (2004–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_in_Qatar" title="Taliban in Qatar">Taliban in Qatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guantanamo_detainees_who_were_previously_Taliban_prisoners" title="List of Guantanamo detainees who were previously Taliban prisoners">Guantanamo detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house" title="Al-Qaeda safe house">Safe house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar%E2%80%93Khatmiyya_rivalry" title="Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry">Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatmiyya" title="Khatmiyya">Khatmiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42418#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1039" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42418#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5b7d47cbb-zj6bp","wgBackendResponseTime":620,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.609","walltime":"5.541","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27637,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":962588,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":45876,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1430319,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4765.305 1 -total"," 48.59% 2315.277 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.44% 783.608 167 Template:Cite_web"," 12.59% 599.952 110 Template:Cite_news"," 10.28% 490.047 69 Template:Cite_book"," 8.16% 388.800 1 Template:Infobox_war_faction"," 7.96% 379.357 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.87% 279.560 24 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1,\n [\"CITEREFGittleson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiustozzi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiustozzi2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Harrison2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Harrison2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-HarrisonMakoii2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfieldYawar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunaratnaIqbal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaider2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonCoatesSavage2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHathoutYouness2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillenbrand2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahimi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonAmiri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJebara\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabir2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampeas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKegleyBlanton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorpar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKugelman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKullab2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarJoya2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacayo2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalzoy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondoño\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoyd2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkasian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsden1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassoud2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassoumi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatinuddin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFate2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichal_Onderčo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoghadam2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoiz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoj2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNegah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNierenberg2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNojum2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNojumi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorzaiSahinkayaGul_Sarwan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgata2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’Donnell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrikarakos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodelco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopalzaiKottasová2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPughCooperGoodhand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQazi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQazizai2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRashid2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecknagel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoggio2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoggioWeiss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuttig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalahuddin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantoraRosenbergNossiter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemple2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanty2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqueShayan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkain2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkaine2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFStancatiAmiri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSufizada2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSönmezBozbaşKonuşul2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabatabai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThourni2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Hussain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Wheeldon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripathi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWali2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeekes1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertheime2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhine2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitlock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWroe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdel_Castillo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Milley_said_more_than_200_of_the_419_district_centers_were_under_Taliban_control._Last_month,_he_had_said_the_Taliban_controlled_81_district_centers_in_Afghanistan.\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Aljazeera topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Afghan Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 110,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 168,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Deobandi\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"DoD detainees ARB\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"En dash\"] = 1,\n [\"FIL-Luge link\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 16,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 10,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 40,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Guardian topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 3,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox war faction\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamism\"] = 1,\n [\"Jihadism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"KAZ\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Natural Causes\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 3,\n [\"New York Times topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pashtun\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Politics of Afghanistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 35,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Taliban\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 9,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 2,\n [\"US War on Terror\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","540","18.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","12.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","6.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","3.3"],["(for generator)","100","3.3"],["type","100","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","80","2.7"],["gsub","80","2.7"],["[others]","1020","34.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5b7d47cbb-8vfmt","timestamp":"20250325001347","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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