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<span>Катталуу</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сизге системада катталууга сунуш кылынат, бирок милдеттүү эмес [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Кирүү</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Катталбаган түзөтүүчүлөр үчүн барактар <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC:%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" aria-label="Түзөтүү жөнүндө көбүрөөк билүү"><span>чоо-жайы</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:MyContributions" title="A list of 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Мазмуну</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">каптал тилкесине жылдыруу</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">жашыруу</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башына кайтуу</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Экологиянын_этаптары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Экологиянын_этаптары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Экологиянын этаптары</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Экологиянын_этаптары-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Экологиянын этаптары бөлүмчөсүн көрсөтүү/жашыруу</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Экологиянын_этаптары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-I_этап" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_этап"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>I этап</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_этап-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-II_этап" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#II_этап"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>II этап</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-II_этап-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-III_этап" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#III_этап"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>III этап</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-III_этап-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Экологиянын_максаты" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Экологиянын_максаты"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Экологиянын максаты</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Экологиянын_максаты-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Экологиянын максаты бөлүмчөсүн көрсөтүү/жашыруу</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Экологиянын_максаты-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Коюлган_максаттын_негизинде_төмөнкү_маселелерди_чечүү_абзел:" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Коюлган_максаттын_негизинде_төмөнкү_маселелерди_чечүү_абзел:"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Коюлган максаттын негизинде төмөнкү маселелерди чечүү абзел:</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Коюлган_максаттын_негизинде_төмөнкү_маселелерди_чечүү_абзел:-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шилтемелер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шилтемелер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Шилтемелер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шилтемелер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Колдонулган_адабият" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Колдонулган_адабият"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Колдонулган адабият</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Колдонулган_адабият-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмуну" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмунду жашыруу/көрсөтүү" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмунду жашыруу/көрсөтүү</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Экология</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Башка тилдеги макалага өтүү. 176 тилде жеткиликтүү" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">176 тил</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Аекологиа – абхазча" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аекологиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="абхазча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – африкаанча" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologie" title="Ökologie – немисче (Швейцария)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ökologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="немисче (Швейцария)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD" title="ስነ ምህዳር – амхарча" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስነ ምህዳር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoloch%C3%ADa" title="Ecolochía – арагончо" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ecolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="परिस्थिति-विज्ञान – ангикача" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="परिस्थिति-विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангикача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="علم البيئة – арабча" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم البيئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايكولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايكولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞান – ассамча" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассамча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolox%C3%ADa" title="Ecoloxía – астурийче" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiya" title="Ekologiya – азербайжанча" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайжанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="اکولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – башкырча" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкырча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Ekuoluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ekuoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Экалогія – беларусча" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Экалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Экалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Екология – болгарча" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलॉजी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इकोलॉजी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဂေဟဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂေဟဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungodon" title="Kungodon – бамбарача" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kungodon" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="бамбарача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বাস্তুবিজ্ঞান – бангладешче" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাস্তুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бангладешче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiezh" title="Ekologiezh – бретончо" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ekologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – боснийче" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – каталончо" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-t%C3%A1i" title="Sĕng-tái – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-tái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – чеченче" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – себуанча" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎡᎧᎶᎩ – черокиче" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᎧᎶᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="черокиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ژینگەناسی – борбордук курдча" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینگەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="борбордук курдча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eculugia" title="Eculugia – корсиканча" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Eculugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсиканча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – чехче" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чехче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – чувашча" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoleg" title="Ecoleg – уелшче" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ecoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелшче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – датча" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologie" title="Ökologie – немисче" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ökologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немисче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolociye" title="Ekolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ekolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AE%DE%96%DE%A9" title="އިކޮލޮޖީ – дивехиче" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިކޮލޮޖީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οικολογία – грекче" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грекче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – англисче" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англисче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologio" title="Ekologio – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolog%C3%ADa" title="Ecología – испанча" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96koloogia" title="Ökoloogia – эстончо" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ökoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – баскча" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بوم‌شناسی – фарсча" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – финче" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96koloogia" title="Ökoloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ökoloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Vistfrøði – фарерче" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vistfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарерче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cologie" title="Écologie – французча" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologjie" title="Ecologjie – фриулча" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ecologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриулча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekology" title="Ekology – батыш фризче" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ekology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="батыш фризче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89iceola%C3%ADocht" title="Éiceolaíocht – ирландча" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éiceolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89koloji" title="Ékoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eag-e%C3%B2las" title="Eag-eòlas – шотладиялык гелча" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eag-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотладиялык гелча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolox%C3%ADa" title="Ecoloxía – галисияча" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисияча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekohakuaa" title="Tekohakuaa – гуараниче" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekohakuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуараниче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – горонталочо" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="горонталочо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggoaylleeaght" title="Eggoaylleeaght – мэнксыча" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eggoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэнксыча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – хаусача" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хаусача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Sâng-thai-ho̍k – Хакка кытайча" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Хакка кытайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laikaiaola" title="Kālaikaiaola – гавайча" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaikaiaola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="гавайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אקולוגיה – ивритче" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ивритче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पारिस्थितिकी – хиндиче" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पारिस्थितिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хиндиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – хорватча" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloji" title="Ekoloji – гаитиче" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kol%C3%B3gia" title="Ökológia – венгерче" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ökológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էկոլոգիա – армянча" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – индонезияча" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезияча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohia" title="Ekolohia – илокочо" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ekolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илокочо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – ингушча" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologio" title="Ekologio – идочо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идочо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Vistfræði – исландча" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vistfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – италиянча" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиянча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生態学 – жапончо" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生態学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalaji" title="Ikalaji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ikalaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kologi" title="Ékologi – жаванизче" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ékologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="жаванизче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეკოლოგია – грузинче" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiya" title="Ekologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnazdu%C9%A3t" title="Tusnazduɣt – кабылча" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tusnazduɣt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабылча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89%C9%A9ja%C9%A3y%C9%9B_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – казакча" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казакча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – калаалисутча" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="калаалисутча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="បរិស្ថានវិទ្យា – кмерче" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរិស្ថានវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кмерче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%ED%95%99" title="생태학 – корейче" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생태학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloj%C3%AE" title="Ekolojî – курдча" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ekolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologieth" title="Ekologieth – корнишче" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ekologieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнишче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecologia" title="Oecologia – латынча" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oecologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латынча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojiya" title="Ekolojiya – ладиночо" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ekolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладиночо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – люксембургча" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – лезгинче" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolojia" title="Ecolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ecolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entababutonde" title="Entababutonde – гандача" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Entababutonde" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="гандача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – лимбургиче" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eculugia" title="Eculugia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eculugia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ນິເວດສາດ – лаочо" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນິເວດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаочо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – литовчо" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовчо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apleiczineiba" title="Apleiczineiba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Apleiczineiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolo%C4%A3ija" title="Ekoloģija – латышча" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलोजी – маитиличе" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इकोलोजी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="маитиличе" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Экологиясь – мокшача" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Экологиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокшача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojia" title="Ekolojia – малагасча" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ekolojia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Экологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Экологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81tauranga_taupuhi_kaiao" title="Mātauranga taupuhi kaiao – маориче" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mātauranga taupuhi kaiao" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="маориче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Екологија – македончо" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Екологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ആവാസ വിജ്ഞാനം – малайаламча" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവാസ വിജ്ഞാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малайаламча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="жакшы макалалар"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – монголчо" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголчо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – малайча" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolo%C4%A1ija" title="Ekoloġija – малтизче" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ekoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="малтизче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဂေဟဗေဒ – бурмача" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေဟဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бурмача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologie" title="Ökologie – төмөнкү немисче" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ökologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="төмөнкү немисче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekology" title="Ekology – төмөнкү саксончо" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ekology" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="төмөнкү саксончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलोजी – непалча" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इकोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलोजी – невариче" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इकोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="невариче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – голландча" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – норвежче (нинорск)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежче (нинорск)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="жакшы макалалар"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – норвежче (букмал)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежче (букмал)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Acologie" title="Êcologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êcologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="жакшы макалалар"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – окситанча" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinnaannoo" title="Xiinnaannoo – оромочо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinnaannoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромочо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – пунжабиче" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пунжабиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojii" title="Ekolojii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ekolojii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – полякча" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полякча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ایکولوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایکولوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="چاپېريالپوهنه – пуштуча" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاپېريالپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пуштуча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – португалча" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_pacha_yachay" title="Kawsay pacha yachay – кечуача" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay pacha yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – румынча" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – орусча" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орусча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еколоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еколоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="परिसरविज्ञानम् – санскритче" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="परिसरविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскритче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – сахача" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="сахача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolugg%C3%ACa" title="Ecoluggìa – сицилийче" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ecoluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – шотландча" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ماحوليات – синдхиче" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماحوليات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – серб-хорват" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පරිසර විද්‍යාව – сингалача" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිසර විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингалача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekol%C3%B3gia" title="Ekológia – словакча" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словакча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – словенче" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambanhanga" title="Ruambanhanga – шонача" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambanhanga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шонача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologjia" title="Ekologjia – албанча" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Екологија – сербче" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kologi" title="Ékologi – сунданча" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ékologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – шведче" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojia" title="Ekolojia – суахиличе" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ekolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахиличе" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சூழலியல் – тамилче" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழலியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="జీవావరణ శాస్త్రము – телугуча" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవావరణ శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугуча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – тажикче" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тажикче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="นิเวศวิทยา – тайча" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิเวศวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi%C3%BDa" title="Ekologiýa – түркмөнчө" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ekologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="түркмөнчө" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolosi" title="Ekolosi – ток-писинче" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ekolosi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток-писинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloji" title="Ekoloji – түркчө" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түркчө" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – татарча" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Екологія – украинче" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA(%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="ماحولیات(نظام) – урдуча" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماحولیات(نظام)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урдуча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiya" title="Ekologiya – өзбекче" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбекче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologii" title="Ekologii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ekologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_th%C3%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sinh thái học – вьетнамча" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh thái học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6olog" title="Köolog – волапюкча" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Köolog" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюкча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolodjeye" title="Ecolodjeye – валлончо" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ecolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – варайча" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学 – "У" диалектинде (Кытай)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生态学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name=""У" диалектинде (Кытай)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-ecology" title="I-ecology – косача" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-ecology" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="косача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეკოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="עקאלאגיע – идишче" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עקאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идишче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Көрүнүш</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">каптал тилкесине жылдыруу</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">жашыруу</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия дан</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ky" dir="ltr"><p><i><b>Экология</b> (грек тилинен oikos - үй, мекен,жашаган жер жана logos - илим,окуу. Түздөн–түз которгондо: үй жөнүндө илим, ал эми адамзат үчүн үй бул–Жер планетасы.)- <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм">организмдердин</a> өз ара жана айлана–чөйрө менен болгон байланышын изилдөөчү илим. Тирүү организмдин жашоо шартын жана организмдердин жашоо чөйрөсү менен өз ара байланышын изилдөөчү илим.</i> </p><p>Экологиянын өтө көп аныктамалары бар, бирок көпчүлүк окумуштуулар, “<b>Экология</b> – тирүү организмдердин тиричилигинин шартын изилдөөчү жана организмдер менен чөйрөнүн ортосундагы өз ара байланышын изилдеген илим”, дешет. </p><p>Белгилүү окумуштуу америкалык эколог Ю.Одум мындай жалпы аныктама берет: “<b>Экология</b> – бул илим аралык билим тармагы, көп денгээлдик системалардын жаратылышта, коомдо жайгашуу жана алардын өз ара байланышы жөнүндөгү илим”. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png/220px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png/330px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png/440px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Экологиянын ыкмалары</figcaption></figure> <p>«Экология» терминин 1-жолу немец биологу Э. Геккел 1866-жылы колдонгон. Тирүү организмге чөйрөнүн түздөн-түз же кыйыр тийгизген таасири экологиялык фактор деп аталат. Ал биотик жана абиотик факторлоруна бөлүнөт. Биотик түрүнө тамак-аш факторлору, айрым особдордун же бир түрдөгү особдор тобунун жана ар башка түрдүн ортосундагы өз ара мамиле (аймак, тамак-аш, суу жана башкалар үчүн күрөшүү) кирет. Абиотик факторлор биологиялык объектиге сырттан таасир этет, мисалы, температура, жарык, нымдуулук, жаан-чачын, атмосфералык басым, шамал, атмосферанын иондошуусу жана башкалар.Белгилүү түрдүн жашаган шартынын жыйындысы (жашаган, көбөйгөн жери, тамагы, башка түр менен өз ара мамилеси жана башкалар) ошол түрдүн экологиялык очогун түзөт. Тирүү организмдин жашоо чөйрөсү менен өз ара мамилесин үйрөнүүдө биологиялык ыкмалар менен маалыматтар гана колдонулбастан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Физика (мындай барак жок)">физика</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия">химия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология">геология</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География">география</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Экономика">экономика</a> жана башкалар илимдер да пайдаланылат. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/220px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/330px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/440px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Экология</figcaption></figure> <p>Адамдын өндүрүштүк активдүүлүгүнөн <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Атмосфера">атмосфера</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Океания">океан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Көл">көл</a>, дарыя-суулардын булганышы, өсүмдүктөрдүн жок кылынышы, жаныбарлардын көп түрүнүн тукум курут болушу айлана-чөйрөнү коргоо маселесине чоң көңүл бурууга жана Экологиялык изилдөөлөрдүн кеңейишине түрткү берди. Экологиянын алдында биологиялык ресурстарды үнөмдүү пайдалануунун илимий негизин түзүү, адамдын иш-аракетинин таасиринен табияттын өзгөрүшүн изилдөө, мындай өзгөрүүлөрдүн масштабын, мүмкүндүгүн алдын ала прогноздоо, ошондой эле биосферада өтүүчү процесстерди башкаруу методдорун иштеп чыгуу милдети турат. Экологиянын көйгөйлөрү <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина">медицина</a> менен тыгыз байланышта болуп, социалдык-гигиеналык мүнөзгө ээ. Өндүрүштүк чарбанын улам тез темп менен тийгизген таасиринен чөйрөнүн ылдам өзгөрүшү адам жана ал жашаган чөйрөнүн ортосундагы Экологиялык тең салмактын бузулушуна алып келиши ыктымал, кээде анын бузулган учурлары да болуп жатат. Ошондуктан калктын ден соолугун жана айлана-чөйрөнүн абалын жакшыртуу 7875максатында адамзаттын өндүрүштүк иш-аракетин жаңы негизде өркүндөтүү максатка ылайыктуу. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.png/220px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.png/330px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.png/440px-%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Экологиянын багыттары</figcaption></figure> <p>Заманбап экология татаал жана бутактанган структурага ээ. 90 жакын багыттар акыркы жылдарда калыптанып, экологизация процесстери жүрүп жаткан адамзаттын ишкердүүлүгүнүн тармактары болуп эсептелет. </p><p>Айлана чөйрө жөнүндөгү илим: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA)_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теоретикалык (классикалык) экология">теоретикалык (классикалык)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%BE)_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Прикладдык (колдонмо) экология">прикладдык (колдонмо)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобалдык экология">глобалдык экология</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Экологиянын_этаптары"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.BD_.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Экологиянын этаптары</h2></div> <p>Экология өз алдынча дисциплина болуп XIX к. ортосунда калыптана баштады. Бирок экологиялык изилдөөлөр адамзаттын өнүгүүсү менен бирге эле жүрүп келген. Ар кыл окумуштуулардын экологиялык билимдин калыптанышына, экологиянын өнүгүү тарыхына салымын суммалап окумуштуулар 3 негизги этапка бөлүп жүрүшөт. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_этап"><span id="I_.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF"></span>I этап</h3></div> <p>Бул этап экологиянын илим катары жаралып жана калыптануу этабы (байыркы доордон XIX к. 60ж чейин). Бул этаптагы окумуштуулар грек философтору (Анаксимандр, Демокрит, Фалес, Гиппократ, Архимед, Платон), Аристотель (384-322 б.э.ч.), кайра жаралуу доорунун окумуштуулары Н.Коперник, Дж.Бруно, Г.Галилео, Л.да Винчи – булар жаратылыш жөнүндө илимдин өнүгүшүнө чоң салым кошушкан. Роберт Бойль (1627-1691) биринчилерден болуп төмөнкү басымдарда жаныбардардын чыдамдуулугун изилдеген, б.а. абиотикалык шарттардын тирүү жандыктарга болгон таасирин изилдеп көргөн. 1650-1700 ж. Антони ван Левенгук бактерияларды байкаган. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="II_этап"><span id="II_.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF"></span>II этап</h3></div> <p>Бул этапта (XIX к. 60-ж ХХк. 50-ж. чейин) экологиянын өз алдынча тармакка калыптануу этабы. А.Гумбольдт, Н.Северцов, Ч.Дарвин, Э.Геккель, К.Мебиус, В.Докучаев, К.Шретер, В. Вернадский, Э.Леруа, Г.Гаузе, А.Тенсли, В.Сукачев аттуу окумуштуулардын ачылыштары менен байланыштуу. ХХк. экинчи жарымынан баштап айлана чөйрөнүн кирденүүсү жогорулап жана адамдын жаратылышка таасиринин кескин жогорулашынан улам экология өзгөчө мааниге ээ болду. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="III_этап"><span id="III_.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF"></span>III этап</h3></div> <p>Экологиянын өнүгүүсүнүн 3-этабы ХХк. 50ж. – азыркы убакытка чейин. Экология өзүнө жаратылышты жана айлана чөйрөнү коргоону камтыган комплекстүү илимге айланды. Экологиянын заманбап өнүгүү мезгили Ю.Одум, Б.Коммонер, Р.Дажо, Н.Реймерс, И.Шилов, Ю.Израэл ж.б. окумуштуулар менен байланыштуу. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Экологиянын_максаты"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.BD_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B"></span>Экологиянын максаты</h2></div> <p>Заманбап экологиянын максаты цивилизациянын туруктуу өнүгүүсүн экологиянын мыйзамдарына ылайык келтирүү менен жаратылыш жана антропогендик системаларды, адамзаттын коомун жана бүтүн биосфераны башкаруу ыкмаларын иштеп чыгуу. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Коюлган_максаттын_негизинде_төмөнкү_маселелерди_чечүү_абзел:"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D1.8E.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BD_.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.B3.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B5_.D1.82.D3.A9.D0.BC.D3.A9.D0.BD.D0.BA.D2.AF_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B4.D0.B8_.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.87.D2.AF.D2.AF_.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B7.D0.B5.D0.BB:"></span>Коюлган максаттын негизинде төмөнкү маселелерди чечүү абзел:</h4></div> <ul><li>сөзсүз түрдө биосферага тийгизген антропогендик таасирди эске алуу менен, жашоонун уюмдаштырылышынын мыйзам ченемдүүлүктөрүн изилдөө;</li> <li>жер планетасынын ресурстарын пайдалануунун илимий негиздерин иштеп чыгуу, антропогендик таасир астында жаратылыштын өзгөрүшүн прогноздоо;</li> <li>айлана чөйрөнүн мониторинги.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Шилтемелер"><span id=".D0.A8.D0.B8.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Шилтемелер</h2></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uzem.manas.edu.kg/course/2/ekologiya">Кыргыз-Түрк Манас Университети. <i>CEV-150 Экология.</i> <i>Киришүү. Экологиянын маселелери, изилдөө объектиси жана структурасы. Экологиянын дисциплиналар арасындагы мүнөзү</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707210350/http://uzem.manas.edu.kg/course/2/ekologiya">Archived</a> 2017-07-07 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (мындай барак жок)">Wayback Machine</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Колдонулган_адабият"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.82"></span>Колдонулган адабият</h2></div> <ul><li>Кыргыз Совет Энциклопедиясынын Башкы редакциясы. «Ден соолук» Медициналык энциклопедия. - Ф.:1991, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:BookSources/5897500088" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-89750-008-8</a></li> <li>Болот Кулназаров "Жалпы экология" 1999-ж.</li> <li>EKOLOJİ ÇEV-150. 1. Hafta: Нурзат Тотубаева</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Экология&oldid=491159">https://ky.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Экология&oldid=491159</a>" булагынан алынды</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:Categories" title="Атайын:Categories">Категория</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Webarchive_template_wayback_links&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Webarchive template wayback links (мындай барак жок)">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Экология">Экология</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Жашыруун категория: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Категория:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Бул барак соңку жолу 26 октябрь 2024, саат 17:50 өзгөртүлгөн.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензиясынын</a> алкагында жеткиликтүү; кошумча шарттар колдонулушу мүмкүн. 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