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from SAE International’s headquarters in Warrendale, Pennsylvania, Mark Sokalski has been quietly working out how to maximize piston-driven engine efficiency – with an internal combustion engine mechanism that doesn’t follow the norm."> <meta property="og:image" content="http://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1660524060/sites/tohe/articles/2018/news/SAE-MA-03224-capture.png"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1660524060/sites/tohe/articles/2018/news/SAE-MA-03224-capture.png"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/43911-sae-ma-03224"> <meta property="og:title" content="Could This Infinitely Variable Compression Mechanism Be the Next Piston Engine Game-Changer?"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta 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var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);text-decoration:none}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.3125rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 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.alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-color-gray .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(31.2, 34.8, 38.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214.4, 215.6, 216.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(194.1, 195.9, 197.7)}.alert-color-gray-dark .alert-link{color:#191c1f}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto 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0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#ffffff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0}.offcanvas.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) 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var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-end-0{border-right:0!important}.border-bottom-0{border-bottom:0!important}.border-start-0{border-left:0!important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.h-100{height:100%!important}.flex-row{flex-direction:row!important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end!important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.align-content-center{align-content:center!important}.align-self-center{align-self:center!important}.m-0{margin:0!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-1,.navbar-side-item p{margin-top:.25rem!important;margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem!important;margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem!important;margin-bottom:1rem!important}.my-auto{margin-top:auto!important;margin-bottom:auto!important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem!important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem!important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem!important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem!important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem!important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem!important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0!important}.mb-1{margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.mb-2,article .article-body>figure img{margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.mb-3,article .article-body>figure{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-0{margin-left:0!important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.p-1{padding:.25rem!important}.px-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem!important;padding-left:1rem!important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem!important;padding-left:1.5rem!important}.pt-0{padding-top:0!important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem!important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0!important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem!important}.pb-3{padding-bottom:1rem!important}.navbar-side-item p{padding-left:0!important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase!important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-dark{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:#6c757d!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0!important}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}}.blur-up{filter:blur(3px)}article p.author span,article 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href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&apitype=1&v=1&service=linkedin&link=https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/43911-sae-ma-03224?r=44989&title=Could+This+Infinitely+Variable+Compression+Mechanism+Be+the+Next+Piston+Engine+Game-Changer%3F" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin fa-lg"></i></a> <a href="#" onclick="$('html, body').animate({scrollTop:($('#disqus_thread').offset().top)},500);"><i class="fa fa-comment"></i></a> </aside></div> <div class="article-body col-sm-11 col-12 g-0"><p class="date"> <time datetime="2018-12-07T07:00:00-05:00" itemprop="dateCreated"> December 7, 2018</time></p> <time datetime="2023-02-16T20:55:13-05:00" itemprop="dateModified"> </time> <meta itemprop="keywords" content=""><p class="author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <span itemprop="name">William Kucinski</span></p><a id="startOfPage"></a> <figure><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1660524060/sites/tohe/articles/2018/news/SAE-MA-03224-capture.png' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>The mirror-image planetary-gear assembly includes a first and second planetary-gear assembly mounted offset from each other along a main rotation axis. Both planetary-gear assemblies include a sun gear, a primary planet gear, two secondary planet gears, and a ring gear. The gear-pin assembly is eccentrically connected between the primary planet gears. Resultantly, rotating the sun gears alters the orientation of the gear-pin assembly, and thus changing the top dead center height. (Image source: Sowda Engines and Compressors)</figcaption></figure> <p>Whether its for economic incentives or reaching environmental goals, automotive and aerospace engine makers are continually chasing fractions of fuel-saving and efficiency percentages. With technologies like <a href="/component/content/article/43507" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">spark-controlled compression ignition</a> for consumer automobiles or <a href="/component/content/article/43827" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">geared turbofans</a> for long-range, wide-body airliners, large original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) often focus on optimizing or streamlining existing designs. However, some of the most novel engine developments in history are attributed to single individuals.</p> <figure><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1660524061/sites/tohe/articles/2018/news/SAE-MA-03224-img_5944.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>Once the sun gear rotation is mechanically linked to a servo motor, numerous inputs such as throttle body position, engine vacuum, and fuel type can automatically adjust the top dead center height of the piston to maintain or maximize a constant pressure ignition (CPI) for peak power, low fuel consumption, and dramatically reduced emissions. (Image source: Sowda Engines and Compressors)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mark Sokalski runs <a href="http://sowda007.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sowda Engines and Compressors <i class="fad fa-external-link fa-sm"></i></a> , a small start-up based out of Carnegie, Pennsylvania that has developed a unique internal combustion mechanism that provides an infinitely variable compression ratio for both two-stroke (two-cycle) and four-stroke (four-cycle) reciprocating piston-driven engines. The mechanism uses a mirror-image planetary-gear assembly, a gear-pin assembly, and a piston-and-connecting rod assembly to alter a piston’s top dead center position, thus changing the overall compression ratio of the engine.</p> <p>Footage of the Sowda mechanism in operation can be seen on the <a href="http://sowda007.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sowda Engines and Compressors <i class="fad fa-external-link fa-sm"></i></a> website.</p> <h4>Nothing quite like it</h4> <p>Sokalski recalls the moment at which he started thinking of his current prototype in a college thermodynamics class in 1973, “After the compression-ignition stroke, why was it that power stroke of the piston can only travel back to the point of initial compression and not travel farther to extract the pressure-volume energy still remaining in the cylinder?”</p> <p><a href="/component/content/article/43561" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nearly all</a> reciprocating piston-driven engines have a fixed compression ratio. Increasing an engine’s compression ratio during engine design can improve efficiency, but top-end operation can result in engine knock, or detonation. The prototype mechanism at the Sowda workshop – a 45-year-long effort for Sokalski – uses a controller to slightly rotate the sun gears of the mirrored planetary-gear assemblies to change the compression ratio.</p> <p>Depending on engine need, the Sowda mechanism uses a high compression ratio at low-end power and a low compression ratio at top-end power to obtain extremely high efficiency. This functionality completely sidesteps the design compromise of a high-compression limit for knock mitigation.</p> <figure><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNzY0Ij48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI3NjQiIGZpbGw9IiMwMDAwMDAiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJzY2FsZSg2LjgyKSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDEwMy4wMiA4Ni43MSkgcm90YXRlKDI3Ni4yNikgc2NhbGUoMTI1LjI1IDEzOC45MykiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNkOGQ2YzAiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjAiIGN5PSIwIiByeD0iMSIgcnk9IjEiIC8+PC9nPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDc5LjI1IDEwMy43MSkgcm90YXRlKDg2LjM4KSBzY2FsZSgxOC43OSAxNDkuMDApIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjMDYwNTAwIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSI5MCIgY3k9IjQ5IiByeD0iODUiIHJ5PSIzMiIgLz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIxMzAiIGN5PSIxMDkiIHJ4PSIxMDYiIHJ5PSIyNCIgLz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjMTAxNDBlIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIyOCIgY3k9IjIzIiByeD0iMTkiIHJ5PSI3MiIgLz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjYzBiOWE0IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSI2NSIgY3k9IjE2IiByeD0iMTUiIHJ5PSIzMiIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMDUuNjYgMTIuMjgpIHJvdGF0ZSgyMDIuMzcpIHNjYWxlKDIxLjkxIDU4LjE3KSI+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iIzBkMTIxMCIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMCIgY3k9IjAiIHJ4PSIxIiByeT0iMSIgLz48L2c+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoNTIuMTggODQuODMpIHJvdGF0ZSgxNzMuOTMpIHNjYWxlKDIxLjkyIDguOTEpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjMTExODEyIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgyIDY0KSByb3RhdGUoNDcpIHNjYWxlKDI4IDIxKSI+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmMSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSItMC41IiB5PSItMC41IiB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmY1IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iMTQ3LjM1LDg0LjgzLDcwLjg2LDgyLjEwLDUxLjc0LDEyNy4wMCwxNjUuMDAsMTA5Ljc5IiAvPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDM3IDMxKSByb3RhdGUoMTApIHNjYWxlKDM1IDE2KSI+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzk2OGY4MSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSItMC41IiB5PSItMC41IiB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmVjIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iLTYuMjksMTAwLjI4LDEzNy4zMCwxMjcuMDAsMTM5LjYxLDcxLjE2LDE2My40MCw4NC4zNCIgLz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iNDMuMTUsMjEuMTAsNDQuMTEsLTE2LjAwLC0yLjI4LC0xNi4wMCwxMy4xNiwyMy4wMiIgLz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmY4IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iNzQuMzMsNy45MCw1My4wNiw3LjU2LDU0LjAzLDI2LjA2LDczLjcyLDExLjI3IiAvPjxwb2x5Z29uIGZpbGw9IiNlMmRlZDMiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgcG9pbnRzPSIxLDIgMTEsMjEgLTE2LDY3IiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNmMmVhZDMiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMCIgeT0iODgiIHdpZHRoPSIyOCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgLz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZjdlOWQ5IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIxNDQiIGN5PSIxMSIgcng9IjE4IiByeT0iNCIgLz48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjMjIyNDFlIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9IjEwMiIgeT0iMjUiIHdpZHRoPSIzNiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1OSIgLz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjNmI3YjhkIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iMTIxLjA3LDM3Ljg1LDEwOS45OCw2NS4xMSwxMTQuNzYsNDkuMTQsMTAyLjM5LC0xNi4wMCIgLz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjMzczNzJjIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iNDIsMjAgNzYsMjkgNjMsNDkiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoOTAuNzggODkuMjApIHJvdGF0ZSgtMS45Nikgc2NhbGUoMTUuNjcgMTAuNjApIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZjFmMGRkIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjMGMxMTBhIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iMTEuNzEsNTQuMDEsNC4zMiw0Ni40OCwzLjQ4LDM0LjM4LDI1LjE3LC0xLjE3IiAvPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDU2IDcxKSByb3RhdGUoMTY5KSBzY2FsZSgzMiA0MikiPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiMzODMyMjgiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iLTAuNSIgeT0iLTAuNSIgd2lkdGg9IjEiIGhlaWdodD0iMSIgLz48L2c+PHBvbHlnb24gZmlsbD0iIzAyMDgwNyIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBwb2ludHM9IjEwMSwtMTIgMTA5LDE3IDc4LDE3IiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiM3ODY5NWQiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMzkiIHk9IjY4IiB3aWR0aD0iNDciIGhlaWdodD0iOCIgLz48L2c+PC9zdmc+' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1682366206/sites/tohe/articles/2018/news/SAE-MA-03224-img_2313.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>While the patented design provides a ring gear output, Sokalski’s fully functioning prototype mechanism at the Sowda workshop in Carnegie, PA. was built with a more cost-effective chain drive output. (Image source: Sowda Engines and Compressors)</figcaption></figure> <p>The working prototype, which was installed in a standard 212 cubic centimeter, four-stroke, overhead valve gasoline engine, can nearly instantaneously change the compression ratio from 7:1 up to 39:1. The prototype Sowda mechanism installed demonstration engine operates off the intake manifold vacuum, which allows the engine to automatically self-adjust the compression ratio.</p> <p>For comparison, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.’s current production <a href="/component/content/article/43561" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Variable Compression Ratio</a> automotive engine or, VC engine, can only shift between a 8:1 and 14:1 compression ratios.</p> <h5>SAE Technical Paper: <a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2018-01-0371/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Development of a New 2L Gasoline VC-Turbo Engine with the World’s First Variable Compression Ratio Technology</a></h5> <p>“If you search for VC, everybody’s looking into it, but nobody has an IVC – and that’s what I call this: an ‘infinity variable compression’ engine,” says Sokalski.</p> <p>Additionally, for a four-stroke engine with the Sowda mechanism allows for two different piston stroke travel lengths to be implement within one complete engine cycle. The two different stroke lengths make this engine a “true Atkinson cycle” engine while providing infinite variable compression ratios.</p> <p>This combination results in power and exhaust strokes up to 40 to 50 percent longer than intake and compression strokes: more power is extracted and exhaust temperatures are greatly reduced. The Sowda prototype was constructed with 40 percent longer power and exhaust strokes.</p><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_498',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_498' class=""></div></div></div><p>“It’s IVC with Atkinson. Atkinson is the dual stroke that he came up with that in 1888. He had levers coming out and everything else to create the variable compression mechanically, but people could never build a high-speed engine like that. Until now,” states Sokalski.</p> <h4>Potential applications</h4> <p>Sowda mechanism applications could be found in both automotive and aerospace domains – basically, anywhere an internal combustion engine is utilized, from a hybrid-electric aerospace propulsion system to a gasoline lawnmower. The mechanism can also be easily integrated into existing internal combustion engine designs at a reasonable expense and is modular, so multiple pistons could be stacked.</p> <p>According to Sokalski, the distinct advantages of employing the Sowda mechanism include up to 50 percent overall engine efficiency, less pollution primarily at lower power, and multi-fuel capability including natural gas, propane, gasoline, alcohol, diesel, jet fuel, or any blend thereof.</p> <p>“With today’s direct injection technology, you still have room for a spark plug at the top of the combustion chamber,” says Sokalski, regarding consumer vehicles. “Let’s just say you pulled into a gas station and you don’t like the price of gas, well, you could fill up on diesel and raise the compression ratio to match and it will run as a diesel engine”</p> <p>“That’s the intent. If you want to run on natural gas, you could run the compression ratio for natural gas, or even a mix of gas and diesel. Right now, you can’t change engine compression ratios to do that. With [the Sowda mechanism], you can do whatever you want,” says Sokalski.</p> <p>Specifically, in aerospace, a Sowda-enabled engine, with a 7:1 up to 39:1 variable compression ratio and true Atkinson piston strokes would be well suited for operation at very high altitudes – think long-endurance unmanned aerial systems (UASs) or drones. And since the output shaft is not directly connected to a crankshaft, the rotational output speed of a propeller can be much higher than engine speed.</p> <p>“The output for this will typically run a lot faster than the output we have now directly off the engine, which allows you to put in a smaller transmission, and it allows you to power the alternator directly off the shaft. With no belts. So, there’s a lot of neat things you can do with this engine,” says Sokalski.</p> <p>Furthermore, engines equipped with the Sowda mechanism can achieve high efficiencies without a turbocharger or supercharger, but would still take well to forced-induction.</p> <p>The Sowda mechanism, with no existing comparable design, was <a href="http://sowda007.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Paten.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">approved for a patent <i class="fad fa-external-link fa-sm"></i></a> within mere 10 months. The “Sowda” moniker refers to the combination of the last names of Sokalski, [Nikolaus August] Otto, [Felix] Wankel, [Rudolf] Diesel, and [James] Atkinson, as aspects of each prominent engine inventor’s design is incorporated into the Sowda mechanism.</p> <p>Sokalski, through Sowda, is currently offering patent use and licensing rights of the mechanism design with the hope that manufacturers will improve upon the design to the point where every new internal combustion engine in the world contains the Sowda mechanism.</p>  <p> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/williamkucinski/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">William Kucinski <i class="fad fa-external-link fa-sm"></i></a> is content editor at SAE International, Aerospace Products Group in Warrendale, Pa. Previously, he worked as a writer at the NASA Safety Center in Cleveland, Ohio and was responsible for writing the agency’s System Failure Case Studies. His interests include literally anything that has to do with space, past and present military aircraft, and propulsion technology.</p> <p>Contact him regarding any article or collaboration ideas by e-mail at <joomla-hidden-mail is-link="1" is-email="1" first="d2lsbGlhbS5rdWNpbnNraQ==" last="c2FlLm9yZw==" text="d2lsbGlhbS5rdWNpbnNraUBzYWUub3Jn" base="" >This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</joomla-hidden-mail>.</p> <hr> <div class="ntb_tagsbot"> <div class="taglist"> <strong class="sans-serif text-small">Topics:</strong><br> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/201/1491/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Aircraft</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/manned-systems/aircraft/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Aircraft</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/energy/alternative_fuels/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Alternative Fuels</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/122/2375/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-gas-pump"></i> 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