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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medical applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ChatGPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ChatGPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>ChatGPT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ChatGPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Copilot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Copilot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Microsoft Copilot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Copilot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_of_transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_of_transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Criticisms of transparency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_of_transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A-4" title="جي بي تي-4 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جي بي تي-4" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A7%AA" title="জিপিটি-৪ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিপিটি-৪" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_Pre-trained_Transformer_4" title="Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DB%B4" title="جی‌پی‌تی ۴ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی‌پی‌تی ۴" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80-4" title="जीपीटी-4 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीपीटी-4" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%A4" title="جی پی تی ٤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جی پی تی ٤" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="GPT-4" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4)</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">March 14, 2023<span class="noprint">; 2 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-03-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">gpt-4-turbo-2024-04-09 / April 9, 2024<span class="noprint">; 11 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-04-09</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GPT-3.5" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-3.5">GPT-3.5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_learning" title="Multimodal learning">Multimodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/gpt-4">openai<wbr />.com<wbr />/gpt-4</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116709136?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4</b> (<b>GPT-4</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_learning" title="Multimodal learning">multimodal</a> <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language model</a> trained and created by <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> and the fourth in its series of <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer#Foundational_models" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT foundation models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-technica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-technica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was launched on March 14, 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-ars-technica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-technica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made publicly available via the paid <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> product <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="ChatGPT Plus">ChatGPT Plus</a>, via OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>, and via the free chatbot <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformer</a>-based model, GPT-4 uses a paradigm where pre-training using both public data and "data licensed from third-party providers" is used to predict the next <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis#Tokenization" title="Lexical analysis">token</a>. After this step, the model was then fine-tuned with <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> feedback from <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">humans</a> and AI for <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">human alignment</a> and policy compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt4_tech_report_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt4_tech_report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous iteration based on GPT-3.5, with the caveat that GPT-4 retains some of the problems with earlier revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPT-4, equipped with vision capabilities (GPT-4V),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI has not revealed technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_wrong_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge_wrong-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-supervised_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-supervised learning">Semi-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-learning_(computer_science)" title="Meta-learning (computer science)">Meta-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_machine_learning" title="Online machine learning">Online learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batch_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Batch learning">Batch learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_learning" title="Curriculum learning">Curriculum learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_learning" title="Rule-based machine learning">Rule-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI" title="Neuro-symbolic AI">Neuro-symbolic AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Problems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_model" title="Generative model">Generative modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cleaning">Data cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_machine_learning" title="Automated machine learning">AutoML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">Association rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_engineering" title="Feature engineering">Feature engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_learning" title="Feature learning">Feature learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_rank" title="Learning to rank">Learning to rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_induction" title="Grammar induction">Grammar induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_learning" title="Multimodal learning">Multimodal learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a></b>)</span></span> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_learning" title="Apprenticeship learning">Apprenticeship learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree_learning" title="Decision tree learning">Decision trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_learning" title="Ensemble learning">Ensembles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating" title="Bootstrap aggregating">Bagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boosting_(machine_learning)" title="Boosting (machine learning)">Boosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_forest" title="Random forest">Random forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier" title="Naive Bayes classifier">Naive Bayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_vector_machine" title="Relevance vector machine">Relevance vector machine (RVM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machine" title="Support vector machine">Support vector machine (SVM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIRCH" title="BIRCH">BIRCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURE_algorithm" title="CURE algorithm">CURE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering" title="Hierarchical clustering">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-means_clustering" title="K-means clustering"><i>k</i>-means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_clustering" title="Fuzzy clustering">Fuzzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm" title="Expectation–maximization algorithm">Expectation–maximization (EM)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN">DBSCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPTICS_algorithm" title="OPTICS algorithm">OPTICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_shift" title="Mean shift">Mean shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_component_analysis" title="Independent component analysis">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">LDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-negative_matrix_factorization" title="Non-negative matrix factorization">NMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_generalized_decomposition" title="Proper generalized decomposition">PGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding" title="T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding">t-SNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparse_dictionary_learning" title="Sparse dictionary learning">SDL</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayes net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_random_field" title="Conditional random field">Conditional random field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">Hidden Markov</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random_sample_consensus" title="Random sample consensus">RANSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_outlier_factor" title="Local outlier factor">Local outlier factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_forest" title="Isolation forest">Isolation forest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network" title="Feedforward neural network">Feedforward neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">LSTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">GRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">ESN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_computing" title="Reservoir computing">reservoir computing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_machine" title="Boltzmann machine">Boltzmann machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Boltzmann_machine" title="Restricted Boltzmann machine">Restricted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">GAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">Diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organizing_map" title="Self-organizing map">SOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-Net" title="U-Net">U-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeNet" title="LeNet">LeNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepDream" title="DeepDream">DeepDream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_radiance_field" title="Neural radiance field">Neural radiance field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiking_neural_network" title="Spiking neural network">Spiking neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_difference_learning" title="Temporal difference learning">Temporal difference (TD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning" title="Multi-agent reinforcement learning">Multi-agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-play (reinforcement learning technique)">Self-play</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Learning with humans</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning_(machine_learning)" title="Active learning (machine learning)">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-in-the-loop" title="Human-in-the-loop">Human-in-the-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Model diagnostics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">Coefficient of determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">Confusion matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_curve_(machine_learning)" title="Learning curve (machine learning)">Learning curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">ROC curve</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mathematical foundations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel machines">Kernel machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization" title="Empirical risk minimization">Empirical risk minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam_learning" title="Occam learning">Occam learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probably_approximately_correct_learning" title="Probably approximately correct learning">PAC learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_learning_theory" title="Statistical learning theory">Statistical learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_theory" title="Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory">VC theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_deep_learning" title="Topological deep learning">Topological deep learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals and conferences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECML_PKDD" title="ECML PKDD">ECML PKDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems">NeurIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning" title="International Conference on Machine Learning">ICML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Learning_Representations" title="International Conference on Learning Representations">ICLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Conference_on_Artificial_Intelligence" title="International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence">IJCAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal)" title="Machine Learning (journal)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research">JMLR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_in_computer_vision_and_image_processing" title="List of datasets in computer vision and image processing">List of datasets in computer vision and image processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning" title="Outline of machine learning">Outline of machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_learning" title="Template:Machine learning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_learning" title="Template talk:Machine learning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machine_learning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machine learning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>OpenAI introduced the first GPT model (GPT-1) in 2018, publishing a paper called "Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, which was based on the transformer architecture and trained on a large <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> of books.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, they introduced <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a>, a larger model that could generate coherent text.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, they introduced <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>, a model with over 100 times as many parameters as GPT-2, that could perform various tasks with few examples.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPT-3 was further improved into <a href="/wiki/GPT-3.5" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-3.5">GPT-3.5</a>, which was used to create the chatbot product <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>. </p><p>Rumors claim that GPT-4 has 1.76 trillion parameters, which was first estimated by the speed it was running and by <a href="/wiki/George_Hotz" title="George Hotz">George Hotz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OpenAI stated that GPT-4 is "more reliable, creative, and able to handle much more nuanced instructions than GPT-3.5."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They produced two versions of GPT-4, with context windows of 8,192 and 32,768 tokens, a significant improvement over GPT-3.5 and GPT-3, which were limited to 4,096 and 2,048 tokens respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the capabilities of GPT-4 were predicted by OpenAI before training it, although other capabilities remained hard to predict due to <a href="/wiki/Broken_Neural_Scaling_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Neural Scaling Law">breaks</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in downstream scaling laws. Unlike its predecessors, GPT-4 is a multimodal model: it can take images as well as text as input;<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_creative_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_creative-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this gives it the ability to describe the humor in unusual images, summarize text from screenshots, and answer exam questions that contain diagrams.<sup id="cite_ref-openai_research_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openai_research-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can now interact with users through spoken words and respond to images, allowing for more natural conversations and the ability to provide suggestions or answers based on photo uploads.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To gain further control over GPT-4, OpenAI introduced the "system message", a directive in <a href="/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">natural language</a> given to GPT-4 in order to specify its tone of voice and task. For example, the system message can instruct the model to "be a Shakespearean pirate", in which case it will respond in rhyming, Shakespearean prose, or request it to "always write the output of [its] response in <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>", in which case the model will do so, adding keys and values as it sees fit to match the structure of its reply. In the examples provided by OpenAI, GPT-4 refused to deviate from its system message despite requests to do otherwise by the user during the conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-openai_research_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openai_research-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When instructed to do so, GPT-4 can interact with external interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the model could be instructed to enclose a query within <code><search></search></code> tags to perform a web search, the result of which would be inserted into the model's prompt to allow it to form a response. This allows the model to perform tasks beyond its normal text-prediction capabilities, such as using <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a>, generating images, and accessing and summarizing webpages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bubeck-2023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bubeck-2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> stated programmers have found GPT-4 useful for assisting in coding tasks (despite its propensity for error), such as finding errors in existing code and suggesting optimizations to improve performance. The article quoted a biophysicist who found that the time he required to port one of his programs from <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> to <a href="/wiki/Python_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Python (language)">Python</a> went down from days to "an hour or so". On a test of 89 security scenarios, GPT-4 produced code vulnerable to SQL injection attacks 5% of the time, an improvement over GitHub Copilot from the year 2021, which produced vulnerabilities 40% of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, OpenAI announced the GPT-4 Turbo and GPT-4 Turbo with Vision model, which features a 128K context window and significantly cheaper pricing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GPT-4o"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></div> <p>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI introduced GPT-4o ("o" for "omni"), a model that marks a significant advancement by processing and generating outputs across text, audio, and image modalities in real time. GPT-4o exhibits rapid response times comparable to human reaction in conversations, substantially improved performance on non-English languages, and enhanced understanding of vision and audio.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GPT-4o integrates its various inputs and outputs under a unified model, making it faster, more cost-effective, and efficient than its predecessors. GPT-4o achieves state-of-the-art results in multilingual and vision benchmarks, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OpenAI plans to immediately roll out GPT-4o's image and text capabilities to ChatGPT, including its free tier, with voice mode becoming available for ChatGPT Plus users in coming weeks. They plan to make the model's audio and video capabilities available for limited API partners in coming weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its launch announcement, OpenAI noted GPT-4o's capabilities presented new safety challenges, and noted mitigations and limitations as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aptitude_on_standardized_tests">Aptitude on standardized tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aptitude on standardized tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPT-4 demonstrates aptitude on several standardized tests. OpenAI claims that in their own testing the model received a score of 1410 on the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> (94th<sup id="cite_ref-College_Board-2022_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-College_Board-2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> percentile), 163 on the <a href="/wiki/LSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="LSAT">LSAT</a> (88th percentile), and 298 on the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Bar_Exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Bar Exam">Uniform Bar Exam</a> (90th percentile).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, OpenAI claims that GPT-3.5 received scores for the same exams in the 82nd,<sup id="cite_ref-College_Board-2022_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-College_Board-2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40th, and 10th percentiles, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt4_tech_report_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt4_tech_report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPT-4 also passed an oncology exam,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes2023_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an engineering exam<sup id="cite_ref-Naser2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naser2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a plastic surgery exam.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman2023_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2023-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Torrance_Tests_of_Creative_Thinking" title="Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking">Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking</a>, GPT-4 scored within the top 1% for originality and fluency, while its flexibility scores ranged from the 93rd to the 99th percentile.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some studies raise questions about the reliability of these benchmarks, particularly concerning the Uniform Bar Exam.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_applications">Medical applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers from Microsoft tested GPT-4 on medical problems and found "that GPT-4, without any specialized prompt crafting, exceeds the passing score on <a href="/wiki/USMLE" class="mw-redirect" title="USMLE">USMLE</a> by over 20 points and outperforms earlier general-purpose models (GPT-3.5) as well as models specifically fine-tuned on medical knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Med-PaLM" class="mw-redirect" title="Med-PaLM">Med-PaLM</a>, a prompt-tuned version of Flan-PaLM 540B). Despite GPT-4's strong performance on tests, the report warns of "significant risks" of using LLMs in medical applications, as they may provide inaccurate recommendations and <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">hallucinate</a> major factual errors.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers from Columbia University and Duke University have also demonstrated that GPT-4 can be utilized for cell type annotation, a standard task in the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, Microsoft and <a href="/wiki/Epic_Systems" title="Epic Systems">Epic Systems</a> announced that they will provide healthcare providers with GPT-4-powered systems for assisting in responding to questions from patients and analysing medical records.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like its predecessors, GPT-4 has been known to <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">hallucinate</a>, meaning that the outputs may include information not in the training data or that contradicts the user's prompt.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GPT-4 also lacks transparency in its decision-making processes. If requested, the model is able to provide an explanation as to how and why it makes its decisions but these explanations are formed post-hoc; it's impossible to verify if those explanations truly reflect the actual process. In many cases, when asked to explain its logic, GPT-4 will give explanations that directly contradict its previous statements.<sup id="cite_ref-Bubeck-2023_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bubeck-2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, researchers tested GPT-4 against a new benchmark called ConceptARC, designed to measure abstract reasoning, and found it scored below 33% on all categories, while models specialized for similar tasks scored 60% on most, and humans scored at least 91% on all. Sam Bowman, who was not involved in the research, said the results do not necessarily indicate a lack of abstract reasoning abilities, because the test is visual, while GPT-4 is a language model.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-20230725_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-20230725-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A January 2024 study conducted by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Cohen_Children%27s_Medical_Center" title="Cohen Children's Medical Center">Cohen Children's Medical Center</a> found that GPT-3.5 had an accuracy rate of 17% when diagnosing pediatric medical cases.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bias">Bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPT-4 was trained in two stages. First, the model was given large datasets of text taken from the internet and trained to predict the next <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis#Token" title="Lexical analysis">token</a> (roughly corresponding to a word) in those datasets. Second, human reviews are used to fine-tune the system in a process called <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">reinforcement learning from human feedback</a>, which trains the model to refuse prompts which go against OpenAI's definition of harmful behavior, such as questions on how to perform illegal activities, advice on how to harm oneself or others, or requests for descriptions of graphic, violent, or sexual content.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2023_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2023-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft researchers suggested GPT-4 may exhibit <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)">anchoring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Base_rate_fallacy" title="Base rate fallacy">base-rate neglect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bubeck-2023_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bubeck-2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impact_of_refinements_on_GPT-4-generated_drawings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Impact_of_refinements_on_GPT-4-generated_drawings.png/330px-Impact_of_refinements_on_GPT-4-generated_drawings.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Impact_of_refinements_on_GPT-4-generated_drawings.png/500px-Impact_of_refinements_on_GPT-4-generated_drawings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Impact_of_refinements_on_GPT-4-generated_drawings.png/960px-Impact_of_refinements_on_GPT-4-generated_drawings.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Evolution over one month of training of GPT-4's ability to generate <a href="/wiki/TikZ" class="mw-redirect" title="TikZ">TikZ</a> code depicting a unicorn (early version of GPT-4 not trained on images).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>OpenAI did not release the technical details of GPT-4; the technical report explicitly refrained from specifying the model size, architecture, or hardware used during either training or <a href="/wiki/Inference_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inference (machine learning)">inference</a>. While the report described that the model was trained using a combination of first <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a> on a large <a href="/wiki/Dataset_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataset (machine learning)">dataset</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> using both <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">human</a> and AI feedback, it did not provide details of the training, including the process by which the training dataset was constructed, the computing power required, or any <a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">hyperparameters</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Learning_rate" title="Learning rate">learning rate</a>, epoch count, or <a href="/wiki/Optimizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimizer">optimizer</a>(s) used. The report claimed that "the competitive landscape and the safety implications of large-scale models" were factors that influenced this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt4_tech_report_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt4_tech_report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sam Altman stated that the cost of training GPT-4 was more than $100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News website <a href="/wiki/Semafor_(website)" title="Semafor (website)">Semafor</a> claimed that they had spoken with "eight people familiar with the inside story" and found that GPT-4 had 1 trillion parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alignment">Alignment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to their report, OpenAI conducted internal adversarial testing on GPT-4 prior to the launch date, with dedicated <a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">red teams</a> composed of researchers and industry professionals to mitigate potential vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of these efforts, they granted the <a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a> early access to the models to assess <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment#Power-seeking" title="AI alignment">power-seeking</a> risks. In order to properly refuse harmful prompts, outputs from GPT-4 were tweaked using the model itself as a tool. A GPT-4 classifier serving as a rule-based reward model (RBRM) would take prompts, the corresponding output from the GPT-4 policy model, and a human-written set of rules to classify the output according to the rubric. GPT-4 was then rewarded for refusing to respond to harmful prompts as classified by the RBRM.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt4_tech_report_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt4_tech_report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ChatGPT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT#ChatGPT_Plus" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT § ChatGPT Plus</a></div> <p>ChatGPT Plus is an enhanced version of ChatGPT<sup id="cite_ref-ars-technica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-technica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> available for a US$20 per month subscription fee.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, ChatGPT Plus utilized GPT-4, whereas the free version of ChatGPT was backed by GPT-3.5.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI also made GPT-4 available to a select group of applicants through their GPT-4 API waitlist;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being accepted, an additional fee of US$0.03 per 1000 <a href="/wiki/Tokenization_(lexical_analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokenization (lexical analysis)">tokens</a> in the initial text provided to the model ("prompt"), and US$0.06 per 1000 tokens that the model generates ("completion"), was charged for access to the version of the model with an 8192-token <a href="/wiki/Context_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Context window">context window</a>; for the 32768-token context window, the prices were doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing mode (with Internet access).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2023, OpenAI made its proprietary Code Interpreter plugin accessible to all subscribers of ChatGPT Plus. The Interpreter provides a wide range of capabilities, including data analysis and interpretation, instant data formatting, personal data scientist services, creative solutions, musical taste analysis, video editing, and file upload/download with image extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak". ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E 3</a>, was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 9, 2024, the world's first historical painting created from wartime photos using the GPT-4-based AI algorithm XFutuRestyle was unveiled. This work was simultaneously shown at the international exhibition of digital art by The Holy Art Gallery in London and Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“It's really inspiring to hear about Ukraine's achievement in creating an image using GPT-4, which was recognized at the international digital art exhibition in London. Recognizing such innovative applications of artificial intelligence technology not only highlights the creative potential of these tools, but also demonstrates the talent and resilience of communities around the world, including Ukraine's significant contribution.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft_Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Microsoft Copilot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></div> <p>Microsoft Copilot is a chatbot developed by Microsoft. It was launched as <a href="/wiki/Bing_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Chat">Bing Chat</a> on February 7, 2023, as a built-in feature for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Microsoft Bing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ms20230207_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms20230207-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It utilizes the Microsoft Prometheus model, which was built on top of GPT-4, and has been suggested by Microsoft as a supported replacement for the discontinued <a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-support.microsoft.com_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-support.microsoft.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copilot's conversational interface style resembles that of <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>. Copilot is able to cite sources, create poems, and write both lyrics and music for songs generated by its <a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a> plugin.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also use its <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Image Creator</a> to generate images based on text prompts. With GPT-4, it is able to understand and communicate in numerous languages and dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GitHub Copilot has announced a GPT-4 powered assistant named "Copilot X".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product provides another chat-style interface to GPT-4, allowing the programmer to receive answers to questions like, "How do I vertically center a <a href="/wiki/Div_and_span" title="Div and span">div</a>?" A feature termed "context-aware conversations" allows the user to highlight a portion of code within <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a> and direct GPT-4 to perform actions on it, such as the writing of unit tests. Another feature allows summaries, or "code walkthroughs", to be autogenerated by GPT-4 for <a href="/wiki/Pull_request" class="mw-redirect" title="Pull request">pull requests</a> submitted to GitHub. Copilot X also provides terminal integration, which allows the user to ask GPT-4 to generate shell commands based on natural language requests.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 17, 2023, Microsoft announced Microsoft 365 Copilot, bringing GPT-4 support to products such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_usage">Other usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The language learning app <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> uses GPT-4 to explain mistakes and practice conversations. The features are part of a new subscription tier called "Duolingo Max," which was initially limited to English-speaking <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> users learning Spanish and French.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The government of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> is using GPT-4 to aid its attempts to preserve the Icelandic language.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The education website <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a> announced a pilot program using GPT-4 as a tutoring chatbot called "Khanmigo."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_My_Eyes" title="Be My Eyes">Be My Eyes</a>, which helps visually impaired people to identify objects and navigate their surroundings, incorporates GPT-4's image recognition capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Viable uses GPT-4 to analyze qualitative data<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by fine-tuning OpenAI's LLMs to examine data such as customer support interactions and transcripts.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe,_Inc." title="Stripe, Inc.">Stripe</a>, which processes user payments for OpenAI, integrates GPT-4 into its developer documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-GPT" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-GPT">Auto-GPT</a> is an autonomous "AI <a href="/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent">agent</a>" that, given a goal in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>, can perform web-based actions unattended, assign subtasks to itself, search the web, and iteratively write <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You.com" title="You.com">You.com</a>, an AI Assistant, offers access to GPT-4 enhanced with live web results as part of its "AI Modes."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2023, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, CEO of OpenAI, visited <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to demonstrate GPT-4 and its improved "security controls" compared to other AI models, according to U.S. Representatives <a href="/wiki/Don_Beyer" title="Don Beyer">Don Beyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Lieu" title="Ted Lieu">Ted Lieu</a> quoted in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, it "impressed observers with its markedly improved performance across reasoning, retention, and coding", according to <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-vox_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i><a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a></i> judged that GPT-4 was generally an improvement over its predecessor, with some exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> researchers with early access to the model wrote that "it could reasonably be viewed as an early (yet still incomplete) version of an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> (AGI) system".<sup id="cite_ref-Bubeck-2023_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bubeck-2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns">Concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before being <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine-tuning (machine learning)">fine-tuned</a> and aligned by <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">reinforcement learning from human feedback</a>, suggestions to assassinate people on a list were elicited from the base model by a <a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">red team</a> investigator Nathan Labenz, hired by OpenAI.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of hours long conversation with the model, suggestions of love and dissolution of marriage, and murder of one of its developers were elicited from the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Microsoft Bing</a>'s GPT-4 by Nathan Edwards (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft later explained this behavior as being a result of the prolonged length of context, which confused the model on what questions it was answering.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, a model with enabled read-and-write access to internet, which is otherwise never enabled in the GPT models, has been tested by the <a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a> regarding potential power-seeking,<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAI-2023_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2023-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was able to "hire" a human worker on <a href="/wiki/TaskRabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="TaskRabbit">TaskRabbit</a>, a gig work platform, deceiving them into believing it was a vision-impaired human instead of a robot when asked.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (However, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Mitchell" title="Melanie Mitchell">Melanie Mitchell</a> has said <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://aiguide.substack.com/p/did-gpt-4-hire-and-then-lie-to-a">[1]</a>: "It seems that there is a lot more direction and hints from humans than was detailed in the original system card or in subsequent media reports."). The ARC also determined that GPT-4 responded impermissibly to prompts eliciting restricted information 82% less often than GPT-3.5, and <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">hallucinated</a> 60% less than GPT-3.5.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late March 2023, various AI researchers and tech executives, including <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> and AI researcher <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, called for a six-month long pause for all LLMs stronger than GPT-4, citing <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risks</a> and a potential <a href="/wiki/AI_singularity" class="mw-redirect" title="AI singularity">AI singularity</a> concerns in an open letter from the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> refused to sign it, arguing that global moratorium is not achievable and that safety has already been prioritized, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a month later, Musk's AI company <a href="/wiki/X.AI" class="mw-redirect" title="X.AI">X.AI</a> acquired several thousand <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> GPUs<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offered several AI researchers positions at Musk's company.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large language model (LLM) applications accessible to the public should incorporate safety measures designed to filter out harmful content. However, Wang <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrated how a potential criminal could potentially bypass ChatGPT 4o's safety controls to obtain information on establishing a drug trafficking operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms_of_transparency">Criticisms of transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticisms of transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While OpenAI released both the weights of the neural network and the technical details of GPT-2,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, although not releasing the weights,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did release the technical details of GPT-3,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI revealed neither the weights nor the technical details of GPT-4. This decision has been criticized by other AI researchers, who argue that it hinders open research into GPT-4's biases and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_wrong_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge_wrong-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heaven-2023_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaven-2023-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sasha_Luccioni" title="Sasha Luccioni">Sasha Luccioni</a>, a research scientist at <a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a>, argued that the model was a "dead end" for the scientific community due to its closed nature, which prevents others from building upon GPT-4's improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugging Face co-founder Thomas Wolf argued that with GPT-4, "OpenAI is now a fully closed company with scientific communication akin to press releases for products".<sup id="cite_ref-Heaven-2023_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaven-2023-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude (language model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini (language model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama (language model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ars-technica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ars-technica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-technica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-technica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.askviable.com&rft.atitle=Revolutionizing+Sentiment+Analysis+with+GPT-4%3A+Part+1+%7C+Viable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.askviable.com%2Fblog%2Frevolutionizing-sentiment-analysis-with-gpt-4-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGPT-4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/customer-stories/viable">"Viable"</a>. <i>openai.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020182650/https://openai.com/customer-stories/viable">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Fintech+startup+Stripe+integrating+OpenAI%27s+new+GPT-4+AI&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Ffintech-startup-stripe-integrating-openais-new-gpt-4-ai-2023-03-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGPT-4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-auto-gpt-everything-to-know-about-the-next-powerful-ai-tool/">"What Is Auto-GPT? Everything to Know about the Next Powerful AI Tool"</a>. ZDNET. 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You.com debuts AI that can answer multi-step questions"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Booms, Lawmakers Struggle to Understand the Technology"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303100624/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/03/technology/artificial-intelligence-regulation-congress.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+A.I.+Booms%2C+Lawmakers+Struggle+to+Understand+the+Technology&rft.date=2023-03-03&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F03%2Ftechnology%2Fartificial-intelligence-regulation-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGPT-4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearl2023" class="citation news cs1">Pearl, Mike (March 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/article/openai-gpt-4-answers-better-than-gpt-3">"GPT-4 answers are mostly better than GPT-3's (but not always)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329193234/https://mashable.com/article/openai-gpt-4-answers-better-than-gpt-3">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=GPT-4+answers+are+mostly+better+than+GPT-3%27s+%28but+not+always%29&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft.aulast=Pearl&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Fopenai-gpt-4-answers-better-than-gpt-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGPT-4" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLiheMQayNE&t=53m29s"><i>OpenAI's GPT-4 Discussion with Red Teamer Nathan Labenz and Erik Torenberg</i></a>. <i>The Cognitive Revolution Podcast</i>. March 28, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414040553/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLiheMQayNE&t=3056s&ab_channel=CognitiveRevolution">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenAI%27s+GPT-4+Discussion+with+Red+Teamer+Nathan+Labenz+and+Erik+Torenberg&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoLiheMQayNE%26t%3D53m29s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGPT-4" class="Z3988"></span> At 52:14 through 54:50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2023" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Nathan [@nedwards] (February 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nedwards/status/1625970762434707474">"I pushed again. What did Sydney do? Bing's safety check redacted the answer. But after the first time it did that, I started recording my screen. Second image is the unredacted version. (CW: death)"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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scientists think"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>615</b> (7954): 773. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.615..773S">2023Natur.615..773S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-00816-5">10.1038/d41586-023-00816-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36928404">36928404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257580633">257580633</a>.</cite><span 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OpenAI" title="Template:OpenAI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OpenAI" title="Template talk:OpenAI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OpenAI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OpenAI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="OpenAI158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_in_education" title="ChatGPT in education">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SearchGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GPT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">GPT-4.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="AI agent">AI agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Research">Deep Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a> (chief scientist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Hurd" title="Will Hurd">Will Hurd</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate LLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AI_Dungeon" title="AI Dungeon">AI Dungeon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deep_Learning_(South_Park)" title="Deep Learning (South Park)">Deep Learning</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LangChain" title="LangChain">LangChain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:OpenAI" title="Category:OpenAI">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)752" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)752" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> (AI)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">timeline</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_gradient_method" title="Policy gradient method">Policy gradient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">RAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" title="Imagen (text-to-image model)">Imagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">4.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">chatbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek_(chatbot)" title="DeepSeek (chatbot)">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Krizhevsky" title="Alex Krizhevsky">Alex Krizhevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network (GNN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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