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</a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works_by_Van_der_Hammen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works_by_Van_der_Hammen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable works by Van der Hammen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_works_by_Van_der_Hammen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas van der Hammen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch palaeontologist, botanist and geologist (1924–2010)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas van der Hammen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_van_der_Hammen_-_20030504_Colombia_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Thomas_van_der_Hammen_-_20030504_Colombia_08.jpg/220px-Thomas_van_der_Hammen_-_20030504_Colombia_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Thomas_van_der_Hammen_-_20030504_Colombia_08.jpg/330px-Thomas_van_der_Hammen_-_20030504_Colombia_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Thomas_van_der_Hammen_-_20030504_Colombia_08.jpg/440px-Thomas_van_der_Hammen_-_20030504_Colombia_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-09-27</span>)</span>27 September 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Schiedam" title="Schiedam">Schiedam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 March 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-03-12)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca" title="Chía, Cundinamarca">Chía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Geology, palaeontology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Anita Malo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Cornelis, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Clara_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Clara van der Hammen (page does not exist)">María Clara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Premio a la vida y obra, fondo para la protección del medio ambiente, 1995</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">palaeontology</a> of Colombia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/549643">Late-glacial flora and periglacial phenomena in the Netherlands</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1951)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SabanaBogota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SabanaBogota.jpg/330px-SabanaBogota.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SabanaBogota.jpg/495px-SabanaBogota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SabanaBogota.jpg/660px-SabanaBogota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>The Bogotá savanna, where Van der Hammen did a lot of his work</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Reserva_van_der_Hammen_en_Bogot%C3%A1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mapa_de_Reserva_van_der_Hammen_en_Bogot%C3%A1.png/330px-Mapa_de_Reserva_van_der_Hammen_en_Bogot%C3%A1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mapa_de_Reserva_van_der_Hammen_en_Bogot%C3%A1.png/495px-Mapa_de_Reserva_van_der_Hammen_en_Bogot%C3%A1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mapa_de_Reserva_van_der_Hammen_en_Bogot%C3%A1.png/660px-Mapa_de_Reserva_van_der_Hammen_en_Bogot%C3%A1.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Thomas van der Hammen Reserve in the north of Bogotá</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thomas van der Hammen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Schiedam" title="Schiedam">Schiedam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, 27 September 1924 - <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca" title="Chía, Cundinamarca">Chía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, 12 March 2010) was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had published more than 160 works in five languages.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas van der Hammen was born in the city of Schiedam in South Holland, western The Netherlands and studied botany and palaeontology at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> from 1944 to 1949. He was a deeply religious man.<sup id="cite_ref-Espectador_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espectador-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his studies and years of research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>, Van der Hammen arrived in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-Espectador_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espectador-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas van der Hammen analysed the <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a> and concluded a great lake (<i>Lake Humboldt</i>) was present there around 60,000 years BP, covering present-day Bogotá, <a href="/wiki/Soacha" title="Soacha">Soacha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funza" title="Funza">Funza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosquera,_Cundinamarca" title="Mosquera, Cundinamarca">Mosquera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid,_Cundinamarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid, Cundinamarca">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca" title="Cota, Cundinamarca">Cota</a>, Chía and <a href="/wiki/Cajic%C3%A1" title="Cajicá">Cajicá</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van der Hammen has contributed greatly to the understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense#Geology" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">geology</a> of the Bogotá savanna and surrounding areas. He has worked with <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Gonzalo Correal Urrego</a> towards an understanding of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">prehistoric sites</a>, as <a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a> in central Colombia and has defined and described various geological formations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marichuela_Formation" title="Marichuela Formation">Marichuela</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ingeominas_p65_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingeominas_p65-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tunjuelo_Formation" title="Tunjuelo Formation">Tunjuelo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ingeominas_p71_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingeominas_p71-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Subachoque_Formation" title="Subachoque Formation">Subachoque Formations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingeominas_p69_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingeominas_p69-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paleobotanical background proved valuable in dating the continental <a href="/wiki/Cacho_Formation" title="Cacho Formation">Cacho Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingeominas_p57_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingeominas_p57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a natural reserve in the north of Bogotá bordering Chía and <a href="/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca" title="Cota, Cundinamarca">Cota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_der_Hammen_Natural_Reserve" title="Thomas van der Hammen Natural Reserve">Thomas van der Hammen Natural Reserve</a>, was named after the naturalist. The mayor of Bogotá, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1alosa" title="Enrique Peñalosa">Enrique Peñalosa</a> who ran twice for the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (Colombia)">Green Party</a>, allowed for the construction of homes in the reserve, leading to protests of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Dr. van der Hammen granted a wide-ranging interview to <a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Netherlands">Radio Netherlands</a> about his work and his life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list is a selection.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UvA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UvA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2008 - <i>La Cordillera Oriental Colombiana Transecto Sumapaz - Estudios de Ecosistemas Tropandinos</i></li> <li>2007 - <i>Atlas de Páramos de Colombia</i></li> <li>1986 - <i>La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) Transecto Buritaca-La Cumbre</i></li> <li>1979 - <i>Changes in life conditions on Earth during the past one million years</i></li> <li>1953 - <i>Late-glacial flora and periglacial phenomena in the Netherlands</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2006 - <i>La conservación de la biodiversidad: hacia una estructura ecológica de soporte de la nación colombiana</i></li> <li>2001 - <i>Diversidade biológica e cultural da Amazonia</i></li> <li>1997 - <i>El bosque de Condalia</i></li> <li>1981 - <i>Environmental changes in the Northern Andes and the extinction of Mastodon</i></li> <li>1978 - <i>Stratigraphy and environment of the Upper Quaternary of the El Abra corridor and rock shelters (Colombia)</i></li> <li>1972 - <i>Changes in vegetation and climate in the Amazon basin and surrounding areas during the Pleistocene</i></li> <li>1966 - <i>The Pliocene and Quaternary of the Sabana de Bogotá (The Tilatá and Sabana Formations)</i></li> <li>1957 - <i>Climatic periodicity and evolution of South American Maestichtian and Tertiary floras</i></li> <li>1951 - <i>Vegetatie en stratigrafie van het Laat-glaciaal en het Pleni-glaciaal</i></li> <li>1949 - <i>De Allerod-oscillatie in Nederland. Pollenanalytisch onderzoek van een laatglaciale meerafzetting in Drente</i></li></ul> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Hammen</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Gonzalo Correal Urrego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_der_Hammen_Natural_Reserve" title="Thomas van der Hammen Natural Reserve">Thomas van der Hammen Natural Reserve</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CV-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CV_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000197114">Curriculum Vitae Thomas van der Hammen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85381326/">List of publications by Thomas van der Hammen</a> - <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espectador-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espectador_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espectador_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/vivir/articuloimpreso192728-el-ultimo-gran-naturalista">Van der Hammen, the last great naturalist</a> - <a href="/wiki/El_Espectador" title="El Espectador">El Espectador</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiadecajica.blogspot.com.co/p/directorio-de-cajica.html">Lake Humboldt on the Bogotá savanna around 60,000 years BP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingeominas_p65-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingeominas_p65_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingeominas_p71-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingeominas_p71_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingeominas_p69-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingeominas_p69_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingeominas_p57-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingeominas_p57_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/reserva-forestal-thomas-van-der-hammen/16508936">Thomas van der Hammen Reserve and Enrique Peñalosa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/filosofia-de-vida-de-thomas-van-der-hammen-articulo-615077">Van der Hammen Reserve</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/under-foreign-skies-thomas-van-der-hammen/">"Under Foreign Skies - Thomas van der Hammen", Radio Netherlands Archives, 20 November 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UvA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UvA_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibed.uva.nl/research/research-groups/content/palaeoecology-and-landscape-ecology/research/history/overview-of-publications-by-prof-thomas-van-der-hammen.html">Overview of publications by Thomas van der Hammen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701023349/http://ibed.uva.nl/research/research-groups/content/palaeoecology-and-landscape-ecology/research/history/overview-of-publications-by-prof-thomas-van-der-hammen.html">Archived</a> 1 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Hammen"><i> Hammen</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Hammen&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DHammen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+van+der+Hammen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoya_ArenasReyes_Torres2005" class="citation cs2">Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), <i>Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá</i>, <a href="/wiki/INGEOMINAS" class="mw-redirect" title="INGEOMINAS">INGEOMINAS</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>104</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geolog%C3%ADa+de+la+Sabana+de+Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=INGEOMINAS&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Montoya+Arenas&rft.aufirst=Diana+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Reyes+Torres%2C+Germ%C3%A1n+Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+van+der+Hammen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works_by_Van_der_Hammen">Notable works by Van der Hammen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable works by Van der Hammen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Morales M., Otero J., Hammen Thomas van der., Torres A., Cadena-Vargas C., Pedraza C., Rodríguez N., Franco C., Betancourth J.C., Olaya E., Posada E. y Cárdenas L. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296706135_Atlas_de_paramos_de_Colombia">Atlas de páramos de Colombia</a>. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogotá, D. C. 208 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-8151-91-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-8151-91-5">978-958-8151-91-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammenCorreal_Urrego2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammen, Thomas van der; <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Correal Urrego, Gonzalo</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accefyn.org.co/revista/Vol_27/103/1-SUPERVIVENCIA.pdf">"Supervivencia de mastodontes, megaterios y presencia del hombre en el Valle del Magdalena (Colombia) entre 6000 y 5000 A.P. - Survival of mastodonts, megatheriums and the presence of man in the Magdalena Valley (Colombia) between 6000 and 5000 years BP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc.</i> (in Spanish), <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">159–</span>164, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0370-3908">0370-3908</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Acad.+Colomb.+Cienc.&rft.atitle=Supervivencia+de+mastodontes%2C+megaterios+y+presencia+del+hombre+en+el+Valle+del+Magdalena+%28Colombia%29+entre+6000+y+5000+A.P.+-+Survival+of+mastodonts%2C+megatheriums+and+the+presence+of+man+in+the+Magdalena+Valley+%28Colombia%29+between+6000+and+5000+years+BP&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0370-3908&rft.aulast=Hammen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+van+der&rft.au=Correal+Urrego%2C+Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accefyn.org.co%2Frevista%2FVol_27%2F103%2F1-SUPERVIVENCIA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+van+der+Hammen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammen2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammen, Thomas van der (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/14262/1/3-8082-PB.pdf"><i>La conservación de la biodiversidad: hacia una estructura ecológica de soporte de la nación colombiana</i></a> [<i>The conservation of the biodiversity: towards an ecological structure supported by the Colombian nation</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish), <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional de Colombia</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">286–</span>291<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+conservaci%C3%B3n+de+la+biodiversidad%3A+hacia+una+estructura+ecol%C3%B3gica+de+soporte+de+la+naci%C3%B3n+colombiana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+Colombia&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hammen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+van+der&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdigital.unal.edu.co%2F14262%2F1%2F3-8082-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+van+der+Hammen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammen1994" class="citation cs2">Hammen, Thomas van der (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/archaeometry.pdf"><i>Stratigraphic Dating and Cultural Sequences of Pre-Hispanic Northern South America</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Getty Conservation Institute, pp. <span class="nowrap">381–</span>393, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-249-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-249-9"><bdi>0-89236-249-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stratigraphic+Dating+and+Cultural+Sequences+of+Pre-Hispanic+Northern+South+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.pub=The+Getty+Conservation+Institute&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-89236-249-9&rft.aulast=Hammen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+van+der&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fconservation%2Fpublications_resources%2Fpdf_publications%2Fpdf%2Farchaeometry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+van+der+Hammen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammenCleef1983" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammen, Thomas van der; Cleef, Antoine M. (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/1983/2/Van_Der_Hammen_%26_Cleef_1983.pdf">"Datos para la Historia de la Flora Andina"</a> [Data on the History of the Andean Flora] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Revista Chilena de Historia Natural</i> (in Spanish), <b>56</b>: <span class="nowrap">97–</span>107<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural&rft.atitle=Datos+para+la+Historia+de+la+Flora+Andina&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hammen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+van+der&rft.au=Cleef%2C+Antoine+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frchn.biologiachile.cl%2Fpdfs%2F1983%2F2%2FVan_Der_Hammen_%2526_Cleef_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+van+der+Hammen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_van_der_Hammen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbtpVLqfUOA">Youtube.com: Interview with Thomas van der Hammen</a>—<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysccubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muisca_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muisca society (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Society</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_toponyms" title="List of Muisca toponyms">Toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasca" title="Battle of Pasca">Battle of Pasca (~1470)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chocont%C3%A1" title="Battle of Chocontá">Battle of Chocontá (~1490)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_emeralds" title="Colombian emeralds">Emeralds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruana" title="Ruana">Ruana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejo_(sport)" title="Tejo (sport)">Tejo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">Tunjo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">The Salt People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausa" title="Tausa">Tausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquil%C3%A9" title="Sesquilé">Sesquilé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Geography_and_history325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography and history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano<br />Cundiboyacense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_River" title="Bogotá River">Bogotá River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Fr%C3%ADo,_Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Frío, Bogotá savanna">Frío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucha_River" title="Fucha River">Fucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Amarillo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Amarillo River">Juan Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soacha_River" title="Soacha River">Soacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teusac%C3%A1_River" title="Teusacá River">Teusacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torca_River" title="Torca River">Torca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjuelo_River" title="Tunjuelo River">Tunjuelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suba_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba Hills (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Suba Hills</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Wetlands of Bogotá">Wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hills,_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hills, Bogotá">Eastern Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flora_and_fauna_named_after_the_Muisca" title="List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca">Flora & fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A1rez_River" title="Suárez River">Suárez River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubat%C3%A9-Chiquinquir%C3%A1_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocet%C3%A1_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Ocetá Páramo">Ocetá Páramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenza_Valley" title="Tenza Valley">Tenza Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_inhabitation_of_the_Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Prehistory" title="Muisca Confederation">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><10,000 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Humboldt,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Humboldt, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lake Humboldt</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sueva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sueva (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sueva</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">Lithic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>10,000 - 2800 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_del_Tunjo_Archaeological_Park" title="Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park">Piedras del Tunjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checua" title="Checua">Checua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galindo,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galindo, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Galindo</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemoc%C3%B3n_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemocón rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Nemocón</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1chica_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sáchica rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sáchica</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" title="Lake Herrera">Lake Herrera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" title="El Infiernito">El Infiernito</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Ceramic <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>800 BC</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrera_Period" title="Herrera Period">Herrera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 BC - 800</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Early Muisca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 - 1200</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>~1450 - 1540</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_Mayor_del_Pueblo_Muisca" title="Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca">Cabildo Mayor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>2002</b>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Religion_and_mythology325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_deities" title="Category:Muisca deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiminigagua" title="Chiminigagua">Chiminigagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachu%C3%A9" title="Bachué">Bachué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Chía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochica" title="Bochica">Bochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitaca_(goddess)" title="Huitaca (goddess)">Huitaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchacum" title="Chibchacum">Chibchacum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuchavira" title="Cuchavira">Cuchavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nencatacoa" title="Nencatacoa">Nencatacoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaqu%C3%A9n" title="Chaquén">Chaquén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibafruime" title="Chibafruime">Chibafruime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahaioque" title="Guahaioque">Guahaioque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture#Temples" title="Muisca architecture">Built</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)" title="Sun Temple (Sogamoso)">Sun Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Temple_(Ch%C3%ADa)" title="Moon Temple (Chía)">Moon Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojines_del_Zaque" title="Cojines del Zaque">Cojines del Zaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha_Temple" title="Goranchacha Temple">Goranchacha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa_Well" title="Hunzahúa Well">Hunzahúa Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion#Sacred_sites" title="Muisca religion">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_F%C3%BAquene" title="Lake Fúquene">Fúquene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Guasca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Guasca (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Guasca</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Guatavita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iguaque" title="Lake Iguaque">Iguaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siecha_Lakes" title="Siecha Lakes">Siecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Suesca" title="Lake Suesca">Suesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tota" title="Lake Tota">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ubaque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ubaque (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaque</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama_Falls" title="Tequendama Falls">Tequendama Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_of_Lake_Tota" title="Monster of Lake Tota">Monster of Lake Tota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Mythological figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha" title="Goranchacha">Goranchacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idacans%C3%A1s" title="Idacansás">Idacansás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacanchique" title="Pacanchique">Pacanchique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomagata" title="Thomagata">Thomagata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Caciques_and_neighbours325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Caciques and neighbours</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Hunza" title="Muisca Confederation">Northern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaque">zaque</a></i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunza,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunza, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Hunza</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa" title="Hunzahúa">Hunzahúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michu%C3%A1" title="Michuá">Michuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquiminzaque" title="Aquiminzaque">Aquiminzaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca">iraca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sogamoso" title="Sogamoso">Suamox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nompanim" title="Nompanim">Nompanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugamuxi" title="Sugamuxi">Sugamuxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Duitama" title="Duitama">Tundama </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Bacatá" title="Muisca Confederation">Southern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meicuchuca" title="Meicuchuca">Meicuchuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguamanchica" title="Saguamanchica">Saguamanchica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagipa" title="Sagipa">Sagipa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Turmequ%C3%A9" title="Turmequé">Turmequé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_y_Moyachoque" title="Diego de Torres y Moyachoque">Diego de Torres y Moyachoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Neighbouring_indigenous_groups" title="Muisca Confederation">Neighbours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%27wa_people" title="U'wa people">U'wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutagao_people" title="Sutagao people">Sutagao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guane_people" title="Guane people">Guane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lache_people" title="Lache people">Lache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan language">Arawak-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achagua_people" title="Achagua people">Achagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegua_people" title="Tegua people">Tegua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayupe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayupe people">Guayupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarigui_people" title="Yarigui people">Yarigui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Spanish_conquest325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conquistadors73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado" title="Baltasar Maldonado">Baltasar Maldonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón">Gonzalo Suárez Rendón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz">Juan de Céspedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín">Juan de San Martín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)">Antonio de Lebrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Camacho_Zambrano" title="Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano">Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_Zorro" title="Gonzalo García Zorro">Gonzalo García Zorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Mac%C3%ADas" title="Gonzalo Macías">Gonzalo Macías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Venegas_Carrillo" title="Hernán Venegas Carrillo">Hernán Venegas Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Albarracín">Juan de Albarracín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Junco" title="Juan del Junco">Juan del Junco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tafur" title="Juan Tafur">Juan Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1zaro_Fonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lázaro Fonte (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lázaro Fonte</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Lanchero" title="Luis Lanchero">Luis Lanchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Galeano" title="Martín Galeano">Martín Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Ya%C3%B1%C3%A9z_Tafur" title="Martín Yañéz Tafur">Martín Yañéz Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Holgu%C3%ADn_y_Figueroa" title="Miguel Holguín y Figueroa">Miguel Holguín y Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ort%C3%BAn_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Velasco" title="Ortún Velázquez de Velasco">Ortún Velázquez de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Valenzuela_(conquistador)" title="Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)">Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ru%C3%ADz_Corredor" title="Pedro Ruíz Corredor">Pedro Ruíz Corredor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Conquest of the Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Conquest of the Panche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tocarema" title="Battle of Tocarema">Battle of Tocarema (1538)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Research_and_collections325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and collections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_scholars" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Acosta" title="Joaquín Acosta">Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Acosta" title="Soledad Acosta">Acosta Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Aguado" title="Pedro de Aguado">De Aguado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arango_Cano" title="Jesús Arango Cano">Arango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_M._Broadbent" title="Sylvia M. Broadbent">Broadbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">De Castellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A9cer_Silva_Celis" title="Eliécer Silva Celis">Celis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Correal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Duquesne" title="José Domingo Duquesne">Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Freyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Friede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gamboa_Mendoza" title="Jorge Gamboa Mendoza">Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hammen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arturo_Izquierdo_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña">Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Henrik_Langebaek" title="Carl Henrik Langebaek">Langebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Lugo" title="Bernardo de Lugo">De Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Ocampo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Javier Ocampo López">Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Piedrahita" title="Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita">De Piedrahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">De Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Reichel-Dolmatoff" title="Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff">Reichel-Dolmatoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cardale_de_Schrimpff" title="Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff">Schrimpff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Simón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Triana" title="Miguel Triana">Triana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Uricoechea" title="Ezequiel Uricoechea">Uricoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liborio_Zerda" title="Liborio Zerda">Zerda</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" title="Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg/147px-Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg/221px-Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg/294px-Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Carnero" title="El Carnero">El Carnero</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1638)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada" title="Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada">Epítome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes" title="List of Muisca research institutes">Research institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" title="Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History">ICANH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Andes_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Los Andes (Colombia)">Universidad de los Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Universidad La Javeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_and_Technological_University_of_Colombia" title="Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia">UPTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_museum_collections" title="List of Muisca museum collections">Collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Museo del Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Sogamoso" title="Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso">Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Pasca" title="Archaeology Museum, Pasca">Archaeology Museum of Pasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca" title="Category:Muisca">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paleontology_in_Colombia398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paleontology_in_Colombia" title="Template:Paleontology in Colombia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paleontology_in_Colombia" title="Template talk:Paleontology in Colombia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleontology_in_Colombia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paleontology in Colombia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paleontology_in_Colombia398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paleontology in Colombia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Etayo" title="Fernando Etayo">Etayo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hammen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hettner" title="Alfred Hettner">Hettner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hoffstetter" title="Robert Hoffstetter">Hoffstetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_P%C3%A1ramo" title="María Páramo">Páramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="locmap" style="width:180px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:180px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:180px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas van der Hammen is located in Colombia"><img alt="Thomas van der Hammen is located in Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/180px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/270px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.094%;left:58.538%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_Formation" title="Bogotá Formation"><img alt="Bogotá Formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.961%;left:66.367%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n_Formation" title="Cerrejón Formation"><img alt="Cerrejón Formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.568%;left:64.85%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Floresta_Formation" title="Floresta Formation"><img alt="Floresta Formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/8px-Brown_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/12px-Brown_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/16px-Brown_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.942%;left:54.389%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hil%C3%B3_Formation" title="Hiló Formation"><img alt="Hiló Formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/8px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/12px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/16px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.937%;left:51.937%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Valle_Alto_Formation" title="Valle Alto Formation"><img alt="Valle Alto Formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.798%;left:61.778%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paja_Formation" title="Paja Formation"><img alt="Paja Formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/8px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/12px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/16px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.556%;left:53.131%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Honda_Group,_Colombia" title="Honda Group"><img alt="Honda Group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_gomphothere_fossils_in_South_America#Colombia" title="List of gomphothere fossils in South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cuvieronius.jpg/180px-Cuvieronius.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cuvieronius.jpg/270px-Cuvieronius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cuvieronius.jpg/360px-Cuvieronius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Titanoboa" title="Titanoboa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/180px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/270px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/360px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Colombia" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia">Major<br />fossiliferous<br />stratigraphic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(255,239,175); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pleistocene_Colombia" title="Category:Pleistocene Colombia">Pleistocene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabana_Formation" title="Sabana Formation">Sabana Fm.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soat%C3%A1_Formation" title="Soatá Formation">Soatá Fm.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(255,255,0); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Neogene_Colombia" title="Category:Neogene Colombia">Neogene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barzalosa_Formation" title="Barzalosa Formation">Barzalosa Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilletes_Formation" title="Castilletes Formation">Castilletes Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda_Group,_Colombia" title="Honda Group, Colombia">Honda Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Venta_(Colombia)" title="La Venta (Colombia)">La Venta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimol_Formation" title="Jimol Formation">Jimol Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitpa_Formation" title="Uitpa Formation">Uitpa Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_Formation" title="Ware Formation">Ware Fm.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(253,180,108); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleogene_Colombia" title="Category:Paleogene Colombia">Paleogene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_Formation" title="Bogotá Formation">Bogotá Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n_Formation" title="Cerrejón Formation">Cerrejón Fm.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n" title="Cerrejón">Cerrejón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(204,234,151); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cretaceous_Colombia" title="Category:Cretaceous Colombia">Cretaceous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Frontera_Formation" title="La Frontera Formation">La Frontera Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hil%C3%B3_Formation" title="Hiló Formation">Hiló Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondita_Formation" title="Hondita Formation">Hondita Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin%C3%AD_Group" title="Oliní Group">Oliní Gp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paja_Formation" title="Paja Formation">Paja Fm.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(217,241,247); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jurassic_Colombia" title="Category:Jurassic Colombia">Jurassic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcabuco_Formation" title="Arcabuco Formation">Arcabuco Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Alto_Formation" title="Valle Alto Formation">Valle Alto Fm.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(203,140,55); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Devonian_Colombia" title="Category:Devonian Colombia">Devonian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuche_Formation" title="Cuche Formation">Cuche Fm.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floresta_Formation" title="Floresta Formation">Floresta Fm.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable fossils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(255,239,175); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pleistocene_Colombia" title="Category:Pleistocene Colombia">Pleistocene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_gomphothere_fossils_in_South_America#Colombia" title="List of gomphothere fossils in South America">Gomphotheres</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megatherium" title="Megatherium">Megatherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(255,255,0); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Honda_Group,_Colombia" title="Honda Group, Colombia">Honda Gp.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anachlysictis" title="Anachlysictis">Anachlysictis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aramus_paludigrus" title="Aramus paludigrus">Aramus paludigrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balanerodus" title="Balanerodus">Balanerodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boreostemma" title="Boreostemma">Boreostemma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cebupithecia" title="Cebupithecia">Cebupithecia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colombophis" title="Colombophis">Colombophis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracaena_colombiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracaena colombiana">Dracaena colombiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dukecynus" title="Dukecynus">Dukecynus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunectes_stirtoni" title="Eunectes stirtoni">Eunectes stirtoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galbula_hylochoreutes" title="Galbula hylochoreutes">Galbula hylochoreutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Granastrapotherium" title="Granastrapotherium">Granastrapotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gryposuchus" title="Gryposuchus">Gryposuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hilarcotherium" title="Hilarcotherium">Hilarcotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoazinoides" title="Hoazinoides">Hoazinoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hondadelphys" title="Hondadelphys">Hondadelphys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huilatherium" title="Huilatherium">Huilatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagonimico" title="Lagonimico">Lagonimico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Langstonia" title="Langstonia">Langstonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycopsis" title="Lycopsis">Lycopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micodon" title="Micodon">Micodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miocallicebus" title="Miocallicebus">Miocallicebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miocochilius" title="Miocochilius">Miocochilius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohanamico" title="Mohanamico">Mohanamico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mourasuchus" title="Mourasuchus">Mourasuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neotamandua" title="Neotamandua">Neotamandua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuciruptor" title="Nuciruptor">Nuciruptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patasola_(mammal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patasola (mammal)">Patasola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potamosiren" title="Potamosiren">Potamosiren</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purussaurus" title="Purussaurus">Purussaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saimiri_annectens" title="Saimiri annectens">Saimiri annectens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saimiri_fieldsi" title="Saimiri fieldsi">Saimiri fieldsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stirtonia_(mammal)" title="Stirtonia (mammal)">Stirtonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenastrapotherium" title="Xenastrapotherium">Xenastrapotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(254,192,122); color:black;">Gualanday Gp.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Colombitherium" title="Colombitherium">Colombitherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(253,180,108); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_Formation" title="Bogotá Formation">Bogotá Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etayoa" title="Etayoa">Etayoa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(253,167,95); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n_Formation" title="Cerrejón Formation">Cerrejón Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acherontisuchus" title="Acherontisuchus">Acherontisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthracosuchus" title="Anthracosuchus">Anthracosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carbonemys" title="Carbonemys">Carbonemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerrejonemys" title="Cerrejonemys">Cerrejonemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerrejonisuchus" title="Cerrejonisuchus">Cerrejonisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montrichardia_aquatica" title="Montrichardia aquatica">Montrichardia aquatica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puentemys" title="Puentemys">Puentemys</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Titanoboa" title="Titanoboa">Titanoboa</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(217,239,116); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Olin%C3%AD_Group" title="Oliní Group">Oliní Gp.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eonatator" title="Eonatator">Eonatator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(179,222,83); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hondita_Formation" title="Hondita Formation">Hondita Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachyrhizodus_etayoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyrhizodus etayoi">Pachyrhizodus etayoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaguarasaurus" title="Yaguarasaurus">Yaguarasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(204,234,151); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hil%C3%B3_Formation" title="Hiló Formation">Hiló Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hil%C3%B3_Formation#Fossil_content" title="Hiló Formation">Ammonites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(191,228,138); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Paja_Formation" title="Paja Formation">Paja Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acostasaurus" title="Acostasaurus">Acostasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callawayasaurus" title="Callawayasaurus">Callawayasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desmatochelys_padillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmatochelys padillai">Desmatochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kronosaurus" title="Kronosaurus">Kronosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivanectes" title="Leivanectes">Leivanectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyvachelys" title="Leyvachelys">Leyvachelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muiscasaurus" title="Muiscasaurus">Muiscasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padillasaurus" title="Padillasaurus">Padillasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platypterygius" title="Platypterygius">Platypterygius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sachicasaurus" title="Sachicasaurus">Sachicasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenorhynchosaurus" title="Stenorhynchosaurus">Stenorhynchosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(217,241,247); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Arcabuco_Formation" title="Arcabuco Formation">Arcabuco Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcabuco_Formation#Fossil_content" title="Arcabuco Formation">Dinosaur tracks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(217,241,247); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Valle_Alto_Formation" title="Valle Alto Formation">Valle Alto Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Alto_Formation#Fossil_content" title="Valle Alto Formation">Flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: rgb(103,165,153); color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cuche_Formation" title="Cuche Formation">Cuche Fm.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctilamna" title="Antarctilamna">Antarctilamna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asterolepis_(fish)" title="Asterolepis (fish)">Asterolepis</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bothriolepis" title="Bothriolepis">Bothriolepis</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holoptychius" title="Holoptychius">Holoptychius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterygotus" title="Pterygotus">Pterygotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strepsodus" title="Strepsodus">Strepsodus</a></i></li></ul> 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3525732#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109597518">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22756608">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghppdFXBpdCp4w33GmBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1056585323">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85381326">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073839892">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Hammen">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=286940">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6701455952">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1056585323">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/068952570">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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