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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sejarah_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sejarah awal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Islam_dan_Pertengahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Islam_dan_Pertengahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Zaman Islam dan Pertengahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Islam_dan_Pertengahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Kesatuan_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Kesatuan_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Zaman Kesatuan Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Kesatuan_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemerdekaan_dan_zaman_moden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemerdekaan_dan_zaman_moden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kemerdekaan dan zaman moden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemerdekaan_dan_zaman_moden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentadbiran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentadbiran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pentadbiran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentadbiran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Geografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Iklim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Ekonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_asli_dan_petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_asli_dan_petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gas asli dan petroleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_asli_dan_petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pertanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelancongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelancongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pelancongan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelancongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mata_wang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mata_wang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mata wang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mata_wang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Demografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bahasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebudayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebudayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kebudayaan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Kebudayaan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tapak_Warisan_Dunia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tapak_Warisan_Dunia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tapak Warisan Dunia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tapak_Warisan_Dunia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkmenistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 244 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-244" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">244 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменыстан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуменыстан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменистэн – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуменистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ቱርክመኒስታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክመኒስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҭурқменисҭан – Abkhazia" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭурқменисҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turcmènistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turcmènistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuykomenit%C3%A3" title="Tuykomenitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuykomenitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmin_suyu" title="Turkmin suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkmin suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99nistan" title="Türkmənistan – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمنیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکمنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төркмәнстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэністан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркмэністан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukmenistan" title="Tukmenistan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tukmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakmenien" title="Tuakmenien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tuakmenien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC_Bidiyog%C3%ADihnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenio" title="Turkmenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuircm%C3%A9anast%C3%A1in" title="An Tuircméanastáin – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuircméanastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkmenistaan" title="Yn Turkmenistaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmanast%C3%A0n" title="Turcmanastàn – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turcmanastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۊرکمنستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکمنستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="투르크메니스탄 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크메니스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukemenikana" title="Tukemenikana – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tukemenikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թուրքմենստան – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքմենստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenistan" title="Túrkmenistan – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túrkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טורקמניסטן – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמניסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkimenistan%C9%A9" title="Turkimenistanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Turkimenistanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түрікменстан – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрікменстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Turkmen" title="Pow Turkmen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukimenisitani" title="Turukimenisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркмөнстан – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркмөнстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikmenistan" title="Tikmenistan – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tikmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Tirkménistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirkménistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkmenistan" title="Tirkmenistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomannia" title="Turcomannia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcomannia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C4%81na" title="Turkmenistāna – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turkmenistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABkimenisitani" title="Tūkimenisitani – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tūkimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туьркменистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьркменистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%97nija" title="Turkmėnija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkmėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1ni" title="Turkmenistáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkmenistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistuanu" title="Turkmenistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turkmenistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeniszt%C3%A1n" title="Türkmenisztán – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkmenisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmenist%C3%A0na" title="Torkmenistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkmenistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukumanat%C4%81nga" title="Tukumanatānga – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tukumanatānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توركمينيستان – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركمينيستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورکمونسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکمونسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэнистан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркмэнистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तर्कमेनिस्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="トルクメニスタン – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメニスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeenistaan" title="Turkmeenistaan – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turkmeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terkmenistaan" title="Terkmenistaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Terkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkimeenistaan" title="Tarkimeenistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkimeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmaniston" title="Turkmaniston – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkmaniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquemenist%C3%A3o" title="Turquemenistão – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquemenistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenstan" title="Túrkmenstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkmenstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkminsuyu" title="Turkminsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkminsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркменистаан – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түркменистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A0n" title="Turkmenistàn – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkmenistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistani" title="Turkmenistani – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turkmenistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترڪمانستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪمانستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThumekhi" title="IThumekhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThumekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nsko" title="Turkménsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkménsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmy%C5%84istan" title="Turkmyńistan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turkmyńistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمانستان – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکمانستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төрекмәнстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkomenistaun" title="Turkomenistaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkomenistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Туркманистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркманистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۈركمەنىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركمەنىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C3%A4n" title="Turkmenän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Turkmenän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土庫曼斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土庫曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkumenistaan" title="Turkumenistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Turkumenistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טורקמעניסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טורקמעניסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%ACst%C3%A1n" title="Turkmẹ́nìstán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkmẹ́nìstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="土庫曼 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土庫曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkmen%C4%B1stan" title="Tırkmenıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkmenıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmien%C4%97stans" title="Torkmienėstans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkmienėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C9%99nistan" title="Turkmənistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Turkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Turkmenistan" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Turkmenistan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=5582919" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Turkmenistan&id=5582919&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkmenistan"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkmenistan"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Turkmenistan"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turkmenistan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q874" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6373584">.mw-parser-output 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.script-Sind{font-family:"Noto Sans Khudawadi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sinh{font-family:"Iskoola Pota","Noto Sans Sinhala","Noto Sans Sinhala","Nirmala UI"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sogd{font-family:"Noto Sans Sogdian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sogo{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Sogdian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sora{font-family:"Nirmala UI","Noto Sans Sora Sompeng"}.mw-parser-output .script-Soyo{font-family:"Noto Sans Soyombo"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sund{font-family:"Sundanese Unicode 2013","Sundanese Unicode","Noto Sans Sundanese"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sylo{font-family:"Noto Sans Syloti Nagri","Surma"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tagb{font-family:"Tagbanwa","Quivira","Noto Sans Tagbanwa","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Takr{font-family:"Noto Sans Takri"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tale{font-family:"Microsoft Tai Le","Noto Sans Tai Le"}.mw-parser-output .script-Talu{font-family:"Dai Banna SIL","Noto Sans New Tai Lue","Microsoft New Tai Lue"}.mw-parser-output .script-Taml{font-family:"Nirmala UI",Latha,"Noto Serif Tamil","Noto Sans Tamil"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tang{font-family:"Tangut Yinchuan","Tangut N4694","New Tangut","New Tangut Std","Tangut TWU","TH-Tshyn-P1","TH-Feon-B","Babelstone Tangut Wenhai","Noto Serif Tangut"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tavt{font-family:"Noto Sans Tai Viet"}.mw-parser-output .script-Telu{font-family:"Nirmala UI",Gautami,"Noto Serif Telugu","Noto Sans Telugu"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tfng{font-family:"DejaVu Sans","Ebrima","FreeSans","Noto Sans Tifinagh"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tglg{font-family:"Noto Sans Tagalog","Tagalog Doctrina 1593","Baybayin Lopez","Tagalog Stylized","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Thaa{font-family:"MV Boli","Noto Sans 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OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Latg{font-family:Duibhlinn,Ceanannas,Corcaigh,Bunchló,"Bunchló Ársa GC","Bunchlo Arsa GC",Gaelic,Gadelica,Junicode,Cardo}.mw-parser-output .script-Latn{font-family:"Palemonas MUFI","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Garamond Libre","Cormorant Garamond","Cormorant","Cardo","ETBookOT","ETBembo","Junicode","Andron Freefont LAT","PFEFFER MEDIÆVAL","Open Baskerville","Adobe Garamond Pro","Adobe Caslon Pro","Baskerville Ten","Garamond","serif"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Antioch Bible","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ريڤوبليك تورکمينيستن</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Türkmenistan</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><table class="maptable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:{{{width1}}};text-align:center;"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Turkmenistan"><img alt="Bendera Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jata Turkmenistan"><img alt="Jata Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Turkmenistan" title="Bendera Turkmenistan">Bendera</a></td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jata_Turkmenistan" title="Jata Turkmenistan"> Jata</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: </b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan_Respublikasyny%C5%88_D%C3%B6wlet_Gimni" title="Türkmenistan Respublikasynyň Döwlet Gimni">Türkmenistan Respublikasynyň Döwlet Gimni</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Frameless"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=Turkmenistan_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="new" title="Fail:Turkmenistan (orthographic projection).svg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media">Lokasi Turkmenistan</span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_negara" title="Ibu negara">Ibu negara</a><div class="ib-country-largest">dan bandar terbesar</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi" title="Bahasa rasmi">Bahasa rasmi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">Turkmen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Bahasa umum<div style="clear:both;"></div>yang diakui </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Russia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Uzbek" title="Bahasa Uzbek">Uzbek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonim" title="Demonim">Demonim</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Turkmen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kerajaan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Presiden" title="Presiden">berpresiden</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Turkmenistan" title="Presiden Turkmenistan">Presiden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Kemerdekaan</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">dari <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pengisytiharaan </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=27_Okotber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="27 Okotber (laman tidak wujud)">27 Okotber</a>, <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pengiktirafan </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/28_Oktober" title="28 Oktober">28 Oktober</a>, <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Perairan_wilayah" title="Perairan wilayah">Perairan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peratusan" title="Peratusan">%</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.9</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Populasi</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Perkiraan 2019</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,387,922 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anggaran_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anggaran penduduk (laman tidak wujud)">113</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Bancian Penduduk 1997</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,976,457</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> <span class="ib-country-lang">(<a href="/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli" title="Pariti kuasa beli">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$72.22 billion (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP)">85</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$11,305 (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)_per_kapita" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP) per kapita">86</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">HDI</a> <span class="ib-country-lang">(2019)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.689<br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:orange">sederhana</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Senarai negara mengikut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">110</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_wang" title="Mata wang">Mata wang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manat_(Turkmenistan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manat (Turkmenistan) (laman tidak wujud)">Turkmen Manat</a> <br />(<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TMM</a></code>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zon_waktu" title="Zon waktu">Zon waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+5</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmenistan Time (laman tidak wujud)">TMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Musim panas (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Musim Panas">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+5</span> (<i>tidak diperhati</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kod panggilan</th><td class="infobox-data">+993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kod ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:TM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:TM (laman tidak wujud)">TM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_peringkat_tinggi_kod_negara" title="Domain peringkat tinggi kod negara">DPT internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Republik Turkmenistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">Bahasa Turkmen</a>:<b>Türkmenistan Respublikasy</b>), juga dikenali sebagai <b>Turkmenia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Bahasa Rusia</a>: Туркмения). Sehingga tahun 1990, Turkmenistan masih tergolong dalam konstitusi <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Kesatuan Soviet</a>, yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan</a>. Turkmenistan terletak di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> dan bersempadan terus dengan <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> di selatan, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> di tenggara, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> di utara, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> di barat laut dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> di barat. Sebahagian besar wilayahnya merupakan hamparan <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Karakum" title="Gurun Karakum">gurun pasir Karakum</a>. Negara ini memiliki simpanan <a href="/wiki/Gas_asli" title="Gas asli">gas asli</a> keempat terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat ini, Turkmenistan menerapkan sistem politik parti tunggal. Sistem ini dianggap tidak memenuhi prinsip-prinsip dasar demokrasi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sejak kemerdekaannya dari Kesatuan Soviet, Turkmenistan dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov</a>, bahkan beliau menamakan dirinya sebagai Turkmenbashi (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">Bahasa Turkmen</a>: <i>Türkmenbaşy</i>, "Pemimpin Bangsa Turkmen"). Pada 21 Disember 2006, beliau meninggal dunia dan digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow">Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýeviç Berdimuhammedow</a> yang dilantik oleh Dewan Keamanan Negara Turkmenistan, melalui pilihan raya pada 11 Februari 2007. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah Turkmenistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_awal">Sejarah awal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah awal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilayah Turkmenistan telah lama dikenali banyak orang dalam sejarah. Banyak pasukan dari berbagai kerajaan yang dikirim ke wilayah ini demi mendapatkan wilayah yang lebih makmur. Wilayah ini sudah lama dikenal terutama oleh pelbagai empayar <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Iran" title="Sejarah Iran">Persia</a>. Sejarah wilayah ini dimulai saat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekaisaran_Akhemeniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah (laman tidak wujud)">Kaisar Akhemeniyah</a> (empayar kuno pertama Persia) menaklukan wilayah ini dan membahaginya kepada tiga wilayah, Margiana, <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Khoarezmiyah" title="Empayar Khoarezmiyah">Khwarezmia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agung" title="Alexander Agung">Alexander Agung</a> menaklukan wilayah ini pada abad keempat SM pada perjalanannya menuju Asia Tengah, dan pada saat itu pula <a href="/wiki/Laluan_Sutera" title="Laluan Sutera">Laluan Sutra</a> dibangunkan sebagai laluan perdagangan utama yang menghubungkan <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> dan kawasan Mediterranian. Beberapa abad kemudian, empayar <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> Persia ditubuhkan dengan ibu kotanya di Nisa, salah satu Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO, kini berada sekitar 18 km di barat daya <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>. Setelah kejatuhan empayar Parthia, wilayah ini kerap kali diduduki oleh berbagai empayar Iran selama beberapa abad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Islam_dan_Pertengahan">Zaman Islam dan Pertengahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Zaman Islam dan Pertengahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Zaman Islam dan Pertengahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada abad ketujuh Masihi, <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Arab" title="Bangsa Arab">bangsa Arab</a> menaklukan wilayah ini dan sekaligus memperkenalkan <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> dan juga budaya <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a>. Turkmenistan mulai dikenal ketika khalifah <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Ma'mun Ar-Rasyid</a> dari empayar <a href="/wiki/Bani_Abbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Abbasiyah">Bani Abbasiyah</a> memindahkan ibukota kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Raya" title="Khorasan Raya">Khorasan Raya</a> ke Merw. </p><p>Pada pertengahan abad ke-11, <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Saljuk" title="Empayar Saljuk">Empayar Turki Saljuk</a> memusatkan kekuasaan wilayahnya di Turkmenistan dalam usaha untuk meluaskan wilayah empayarnya hingga <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Raya" title="Khorasan Raya">Khorasan</a>. Pada pertengahan abad ke-12, kekuasaan empayar ini jatuh akibat dikalahkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> yang pada saat itu berhasil merebut kekuasaan di wilayah timur <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> dalam rangka pengembaraannya ke barat. </p><p>Tujuh abad kemudian, bangsa Turkmen hidup dibawah kekuasaan berbagai empayar dan perang antara suku. Sekitar abad ke-17 dan ke-19, kekuasaan di Turkmenistan diperebutkan oleh Empayar Persia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekahanan_Khiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekahanan Khiva (laman tidak wujud)">Kekahanan Khiva</a>, para amir dari <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> dan penguasa Afghanistan. Selama masa ini, pemimpin spiritual Turkmen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magtymguly_Pyragy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magtymguly Pyragy (laman tidak wujud)">Magtymguly Pyragy</a> terkenal kerana usahanya untuk menjaga kebebasan dan kedaulatan bagi rakyatnya. </p><p>Pada saat itu, wilayah yang luas di Asia Tengah, termasuk Turkmenistan belum dipetakan dan hampir tidak dikenal secara luas oleh bangsa <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a>. Persaingan untuk menguasai wilayah tersebut antara <a href="/wiki/Empayar_British" title="Empayar British">Empayar British</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rusia" title="Empayar Rusia">Empayar Rusia</a> ditandai dengan <a href="/wiki/Permainan_Besar" title="Permainan Besar">Permainan Besar</a>. Sepanjang penaklukan mereka di Asia Tengah, Rusia disambut dengan perlawanan yang paling berat oleh Turkmenistan. Bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1894 Rusia dapat meluaskan pengaruhnya di Turkmenistan dan memasukkan wilayah itu ke dalam wilayah empayarnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Kesatuan_Soviet">Zaman Kesatuan Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Zaman Kesatuan Soviet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Zaman Kesatuan Soviet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan</a></div> <p>Berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Anglo-Rusia_1907&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Anglo-Rusia 1907 (laman tidak wujud)">Perjanjian Anglo-Rusia 1907</a>, perang antara Empayar Rusia dengan Empayar British di Asia Tengah telah selesai. Sejak saat itu, Turkmenistan berada penuh dalam kekuasan Empayar Rusia. Pelbagai pengaruh budaya Rusia, termasuk bahasa mulai diperkenalkan kepada bangsa Turkmen. <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober">Revolusi Oktober</a> yang terjadi di Rusia dan ketidakseimbangan politik menyebabkan keinginan bangsa Turkmen mendeklarasikan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan</a>, salah satu dari enam republik Kesatuan Soviet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/220px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/330px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/440px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Seorang Turkmen berbusana tradisional, sekitar 1905–1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perubahan besar terjadi dalam kehidupan bangsa Turkmen. Bangsa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen (laman tidak wujud)">Turkmen</a> pun didorong menjadi sekular dan mengadaptasi cara berpakaian bangsa Eropah. Aksara yang digunakan dalam bahasa Turkmen pun diganti dari <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab">abjad Arab kuno</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Rumi" title="Abjad Rumi">Rumi</a> dan akhirnya <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Cyril" title="Abjad Cyril">abjad Cyril</a>. </p><p>Namun, proses mempengaruhi bangsa Turkmen untuk meninggalkan cara-cara tradisional mereka untuk mendukung komunisme tidak sepenuhnya berhasil hingga akhir tahun 1948. Kebijakan nasional Kesatuan Soviet, antara tahun 1920 hingga 1930, sebenarnya mempromosikan "Penemuan Tradisi Bangsa Turkmen".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangsa Turkmen mendapat perlakuan yang lebih dalam pemerintahan Soviet dan sistem pendidikan. Ketika pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, beliau membenarkan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">bahasa Turkmen</a> sebagai bahasa rasmi di Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemerdekaan_dan_zaman_moden">Kemerdekaan dan zaman moden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Kemerdekaan dan zaman moden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kemerdekaan dan zaman moden"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketika <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a> mulai runtuh, Turkmenistan dan republik <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> lainnya cemas akan keadaan negara mereka kerana mereka bergantung kepada kekuatan ekonomi dan pasaran bebas Soviet untuk mencapai kemakmuran. Namun demikian, Turkmenistan mengisytiharkan kemerdekaannya pada tanggal 27 Oktober 1991, dan merupakan republik terakhir Soviet yang memerdekakan diri.<sup id="cite_ref-INDEPENDENCE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INDEPENDENCE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1991, Turkmenistan bergabung dalam <a href="/wiki/Komanwel_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Komanwel Negara-Negara Merdeka">Komanwel Negara-Negara Merdeka</a> (CIS), sebuah organisasi antarabangsa yang anggotanya terdiri dari negara-negara bekas Kesatuan Soviet. Namun, Turkmenistan menurunkan status keanggotaannya dalam organisasi tersebut menjadi "anggota persatuan" pada Ogos 2004. Pernyataan yang disampaikan oleh Presiden Turkmenistan ialah negara tersebut akan berkecuali selamanya.<sup id="cite_ref-CIS_MEMBERSHIP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIS_MEMBERSHIP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemimpin lama <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> menjadi presiden pertama Turkmenistan setelah pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet. Di bawah kepemimpinan beliau, hubungan antara bangsa Rusia dan Turkmen sangat dingin. Beliau menyebut dirinya sebagai seorang penyokong budaya Muslim tradisional dan bangsa Turkmen, bahkan beliau menyebut dirinya sebagai <i>Türkmenbaşy</i>, "pemimpin semua bangsa Turkmen". Perpanjangan kekuasaan beliau bertambah besar pada awal 1990-an, dan pada tahun 1999, beliau menjadi "Presiden seumur hidup". </p><p>Beliau meninggal dunia pada 21 Disember 2005 tanpa meninggalkan pewaris. Seorang mantan wakil perdana menteri dikatakan adalah anak tidak sahnya beliau. <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow</a> dipilih untuk menggantikan beliau pada 11 Februari 2007 melalui pemilihan umum. Pada 2022, anaknya pula <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a> memenangi <a href="/wiki/Pilihan_raya_presiden_Turkmenistan_2022" title="Pilihan raya presiden Turkmenistan 2022">suatu pilihan raya presiden</a> yang mengejut, lalu menubuhkan suatu dinasti politik di Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 19 Mac 2022, Serdar Berdimuhamedov diangkat sumpah sebagai presiden Turkmenistan baharu lalu menggantikan ayahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setelah 69 tahun menjadi sebahagian dari Kesatuan Soviet serta 67 tahun menjadi sebahagian daripada republik Kesatuan Soviet, pada tanggal 27 Oktober 1991, rakyat Turkmenistan memutuskan untuk merdeka dan berpisah daripada Kesatuan Soviet. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiden_seumur_hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiden seumur hidup (laman tidak wujud)">Presiden seumur hidup</a> <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov</a> yang merupakan mantan birokrat <a href="/wiki/Parti_Komunis_Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Parti Komunis Kesatuan Soviet">Parti Komunis Kesatuan Soviet</a>, memimpin Turkmenistan dari tahun 1985, ketika beliau menjadi ketua Parti Komunis Turkmenistan. Beliau mengambil alih kepemimpinan setelah keruntuhan <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uni Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a> dan pada tanggal 28 Desember 1999, beliau diangkat sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiden_seumur_hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiden seumur hidup (laman tidak wujud)">Presiden seumur hidup</a> Turkmenistan oleh pihak majlis. </p><p>Bekas parti Komunis, sekarang dikenal sebagai Parti Demokrat Turkmenistan merupakan partai tunggal yang diizinkan oleh pemerintah. Parti politik lainnya dianggap tidak sah atau haram kecuali mendapat persetujuan dari pemerintah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pentadbiran">Pentadbiran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Pentadbiran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pentadbiran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistan dibagi menjdai lima provinsi atau <i>welayatlar</i> (tunggal <i>welayat</i>) dan sebuah wilayah ibukota. Setiap welayat dibagi menjadi beberapa <i>etraplar</i> (tunggal <i>etrap</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:TurkmenistanNumbered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png/250px-TurkmenistanNumbered.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Daftar provinsi di Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>Provinsi</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th> <th>Ibukota</th> <th>Luas<sup id="cite_ref-yb2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Jumlah Penduduk (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-yb2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Key </th></tr> <tr> <th>Kota Ashgabat </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></td> <td>470 km<sup>2</sup> (180 bt<sup>2</sup>)</td> <td>871,500</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Ahal" title="Provinsi Ahal">Provinsi Ahal</a> </th> <td>TM-A</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anau (laman tidak wujud)">Anau</a></td> <td>97,160 km<sup>2</sup> (37,510 bt<sup>2</sup>)</td> <td>939,700</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Balkan" title="Provinsi Balkan">Provinsi Balkan</a> </th> <td>TM-B</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkanabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkanabat (laman tidak wujud)">Balkanabat</a>　</td> <td>139,270 km<sup>2</sup> (53,770 bt<sup>2</sup>)</td> <td>553,500</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Da%C5%9Foguz" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinsi Daşoguz">Provinsi Daşoguz</a> </th> <td>TM-D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a></td> <td>73,430 km<sup>2</sup> (28,350 bt<sup>2</sup>)</td> <td>1,370,400</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Lebap" title="Provinsi Lebap">Provinsi Lebap</a> </th> <td>TM-L</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a></td> <td>93,730 km<sup>2</sup> (36,190 bt<sup>2</sup>)</td> <td>1,334,500</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Mary" title="Provinsi Mary">Provinsi Mary</a> </th> <td>TM-M</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary, Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Mary</a></td> <td>87,150 km<sup>2</sup> (33,650 bt<sup>2</sup>)</td> <td>1,480,400</td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Geografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Geografi Turkmenistan</a></div> <p>Turkmenistan terletak di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> yang sebahagian besar merupakan wilayah gurun pasir yang dibatasi oleh barisan pergunungan, dengan 80% wilayahnya diselimuti oleh <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Karakum" title="Gurun Karakum">gurun Karakum</a>. Di bahagian tengah wilayah ini merupakan daerah dataran rendah Turpan. Di bahagian barat daya wilayah ini terdapat petgunungan Kopet Dag yang memiliki puncak tertinggi, Kuh-e Rizeh (Gunung Rizeh) sekitar 2,912 meter (9,553 kaki).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg/220px-Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg/330px-Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg/440px-Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Badai pasir di Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Di bahagian barat negara ini terbentang barisan pergunungan Balkan Besar (sebagian besar terletak di <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Balkan" title="Provinsi Balkan">Provinsi Balkan</a>) dan juga barisan pegunungan Köýtendag di bahagian timur laut yang berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, yakni di <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Lebap" title="Provinsi Lebap">Provinsi Lebap</a>. Barisan pergunungan Balkan Besar menjulang tinggi dengan puncak tertingginya Gora Arlan (Gunung Arlan) sekitar 1,880 meter (6,710 kaki)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan puncak tertingginya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayrybaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayrybaba (laman tidak wujud)">Ayrybaba</a> yang terletak di Barisan Pegunungan Kugitangtau sekitar 3,137 meter (10,292 kaki).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sungai-sungai besar Turkmenistan termasuk Amu Darya, Mughrab dan Hari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Iklim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebagian besar wilayah Turkmenistan merupakan antara gurun pasir terkering di dunia, di beberapa tempat, curahan hujan tahunan hanya mencapai 12 mm (0.47 inci). Suhu tertinggi yang pernah tercatat yaitu sekitar 48.9 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (120<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) dan di Kerki, sebuah kota kecil yang terletak di tepi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Amu_Darya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Amu Darya (laman tidak wujud)">Sungai Amu Darya</a>, yaitu sekitar 51.7 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (125.1 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) pada Julai 1983. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Ekonomi Turkmenistan</a></div> <p>Setakat 2018, nilai <a href="/wiki/KDNK" class="mw-redirect" title="KDNK">KDNK</a> berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli" title="Pariti kuasa beli">pariti kuasa beli</a> Turkmenistan dianggarkan sebanyak AS$112.613 bilion.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOTM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOTM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 2014, peratus pengangguran rakyat Turkenistan dianggarkan sebanya 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_asli_dan_petroleum">Gas asli dan petroleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Gas asli dan petroleum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gas asli dan petroleum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistan memiliki simpanan gas asli keempat terbesar di dunia serta simpanan <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> yang ketara. Setakat 2010, negara ini mengeluarkan 202,000 tong minyak sehari, dengan kadar penggunaan petroleum domestik ialah lebih kurang 100,000 tong sehari. </p><p>Setakat Mei 2011, Lapangan Gas Galkynysh memiliki simpanan gas asli kedua terbesar dunia selepas lapangan South Pars di Teluk Parsi, dengan anggaran jumlah simpanan sebanyak 21.2 trilion meter padu.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengeluaran gas asli Turkmenistan diseliakan oleh syarikat gas kebangsaan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrkmengaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkmengaz (laman tidak wujud)">Türkmengaz</a> di bawah kawalan Kementerian Minyak dan Gas negara. </p><p>China merupakan pengimport gas asli Turkmenistan terbesar, dan dijangka menjadi lebih ketara selepas pembinaan paip gas yang menghubungkan kedua-dua negara yang melalui Uzbekistan dan Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pertanian">Pertanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Pertanian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pertanian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kebanyakan kawasan pertanian di Turkmenistan bertumpukan pertanian <a href="/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas">kapas</a> dan merupakan negara pengeluar kapas kesembilan terbesar dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-statista_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statista-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada musim 2011, negara ini menghasilkan sekitar 1.1 juta tan kapas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelancongan">Pelancongan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Pelancongan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pelancongan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pelancongan di Turkmenistan mula berkembang pesat sejak kebelakangan ini, terutamanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelancongan_kesihatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelancongan kesihatan (laman tidak wujud)">pelancongan kesihatan</a>. Salah satu faktor ialah pembangunan kawasan pelancongan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awaza (laman tidak wujud)">Awaza</a> di pesisir Laut Kaspia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setiap pelancong mesti memohon visa pelancong sebelum melawat Turkmenistan; pelancong di kebanyakan negara memerlukan bantuan daripada pihak agen pelancongan Turkmenistan untuk memohon visa pelancong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mata_wang">Mata wang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Mata wang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mata wang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Manat" class="mw-disambig" title="Manat">Manat</a></div> <p>Mata wang rasmi Turkmenistan ialah <i><a href="/wiki/Manat_Turkmenistan" title="Manat Turkmenistan">manat</a></i> yang bersamaan dengan 100 <i>tenge</i>, dengan kod mata wang berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> ialah TMT. Mata wang ini digunakan sejak 1 November 1993, tetapi sebuah versi baharu <i>manat</i> telah dirasmikan pada 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Demografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebagian besar penduduk Turkmenistan merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen (laman tidak wujud)">etnik Turkmen</a> dan diikuti oleh etnik-etnik minoritas lainnya seperti etnik <a href="/wiki/Uzbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek">Uzbek</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Jumlah kecil minoriti lainnya berasal daripada etnik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Kazakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Kazakh (laman tidak wujud)">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Tatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Tatar (laman tidak wujud)">Tatar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Ukraine (laman tidak wujud)">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Azerbaijan (laman tidak wujud)">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Armenia (laman tidak wujud)">Armenia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Balokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Balokh (laman tidak wujud)">Balokh</a>. Peratusan etnik Rusia menurun dari 18.6% di tahun 1939 menjadi 9.5% di tahun 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Agama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Agama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Agama di Turkmenistan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Turkmenistan" title="Islam di Turkmenistan">Islam di Turkmenistan</a></div> <p>Menurut <i>CIA World Factbook</i>, penganut <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> merangkumi 86% penduduk Turkmenistan manakala 9% penduduk negara menuruti <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">Gereja Ortodoks Timur</a> dan selebihnya dikelaskan sebagai "tidak beragama".<sup id="cite_ref-cia_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kajian Pew Research Center pula menetapkan peratusan penduduk Islam di Turkmenistan pada 93.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketika pemerintahan Saparmurat Niyazov, beliau mengarahkan agar pendidikan Islam asas diberikan di sekolah awam. Institusi-institusi agama seperti masjid dan sekolah agama mula muncul, kebanyakannya dengan sokongan daripada <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>. Pengajian Islam dijalankan di masjid-masjid serta sekolah seperti pengajian <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Quran" title="Al-Quran">Al-Qur'an</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis">hadis</a>, dan sejarah Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-cs2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa di Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa di Turkmenistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">Bahasa Turkmen</a> merupakan bahasa rasmi di Turkmenistan, walaupun masih banyak penduduknya yang menggunakan bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a> untuk komunikasi antara etnik. Sekitar 72% penduduknya menggunakan bahasa Turkmen, 12% menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>, 9% menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Uzbek" title="Bahasa Uzbek">bahasa Uzbek</a> dan 7% menggunakan bahasa-bahasa lain.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kebudayaan">Kebudayaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Kebudayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kebudayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tapak_Warisan_Dunia">Tapak Warisan Dunia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Tapak Warisan Dunia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tapak Warisan Dunia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="1000px" style="float:center; margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:#black; color:white;" align="center" bgcolor="green"><b>Senarai <a href="/wiki/Tapak_Warisan_Dunia" title="Tapak Warisan Dunia">Tapak Warisan Dunia</a> di Turkmenistan</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><b>Gambar</b> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><b>Nama</b> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><b>Lokasi</b> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><b>Catatan</b> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><b>Tahun Pengisytiharaan</b> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><b>Jenis</b> </th> <th>Rujukan </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Cyark_merv_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyark_merv_3.jpg/110px-Cyark_merv_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyark_merv_3.jpg/165px-Cyark_merv_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyark_merv_3.jpg/219px-Cyark_merv_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv Purba</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary, Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Mary</a> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kota" class="mw-disambig" title="Kota">Kota</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oase (laman tidak wujud)">Oase</a> utama di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> pada masa <a href="/wiki/Laluan_Sutera" title="Laluan Sutera">Jalur Sutera</a> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center">1995 </td> <td style="background:#efefef;">Budaya </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg/111px-KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg/166px-KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg/222px-KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7" title="Köneürgenç">Köneürgenç</a></b> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7" title="Köneürgenç">Köneürgenç</a> </td> <td align="left">Runtuhan ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Khoarezmiyah" title="Empayar Khoarezmiyah">Khwarezmia</a> pada abad ketujuh </td> <td align="center">2005 </td> <td align="center">Budaya </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nisa.jpg/112px-Nisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nisa.jpg/168px-Nisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nisa.jpg/224px-Nisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="744" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="left">Benteng <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisa,_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan (laman tidak wujud)">Nisa</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagyr (laman tidak wujud)">Bagyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Ahal" title="Provinsi Ahal">Provinsi Ahal</a> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="left">Salah satu ibu kota pertama <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Empayar Parthia</a> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center">2007 </td> <td style="background:#efefef;">Budaya </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf">"BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BP+Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp%2Fbusiness-sites%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fpdfs%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review%2Fbp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freedom House: Freedom in the world, country report on Turkmenistan <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7723">http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7723</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023194732/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7723">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-10-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry Martin- the Affirmative Action Empire (Itacha & London)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INDEPENDENCE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INDEPENDENCE_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0691117756&id=-lUR24wFNRAC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=pElZd9zxIv&dq=Turkmenistan&sig=6MQAuTvS0tKtqRtX_rKkP__I0Ho#PPA1,M1">Tribe, Class, and Nation in Turkmenistan, page 1</a> Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIS_MEMBERSHIP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIS_MEMBERSHIP_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/08/26dab4c9-5ba1-4193-86e7-62fc991f8a6c.html">Turkmenistan Reduces Ties To ‘Associate Member'</a> Radio Free Europe, 29 August 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/central-asia-asia-turkmenistan-presidential-elections-elections-3d13e95fe055bf53525141c351708488">"Turkmenistan leader's son wins presidential election"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+leader%27s+son+wins+presidential+election&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcentral-asia-asia-turkmenistan-presidential-elections-elections-3d13e95fe055bf53525141c351708488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/serdar-berdimuhamedov-sworn-in-as-turkmenistans-new-president/2540192">"Serdar Berdimuhamedov sworn in as Turkmenistan's new president"</a>. <i>www.aa.com.tr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Serdar+Berdimuhamedov+sworn+in+as+Turkmenistan%27s+new+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fserdar-berdimuhamedov-sworn-in-as-turkmenistans-new-president%2F2540192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yb2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yb2005_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yb2005_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statistical Yearbook of Turkmenistan 2000-2004</i>, National Institute of State Statistics and Information of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10469">Kuh-e Rizeh</a> on Peakbagger.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=13160">Mount Arlan</a> on Peakbagger.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10488">Ayrybaba</a> on Peakbagger.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEOTM-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOTM_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=81&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=925&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Monetary Fund (laman tidak wujud)">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D81%26pr.y%3D15%26sy%3D2017%26ey%3D2021%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D925%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%252CPCPIPCH%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html">"Turkmenistan"</a>. CIA World Factbook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ftx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2011" class="citation news cs1">Solovyov, Dmitry (25 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110530042110/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/25/gas-turkmenistan-idUKLDE74O23A20110525">"Turkmen gas field to be world's second-largest"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2019-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkmen+gas+field+to+be+world%27s+second-largest&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F05%2F25%2Fgas-turkmenistan-idUKLDE74O23A20110525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224215442/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL24Ag07.html">"China plays Pipelineistan<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. Atimes.com. 24 December 2009. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL24Ag07.html">yang asal</a> pada 2009-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+plays+Pipelineistan%27&rft.pub=Atimes.com&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FCentral_Asia%2FKL24Ag07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641">China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia</a>”, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) <i>Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation</i>. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statista-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statista_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/151168/cotton-producing-countries/">"The ten largest cotton producing countries in 2009"</a>. Statista.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ten+largest+cotton+producing+countries+in+2009&rft.pub=Statista.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F151168%2Fcotton-producing-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2011/12/20111230155633146491.html">"Las Vegas on the Caspian?"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Las+Vegas+on+the+Caspian%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F2011%2F12%2F20111230155633146491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmeninform.com/ru/news/20090101/00539.html">"В Туркменистане введён в обращение новый манат деноминированного образца | Экономика | ИП "ТУРКМЕНинформ<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. www.turkmeninform.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2019-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0+%26%23124%3B+%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%26%23124%3B+%D0%98%D0%9F+%22%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%22&rft.pub=www.turkmeninform.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmeninform.com%2Fru%2Fnews%2F20090101%2F00539.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616xxgRkv?url=http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf">"MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pweforum.org</i>. October 2009. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 2011-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pweforum.org&rft.atitle=MAPPING+THE+GLOBAL+MUSLIM+POPULATION+%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fuploadedfiles%2FTopics%2FDemographics%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cs2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cs2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_ClarkMichael_ThurmanDavid_Tyson1996" class="citation web cs1">Larry Clark; Michael Thurman; David Tyson (March 1996). Glenn E. Curtis (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html">"A Country Study: Turkmenistan"</a>. Library of Congress Federal Research Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1996-03&rft.au=Larry+Clark&rft.au=Michael+Thurman&rft.au=David+Tyson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|last-author-amp=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/886">Ancient Merv State Historical and Cultural Park.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1199">Köneürgenç.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1242">Nisa Fortress.</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan?uselang=ms">Turkmenistan</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikikembara memiliki panduan pelancongan bagi <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkmenistan#Q874" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/">Laman Kedutaan Turkmenistan di Washington, DC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111211192517/http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-12-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyrussian.com/seidenstrasse/silkroad/Turkmenistan.htm"><i>Turkmenbashi's country</i></a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaihana.com/">Turkmenistan Chaihana</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Komanwel_Negara-Negara_Merdeka_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ahli</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pemerhati</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_di_Asia_Tengah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asia_Tengah" title="Templat:Asia 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <br /> Kadangkala termasuk: <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a>-<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>- <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_benua_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Asia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Asia" title="Perbincangan templat:Asia"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_benua_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_Asia" title="Senarai negara dan wilayah tanggungan di Asia">Senarai negara dan wilayah tanggungan</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><table class="wikitable" style="margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Southeast_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a></span> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </span> </p> </td> <td width="15%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat" title="Asia Barat">Asia Barat</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="683" /></a></span> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Emiriah_Arab_Bersatu" title="Emiriah Arab Bersatu">Emiriah Arab Bersatu</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan">Lubnan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Negara_Palestin" title="Negara Palestin">Palestin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Utara" title="Asia Utara">Utara</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Central_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:North_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </span> </p> </td> <td width="15%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:East_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau">Macau</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/50px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/75px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/100px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </span> </p> </td> <td width="15%" align="center"><b>Wilayah tanggungan dan negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad</b> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"><b>Wilayah tanggungan :</b> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_dan_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri dan Dhekelia">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Lautan_Hindi_British" title="Wilayah Lautan Hindi British">Wilayah Lautan Hindi British</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cocos_(Keeling)" title="Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)">Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Krismas" title="Pulau Krismas">Pulau Krismas</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</small> </span><br /> <b>Negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad :</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Cyprus Utara</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_China_di_Taiwan" title="Republik China di Taiwan">Republik China (Taiwan)</a> </span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.1em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_yang_merentasi_melebihi_satu_benua" title="Senarai negara yang merentasi melebihi satu benua">Sebahagiannya</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (negeri <a href="/wiki/Papua_Barat" title="Papua Barat">Papua Barat</a>).</span>  <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.1em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_yang_merentasi_melebihi_satu_benua" title="Senarai negara yang merentasi melebihi satu benua">Sebahagiannya</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>.</span>  <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.1em;"><sup><small>3</small></sup></span> Merupakan <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Pentadbiran_Khas_Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas Republik Rakyat China">Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas</a> di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kawasan_bahasa_Turkik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kawasan_berbahasa_Turk" title="Templat:Kawasan berbahasa Turk"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Kawasan_berbahasa_Turk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Kawasan berbahasa Turk (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kawasan_berbahasa_Turk&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kawasan_bahasa_Turkik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kawasan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Turkik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa-bahasa Turkik">bahasa Turkik</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Turk Barat</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Republik Turki Cyprus Utara</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakistan" title="Karakalpakistan">Karakalpakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Turk Timur</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Altai" title="Republik Altai">Republik Altai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Sakha">Republik Sakha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Kawalan_kewibawaan_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Kawalan_kewibawaan_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Kawalan_kewibawaan" title="Bantuan:Kawalan kewibawaan">Kawalan kewibawaan</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fail_Kewibawaan_Antarabangsa_Maya" title="Fail Kewibawaan Antarabangsa Maya">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144179578">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/144179578">WorldCat (melalui VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan negara</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453272">Sepanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">Perancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">(data)</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">(data)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061255-7">Jerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638905171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n91129790">Amerika Syarikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577553">Jepun</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131145&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000505329&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/163806">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/497_34294">Vatican</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institut penyelidikan seni</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/34db0cf1-5a31-43ad-99e3-e923523aa8e7">KulturNav (Norway)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pangkalan data saintifik</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13009904?l=en">CiNii (Jepun)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260658/">Aplikasi Berfaset Terminologi Subjek</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044995">Kamus Sejarah Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/98e38a45-b90e-3575-943e-23e26ce3a69f">(kawasan)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045272">Arkib Negara (A.S.)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangkaian_Perpustakaan_Switzerland_Barat" title="Rangkaian Perpustakaan Switzerland Barat">RERO (Switzerland)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A005474829">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_Pendokumenan_Universiti" title="Sistem Pendokumenan Universiti">SUDOC (Perancis)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027367681">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turkmenistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iyZkIcke">Parlimen U.K.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=5582919">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=5582919</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pengenalan_kawasan_MusicBrainz" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pengenalan kawasan MusicBrainz">Rencana dengan pengenalan kawasan MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pengenalan_UKPARL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pengenalan UKPARL (laman tidak wujud)">Rencana dengan pengenalan UKPARL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Turkmenistan" title="Kategori:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Republik" title="Kategori:Republik">Republik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_dan_wilayah_berbahasa_Rusia" title="Kategori:Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Rusia">Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Rusia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Anggota_Pertubuhan_Kerjasama_Islam" title="Kategori:Anggota Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam">Anggota Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sumber_CS1_bahasa_Inggeris_(en)" title="Kategori:Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)">Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_yang_mengandungi_teks_bahasa_secara_jelas_menyebut_bahasa_Melayu_(bahasa_makro)" title="Kategori:Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa secara jelas menyebut bahasa Melayu (bahasa makro)">Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa secara jelas menyebut bahasa Melayu (bahasa makro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lang_and_lang-xx_using_deprecated_ISO_639_codes" title="Kategori:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes">Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_yang_ada_pautan_fail_yang_terputus" title="Kategori:Laman yang ada pautan fail yang terputus">Laman yang ada pautan fail yang terputus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_infobox_country_with_unknown_parameters" title="Kategori:Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_templat_hatnote_yang_menyasarkan_halaman_yang_tidak_wujud" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan templat hatnote yang menyasarkan halaman yang tidak wujud">Rencana dengan templat hatnote yang menyasarkan halaman yang tidak wujud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pengenalan_VIAF" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pengenalan VIAF">Rencana dengan pengenalan VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pengenalan_BNE" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pengenalan BNE">Rencana dengan pengenalan BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pengenalan_BNF" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pengenalan BNF">Rencana dengan pengenalan BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pengenalan_GND" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan 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