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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asal-usul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal-usul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Asal-usul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal-usul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandangan_dunia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandangan_dunia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pandangan dunia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pandangan_dunia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pandangan dunia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pandangan_dunia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benih_Kebuddhaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benih_Kebuddhaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Benih Kebuddhaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benih_Kebuddhaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argumen_terhadap_keaslian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argumen_terhadap_keaslian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Argumen terhadap keaslian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argumen_terhadap_keaslian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klaim_keunggulan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klaim_keunggulan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Klaim keunggulan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klaim_keunggulan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungannya_dengan_Theravāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungannya_dengan_Theravāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hubungannya dengan Theravāda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hubungannya_dengan_Theravāda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Hubungannya dengan Theravāda</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hubungannya_dengan_Theravāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peran_Bodhisatwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_Bodhisatwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Peran Bodhisatwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peran_Bodhisatwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravāda_dan_Hīnayāna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravāda_dan_Hīnayāna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Theravāda dan Hīnayāna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravāda_dan_Hīnayāna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahāyāna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 97 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماهايانا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماهايانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماهايانا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماهايانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাযান – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহাযান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাযান – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماھایانا – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماھایانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1j%C3%A1na" title="Mahájána – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahájána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μαχαγιάνα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαχαγιάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajano" title="Mahajano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mahajano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajaana" title="Mahajaana – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mahajaana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مهایانه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهایانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme_mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Bouddhisme mahāyāna – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudism_mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Boudism mahāyāna – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boudism mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מהאיאנה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהאיאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1j%C3%A1na" title="Mahájána – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mahájána" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Buddismo Mahāyāna – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%97%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="大乗仏教 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大乗仏教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayaana" title="Mahayaana – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mahayaana" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მაჰაიანა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაჰაიანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="មហាយាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាយាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%8A%B9%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="대승불교 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대승불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ມະຫາຍານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາຍານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81j%C4%81nas_budisms" title="Mahājānas budisms – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mahājānas budisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisma_mahaiana" title="Bodisma mahaiana – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bodisma mahaiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махајана – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Махајана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മഹായാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹായാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94" title="မဟာယာန – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟာယာန" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مهایانه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مهایانه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisme_mahayana" title="Bodisme mahayana – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bodisme mahayana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਹਾਯਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਯਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مہایان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہایان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مهايانا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مهايانا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaiana" title="Maaiana – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maaiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="महायानम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="महायानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8" title="මහායාන බුදු දහම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහායාන බුදු දහම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1j%C3%A1na" title="Mahájána – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mahájána" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махајана – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Махајана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மகாயான பௌத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகாயான பௌத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మహాయానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మహాయానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="มหายาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหายาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismong_Mahayana" title="Budismong Mahayana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Budismong Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مہایان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مہایان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BB%ABa" title="Đại thừa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại thừa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大乘佛教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大乘佛教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-s%C4%93ng_Hu%CC%8Dt-k%C3%A0u" title="Tāi-sēng Hu̍t-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-sēng Hu̍t-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大乘佛教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48362#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&oldid=26561960" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&id=26561960&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMah%25C4%2581y%25C4%2581na"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMah%25C4%2581y%25C4%2581na"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahayana" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48362" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Maitreya_Detail.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Maitreya_Detail.jpeg/260px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Maitreya_Detail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Maitreya_Detail.jpeg/391px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Maitreya_Detail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Maitreya_Detail.jpeg/520px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Maitreya_Detail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption> Ilustrasi dalam manuskrip <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (halaman belum tersedia)">Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra</a></i> dari <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, menggambarkan Bodhisatwa <a href="/wiki/Metteyya" title="Metteyya">Maitreya</a>, tokoh penting dalam Mahāyāna.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Mahayana" title="Kategori:Mahayana">seri</a> tentang</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#A0522D">Buddhisme Mahāyāna</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teratai, salah satu dari delapan simbol keberuntungan dalam Mahāyāna"><img alt="Teratai, salah satu dari delapan simbol keberuntungan dalam Mahāyāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/150px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/225px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/300px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center">Ajaran</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebuddhaan" title="Kebuddhaan">Kebuddhaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhicitta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhicitta (halaman belum tersedia)">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benih_Kebuddhaan" title="Benih Kebuddhaan">Benih Kebuddhaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Upāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradnyaparamita" title="Pradnyaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ram%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāramī">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajaran_dua_kebenaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajaran dua kebenaran (halaman belum tersedia)">Ajaran dua kebenaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triyana (halaman belum tersedia)">Triyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana">Nirwana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekay%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekayāna (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sila_Bodhisatwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sila Bodhisatwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sila Bodhisatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikrar_Bodhisatwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikrar Bodhisatwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Ikrar Bodhisatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bh%C5%ABmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhūmi (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhūmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanah_murni" title="Tanah murni">Tanah murni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prabaswara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabaswara (halaman belum tersedia)">Prabaswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Dhāraṇī">Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triprawartana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triprawartana (halaman belum tersedia)">Triprawartana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Gotama">Sakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Buddha" title="Adi Buddha">Adi Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%E1%B9%A3obhya" title="Akṣobhya">Akṣobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī (halaman belum tersedia)">Prajñāpāramitā Devī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyaguru" title="Bhaiṣajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB" title="Mañjuśrī">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrap%C4%81%E1%B9%87i" title="Vajrapāṇi">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrasattva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrasattva (halaman belum tersedia)">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ākāśagarbha (halaman belum tersedia)">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra" title="Samantabhadra">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Bodhisatwa)" title="Tara (Bodhisatwa)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_murka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makhluk murka (halaman belum tersedia)">Makhluk murka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutra_Mahayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutra Mahayana (halaman belum tersedia)">Sutra Mahayana</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pradnyaparamita" title="Pradnyaparamita">Sūtra Prajñāpāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_Teratai" title="Sutra Teratai">Sūtra Teratai</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none"><a href="/wiki/Sutra_Avatamsaka" title="Sutra Avatamsaka">Sūtra Avataṃsaka</a></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Mahāratnakūṭa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Mahāratnakūṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_Mah%C4%81sa%E1%B9%83nip%C4%81ta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Mahāsaṃnipāta (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Mahāsaṃnipāta</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_Vimalakirti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Vimalakirti (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Vimalakirti</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Tanah_Murni#Sutra_Tanah_Murni" title="Buddhisme Tanah Murni">Sūtra Tanah Murni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitawistara" title="Lalitawistara">Sūtra Lalitavistara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_Sam%C4%81dhir%C4%81ja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Samādhirāja (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Samādhirāja</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhinirmocana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Saṃdhinirmocana</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABtra_Tath%C4%81gatagarbha" title="Sūtra Tathāgatagarbha">Sūtra Tathāgatagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Śrīmālādevī (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Śrīmālādevī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Mahāparinirvāṇa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Mahāparinirvāṇa</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Śūraṅgama Samādhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Śūraṅgama Samādhi</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_Lankawatara" title="Sutra Lankawatara">Sūtra Laṅkāvatāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_Ghanavy%C5%ABha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Ghanavyūha (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Ghanavyūha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_Cahaya_Emas" title="Sutra Cahaya Emas">Sūtra Cahaya Emas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_Tath%C4%81gataguhyaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Tathāgataguhyaka (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Tathāgataguhyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%ABtra_K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sūtra Kāraṇḍavyūha (halaman belum tersedia)">Sūtra Kāraṇḍavyūha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Buddhisme#Mahāyāna" title="Aliran Buddhisme">Subaliran utama</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Han" title="Buddhisme Han">Buddhisme Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Chan" title="Buddhisme Chan">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Tanah_Murni" title="Buddhisme Tanah Murni">Tanah Murni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa_Gu_Shan" title="Fa Gu Shan">Fa Gu Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chung_Tai_Shan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chung Tai Shan (halaman belum tersedia)">Chung Tai Shan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Nichiren" title="Buddhisme Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Shingon" title="Buddhisme Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Tibet" title="Buddhisme Tibet">Buddhisme Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyingma (halaman belum tersedia)">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadam (halaman belum tersedia)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(aliran)" title="Sakya (aliran)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonang (halaman belum tersedia)">Jonang</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center">Tokoh penting</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aswagosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aswagosa (halaman belum tersedia)">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryadewa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aryadewa (halaman belum tersedia)">Āryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(biksu)" title="Lokaksema (biksu)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sthiramati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sthiramati (halaman belum tersedia)">Sthiramati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhap%C4%81lita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhapālita (halaman belum tersedia)">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dign%C4%81ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dignāga (halaman belum tersedia)">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavaviveka" title="Bhavaviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%ABrti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakīrti">Dharmakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candrakirti" title="Candrakirti">Candrakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhiyi (halaman belum tersedia)">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazang (halaman belum tersedia)">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shāntideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wŏnhyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinul (halaman belum tersedia)">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongzhi_Zhengjue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue (halaman belum tersedia)">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śaṅkaranandana (halaman belum tersedia)">Śaṅkaranandana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C5%ABpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virūpa (halaman belum tersedia)">Virūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratnākaraśānti (halaman belum tersedia)">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhayakaragupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhayakaragupta (halaman belum tersedia)">Abhayākaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Nāropā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atisha" title="Atisha">Atisha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakya_Pandita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakya Pandita (halaman belum tersedia)">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (halaman belum tersedia)">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangjung_Dorje,_Karmapa_Lama_Ketiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangjung Dorje, Karmapa Lama Ketiga (halaman belum tersedia)">Rangjung Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longchenpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longchenpa (halaman belum tersedia)">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanshan_Deqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanshan Deqing (halaman belum tersedia)">Hanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Tenzin Gyatso (Dalai Lama ke-14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center">Tradisi regional</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Tiongkok" title="Buddhisme di Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Taiwan" title="Buddhisme di Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Jepang" title="Buddhisme di Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Korea" title="Buddhisme di Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Vietnam" title="Buddhisme di Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Tibet" title="Buddhisme Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Nepal" title="Buddhisme di Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_Newar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme Newar (halaman belum tersedia)">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Bhutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Mongolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Malaysia (halaman belum tersedia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Indonesia" title="Buddhisme di Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_dunia_Barat" title="Buddhisme di dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Kategori:Buddhisme" title="Kategori:Buddhisme"><span style="color:#8B7B8B">seri</span></a> tentang</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ffd068;"><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmacakra" title="Dharmacakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/110px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/165px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/220px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_istilah_Buddhisme" title="Daftar istilah Buddhisme">Istilah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_artikel_terkait_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks artikel terkait Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_besar_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis besar Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis besar</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Buddhisme" title="Sejarah Buddhisme">Sejarah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_menurut_negara" title="Buddhisme menurut negara">Penyebaran</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_Buddhisme" title="Garis waktu Buddhisme">Garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidang_Buddhis" title="Sidang Buddhis">Sidang Buddhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyebaran_Buddhisme_di_sepanjang_Jalur_Sutra" title="Penyebaran Buddhisme di sepanjang Jalur Sutra">Jalur Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemunduran_Buddhisme_di_anak_benua_India" title="Kemunduran Buddhisme di anak benua India">Anak benua India</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_awal" class="mw-disambig" title="Buddhisme awal">Buddhisme awal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_prasektarian" title="Buddhisme prasektarian">Prasektarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Buddhis_awal" title="Aliran Buddhis awal">Aliran awal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%81ghika" title="Mahāsāṁghika">Mahāsāṁghika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthaviravāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Buddhis_awal" title="Kitab Buddhis awal">Kitab awal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhisme)" title="Āgama (Buddhisme)">Āgama</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Benua" title="Benua">Benua</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Tenggara" title="Buddhisme di Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Timur" title="Buddhisme di Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Tengah" title="Buddhisme di Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Timur_Tengah" title="Buddhisme di Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_dunia_Barat" title="Buddhisme di dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Australia (halaman belum tersedia)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Oseania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Oseania (halaman belum tersedia)">Oseania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Benua_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Benua Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Afrika" title="Buddhisme di Afrika">Afrika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Populasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Populasi">Populasi</a> signifikan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Tiongkok" title="Buddhisme di Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Thailand" title="Buddhisme di Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Jepang" title="Buddhisme di Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Myanmar" title="Buddhisme di Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhisme di Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Vietnam" title="Buddhisme di Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Kamboja" title="Buddhisme di Kamboja">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Korea" title="Buddhisme di Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Taiwan" title="Buddhisme di Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Buddhisme_di_India" title="Sejarah Buddhisme di India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Malaysia (halaman belum tersedia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Laos" title="Buddhisme di Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Indonesia" title="Buddhisme di Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Buddhisme di Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Singapura" title="Buddhisme di Singapura">Singapura</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Buddhisme" title="Aliran Buddhisme">Aliran</a></li><li>Tradisi</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konsensus_pemersatu_Therav%C4%81da_dan_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Konsensus pemersatu Theravāda dan Mahāyāna">Konsensus pemersatu</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Arus_utama" title="Arus utama">Arus utama</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Sinkretisme" title="Sinkretisme">Sinkretis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Buddhayana_Indonesia" title="Majelis Buddhayana Indonesia">Buddhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridharma" title="Tridharma">Tridharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Maitreya" class="mw-disambig" title="Aliran Maitreya">Aliran Maitreya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikuanisme" title="Ikuanisme">Yīguàndào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Le_Da_Dao" title="Mi Le Da Dao">Mílèdàdào</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradisi_Dhammakaya" title="Tradisi Dhammakaya">Dhammakāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaran_Siwa-Buddha" title="Ajaran Siwa-Buddha">Siwa-Buddha</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Buddhis" title="Kitab Buddhis">Kitab</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da#Kitab_Suci" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Pali" title="Tripitaka Pali">Tripitaka Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komentar_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Komentar (Theravāda)">Komentar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subkomentar_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Subkomentar (Theravāda)">Subkomentar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sastra_Pali" title="Sastra Pali">Sastra Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kitab_suci">Mahāyāna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vajrayana#Kitab_suci" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Tionghoa" title="Tripitaka Tionghoa">Tripitaka Tionghoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Taish%C5%8D" title="Tripitaka Taishō">Tripitaka Taishō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Tibet" title="Tripitaka Tibet">Tripitaka Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangyur (halaman belum tersedia)">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tengyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tengyur (halaman belum tersedia)">Tengyur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Dhāraṇī">Dhāraṇī</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebuddhaan" title="Kebuddhaan">Buddha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">Buddha saat ini dan keluarga:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukjizat_Buddha_Gotama" title="Mukjizat Buddha Gotama">Mukjizat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(klan)" title="Sakya (klan)">Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Keluarga Siddhattha Gotama">Keluarga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81y%C4%81" title="Māyā">Māyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81paj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gotam%C4%AB" title="Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī">Pajāpatī Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasodhar%C4%81" title="Yasodharā">Yasodharā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">4 tempat suci utama:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbin%C4%AB" title="Lumbinī">Lumbinī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Buddhagayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Isipatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kusinārā</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">Buddha penting sebelumnya:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpa%E1%B9%85kara" title="Dīpaṅkara">Dīpaṅkara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipass%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipassī (halaman belum tersedia)">Vipassī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikh%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhī (halaman belum tersedia)">Sikhī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vessabh%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vessabhū (halaman belum tersedia)">Vessabhū</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakusandha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakusandha (halaman belum tersedia)">Kakusandha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koṇāgamana (halaman belum tersedia)">Koṇāgamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa" title="Kassapa">Kassapa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">Buddha selanjutnya:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metteyya" title="Metteyya">Metteyya</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">Bawahan:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewa_(Buddhisme)" title="Dewa (Buddhisme)">Dewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_(Buddhisme)" title="Brahma (Buddhisme)">Brahma</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Praktik">Mahāyāna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vajrayana#Praktik" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">Buddha terkenal:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Buddha_Kebijaksanaan" title="Lima Buddha Kebijaksanaan">Lima Buddha Kebijaksanaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%E1%B9%A3obhya" title="Akṣobhya">Akṣobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasa%E1%B9%81bhava" title="Ratnasaṁbhava">Ratnasaṁbhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasa%E1%B9%81bhava" title="Padmasaṁbhava">Padmasaṁbhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyaguru" title="Bhaiṣajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">Bodhisatwa terkenal:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Bodhisatwa" title="Daftar Bodhisatwa">Daftar Bodhisatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB" title="Mañjuśrī">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awalokiteswara" title="Awalokiteswara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra" title="Samantabhadra">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrap%C4%81%E1%B9%87i" title="Vajrapāṇi">Vajrapāṇi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darma#Buddhisme" title="Darma">Dhamma</a></li><li>Ajaran</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empat_Kebenaran_Mulia" title="Empat Kebenaran Mulia">Empat Kebenaran Mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalan_Mulia_Berunsur_Delapan" title="Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan">Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilaksana" title="Trilaksana">Trilaksana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketidakkekalan_(Buddhisme)" title="Ketidakkekalan (Buddhisme)">Ketidakkekalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penderitaan_(Buddhisme)" title="Penderitaan (Buddhisme)">Penderitaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpa_atma" title="Tanpa atma">Tanpa atma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandangan_(Buddhisme)" title="Pandangan (Buddhisme)">Pandangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titthiya" title="Titthiya">Titthiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuhanan_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Ketuhanan dalam Buddhisme">Ketuhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niy%C4%81ma" title="Niyāma">Niyāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyakinan_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Keyakinan dalam Buddhisme">Keyakinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triratna" title="Triratna">Triratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(Buddhisme)" title="Pancasila (Buddhisme)">Pancasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra" title="Māra">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Karma dalam Buddhisme">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana">Nirwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemunculan_Bersebab" title="Kemunculan Bersebab">Kemunculan Bersebab</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gugusan_(Buddhisme)" title="Gugusan (Buddhisme)">Gugusan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materi_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materi (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Materi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesadaran_(Buddhisme)" title="Kesadaran (Buddhisme)">Kesadaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persepsi_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persepsi (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Persepsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perasaan_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perasaan (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perasaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_(Buddhisme)" title="Unsur (Buddhisme)">Unsur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landasan_indra" title="Landasan indra">Landasan indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loka_(Buddhisme)" title="Loka (Buddhisme)">Loka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punarbawa" title="Punarbawa">Punarbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhisme)" title="Samsara (Buddhisme)">Samsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhi%C3%B1%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhiññā">Abhiññā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faktor_mental" title="Faktor mental">Faktor mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengotor_batin" title="Pengotor batin">Pengotor batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noda_batin" title="Noda batin">Noda batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belenggu_(Buddhisme)" title="Belenggu (Buddhisme)">Belenggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rintangan_(Buddhisme)" title="Rintangan (Buddhisme)">Rintangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kekuatan (Buddhisme)">Kekuatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_(Buddhisme)" title="Hasrat (Buddhisme)">Hasrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafsu_kehausan_(Buddhisme)" title="Nafsu kehausan (Buddhisme)">Keserakahan (Nafsu kehausan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebencian_(Buddhisme)" title="Kebencian (Buddhisme)">Kebencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delusi_(Buddhisme)" title="Delusi (Buddhisme)">Delusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketidaktahuan_(Buddhisme)" title="Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)">Ketidaktahuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemelekatan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kemelekatan (Buddhisme)">Kemelekatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perhatian_penuh_(Buddhisme)" title="Perhatian penuh (Buddhisme)">Perhatian penuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebajikan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kebajikan (Buddhisme)">Kebajikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramita" title="Paramita">Paramita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malu_(Buddhisme)" title="Malu (Buddhisme)">Malu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takut_(Buddhisme)" title="Takut (Buddhisme)">Takut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na#Buddhisme" title="Dāna">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_(Buddhisme)" title="Sila (Buddhisme)">Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditasi_(Buddhisme)" title="Meditasi (Buddhisme)">Meditasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati" title="Ānāpānasati">Ānāpānasati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satipa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satipaṭṭhāna (halaman belum tersedia)">Satipaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penolakan_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penolakan (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Penolakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebijaksanaan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kebijaksanaan (Buddhisme)">Kebijaksanaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energi_(Buddhisme)" title="Energi (Buddhisme)">Energi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesabaran_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesabaran (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesabaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebenaran_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebenaran (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebenaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebulatan_tekad_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebulatan tekad (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebulatan tekad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavih%C4%81ra" title="Brahmavihāra">Brahmavihāra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_kasih_(Buddhisme)" title="Cinta kasih (Buddhisme)">Cinta kasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belas_kasih_(Buddhisme)" title="Belas kasih (Buddhisme)">Belas kasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpati_(Buddhisme)" title="Simpati (Buddhisme)">Simpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenangan_(Buddhisme)" title="Ketenangan (Buddhisme)">Ketenangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_batin_(Buddhisme)" title="Keseimbangan batin (Buddhisme)">Keseimbangan batin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astasila" title="Astasila">Astasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakti_(Buddhisme)" title="Bakti (Buddhisme)">Bakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Buddhisme)" title="Puja (Buddhisme)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaskara_(Buddhisme)" title="Namaskara (Buddhisme)">Namaskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradaksina" title="Pradaksina">Pradaksina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindapata" title="Pindapata">Pindapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelimpahan_jasa" title="Pelimpahan jasa">Pelimpahan jasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarah_(Buddhisme)" title="Ziarah (Buddhisme)">Ziarah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Buddhisme)" title="Sādhu (Buddhisme)">Sādhu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_(Buddhisme)" title="Majelis (Buddhisme)">Majelis</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta" title="Sāriputta">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggall%C4%81na" title="Moggallāna">Moggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_murid_utama_Buddha" title="Sepuluh murid utama Buddha">10 murid utama Buddha Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabbajj%C4%81" title="Pabbajjā">Pabbajjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasampad%C4%81" title="Upasampadā">Upasampadā</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> Jenis penganut</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81vaka" title="Sāvaka">Sāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasaka-upasika" title="Upasaka-upasika">Upasaka-upasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADhas%C4%ABlan%C4%AB" title="Aṭṭhasīlanī">Aṭṭhasīlanī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayalay" title="Sayalay">Sayalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera-samaneri" title="Samanera-samaneri">Samanera-samaneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biksu" title="Biksu">Biksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biksuni" title="Biksuni">Biksuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaly%C4%81%E1%B9%87amitta" title="Kalyāṇamitta">Kalyāṇamitta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Empat_tingkat_kemuliaan" title="Empat tingkat kemuliaan">4 tingkat kemuliaan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotapana" title="Sotapana">Sotapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagami" title="Anagami">Anagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arahat" title="Arahat">Arahat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#FFE7B3;padding:2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Tempat_ibadah_Buddhisme" title="Tempat ibadah Buddhisme">Tempat ibadah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wihara" title="Wihara">Wihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_(Buddhisme)" title="Sima (Buddhisme)">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuti_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuti (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi" title="Candi">Candi</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hari_raya_Buddhis" title="Hari raya Buddhis">Hari raya</a></li><li>Peringatan</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waisak" title="Waisak">Waisak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80s%C4%81%E1%B8%B7ha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Āsāḷha Pūjā">Āsāḷha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%ADhina" title="Kaṭhina">Kaṭhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Abhidhamma" title="Hari Abhidhamma">Hari Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#FFE4B5;;text-align:left;background:#ffd068;padding-bottom:0;padding:2px 6px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Budaya</a></li><li>Masyarakat</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;border:1px solid #FFE7B3;padding:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Buddhis" title="Bendera Buddhis"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/60px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/90px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/120px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_aborsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan aborsi (halaman belum tersedia)">Aborsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_agama-agama_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan agama-agama Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama-agama Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anikonisme_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Anikonisme dalam Buddhisme">Anikonisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomisme_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomisme Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Atomisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_dan_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baháʼí dan Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Buddhis" title="Bendera Buddhis">Bendera Buddhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhar%C5%ABpa" title="Buddharūpa">Buddharūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Terjun_Aktif" title="Buddhisme Terjun Aktif">Buddhisme Terjun Aktif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_bunuh_diri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan bunuh diri (halaman belum tersedia)">Bunuh diri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_demokrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan demokrasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Demokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmacakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmacakra">Dharmacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_dunia_Romawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan dunia Romawi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dunia Romawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Buddhis" title="Ekonomi Buddhis">Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Buddhis" title="Filsafat Buddhis">Filsafat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_filsafat_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan filsafat Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Filsafat Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_Gnostisisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan Gnostisisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Gnostisisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Helenistik" title="Buddhisme Helenistik">Helenistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidangan_Buddhis" title="Hidangan Buddhis">Hidangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_Hinduisme" title="Buddhisme dan Hinduisme">Hinduisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_humanistik" title="Buddhisme humanistik">Humanisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_ilmu_pengetahuan" title="Buddhisme dan ilmu pengetahuan">Ilmu pengetahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_Jainisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan Jainisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Jainisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalender_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalender Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalender</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_kasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan kasta (halaman belum tersedia)">Kasta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_kecerdasan_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan kecerdasan buatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kecerdasan buatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_kekerasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan kekerasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekerasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_Kekristenan" title="Buddhisme dan Kekristenan">Kekristenan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaruh_Buddhisme_terhadap_Kekristenan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengaruh Buddhisme terhadap Kekristenan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengaruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbandingan_Buddhisme_dengan_Kekristenan" title="Perbandingan Buddhisme dengan Kekristenan">Perbandingan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_masturbasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan masturbasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Masturbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme_Buddhis" title="Modernisme Buddhis">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navay%C4%81na" title="Navayāna">Navayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_orientasi_seksual" title="Buddhisme dan orientasi seksual">Orientasi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perempuan_dalam_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perempuan dalam Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Perempuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_psikologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan psikologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Psikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_seksualitas" title="Buddhisme dan seksualitas">Seksualitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_sekuler" title="Buddhisme sekuler">Sekularisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rupa_Buddhisme" title="Seni rupa Buddhisme">Seni rupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_Buddhis" title="Sosialisme Buddhis">Sosialisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_Teosofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan Teosofi (halaman belum tersedia)">Teosofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarisme_Buddhis" title="Vegetarisme Buddhis">Vegetarisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhis_Yahudi" title="Buddhis Yahudi">Yahudi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhisme" title="Portal:Buddhisme">Portal Buddhisme</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Buddhisme" title="Templat:Buddhisme"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Buddhisme" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Buddhisme"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Buddhisme&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shishoin_temple_shibamata_Five_Tathagatas_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Shishoin_temple_shibamata_Five_Tathagatas_2020.jpg/260px-Shishoin_temple_shibamata_Five_Tathagatas_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Shishoin_temple_shibamata_Five_Tathagatas_2020.jpg/390px-Shishoin_temple_shibamata_Five_Tathagatas_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Shishoin_temple_shibamata_Five_Tathagatas_2020.jpg/520px-Shishoin_temple_shibamata_Five_Tathagatas_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Lima_Buddha_Kebijaksanaan" title="Lima Buddha Kebijaksanaan">Lima Tathāgata</a> di Kuil Shishoin (Tokyo). Ciri unik Mahāyāna adalah kepercayaan bahwa ada banyak Buddha yang saat ini mengajarkan Dharma.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mahāyāna</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span title="Pengejaan pengucapan Inggris" class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kunci_pengejaan_pengucapan" title="Wikipedia:Kunci pengejaan pengucapan"><i><b><span class="smallcaps"><span class="SMALLCAPS" style="FONT-VARIANT:SMALL-CAPS;"><span class="NOCAPS" style="TEXT-TRANSFORM:LOWERCASE;">MAH</span></span></span></b>-hə-<b><span class="smallcaps"><span class="SMALLCAPS" style="FONT-VARIANT:SMALL-CAPS;"><span class="NOCAPS" style="TEXT-TRANSFORM:LOWERCASE;">YAH</span></span></span></b>-nə</i></a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">Sanskerta</a>: <span lang="sa">महायान</span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sa is deprecated </span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="terjemahan harfiah">terj. har.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap"> </span>'Kendaraan Agung') adalah istilah untuk sekelompok besar tradisi, <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Buddhis" title="Kitab Buddhis">teks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Buddhis" title="Filsafat Buddhis">filsafat</a>, dan praktik <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a> yang dikembangkan di <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_India" title="Sejarah India">India kuno</a> (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> abad ke-1 SM</span> dan seterusnya). Mahāyāna dianggap sebagai salah satu dari tiga aliran utama Buddhisme yang ada, yang lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey-2013a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-2013a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahāyāna menerima kitab suci dan ajaran utama <a href="/wiki/Aliran_Buddhis_awal" title="Aliran Buddhis awal">Buddhisme awal</a>, tetapi juga mengakui berbagai ajaran dan kitab yang tidak dianggap asli oleh Buddhisme Theravāda. Kitab-kitab tersebut termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutra_Mahayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutra Mahayana (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna</a> dan penekanannya pada jalan <a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pradnyaparamita" title="Pradnyaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliran Vajrayāna atau tradisi Mantra merupakan bagian dari aliran Mahāyāna yang menggunakan sejumlah metode <a href="/wiki/Tantrisme" title="Tantrisme">tantra</a> yang diyakini oleh para penganut Vajrayāna untuk membantu mencapai <a href="/wiki/Kebuddhaan" title="Kebuddhaan">Kebuddhaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey-2013a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-2013a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahāyāna juga merujuk pada jalan <a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a> yang berjuang untuk menjadi seorang Buddha yang sepenuhnya tercerahkan demi manfaat semua makhluk hidup, dan dengan demikian juga disebut "Kendaraan Bodhisatwa" (<i>Bodhisattvayāna</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated38_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhisme Mahāyāna secara umum memandang tujuan menjadi seorang Buddha melalui jalan Bodhisatwa sebagai sesuatu yang dapat dicapai oleh semua orang dan memandang tingkat <a href="/wiki/Arahat" title="Arahat">arahat</a> sebagai sesuatu yang tidak lengkap.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahāyāna juga meyakini banyak sosok Buddha dan Bodhisatwa yang tidak ditemukan dalam aliran Theravāda (seperti <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Williams-2008f_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2008f-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filosofi Buddhisme Mahāyāna juga mengenalkan teori-teori khas, seperti teori kekosongan <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">śūnyatā</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Vijñānavāda</a></i> ("ajaran kesadaran" yang juga disebut "hanya pikiran"), dan ajaran <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgatagarbha">Benih Kebuddhaan</a> (keyakinan bahwa semua makhluk hidup sudah memiliki hakikat Kebuddhaan yang murni di dalam diri mereka). </p><p>Meskipun awalnya merupakan gerakan kecil di India, Mahāyāna akhirnya tumbuh menjadi kekuatan berpengaruh dalam <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Buddhisme_di_India" title="Sejarah Buddhisme di India">Buddhisme India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhead_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhead-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pusat-pusat akademis besar yang berhubungan dengan Mahāyāna, seperti <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> dan Vikramashila, berkembang pesat antara abad ke-7 dan ke-12.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhead_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhead-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam perjalanan sejarahnya, Buddhisme Mahāyāna menyebar dari <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Himalaya" title="Pegunungan Himalaya">wilayah Himalaya</a>. Berbagai tradisi dari aliran Mahāyāna merupakan bentuk dominan dari Buddhisme yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a> adalah bentuk <a href="/wiki/Tantrisme" title="Tantrisme">tantra</a> dari Mahāyāna, Buddhisme Mahāyāna juga dominan di <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, dan wilayah Himalaya lainnya. Aliran ini juga secara tradisional hadir di tempat lain di Asia sebagai agama minoritas di antara komunitas Buddhis di <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, dan wilayah-wilayah dengan komunitas diaspora Asia. </p><p>Pada tahun 2010, aliran Mahāyāna merupakan aliran <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a> dengan penganut terbanyak, dengan 53% Buddhis menganut <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Timur" title="Buddhisme di Asia Timur">Mahāyāna Asia Timur</a> dan 6% menganut <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a>, dibandingkan dengan 36% yang menganut <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" title="Theravāda">Theravada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Seated_Avalokiteshvara._Gandharan,_from_Loriyan_Tangai._Kushan_period,_1st_-_3d_century_AD._Indian_Museum,_Calcutta_ei05-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Seated_Avalokiteshvara._Gandharan%2C_from_Loriyan_Tangai._Kushan_period%2C_1st_-_3d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta_ei05-31.jpg/220px-Seated_Avalokiteshvara._Gandharan%2C_from_Loriyan_Tangai._Kushan_period%2C_1st_-_3d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta_ei05-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Seated_Avalokiteshvara._Gandharan%2C_from_Loriyan_Tangai._Kushan_period%2C_1st_-_3d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta_ei05-31.jpg/330px-Seated_Avalokiteshvara._Gandharan%2C_from_Loriyan_Tangai._Kushan_period%2C_1st_-_3d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta_ei05-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Seated_Avalokiteshvara._Gandharan%2C_from_Loriyan_Tangai._Kushan_period%2C_1st_-_3d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta_ei05-31.jpg/440px-Seated_Avalokiteshvara._Gandharan%2C_from_Loriyan_Tangai._Kushan_period%2C_1st_-_3d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta_ei05-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> Bodhisatwa <a href="/wiki/Awalokiteswara" title="Awalokiteswara">Awalokiteswara</a> yang sedang duduk. <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Gandh%C4%81ra" title="Buddhisme Gandhāra">Gandharan</a>, dari Loriyan Tangai. Periode <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Kushan" title="Kekaisaran Kushan">Kushan</a>, abad ke-1 – ke-3 Masehi. Museum India, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kalkuta</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Karla_chaitya_stupa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Karla_chaitya_stupa.JPG/220px-Karla_chaitya_stupa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Karla_chaitya_stupa.JPG/330px-Karla_chaitya_stupa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Karla_chaitya_stupa.JPG/440px-Karla_chaitya_stupa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> Kompleks gua yang terkait dengan aliran <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%81ghika" title="Mahāsāṁghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a>. Gua Karla, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Mahārāṣtra</a>, India,</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asal-usul">Asal-usul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Asal-usul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal-usul"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asal-usul Mahāyāna masih belum sepenuhnya dipahami dan terdapat banyak teori yang saling bersaing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._260_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._260-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandangan Barat yang paling awal tentang Mahāyāna berasumsi bahwa ia ada sebagai aliran terpisah yang bersaing dengan apa yang disebut aliran "<a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayāna</a>" ("Kendaraan Hina"; "Kendaraan Kecil"). Beberapa teori utama tentang asal usul Mahāyāna meliputi hal berikut: </p><p><b>Teori asal usul umat awam</b> pertama kali dikemukakan oleh Jean Przyluski dan kemudian dipertahankan oleh Étienne Lamotte dan Akira Hirakawa. Pandangan ini menyatakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Upasaka-upasika" title="Upasaka-upasika">umat awam</a> sangat penting dalam pengembangan Mahāyāna dan sebagian didasarkan pada beberapa teks seperti Vimalakirti Sūtra, yang memuji umat awam dengan mengorbankan kaum biksu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirakawa1990271_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa1990271-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teori ini tidak lagi diterima secara luas karena banyak karya Mahāyāna awal yang mempromosikan monastisisme dan asketisme.<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Teori asal-usul Mahāsāṃghika</b>, yang menyatakan bahwa Mahāyāna berkembang dalam tradisi <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%81ghika" title="Mahāsāṁghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini dibela oleh beberapa sarjana, seperti <a href="/wiki/Johan_Hendrik_Caspar_Kern" title="Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern">Hendrik Kern</a>, AK Warder, dan Paul Williams yang berpendapat bahwa setidaknya beberapa elemen Mahāyāna berkembang di antara komunitas Mahāsāṃghika (sejak abad ke-1 SM dan seterusnya), mungkin di daerah sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Krishna" title="Sungai Krishna">Sungai Kṛṣṇa</a> di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Āndhra</a> di India selatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Xing65-66_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xing65-66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams-2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._263_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._263-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warder-1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warder-1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajaran Mahāsāṃghika mengenai hakikat adiduniawi (<i>lokottara</i>) Buddha terkadang dianggap sebagai cikal bakal pandangan Mahāyāna mengenai Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams-2008f_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2008f-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa sarjana juga melihat tokoh-tokoh Mahāyāna, seperti <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a>, Dignaga, <a href="/wiki/Candrakirti" title="Candrakirti">Candrakīrti</a>, Āryadeva, dan <a href="/wiki/Bhavaviveka" title="Bhavaviveka">Bhavaviveka</a> memiliki hubungan dengan aliran Mahāsāṃghika dari Āndhra.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, beberapa ilmuwan lain juga menyebutkan beberapa wilayah penting, seperti <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> dan India barat laut.<sup id="cite_ref-Karashima-2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karashima-2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seiring berjalannya waktu, teori asal usul Mahāsāṃghika juga terbukti bermasalah oleh para ilmuwan yang mengungkapkan bagaimana <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna tertentu menunjukkan jejak-jejak yang berkembang di antara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekolah_Nikaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekolah Nikaya (halaman belum tersedia)">nikāya-nikāya</a></i> atau aliran monastik lain (seperti <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena bukti-bukti tersebut, para sarjana, seperti Paul Harrison dan Paul Williams, berpendapat bahwa gerakan ini bukan gerakan sektarian dan mungkin bersifat pan-Buddhis.<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak ada bukti bahwa Mahāyāna pernah merujuk pada sebuah aliran atau sekte formal Buddhisme yang terpisah, namun lebih tepatnya bahwa aliran ini ada sebagai sekumpulan cita-cita tertentu, dan ajaran-ajaran selanjutnya, dengan penekanan pada jalan Bodhisatwa.<sup id="cite_ref-Nattier,_Jan_2003_hlm._193-1942_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nattier,_Jan_2003_hlm._193-1942-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sementara itu, <b>"hipotesis hutan"</b> menyatakan bahwa Mahāyāna muncul terutama di kalangan "<a href="/wiki/Asketisisme" title="Asketisisme">para petapa</a> garis keras, anggota sayap penganut ajaran Buddha yang tinggal di hutan (<i>aranyavasin</i>)", yang berusaha meniru kehidupan Buddha di hutan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini telah dipertahankan oleh Paul Harrison, Jan Nattier, dan Reginald Ray. Teori ini didasarkan pada <i>sūtra</i> tertentu seperti Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra dan Mahāyāna Rāṣṭrapālapaṛiprcchā yang mempromosikan praktik pertapaan di alam liar sebagai jalan yang unggul dan elit. Teks-teks ini mengkritik para biksu yang tinggal di kota dan merendahkan kehidupan di hutan.<sup id="cite_ref-Nattier,_Jan_2003_hlm._193-1942_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nattier,_Jan_2003_hlm._193-1942-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kajian Jan Nattier tentang Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra<i>, A few good men</i> (2003), menyatakan bahwa <i>sūtra</i> ini merupakan bentuk paling awal dari Mahāyāna, yang menyajikan jalan <a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a> sebagai 'usaha yang sangat sulit' dari asketisme hutan monastik elit.<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penelitian Boucher tentang <i>Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā-sūtra</i> (2008) adalah karya terbaru lainnya tentang subjek ini.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Teori pemujaan kitab</b>, yang dibela oleh <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Schopen" title="Gregory Schopen">Gregory Schopen</a>, menyatakan bahwa Mahāyāna muncul di antara sejumlah kelompok biksu penyembah kitab yang saling terkait, yang mempelajari, menghafal, menyalin, dan memuja <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna tertentu. Schopen berpendapat bahwa hal tersebut terinspirasi oleh tempat pemujaan yang menjadi tempat penyimpanan <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna.<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schopen juga berpendapat bahwa kelompok-kelompok ini sebagian besar menolak pemujaan <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, atau pemujaan relik suci. </p><p>David Drewes belakangan juga mengemukakan argumen yang menentang semua teori utama yang diuraikan di atas. Dia menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada bukti nyata atas keberadaan tempat pemujaan kitab, bahwa praktik pemujaan <i>sūtra</i> bersifat pan-Buddhis dan tidak khas Mahāyāna. Lebih jauh, Drewes berpendapat bahwa "<i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna lebih sering menganjurkan praktik-praktik mnemik/lisan/pendengaran daripada yang tertulis."<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mengenai hipotesis hutan, ia menunjukkan bahwa hanya sedikit <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna yang secara langsung menganjurkan tinggal di hutan, sementara yang lain tidak menyebutkannya atau melihatnya sebagai hal yang tidak membantu, mempromosikan praktik-praktik yang lebih mudah seperti "hanya mendengarkan <i>sūtra</i>, atau memikirkan Buddha-Buddha tertentu, yang mereka klaim dapat memungkinkan seseorang untuk terlahir kembali di '<a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Tanah_Murni" title="Buddhisme Tanah Murni">tanah suci</a>' yang istimewa dan mewah di mana seseorang akan mampu membuat kemajuan yang mudah dan cepat di jalan Bodhisatwa dan mencapai Kebuddhaan setelah hanya satu kehidupan."<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drewes menyatakan bahwa bukti-bukti yang ada hanya menunjukkan bahwa "Mahāyāna pada dasarnya adalah sebuah gerakan tekstual, yang berfokus pada pewahyuan, pengajaran, dan penyebaran <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutra_Mahayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutra Mahayana (halaman belum tersedia)">sūtra</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutra_Mahayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutra Mahayana (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahāyāna</a>, yang berkembang dalam, dan tidak pernah benar-benar meninggalkan, struktur sosial dan kelembagaan Buddhis tradisional."<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drewes menunjukkan pentingnya <i>dharmabhanaka</i> (ahli dharma, pembaca <i>sūtra</i> ini) dalam <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna awal. Tokoh ini banyak dipuji sebagai sosok yang harus dihormati, dipatuhi ('bagaikan seorang hamba melayani tuannya'), dan diberi sumbangan, sehingga mungkin saja orang-orang ini merupakan agen utama gerakan Mahāyāna.<sup id="cite_ref-Drewes-2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewes-2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pandangan_dunia">Pandangan dunia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pandangan dunia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pandangan dunia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/220px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/330px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/440px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> Patung perunggu Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Mahāvairocana</a> dari Dinasti Ming yang menggambarkan tubuhnya tersusun dari banyak Buddha lainnya.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Prajnaparamita_with_Devotees,_Folio_from_a_Shatasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_(The_Perfection_of_Wisdom_in_100,000_Verses)_LACMA_M.81.90.6_(3_of_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prajnaparamita_with_Devotees%2C_Folio_from_a_Shatasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom_in_100%2C000_Verses%29_LACMA_M.81.90.6_%283_of_6%29.jpg/220px-Prajnaparamita_with_Devotees%2C_Folio_from_a_Shatasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom_in_100%2C000_Verses%29_LACMA_M.81.90.6_%283_of_6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prajnaparamita_with_Devotees%2C_Folio_from_a_Shatasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom_in_100%2C000_Verses%29_LACMA_M.81.90.6_%283_of_6%29.jpg/330px-Prajnaparamita_with_Devotees%2C_Folio_from_a_Shatasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom_in_100%2C000_Verses%29_LACMA_M.81.90.6_%283_of_6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prajnaparamita_with_Devotees%2C_Folio_from_a_Shatasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom_in_100%2C000_Verses%29_LACMA_M.81.90.6_%283_of_6%29.jpg/440px-Prajnaparamita_with_Devotees%2C_Folio_from_a_Shatasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom_in_100%2C000_Verses%29_LACMA_M.81.90.6_%283_of_6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption> Bodhisatwa wanita bernama Prajñaparamita Devi.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benih_Kebuddhaan">Benih Kebuddhaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Benih Kebuddhaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Benih Kebuddhaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Reliquary,_Kamakura_period,_13th-14th_century,_cintamani_(sacred_jewel)_in_flame_type,_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05173.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reliquary%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_13th-14th_century%2C_cintamani_%28sacred_jewel%29_in_flame_type%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05173.JPG/220px-Reliquary%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_13th-14th_century%2C_cintamani_%28sacred_jewel%29_in_flame_type%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05173.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reliquary%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_13th-14th_century%2C_cintamani_%28sacred_jewel%29_in_flame_type%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05173.JPG/330px-Reliquary%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_13th-14th_century%2C_cintamani_%28sacred_jewel%29_in_flame_type%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05173.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reliquary%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_13th-14th_century%2C_cintamani_%28sacred_jewel%29_in_flame_type%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05173.JPG/440px-Reliquary%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_13th-14th_century%2C_cintamani_%28sacred_jewel%29_in_flame_type%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05173.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption> Sebuah relikui dari periode Kamakura yang dihiasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">cintamani</a> (permata pengabul keinginan). Teks tentang benih Kebuddhaan sering kali menggunakan metafora tentang permata (yakni benih Kebuddhaan) yang dimiliki oleh semua makhluk, namun tidak mereka sadari.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Benih_Kebuddhaan" title="Benih Kebuddhaan">Benih Kebuddhaan</a></div> <p>Ajaran "embrio <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a><i>"</i> atau "rahim Tathāgata" (<a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgatagarbha">Sanskerta</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgatagarbha">Tathāgatagarbha</a></i>), juga dikenal sebagai "Benih Kebuddhaan" dan "matriks atau prinsip Kebuddhaan" (Sanskerta: <i>Buddha-dhātu</i>), merupakan suatu ajaran penting dalam semua aliran Mahāyāna modern, meskipun ditafsirkan dalam banyak cara yang berbeda. Secara umum, Benih Kebuddhaan berkaitan dengan penjelasan terkait sesuatu yang menjadikan makhluk-makhluk hidup menjadi seorang Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumber paling awal untuk gagasan ini mungkin termasuk <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABtra_Tath%C4%81gatagarbha" title="Sūtra Tathāgatagarbha">Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teks Mahāparinirvāṇa Mahāyāna mengacu pada "benih suci yang menjadi dasar bagi [makhluk] untuk menjadi Buddha",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga menggambarkannya sebagai 'Diri' (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">ātman</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Seyfort Ruegg menjelaskan konsep ini sebagai dasar atau pendukung bagi praktik sang Jalan, dan dengan demikian merupakan "penyebab" (<i>hetu</i>) bagi buah Kebuddhaan.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S<i>ūtra</i> Tathāgatagarbha menyatakan bahwa di dalam kekotoran-kekotoran ditemukan "kebijaksanaan Sang <i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></i>, penglihatan Sang <i>Tathāgata</i>, dan tubuh Sang <i>Tathāgata</i>...yang tidak pernah ternoda, dan...penuh dengan kebajikan-kebajikan yang tidak berbeda dengan milikku...para <i>tathagatagarbha</i> dari semua makhluk adalah abadi dan tidak berubah".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._162_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._162-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gagasan-gagasan yang ditemukan dalam literatur tentang Benih Kebuddhaan merupakan sumber dari banyak perdebatan dan perselisihan di antara para filsuf Buddhisme Mahāyāna serta akademisi modern.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa cendekiawan melihat hal ini sebagai pengaruh dari tradisi Brahmana <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu">Hinduisme</a>, dan beberapa <i>sūtra</i> ini mengakui bahwa penggunaan istilah 'Diri' (<i>ātman</i>) sebagian dilakukan untuk memenangkan hati para prtapa non-Buddhis (dengan kata lain, ini adalah <i>upaya-kausalya</i> atau <i>cara yang terampil</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut beberapa cendekiawan, Benih Kebuddhaan yang dibahas dalam beberapa <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna tidak mewakili suatu diri substansial (<i><a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">ātman</a></i>) yang dikritik oleh Sang Buddha; sebaliknya, Benih Kebuddhaan merupakan suatu ekspresi positif dari <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">kekosongan</a> (<i>śūnyatā</i>) dan mewakili potensi untuk mencapai Kebuddhaan melalui praktik-praktik Buddhis.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams juga berpendapat bahwa ajaran ini pada awalnya tidak membahas masalah ontologis, tetapi membahas "masalah keagamaan tentang realisasi potensi spiritual seseorang, dorongan, dan semangat."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._162_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._162-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genre <i>sūtra</i> yang mengulas "Benih Kebuddhaan" dapat dilihat sebagai usaha untuk menyatakan ajaran Buddha dengan menggunakan bahasa positif, namun tetap mempertahankan jalan tengah, untuk mencegah orang menjauh dari Buddhisme karena kesan keliru tentang nihilisme.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inilah posisi yang dianut di <a href="/wiki/Sutra_Lankawatara" title="Sutra Lankawatara">Sūtra Laṅkāvatāra</a>, yang menyatakan bahwa para Buddha mengajarkan ajaran <i>tathāgatagarbha</i> (yang terdengar mirip dengan <i>ātman</i>) untuk membantu makhluk-makhluk yang melekat pada gagasan <i>anātman</i>. Namun, <i>sūtra</i> tersebut melanjutkan dengan mengatakan bahwa <i>tathāgatagarbha</i> adalah kosong dan sebenarnya bukan suatu diri yang substansial.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pandangan berbeda dipertahankan oleh berbagai sarjana modern seperti Michael Zimmermann. Pandangan ini adalah gagasan bahwa berbagai <i>sūtra</i> dengan penjelasan terkait Benih Kebuddhaan, seperti Sūtra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahāparinirvāṇa</a> dan Tathāgatagarbha, mengajarkan visi afirmatif tentang Diri Kebuddhaan yang kekal dan tidak dapat dihancurkan.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shenpen Hookham, seorang sarjana dan lama barat melihat Benih Kebuddhaan sebagai Diri Sejati yang nyata dan permanen.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demikian pula, CD Sebastian memahami pandangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratnagotravibh%C4%81ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratnagotravibhāga (halaman belum tersedia)">Ratnagotravibhāga</a> tentang topik ini sebagai diri transendental yang merupakan "esensi unik dari alam semesta".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argumen_terhadap_keaslian">Argumen terhadap keaslian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Argumen terhadap keaslian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Argumen terhadap keaslian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umat Buddha Mahāyāna India menghadapi berbagai kritik dari non-Mahāyānis mengenai keaslian ajaran mereka. Kritik utama yang mereka hadapi adalah bahwa ajaran Mahāyāna tidak diajarkan oleh Sang Buddha, tetapi diciptakan oleh tokoh-tokoh belakangan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sree_Padma_2008._hlm._68_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sree_Padma_2008._hlm._68-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak kitab Mahāyāna membahas masalah ini dan mencoba membela kebenaran dan keaslian Mahāyāna dengan berbagai cara.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner-2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner-2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu gagasan yang dikemukakan oleh kitab-kitab Mahāyāna adalah bahwa ajaran-ajaran Mahāyāna diajarkan kemudian karena kebanyakan orang tidak mampu memahami <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna pada masa Sang Buddha dan bahwa orang-orang baru siap mendengarkan Mahāyāna pada masa-masa berikutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa catatan tradisional menyatakan bahwa <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna disembunyikan atau dijaga dengan aman oleh makhluk-makhluk suci seperti <a href="/wiki/Naga_(mitologi_India)" title="Naga (mitologi India)">Naga</a> atau Bodhisatwa hingga tiba saatnya untuk disebarkan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demikian pula, beberapa sumber juga menyatakan bahwa ajaran Mahāyāna diungkapkan oleh Buddha, Bodhisatwa, dan <a href="/wiki/Dewa_(Buddhisme)" title="Dewa (Buddhisme)">dewa</a> lain kepada sejumlah individu terpilih (sering kali melalui penglihatan atau mimpi).<sup id="cite_ref-Werner-2013_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner-2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa ilmuwan melihat adanya hubungan antara gagasan ini dengan praktik meditasi Mahāyāna yang melibatkan visualisasi para Buddha dan tanah suci para Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Argumen lain yang digunakan Buddhis Mahāyāna India dalam mendukung Mahāyāna adalah bahwa ajarannya benar dan menuntun pada pencerahan karena sejalan dengan Dharma. Oleh karena itu, ucapan-ucapan tersebut dapat dikatakan “diucapkan dengan baik” (<i>subhasita)</i>, dan dengan demikian, ucapan-ucapan tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai sabda Sang Buddha dalam pengertian ini. Gagasan bahwa apa pun yang “diucapkan dengan baik” adalah sabda Sang Buddha dapat ditelusuri kembali ke kitab-kitab Buddhis paling awal, namun gagasan ini ditafsirkan lebih luas dalam Mahāyāna.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari sudut pandang Mahāyāna, sebuah ajaran adalah “sabda Sang Buddha” karena ajaran tersebut sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, bukan karena ajaran tersebut diucapkan oleh seorang individu tertentu (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama">Gautama</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gagasan ini dapat dilihat dalam tulisan-tulisan <a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a> (abad ke-8), yang berpendapat bahwa sebuah “ucapan yang diilhami” adalah sabda Buddha jika ucapan tersebut “berhubungan dengan kebenaran”, “berhubungan dengan Dharma”, “menimbulkan pelepasan <i><a href="/wiki/Kilesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilesa">klesha</a></i> ("pengotor batin"), bukan peningkatannya” dan “menunjukkan kualitas-kualitas terpuji dari <a href="/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana">Nirwana</a>, bukan kualitas-kualitas <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarjana Buddhis Zen Jepang modern, <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" title="D.T. Suzuki">DT Suzuki</a>, berpendapat serupa bahwa, meskipun <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna mungkin tidak diajarkan secara langsung oleh Buddha historis, "semangat dan gagasan utama" Mahāyāna berasal dari Buddha sendiri. Menurut Suzuki, Mahāyāna berkembang dan menyesuaikan diri dengan zaman dengan mengembangkan ajaran dan berbagai kitab baru, sambil mempertahankan semangat Sang Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klaim_keunggulan">Klaim keunggulan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Klaim keunggulan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klaim keunggulan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mahāyāna sering melihat dirinya sebagai suatu aliran yang menembus lebih jauh dan lebih mendalam ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> dari Sang Buddha. Sebuah komentar India untuk Mahāyānasaṃgraha memberikan klasifikasi ajaran Buddha menurut kemampuan pendengarnya:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Menurut tingkatan murid, Dharma diklasifikasikan menjadi rendah dan tinggi. Misalnya, tingkat rendah diajarkan kepada para pedagang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapusa_dan_Bahalika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trapusa dan Bahalika (halaman belum tersedia)">Trapuṣa dan Ballika</a> karena mereka adalah orang biasa; tingkat menengah diajarkan kepada kelompok lima karena mereka berada pada tahap orang suci; delapan <i>Prajñāpāramitā</i> diajarkan kepada para <a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a>, dan [<i>Prajñāpāramitā</i>] lebih tinggi dalam melenyapkan bentuk-bentuk yang dibayangkan secara konseptual.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vivṛtaguhyārthapiṇḍavyākhyā</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ada pula kecenderungan dalam berbagai <i>sūtra</i> Mahāyāna yang menganggap bahwa kepatuhan terhadap berbagai <i>sūtra</i> tersebut akan menghasilkan manfaat-manfaat spiritual yang lebih besar daripada manfaat dari menjadi penganut pendekatan non-Mahāyāna (seperti aliran <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a>). Demikian pula halnya dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra (halaman belum tersedia)">Sutra Siṃhanāda Śrīmālādevī</a> yang menyatakan bahwa Sang Buddha berkata bahwa pengabdian kepada Mahāyāna pada hakikatnya lebih unggul dalam hal kebajikan dibandingkan mengikuti jalan <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81vaka" title="Sāvaka"><i>śrāvaka</i></a> atau <i>pratyekabuddha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Komentar atas kitab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharmasamuccaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhidharmasamuccaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Abhidharmasamuccaya</a> memberikan tujuh alasan berikut untuk "kebesaran" atau "keunggulan" Mahayana:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Keagungan dukungan (<i>ālambana</i>): jalan Bodhisatwa didukung oleh ajaran tak terbatas dari <i>Kesempurnaan Kebijaksanaan dalam Seratus Ribu Syair</i> dan kitab lainnya;</li> <li>Keagungan praktik (<i>pratipatti</i>): praktik komprehensif untuk memberi manfaat bagi diri sendiri dan orang lain (<i>sva-para-artha</i>);</li> <li>Keagungan pemahaman (<i>jñāna</i>): dari pemahaman akan ketiadaan diri dalam diri orang dan fenomena (<i>pudgala-dharma-nairātmya</i>);</li> <li>Keagungan energi (<i>vīrya</i>): dari pengabdian kepada ratusan ribu tugas sulit selama tiga aeon besar yang tak terhitung (<i>mahākalpa</i>);</li> <li>Keagungan akal budi (<i>upāyakauśalya</i>): karena tidak mengambil pendirian dalam Saṃsāra atau Nirvāṇa;</li> <li>Keagungan pencapaian (<i>prāpti</i>): karena pencapaian kekuatan tak terukur dan tak terhitung (<i>bala</i>), keyakinan (<i>vaiśāradya</i>), dan dharma yang unik bagi para Buddha (<i>āveṇika-buddhadharma</i>);</li> <li>Keagungan perbuatan (<i>karma</i>): karena berkehendak melakukan perbuatan seorang Buddha hingga akhir samsara dengan memperlihatkan pencerahan, dsb.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hubungannya_dengan_Theravāda"><span id="Hubungannya_dengan_Therav.C4.81da"></span>Hubungannya dengan Theravāda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Hubungannya dengan Theravāda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hubungannya dengan Theravāda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peran_Bodhisatwa">Peran Bodhisatwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Peran Bodhisatwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peran Bodhisatwa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Buddhis_awal" title="Kitab Buddhis awal">kitab-kitab Buddhis awal</a>, dan seperti diajarkan oleh aliran <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" title="Theravāda">Theravada</a> modern, tujuan menjadi seorang Buddha yang mengajar di kehidupan mendatang dipandang sebagai tujuan sekelompok kecil individu yang berusaha memberi manfaat bagi generasi mendatang setelah ajaran Buddha saat ini telah hilang, tetapi di masa sekarang ini tidak ada kebutuhan bagi sebagian besar praktisi untuk bercita-cita mencapai tujuan ini. Namun, kitab-kitab Theravada menyatakan bahwa tujuan tersebut juga merupakan tujuan yang lebih berbudi luhur.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Williams menulis bahwa beberapa guru meditasi Theravada modern di <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> secara populer dianggap sebagai Bodhisatwa oleh masyarakat awam.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cholvijarn mengamati bahwa tokoh-tokoh terkemuka yang terkait dengan <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Dhammakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerakan Dhammakaya">gerakan Dhammakaya</a> di Thailand sering kali terkenal di luar kalangan akademis, di antara masyarakat luas, sebagai guru meditasi Buddhis dan sumber keajaiban, serta <a href="/wiki/Jimat" title="Jimat">jimat</a> suci. Seperti mungkin beberapa biksu pertapa hutan Mahāyāna awal, atau Tantra Buddha kemudian, mereka telah menjadi orang-orang yang berkuasa melalui pencapaian meditasi mereka. Mereka sangat dihormati, dipuja, dan dianggap sebagai arahat atau (perlu dicatat!) bodhisatwa.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravāda_dan_Hīnayāna"><span id="Therav.C4.81da_dan_H.C4.ABnay.C4.81na"></span>Theravāda dan Hīnayāna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Theravāda dan Hīnayāna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Theravāda dan Hīnayāna"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></div> <p>Pada abad ke-7, biksu Buddhis Tiongkok, <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, menjelaskan keberadaan tradisi Mahāvihara dan Abhayagiri Vihara yang hadir bersama-sama di <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Ia menyebut para biksu Mahāvihara sebagai "Hīnayāna Sthavira" (<i>Thera</i>), dan para biksu Abhayagiri Vihara sebagai "Mahāyāna Sthavira".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuanzang lebih lanjut menulis:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Penganut tradisi <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81rav%C4%81sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāvihāravāsin">Mahāvihāravāsin</a> menolak ajaran Mahāyāna dan mempraktikkan ajaran Hīnayāna, sedangkan penganut tradisi Abhayagirivihāravāsin mempelajari ajaran Hīnayāna dan Mahāyāna serta menyebarkan <i><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></i>.</p></blockquote> <p>Aliran Theravāda modern biasanya digambarkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayāna</a> ("Kendaraan Hina" atau "Kendaraan Kecil"; sebuah istilah yang secara umum dianggap merendahkan).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gombrich_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gombrich-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gellner_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gellner-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa penulis berpendapat bahwa Theravāda seharusnya tidak dianggap sebagai Hīnayāna dari sudut pandang Mahāyāna. Pandangan mereka didasarkan pada pemahaman yang berbeda tentang konsep Hīnayāna. Daripada menganggap istilah ini merujuk pada aliran Buddhisme yang tidak menerima kanon dan ajaran Mahāyāna, seperti yang berkaitan dengan peran Bodhisatwa,<sup id="cite_ref-gombrich_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gombrich-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gellner_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gellner-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> para penulis ini berpendapat bahwa penggolongan aliran "Hīnayāna" harus bergantung pada kepatuhan pada posisi fenomenologis tertentu. Mereka menunjukkan bahwa, tidak seperti aliran <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a> yang sekarang sudah punah yang merupakan objek utama kritik oleh Mahāyāna, Theravāda tidak mengklaim keberadaan <a href="/wiki/Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">entitas</a> independen (<i>dharma</i>); dalam hal ini, Theravāda mempertahankan sikap Buddhisme awal.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penganut Buddhisme Mahāyāna tidak setuju dengan pemikiran substansialis dari para Sarvāstivādin dan Sautrāntika, dan dalam menekankan ajaran <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">kekosongan</a>, Kalupahana berpendapat bahwa mereka berusaha untuk melestarikan ajaran awal.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaum Theravādin pun membantah kaum Sarvāstivādin dan Sautrāntika (serta aliran-aliran lain) dengan alasan bahwa teori-teori mereka bertentangan dengan non-substansialisme dari Kanon. Argumen Theravāda dipertahankan dalam kitab <a href="/wiki/Kath%C4%81vatthu" title="Kathāvatthu">Kathāvatthu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa tokoh Theravādin kontemporer telah menunjukkan sikap simpatik terhadap filsafat Mahāyāna yang ditemukan dalam teks-teks seperti <a href="/wiki/Sutra_Hati" title="Sutra Hati">Sutra Hati</a> (Sanskerta: <i>Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya</i>) dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulamadhyamakakarika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulamadhyamakakarika (halaman belum tersedia)">Bait-Bait Dasar Nāgārjuna tentang Jalan Tengah</a></i> (Sanskerta: <i>Mūlamadhyamakakārikā</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebuddhaan" title="Kebuddhaan">Kebuddhaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_Teratai" title="Sutra Teratai">Sutra Teratai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awalokiteswara" title="Awalokiteswara">Awalokiteswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mahayana, 'Kendaraan Agung' atau 'Kereta Agung' (untuk membawa semua makhluk menuju nirwana), juga, dan mungkin lebih tepat dan akurat, dikenal sebagai Bodhisattvayana, 'Kendaraan Bodhisatwa'." Warder, A.K. (edisi ke-3, 1999). <i>Buddhisme India</i>: hlm. 338</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-2013a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey-2013a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey-2013a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey (2013), hlm. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey (2013), hlm. 108-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated38-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated38_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damien_Keown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damien Keown (halaman belum tersedia)">Damien Keown</a> (2003), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC&pg=PA38">A Dictionary of Buddhism</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, hlm. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey (2013), hlm. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-2008f-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams-2008f_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams-2008f_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Paul, <i>Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,</i> Routledge, 2008, hlm. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodhead-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodhead_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodhead_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher Hugh; Kawanami, Hiroko, ed. (2016). <i>Religions in the modern world: traditions and transformations</i> (edisi ke-Third). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-85880-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-85880-9">978-0-415-85880-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/916409066">916409066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+modern+world%3A+traditions+and+transformations&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F916409066&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85880-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Foltz, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZRGAQAAQBAJ&q=buddhist+viharas+found+in+modern+day+iran&pg=PA95"><i>Religions of Iran:From Prehistory to the Present</i></a>. Oneworld Publications. hlm. 95. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-78074-309-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-78074-309-7">978-1-78074-309-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-12-18</span></span>. <q>In the centuries before the Arab conquests Buddhism was spread throughout the eastern Iranian world. Buddhist sites have been found in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, as well as within Iran itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Iran%3AFrom+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-309-7&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZRGAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbuddhist%2Bviharas%2Bfound%2Bin%2Bmodern%2Bday%2Biran%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf"><i>The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 36. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions+in+Figures%3A+An+Introduction+to+International+Religious+Demography&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft.au=Grim%2C+Brian+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.johnwiley.com.au%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F47%2F04706745%2F0470674547-196.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._260-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._260_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993. <i>A History of Indian Buddhism</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: hlm. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa1990271-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirakawa1990271_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirakawa1990">Hirakawa 1990</a>, hlm. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drewes-2010a-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010a_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Drewes, David, <i>Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship</i>, Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x">10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"One of the most frequent assertions about the Mahayana is that it was a lay-influenced, or even lay-inspired and dominated, movement that arose in response to the increasingly closed, cold, and scholastic character of monastic Buddhism. This, however, now appears to be wrong on all counts...much of its [Hinayana's] program being in fact intended and designed to allow laymen and women and donors the opportunity and means to make religious merit." <i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> (2004): hlm. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xing65-66-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xing65-66_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guang Xing. <i>The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.</i> 2004. hlm. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams-2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Paul. <i>Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.</i> Routledge, 2009, hlm. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._263-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirakawa_Akira_1993,_hlm._263_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993. <i>A History of Indian Buddhism</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: hlm. 253, 263, 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warder-1999-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warder-1999_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" – Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999). <i>Indian Buddhism</i>: hlm. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. <i>Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.</i> SUNY Press 2008, hlm. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karashima-2013-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karashima-2013_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karashima, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warder: "The sudden appearance of large numbers of (Mahayana) teachers and texts (in North India in the second century AD) would seem to require some previous preparation and development, and this we can look for in the South." Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999). <i>Indian Buddhism</i>: hlm. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walser, Joseph, <i>Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,</i> Columbia University Press, 2005, hlm. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Paul, <i>Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,</i> Routledge, 2008, hlm. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Paul, <i>Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,</i> Routledge, 2008, hlm. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nattier,_Jan_2003_hlm._193-1942-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nattier,_Jan_2003_hlm._193-1942_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nattier,_Jan_2003_hlm._193-1942_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nattier, Jan (2003), <i>A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra</i>: hlm. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drewes, David, The Forest Hypothesis in Paul Harrison, ed., <i>Setting Out on the Great Way</i>. Equinox, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams (2008), hlm. 33-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boucher, Daniel, Bodhisattvas of the Forest and the Formation of the Mahāyāna: A Study and Translation of the.Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā-sūtra. University of Hawaii Press, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drewes-2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drewes-2010_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Drewes, David, Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives, <i>Religion Compass</i> 4/2 (2010): 66–74, <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x">10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._160_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams and Tribe (2002), hlm. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Williams, <i>Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</i>, Second Edition, Routledge, Oxford, 2009, hlm. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Trainor, <i>Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004, hlm. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zimmermann, Michael (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111023508/http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/BPPB/pdf/BPPB-06.pdf"><i>A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra</i></a>, Biblotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica VI, The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, hlm. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._162-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._162_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_and_Tribe_2002,_hlm._162_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams and Tribe (2002), hlm. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, hlm. 103, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, hlm. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiro Matsumoto, Critiques of Tathagatagarbha Thought and Critical Buddhism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023073728/http://zencomp.com/greatwisdom/ebud/ebdha191.htm">"The Significance Of 'Tathagatagarbha' --"</a>. October 23, 2007. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zencomp.com/greatwisdom/ebud/ebdha191.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+Of+%27Tathagatagarbha%27+--&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzencomp.com%2Fgreatwisdom%2Febud%2Febdha191.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Sallie B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927131119/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/nlarc/pdf/Pruning%20the%20bodhi%20tree/Pruning%209.pdf"><i>The Doctrine of Buddha-Nature is impeccably Buddhist</i></a>. In: Jamie Hubbard (ed.), Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Critical Buddhism, Univ of Hawaii Press 1997, hlm. 174–179. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8248-1949-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8248-1949-7">0-8248-1949-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daisetz T. Suzuki, tr. <i>The 'Lankavatara Sutra',</i> Parajna Press, Boulder, 1978, pp.69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams and Tribe (2002), hlm. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hookham, Shenpen (1991). <i>The Buddha Within</i>. State University of New York Press: hlm. 104, hlm. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian, C.D. (2005), <i>Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism</i>. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications: hlm. 151; cf. also hlm. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sree_Padma_2008._hlm._68-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sree_Padma_2008._hlm._68_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. <i>Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.</i> 2008. hlm. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner et al. (2013). <i>The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.</i> hlm. 89, 93. Buddhist Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner-2013-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner-2013_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner-2013_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner et al. (2013). <i>The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.</i> hlm. 89-90, 211-212, 227. Buddhist Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Though the Buddha had taught [the Mahayana sutras] they were not in circulation in the world of men at all for many centuries, there being no competent teachers and no intelligent enough students: the sutras were however preserved in the Dragon World and other non-human circles, and when in the 2nd century AD adequate teachers suddenly appeared in India in large numbers the texts were fetched and circulated. ... However, it is clear that the historical tradition here recorded belongs to North India and for the most part to Nalanda (in Magadha)." AK Warder, <i>Indian Buddhism</i>, 3rd edition, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Li, Rongxi (2002). <i>Lives of Great Monks and Nuns</i>. Berkeley, California: BDK. hlm. 23–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Great+Monks+and+Nuns&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=23-4&rft.pub=BDK&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Rongxi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tārānātha (2010). <i>Tāranātha's History of Buddhism in India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. hlm. 90. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0696-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0696-2">978-81-208-0696-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073573698">1073573698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C4%81ran%C4%81tha%27s+History+of+Buddhism+in+India.&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1073573698&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0696-2&rft.au=T%C4%81r%C4%81n%C4%81tha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, (2008), hlm. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, (2008), hlm. 41-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsuan Hua. <i>The Buddha speaks of Amitabha Sutra: A General Explanation.</i> 2003. hlm. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, (2008), hlm. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1907). <i>Outlines of Mahaŷâna Buddhism</i>, hlm. 13-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamar, Imre. <i>Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism.</i> 2007. hlm. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hookham, Dr. Shenpen, trans. (1998). <i>The Shrimaladevi Sutra</i>. Oxford: Longchen Foundation: hlm. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner, Karel; Samuels, Jeffrey; Bhikkhu Bodhi; Skilling, Peter; Bhikkhu Anālayo, McMahan, David (2013) <i>The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana,</i> hlm. 97. Buddhist Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, Peter (2000). <i>An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics</i>. Cambridge University Press: hlm. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Williams, <i>Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.</i> Taylor & Francis, 1989, hlm. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baruah, Bibhuti (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC"><i>Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC/page/n61">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-7625-152-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-7625-152-5">978-81-7625-152-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Sects+and+Sectarianism&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-152-5&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Bibhuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. <i>A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna.</i> 2007. hlm. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uiUVAAAAYAAJ&q=Buddhism"><i>Buddhism in Its Connexion with Brāhmanism and Hindūism: And in Its Contrast with Christianity</i></a>. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Its+Connexion+with+Br%C4%81hmanism+and+Hind%C5%ABism%3A+And+in+Its+Contrast+with+Christianity&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Sir+Monier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuiUVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DBuddhism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gombrich-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gombrich_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gombrich_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gombrich, Richard Francis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n44jqZP8y7wC&pg=PA83"><i>Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</i></a>. Psychology Press. hlm. 83. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-07585-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-07585-5">978-0-415-07585-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Therav%C4%81da+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+from+Ancient+Benares+to+Modern+Colombo&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07585-5&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn44jqZP8y7wC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, Steven. 1990. <i>Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravāda Buddhism</i>. hlm. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gellner-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gellner_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gellner_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">LeVine, Sarah; Gellner, David N. (2005). <i>Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal</i>. Harvard University Press. hlm. 14. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-04012-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-04012-0">978-0-674-04012-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+Buddhism%3A+The+Theravada+Movement+in+Twentieth-Century+Nepal&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04012-0&rft.aulast=LeVine&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Gellner%2C+David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swearer, Donald (2006). 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In: Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.) <i>The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</i>: hlm. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, Frank J. and Mahinda, Deegalle (1996). <i>Pali Buddhism.</i> Routledge Press: hlm. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Richard (1999). <i>Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought.</i> Edinburgh University Press: hlm. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nyanaponika, Nyaponika Thera, Nyanaponika, Bhikkhu Bodhi (1998). <i>Abhidhamma Studies: Buddhist Explorations of Consciousness and Time.</i> Wisdom Publications: hlm. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalupahana, David (2006). <i>Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.</i> Motilal Banarsidass: hlm. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalupahana, David (2006). <i>Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.</i> Motilal Banarsidass: hlm. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Donald S. and Dge-ʼdun-chos-ʼphel (2006). <i>The Madman's Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of the Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel.</i> University of Chicago Press: hlm. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fronsdal, Gil (8 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225132521/http://www.tricycle.com/issues/web_exclusive/4218-1.html">"Tricycle Q & A: Gil Fronsdal"</a>. <i>Tricycle</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tricycle.com/issues/web_exclusive/4218-1.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 25 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tricycle&rft.atitle=Tricycle+Q+%26+A%3A+Gil+Fronsdal&rft.date=2007-11-08&rft.aulast=Fronsdal&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tricycle.com%2Fissues%2Fweb_exclusive%2F4218-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHirakawa1990" class="citation">Hirakawa, Akira (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145824/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030"><i>A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna</i></a>, Edited and translated by Paul Groner, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10125%2F23030">10125/23030</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8248-1203-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8248-1203-4">0-8248-1203-4</a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Buddhism%3A+From+%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni+to+Early+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F23030&rft.isbn=0-8248-1203-4&rft.aulast=Hirakawa&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F23030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Mahayana". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahayana&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Beal (1871). <i>Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese</i>China, Trübner</li> <li>Harvey, Peter (2013). <i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i></li> <li>Karashima, Seishi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/content/pdf/aririab/Vol.%20XVI%20(2013).pdf">Was the <i>Așțasāhasrikā Prajñāparamitā</i> Compiled in Gandhāra in Gandhārī?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903182947/http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/content/pdf/aririab/Vol.%20XVI%20(2013).pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-09-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology</i>, Soka University, vol. XVI (2013).</li> <li>Lowenstein, Tom (1996). <i>The Vision of the Buddha</i>, Boston: Little Brown, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-903296-91-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-903296-91-9">1-903296-91-9</a></li> <li>Schopen, G. "The inscription on the Kusan image of Amitabha and the character of the early Mahayana in India", <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10</i>, 1990</li> <li>Suzuki, D.T. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-development-of-mahayana-buddhism-the-monist-1914-10">"The Development of Mahayana Buddhism"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Monist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Monist (halaman belum tersedia)">The Monist</a></i> Volume 24, Issue 4, 1914, hlm. 565–581</li> <li>Suzuki, D.T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlinesmahayan00suzugoog"><i>Outline of Mahayana Buddhism</i></a>, Open Court, Chicago</li> <li>Walser, Joseph (2025). <i>Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture</i>, Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Williams, Paul (2009). <i>Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundation</i>, Routledge.</li> <li>Williams, Paul (with Anthony Tribe) (2002)<i> Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.</i> Routledge.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Karel Werner; Jeffrey Samuels; Bhikkhu Bodhi; Peter Skilling; Bhikkhu Anālayo; David McMahan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archiveorg/web/20230401201516/https://www.bps.lk/olib/bp/bp625s_The-Bodhisatva-Ideal.pdf"><i>The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Buddhist Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-955-24-0396-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-955-24-0396-5">978-955-24-0396-5</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bps.lk/olib/bp/bp625s_The-Bodhisatva-Ideal.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2023-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodhisattva+Ideal%3A+Essays+on+the+Emergence+of+Mahayana&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-955-24-0396-5&rft.au=Karel+Werner&rft.au=Jeffrey+Samuels&rft.au=Bhikkhu+Bodhi&rft.au=Peter+Skilling&rft.au=Bhikkhu+An%C4%81layo&rft.au=David+McMahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbps.lk%2Folib%2Fbp%2Fbp625s_The-Bodhisatva-Ideal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhism-dict.net/ddb/">Kamus Digital Agama Buddha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/web/x/nav/n.html_505172737.html">Perbandingan Tradisi Buddha (Mahayana – Therevada – Tibet)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samyeling.org/buddhism-and-meditation/mahayana/">Pengantar Mahayana</a> di situs web Kagyu Samye Ling</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirvanasutranet.com/">Sutra Mahayana Mahaparinirvana: teks lengkap dan analisis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cttbusa.org/buddhas_bodhisattvas.asp">Buddha dan Bodhisattva dalam Buddhisme Mahayana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-buddhism.com/Arahants-Buddhas-Bodhisattvas_Bhikkhu_Bodhi.html">Arahat, Buddha dan Bodhisattva</a> oleh Bhikkhu Bodhi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-buddhism.com/Bodhisattva-Ideal-Theravada_JeffreySamuels.html">Cita-cita Bodhisattva dalam Teori dan Praktik Theravāda</a> oleh Jeffrey Samuel</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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belum tersedia)">Indeks</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Buddhisme" title="Sejarah Buddhisme">Sejarah</a></li><li>Penyebaran</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_Buddhisme" title="Garis waktu Buddhisme">Garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidang_Buddhis" title="Sidang Buddhis">Sidang Buddhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyebaran_Buddhisme_di_sepanjang_Jalur_Sutra" title="Penyebaran Buddhisme di sepanjang Jalur Sutra">Jalur Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemunduran_Buddhisme_di_anak_benua_India" title="Kemunduran Buddhisme di anak benua India">Anak benua India</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_awal" class="mw-disambig" title="Buddhisme awal">Buddhisme awal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_prasektarian" title="Buddhisme prasektarian">Prasektarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Buddhis_awal" title="Aliran Buddhis awal">Aliran awal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%81ghika" title="Mahāsāṁghika">Mahāsāṁghika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthaviravāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Buddhis_awal" title="Kitab Buddhis awal">Kitab awal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhisme)" title="Āgama (Buddhisme)">Āgama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Benua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Tenggara" title="Buddhisme di Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Timur" title="Buddhisme di Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Tengah" title="Buddhisme di Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Timur_Tengah" title="Buddhisme di Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_dunia_Barat" title="Buddhisme di dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Australia (halaman belum tersedia)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Oseania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Oseania (halaman belum tersedia)">Oseania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Benua_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Benua Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Afrika" title="Buddhisme di Afrika">Afrika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Populasi signifikan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Tiongkok" title="Buddhisme di Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Thailand" title="Buddhisme di Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Jepang" title="Buddhisme di Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Myanmar" title="Buddhisme di Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhisme di Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Vietnam" title="Buddhisme di Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Kamboja" title="Buddhisme di Kamboja">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Korea" title="Buddhisme di Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Taiwan" title="Buddhisme di Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Buddhisme_di_India" title="Sejarah Buddhisme di India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Malaysia (halaman belum tersedia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Laos" title="Buddhisme di Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Indonesia" title="Buddhisme di Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Buddhisme di Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Singapura" title="Buddhisme di Singapura">Singapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Buddhisme" title="Aliran Buddhisme">Aliran</a></li><li>Tradisi</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konsensus_pemersatu_Therav%C4%81da_dan_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Konsensus pemersatu Theravāda dan Mahāyāna">Konsensus pemersatu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Aliran arus utama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajrayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Wajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;"><a href="/wiki/Sinkretisme" title="Sinkretisme">Sinkretisme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Buddhayana_Indonesia" title="Majelis Buddhayana Indonesia">Buddhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridharma" title="Tridharma">Tridharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Maitreya" class="mw-disambig" title="Aliran Maitreya">Aliran Maitreya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikuanisme" title="Ikuanisme">Yīguàndào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Le_Da_Dao" title="Mi Le Da Dao">Mílèdàdào</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradisi_Dhammakaya" title="Tradisi Dhammakaya">Dhammakāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaran_Siwa-Buddha" title="Ajaran Siwa-Buddha">Siwa-Buddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Buddhis" title="Kitab Buddhis">Kitab</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;"><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da#Kitab_Suci" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Pali" title="Tripitaka Pali">Tripitaka Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komentar_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Komentar (Theravāda)">Komentar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subkomentar_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Subkomentar (Theravāda)">Subkomentar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sastra_Pali" title="Sastra Pali">Sastra Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kitab_Suci">Mahāyāna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na#Kitab_Suci" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayāna">Vajrayāna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Tionghoa" title="Tripitaka Tionghoa">Tripitaka Tionghoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Taish%C5%8D" title="Tripitaka Taishō">Tripitaka Taishō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Tibet" title="Tripitaka Tibet">Tripitaka Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangyur (halaman belum tersedia)">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tengyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tengyur (halaman belum tersedia)">Tengyur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Dhāraṇī">Dhāraṇī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Kitab daring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/?lang=id">SuttaCentral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tipitaka.app/">Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipiṭaka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhammatalks.org/">dhammatalks.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://84000.co/">84000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntireader.org/taisho/taisho.html">NTI Reader - Taishō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhatta">Buddha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisatwa" title="Bodhisatwa">Bodhisatwa</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Buddha saat ini dan keluarga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukjizat_Buddha_Gotama" title="Mukjizat Buddha Gotama">Mukjizat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(klan)" title="Sakya (klan)">Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Keluarga Siddhattha Gotama">Keluarga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81y%C4%81" title="Māyā">Māyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81paj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gotam%C4%AB" title="Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī">Pajāpatī Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasodhar%C4%81" title="Yasodharā">Yasodharā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">4 tempat suci utama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbin%C4%AB" title="Lumbinī">Lumbinī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Buddhagayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Isipatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kusinārā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Buddha penting sebelumnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpa%E1%B9%85kara" title="Dīpaṅkara">Dīpaṅkara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipass%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipassī (halaman belum tersedia)">Vipassī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikh%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhī (halaman belum tersedia)">Sikhī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vessabh%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vessabhū (halaman belum tersedia)">Vessabhū</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakusandha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakusandha (halaman belum tersedia)">Kakusandha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koṇāgamana (halaman belum tersedia)">Koṇāgamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa" title="Kassapa">Kassapa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Buddha selanjutnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteyya" title="Metteyya">Metteyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Bawahan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewa_(Buddhisme)" title="Dewa (Buddhisme)">Dewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_(Buddhisme)" title="Brahma (Buddhisme)">Brahma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Praktik">Mahāyāna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na#Praktik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayāna">Vajrayāna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:90%;">Buddha terkenal:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Buddha_Kebijaksanaan" title="Lima Buddha Kebijaksanaan">Lima Buddha Kebijaksanaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%E1%B9%A3obhya" title="Akṣobhya">Akṣobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasa%E1%B9%81bhava" title="Ratnasaṁbhava">Ratnasaṁbhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasa%E1%B9%81bhava" title="Padmasaṁbhava">Padmasaṁbhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyaguru" title="Bhaiṣajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:90%;">Bodhisatwa terkenal:</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Bodhisatwa" title="Daftar Bodhisatwa">Daftar Bodhisatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB" title="Mañjuśrī">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awalokiteswara" title="Awalokiteswara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra" title="Samantabhadra">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrap%C4%81%E1%B9%87i" title="Vajrapāṇi">Vajrapāṇi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a></li><li>Ajaran</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empat_Kebenaran_Mulia" title="Empat Kebenaran Mulia">Empat Kebenaran Mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalan_Mulia_Berunsur_Delapan" title="Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan">Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilaksana" title="Trilaksana">Trilaksana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketidakkekalan_(Buddhisme)" title="Ketidakkekalan (Buddhisme)">Ketidakkekalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penderitaan_(Buddhisme)" title="Penderitaan (Buddhisme)">Penderitaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpa_atma" title="Tanpa atma">Tanpa atma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandangan_(Buddhisme)" title="Pandangan (Buddhisme)">Pandangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titthiya" title="Titthiya">Titthiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuhanan_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Ketuhanan dalam Buddhisme">Ketuhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niy%C4%81ma" title="Niyāma">Niyāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyakinan_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Keyakinan dalam Buddhisme">Keyakinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triratna" title="Triratna">Triratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(Buddhisme)" title="Pancasila (Buddhisme)">Pancasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra" title="Māra">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Karma dalam Buddhisme">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana">Nirwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemunculan_Bersebab" title="Kemunculan Bersebab">Kemunculan Bersebab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gugusan_(Buddhisme)" title="Gugusan (Buddhisme)">Gugusan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materi_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materi (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Materi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesadaran_(Buddhisme)" title="Kesadaran (Buddhisme)">Kesadaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persepsi_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persepsi (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Persepsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perasaan_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perasaan (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perasaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_(Buddhisme)" title="Unsur (Buddhisme)">Unsur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landasan_indra" title="Landasan indra">Landasan indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loka_(Buddhisme)" title="Loka (Buddhisme)">Loka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punarbawa" title="Punarbawa">Punarbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhisme)" title="Samsara (Buddhisme)">Samsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhi%C3%B1%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhiññā">Abhiññā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faktor_mental" title="Faktor mental">Faktor mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengotor_batin" title="Pengotor batin">Pengotor batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noda_batin" title="Noda batin">Noda batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belenggu_(Buddhisme)" title="Belenggu (Buddhisme)">Belenggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rintangan_(Buddhisme)" title="Rintangan (Buddhisme)">Rintangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kekuatan (Buddhisme)">Kekuatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_(Buddhisme)" title="Hasrat (Buddhisme)">Hasrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafsu_kehausan_(Buddhisme)" title="Nafsu kehausan (Buddhisme)">Keserakahan (Nafsu kehausan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebencian_(Buddhisme)" title="Kebencian (Buddhisme)">Kebencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delusi_(Buddhisme)" title="Delusi (Buddhisme)">Delusi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ketidaktahuan_(Buddhisme)" title="Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)">Ketidaktahuan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemelekatan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kemelekatan (Buddhisme)">Kemelekatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perhatian_penuh_(Buddhisme)" title="Perhatian penuh (Buddhisme)">Perhatian penuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebajikan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kebajikan (Buddhisme)">Kebajikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramita" title="Paramita">Paramita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malu_(Buddhisme)" title="Malu (Buddhisme)">Malu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takut_(Buddhisme)" title="Takut (Buddhisme)">Takut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na#Buddhisme" title="Dāna">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_(Buddhisme)" title="Sila (Buddhisme)">Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditasi_(Buddhisme)" title="Meditasi (Buddhisme)">Meditasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati" title="Ānāpānasati">Ānāpānasati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satipa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satipaṭṭhāna (halaman belum tersedia)">Satipaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penolakan_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penolakan (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Penolakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebijaksanaan_(Buddhisme)" title="Kebijaksanaan (Buddhisme)">Kebijaksanaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energi_(Buddhisme)" title="Energi (Buddhisme)">Energi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesabaran_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesabaran (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesabaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebenaran_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebenaran (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebenaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebulatan_tekad_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebulatan tekad (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebulatan tekad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavih%C4%81ra" title="Brahmavihāra">Brahmavihāra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_kasih_(Buddhisme)" title="Cinta kasih (Buddhisme)">Cinta kasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belas_kasih_(Buddhisme)" title="Belas kasih (Buddhisme)">Belas kasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpati_(Buddhisme)" title="Simpati (Buddhisme)">Simpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenangan_(Buddhisme)" title="Ketenangan (Buddhisme)">Ketenangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_batin_(Buddhisme)" title="Keseimbangan batin (Buddhisme)">Keseimbangan batin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astasila" title="Astasila">Astasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakti_(Buddhisme)" title="Bakti (Buddhisme)">Bakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Buddhisme)" title="Puja (Buddhisme)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaskara_(Buddhisme)" title="Namaskara (Buddhisme)">Namaskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradaksina" title="Pradaksina">Pradaksina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindapata" title="Pindapata">Pindapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelimpahan_jasa" title="Pelimpahan jasa">Pelimpahan jasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarah_(Buddhisme)" title="Ziarah (Buddhisme)">Ziarah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Buddhisme)" title="Sādhu (Buddhisme)">Sādhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_(Buddhisme)" title="Majelis (Buddhisme)">Majelis</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta" title="Sāriputta">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggall%C4%81na" title="Moggallāna">Moggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_murid_utama_Buddha" title="Sepuluh murid utama Buddha">10 murid utama Buddha Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabbajj%C4%81" title="Pabbajjā">Pabbajjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasampad%C4%81" title="Upasampadā">Upasampadā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;">Jenis penganut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81vaka" title="Sāvaka">Sāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasaka-upasika" title="Upasaka-upasika">Upasaka-upasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADhas%C4%ABlan%C4%AB" title="Aṭṭhasīlanī">Aṭṭhasīlanī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayalay" title="Sayalay">Sayalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera-samaneri" title="Samanera-samaneri">Samanera-samaneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biksu" title="Biksu">Biksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biksuni" title="Biksuni">Biksuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaly%C4%81%E1%B9%87amitta" title="Kalyāṇamitta">Kalyāṇamitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;"><a href="/wiki/Empat_tingkat_kemuliaan" title="Empat tingkat kemuliaan">4 tingkat kemuliaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotapana" title="Sotapana">Sotapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagami" title="Anagami">Anagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arahat" title="Arahat">Arahat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFE7B3;"><a href="/wiki/Tempat_ibadah_Buddhisme" title="Tempat ibadah Buddhisme">Tempat ibadah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wihara" title="Wihara">Wihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_(Buddhisme)" title="Sima (Buddhisme)">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuti_(Buddhisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuti (Buddhisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi" title="Candi">Candi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hari_raya_Buddhis" title="Hari raya Buddhis">Hari raya</a></li><li>Peringatan</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waisak" title="Waisak">Waisak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80s%C4%81%E1%B8%B7ha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Āsāḷha Pūjā">Āsāḷha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%ADhina" title="Kaṭhina">Kaṭhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Abhidhamma" title="Hari Abhidhamma">Hari Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Budaya</a></li><li>Masyarakat</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_aborsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan aborsi (halaman belum tersedia)">Aborsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_agama-agama_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan agama-agama Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama-agama Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anikonisme_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Anikonisme dalam Buddhisme">Anikonisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomisme_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomisme Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Atomisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_dan_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baháʼí dan Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Buddhis" title="Bendera Buddhis">Bendera Buddhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhar%C5%ABpa" title="Buddharūpa">Buddharūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Terjun_Aktif" title="Buddhisme Terjun Aktif">Buddhisme Terjun Aktif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_bunuh_diri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan bunuh diri (halaman belum tersedia)">Bunuh diri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_demokrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan demokrasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Demokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmacakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmacakra">Dharmacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_dunia_Romawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan dunia Romawi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dunia Romawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Buddhis" title="Ekonomi Buddhis">Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Buddhis" title="Filsafat Buddhis">Filsafat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_filsafat_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan filsafat Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Filsafat Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_Gnostisisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan Gnostisisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Gnostisisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Helenistik" title="Buddhisme Helenistik">Helenistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidangan_Buddhis" title="Hidangan Buddhis">Hidangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_Hinduisme" title="Buddhisme dan Hinduisme">Hinduisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_humanistik" title="Buddhisme humanistik">Humanisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_ilmu_pengetahuan" title="Buddhisme dan ilmu pengetahuan">Ilmu pengetahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_Jainisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan Jainisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Jainisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalender_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalender Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalender</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_kasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan kasta (halaman belum tersedia)">Kasta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_kecerdasan_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan kecerdasan buatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kecerdasan buatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_kekerasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan kekerasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekerasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_Kekristenan" title="Buddhisme dan Kekristenan">Kekristenan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaruh_Buddhisme_terhadap_Kekristenan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengaruh Buddhisme terhadap Kekristenan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengaruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbandingan_Buddhisme_dengan_Kekristenan" title="Perbandingan Buddhisme dengan Kekristenan">Perbandingan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_masturbasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan masturbasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Masturbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme_Buddhis" title="Modernisme Buddhis">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navay%C4%81na" title="Navayāna">Navayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_orientasi_seksual" title="Buddhisme dan orientasi seksual">Orientasi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perempuan_dalam_Buddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perempuan dalam Buddhisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Perempuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_psikologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan psikologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Psikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_dan_seksualitas" title="Buddhisme dan seksualitas">Seksualitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_sekuler" title="Buddhisme sekuler">Sekularisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rupa_Buddhisme" title="Seni rupa Buddhisme">Seni rupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_Buddhis" title="Sosialisme Buddhis">Sosialisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_dan_Teosofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme dan Teosofi (halaman belum tersedia)">Teosofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarisme_Buddhis" title="Vegetarisme Buddhis">Vegetarisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhis_Yahudi" title="Buddhis Yahudi">Yahudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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