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<li id="toc-Pioneer_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneer_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pioneer years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneer_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1914_to_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914_to_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1914 to 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914_to_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canard_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canard_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Canard revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canard_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Computer control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basic principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basic principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Trim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Close_coupling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_coupling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Close coupling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_coupling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free-floating_canard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-floating_canard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Free-floating canard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-floating_canard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Variable geometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ride_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ride_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ride control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ride_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Stealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canard (aeronautics)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="كانارد (ملاحة جوية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كانارد (ملاحة جوية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanart" title="Kanart – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanart" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Качка (аэрадынамічная схема) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Качка (аэрадынамічная схема)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard" title="Canard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachna_(letectv%C3%AD)" title="Kachna (letectví) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kachna (letectví)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canardvinge" title="Canardvinge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canardvinge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard" title="Canard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Canard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard" title="Canard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasa_plano" title="Anasa plano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anasa plano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پیش‌بال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیش‌بال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion-canard" title="Avion-canard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avion-canard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%82%98%EB%93%9C" title="카나드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카나드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanard" title="Kanard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanard_(aeronautik)" title="Kanard (aeronautik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanard (aeronautik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alette_canard" title="Alette canard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alette canard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קנארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanard" title="Kanard – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard_(luchtvaart)" title="Canard (luchtvaart) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canard (luchtvaart)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E5%9E%8B" title="エンテ型 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンテ型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canardvinge" title="Canardvinge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canardvinge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczka_(lotnictwo)" title="Kaczka (lotnictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaczka (lotnictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard" title="Canard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard" title="Canard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Утка (аэродинамическая схема) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Утка (аэродинамическая схема)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanardi" title="Kanardi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanardi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Канард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard-siipi" title="Canard-siipi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Canard-siipi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosvinge" title="Nosvinge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nosvinge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanart" title="Kanart – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanart" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Качка (аеродинамічна схема) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Качка (аеродинамічна схема)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1nh_m%C5%A9i" title="Cánh mũi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cánh mũi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%BF%BC" title="前翼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前翼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q826939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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is placed in front of the main wing</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_AJS-37_Viggen_37098_52_(SE-DXN)_(9256079273).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saab_AJS-37_Viggen_37098_52_%28SE-DXN%29_%289256079273%29.jpg/220px-Saab_AJS-37_Viggen_37098_52_%28SE-DXN%29_%289256079273%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saab_AJS-37_Viggen_37098_52_%28SE-DXN%29_%289256079273%29.jpg/330px-Saab_AJS-37_Viggen_37098_52_%28SE-DXN%29_%289256079273%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saab_AJS-37_Viggen_37098_52_%28SE-DXN%29_%289256079273%29.jpg/440px-Saab_AJS-37_Viggen_37098_52_%28SE-DXN%29_%289256079273%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">Saab 37 Viggen</a>, the first modern canard aircraft to go into production</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>, a <b>canard</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration" title="Wing configuration">wing configuration</a> in which a small forewing or foreplane is placed forward of the main <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> or a weapon. The term "canard" may be used to describe the aircraft itself, the <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration" title="Wing configuration">wing configuration</a>, or the foreplane.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clancy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clancy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crane_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canard wings are also extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart bomb">smart bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "canard" arose from the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_14-bis" title="Santos-Dumont 14-bis">Santos-Dumont 14-bis</a> of 1906, which was said to be reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">duck</a> (<i>canard</i> in French) with its neck stretched out in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-c_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1983_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1983-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the use of a canard surface on the first powered aeroplane, the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a> of 1903, canard designs were not built in quantity until the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Saab_Viggen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Viggen">Saab Viggen</a> jet fighter in 1967. The aerodynamics of the canard configuration are complex and require careful analysis. </p><p> Rather than use the conventional <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane configuration</a> found on most aircraft, an aircraft designer may adopt the canard configuration to reduce the main wing loading, to better control the main wing airflow, or to increase the aircraft's maneuverability, especially at high <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angles of attack</a> or during a <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (fluid mechanics)">stall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canard foreplanes, whether used in a canard or <a href="/wiki/Three-surface_aircraft" title="Three-surface aircraft">three-surface</a> configuration, have important consequences for the aircraft's longitudinal equilibrium, static and dynamic stability characteristics.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santos_-_Nov12_1906_xcerpt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Santos_-_Nov12_1906_xcerpt.JPG/220px-Santos_-_Nov12_1906_xcerpt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Santos_-_Nov12_1906_xcerpt.JPG/330px-Santos_-_Nov12_1906_xcerpt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Santos_-_Nov12_1906_xcerpt.JPG/440px-Santos_-_Nov12_1906_xcerpt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The 1906 <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_14-bis" title="Santos-Dumont 14-bis">Santos-Dumont 14-bis</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitty_hawk_gross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kitty_hawk_gross.jpg/220px-Kitty_hawk_gross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kitty_hawk_gross.jpg/330px-Kitty_hawk_gross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kitty_hawk_gross.jpg/440px-Kitty_hawk_gross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5078" data-file-height="3736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a> of 1903 was a canard biplane</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneer_years">Pioneer years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pioneer years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright Brothers">Wright Brothers</a> began experimenting with the foreplane configuration around 1900. Their first kite included a front surface for pitch control and they adopted this configuration for their first <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Flyer</a>. They were suspicious of the aft tail because <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> had been killed in a glider with one. The Wrights realised that a foreplane would tend to destabilise an aeroplane but expected it to be a better control surface, in addition to being visible to the pilot in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed it impossible to provide both control and stability in a single design, and opted for control. </p><p>Many pioneers initially followed the Wrights' lead.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_14-bis" title="Santos-Dumont 14-bis">Santos-Dumont 14-bis</a> aeroplane of 1906 had no "tail", but a <a href="/wiki/Box_kite" title="Box kite">box kite</a>-like set of control surfaces in the front, pivoting on a <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joint</a> on the fuselage's extreme nose. This was intended to provide both yaw and pitch control. The <a href="/wiki/Fabre_Hydravion" title="Fabre Hydravion">Fabre Hydravion</a> of 1910 was the first floatplane to fly and had a foreplane. </p><p>But canard behaviour was not properly understood and other European pioneers—among them, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot" title="Louis Blériot">Louis Blériot</a>—were establishing the tailplane as the safer and more "conventional" design. Some, including the Wrights, experimented with both fore and aft planes on the same aircraft, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_surface_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Three surface aircraft">three surface</a> configuration. </p><p>After 1911, few canard types would be produced for many decades. In 1914 W.E. Evans commented that "the Canard type model has practically received its death-blow so far as scientific models are concerned."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914_to_1945">1914 to 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1914 to 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender_in_flight_061024-F-1234P-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender_in_flight_061024-F-1234P-007.jpg/220px-Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender_in_flight_061024-F-1234P-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender_in_flight_061024-F-1234P-007.jpg/330px-Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender_in_flight_061024-F-1234P-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender_in_flight_061024-F-1234P-007.jpg/440px-Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender_in_flight_061024-F-1234P-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XP-55_Ascender" title="Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender">Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyushu_SHindenjmodelo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyushu_SHindenjmodelo.JPG/220px-Kyushu_SHindenjmodelo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyushu_SHindenjmodelo.JPG/330px-Kyushu_SHindenjmodelo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyushu_SHindenjmodelo.JPG/440px-Kyushu_SHindenjmodelo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>The Kyūshū J7W1 <i>Shinden</i> (scale model)</figcaption></figure> <p>Experiments continued sporadically for several decades. </p><p>In 1917, de Bruyère constructed his <a href="/wiki/De_Bruy%C3%A8re_C_1" title="De Bruyère C 1">C 1</a> biplane fighter, having a canard foreplane and rear-mounted pusher propeller. The C 1 was a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First flown in 1927, the experimental <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_F_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf F 19">Focke-Wulf F 19</a> "Ente" (duck) was more successful. Two examples were built and one of them continued flying until 1931. </p><p>Immediately before and during World War II, several experimental canard fighters were flown, including the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosini_SS.4" title="Ambrosini SS.4">Ambrosini SS.4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XP-55_Ascender" title="Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender">Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_J7W_Shinden" title="Kyushu J7W Shinden">Kyūshū J7W1 <i>Shinden</i></a>. These were attempts at using the canard configuration to give advantages in areas such as performance, armament disposition or pilot view. Ultimately, no production aircraft were completed. The Shinden was ordered into production "off the drawing board"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="not clear what an "off the drawing board" order would be (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but only prototypes had flown by the time the war ended. </p><p>In 1945 in Europe, what may have been the first canard designed and flown in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> appeared as a test aircraft, the experimental <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-8" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8</a> <i>Utka</i> (Russian for "duck"), a lightweight propeller aircraft. It was noted for its docile slow-speed handling characteristics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and flew for some years, being used as a testbed during development of the swept wing of the (conventional layout) <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">MiG-15</a> jet fighter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canard_revival">Canard revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canard revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_XB-70_above_runway_ECN-792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/North_American_XB-70_above_runway_ECN-792.jpg/220px-North_American_XB-70_above_runway_ECN-792.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/North_American_XB-70_above_runway_ECN-792.jpg/330px-North_American_XB-70_above_runway_ECN-792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/North_American_XB-70_above_runway_ECN-792.jpg/440px-North_American_XB-70_above_runway_ECN-792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/XB-70_Valkyrie" class="mw-redirect" title="XB-70 Valkyrie">XB-70 Valkyrie</a> experimental bomber</figcaption></figure> <p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet age">jet age</a> and supersonic flight, American designers, notably <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>, began to experiment with supersonic canard delta designs, with some such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">North American XB-70 Valkyrie</a> and the Soviet equivalent <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-4" title="Sukhoi T-4">Sukhoi T-4</a> flying in prototype form. But the stability and control problems encountered prevented widespread adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-saab_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saab-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963 the Swedish company Saab patented a delta-winged design which overcame the earlier problems, in what has become known as the close-coupled canard.<sup id="cite_ref-saab_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saab-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anderson21_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson21-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built as the <a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">Saab 37 Viggen</a> and in 1967 became the first modern canard aircraft to enter production. The success of this aircraft spurred many designers, and canard surfaces sprouted on a number of types derived from the popular <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage" title="Dassault Mirage">Dassault Mirage</a> delta-winged jet fighter. These included variants of the French <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Dassault Mirage III</a>, Israeli <a href="/wiki/IAI_Kfir" title="IAI Kfir">IAI Kfir</a> and South African <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Cheetah" title="Atlas Cheetah">Atlas Cheetah</a>. The close-coupled canard delta remains a popular configuration for combat aircraft. </p><p>The Viggen also inspired the American <a href="/wiki/Burt_Rutan" title="Burt Rutan">Burt Rutan</a> to create a two-seater homebuilt canard delta design, accordingly named <a href="/wiki/Rutan_VariViggen" title="Rutan VariViggen">VariViggen</a> and flown in 1972. Rutan then abandoned the delta wing as unsuited to such light aircraft. His next two canard designs, the <a href="/wiki/Rutan_VariEze" title="Rutan VariEze">VariEze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutan_Long-EZ" title="Rutan Long-EZ">Long-EZ</a> had longer-span swept wings. These designs were not only successful and built in large numbers but were radically different from anything seen before.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutan's ideas soon spread to other designers. From the 1980s they found favour in the executive market with the appearance of types such as the <a href="/wiki/OMAC_Laser_300" title="OMAC Laser 300">OMAC Laser 300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avtek_400" class="mw-redirect" title="Avtek 400">Avtek 400</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Starship" title="Beechcraft Starship">Beech Starship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_control">Computer control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gripen_-_RIAT_2009_(3793317200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gripen_-_RIAT_2009_%283793317200%29.jpg/220px-Gripen_-_RIAT_2009_%283793317200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gripen_-_RIAT_2009_%283793317200%29.jpg/330px-Gripen_-_RIAT_2009_%283793317200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gripen_-_RIAT_2009_%283793317200%29.jpg/440px-Gripen_-_RIAT_2009_%283793317200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Canards visible on a <a href="/wiki/JAS_39_Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39 Gripen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-47_Berkut_(S-37)_in_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sukhoi_Su-47_Berkut_%28S-37%29_in_2001.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-47_Berkut_%28S-37%29_in_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sukhoi_Su-47_Berkut_%28S-37%29_in_2001.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-47_Berkut_%28S-37%29_in_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sukhoi_Su-47_Berkut_%28S-37%29_in_2001.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-47_Berkut_%28S-37%29_in_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Canards on a <a href="/wiki/Su-47" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-47">Su-47</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Static canard designs can have complex interactions in airflow between the canard and the main wing, leading to issues with stability and behaviour in the stall.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This limits their applicability. The development of fly-by-wire and artificial stability towards the end of the century opened the way for computerized controls to begin turning these complex effects from stability concerns into maneuverability advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach produced a new generation of military canard designs. The <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a> multirole fighter first flew in 1986, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Saab Gripen</a> (first to enter service) in 1988, and the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> in 1994. These three types and related design studies are sometimes referred to as the <b>euro-canards</b> or <b>eurocanards</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-10" title="Chengdu J-10">Chengdu J-10</a> appeared in 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-34_at_the_MAKS-2013_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sukhoi_Su-34_at_the_MAKS-2013_%2803%29.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-34_at_the_MAKS-2013_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sukhoi_Su-34_at_the_MAKS-2013_%2803%29.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-34_at_the_MAKS-2013_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sukhoi_Su-34_at_the_MAKS-2013_%2803%29.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-34_at_the_MAKS-2013_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Su-34" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-34">Su-34</a>, with canards </figcaption></figure> <p>Like any wing surface, a canard contributes to the lift, (in)stability and trim of an aircraft, and may also be used for flight control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lift">Lift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutan.long-EZ.g-wily.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rutan.long-EZ.g-wily.arp.jpg/220px-Rutan.long-EZ.g-wily.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rutan.long-EZ.g-wily.arp.jpg/330px-Rutan.long-EZ.g-wily.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rutan.long-EZ.g-wily.arp.jpg/440px-Rutan.long-EZ.g-wily.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rutan_Long-EZ" title="Rutan Long-EZ">Rutan Long-EZ</a>, with high-aspect-ratio lifting canard and suspended luggage pods</figcaption></figure> <p>Where the canard surface contributes lift, the weight of the aircraft is shared between the wing and the canard. It has been described as an extreme conventional configuration but with a small highly loaded wing and an enormous lifting tail which enables the centre of mass to be very far aft relative to the front surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Drela_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drela-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lifting canard generates an upload, in contrast to a conventional aft-tail which sometimes generates negative lift that must be counteracted by extra lift on the main wing. As the canard lift adds to the overall lift capability of the aircraft, this may appear to favour the canard layout. In particular, at takeoff the wing is most heavily loaded and where a conventional tail exerts a downforce worsening the load, a canard exerts an upward force relieving the load. This allows a smaller main wing. </p><p>However, the foreplane also creates a <a href="/wiki/Downwash" title="Downwash">downwash</a>, which may affect the wing lift distribution favourably or unfavourably, so the differences in overall lift and <a href="/wiki/Lift-induced_drag" title="Lift-induced drag">induced drag</a> are not obvious and they depend on the details of the design.<sup id="cite_ref-Canards_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canards-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drela_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drela-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanardProCon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanardProCon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a lifting canard, the main wing must be located further aft of the centre of gravity than a conventional wing, increasing the downward pitching moment caused by the deflection of its <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">trailing-edge flaps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raymer1999_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymer1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control">Control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Eurofighter_Typhoon_cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RAF_Eurofighter_Typhoon_cockpit.jpg/220px-RAF_Eurofighter_Typhoon_cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RAF_Eurofighter_Typhoon_cockpit.jpg/330px-RAF_Eurofighter_Typhoon_cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RAF_Eurofighter_Typhoon_cockpit.jpg/440px-RAF_Eurofighter_Typhoon_cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The control canard on an <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon</a> in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>Pitch control in a canard type may be achieved either by the canard surface, as on the control-canard or in the same way as a <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless aircraft</a>, by control surfaces at the rear of the main wing, as on the Saab Viggen. </p><p>In a control-canard design, most of the weight of the aircraft is carried by the wing and the canard is used primarily for pitch control during maneuvering. A pure control-canard operates only as a control surface and is nominally at zero <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> and carrying no load in normal flight. Modern combat aircraft of canard configuration typically have a control-canard driven by a <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">computerized flight control system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raymer1999_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymer1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canards with little or no loading (i.e. control-canards) may be used to intentionally destabilize some combat aircraft in order to make them more manoeuvrable. The electronic flight control system uses the pitch control function of the canard foreplane to create artificial static and dynamic stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Canards_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canards-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanardProCon_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanardProCon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A benefit obtainable from a control-canard is the correction of <a href="/wiki/Pitch-up" title="Pitch-up">pitch-up</a> during a wingtip stall. An all-moving canard capable of a significant nose-down deflection can be used to counteract the pitch-up due to the tip stall. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> and sweep of the wing can be optimized without having to guard against pitch-up.<sup id="cite_ref-raymer1999_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymer1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A highly loaded lifting canard does not have sufficient spare lift capacity to provide this protection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PterodactylAscenderII-B202.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PterodactylAscenderII-B202.jpg/220px-PterodactylAscenderII-B202.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PterodactylAscenderII-B202.jpg/330px-PterodactylAscenderII-B202.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PterodactylAscenderII-B202.jpg/440px-PterodactylAscenderII-B202.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pterodactyl_Ascender_II%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterodactyl Ascender II+2">Pterodactyl Ascender II+2</a> with stabilizing canard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-33_77_RED_(30268117476).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sukhoi_Su-33_77_RED_%2830268117476%29.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-33_77_RED_%2830268117476%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sukhoi_Su-33_77_RED_%2830268117476%29.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-33_77_RED_%2830268117476%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sukhoi_Su-33_77_RED_%2830268117476%29.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-33_77_RED_%2830268117476%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Su-33" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-33">Su-33s</a> with canard</figcaption></figure> <p>A canard foreplane may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_stabilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal stabilizer">horizontal stabilizer</a>, whether stability is achieved statically<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benson-apf_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benson-apf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US6064923A_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US6064923A-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or artificially (fly-by-wire).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being placed ahead of the centre of gravity, a canard foreplane acts directly to reduce <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal static stability">longitudinal static stability</a> (stability in pitch). The first aeroplane to achieve controlled, powered flight, the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>, was conceived as a control-canard<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in effect was also an unstable lifting canard.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time the Wright brothers believed that instability was a requirement to make an aeroplane controllable. They did not know how to make a tailplane unstable, so they chose a canard control surface for this reason. </p><p>Nevertheless, a canard stabiliser may be added to an otherwise unstable design to obtain overall static pitch stability.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve this stability, the change in canard <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a> with <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> (lift coefficient slope) should be less than that for the main plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of factors affect this characteristic.<sup id="cite_ref-raymer1999_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymer1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, seven years after the Wrights' first flight, the <a href="/wiki/ASL_Valkyrie" title="ASL Valkyrie">ASL Valkyrie</a> adopted the canard position in order to make the aeroplane stable and safe. </p><p>For most <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoils</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lift_slope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lift slope (page does not exist)">lift slope</a> decreases at high lift coefficients. Therefore, the most common way in which pitch stability can be achieved is to increase the lift coefficient (so the wing loading) of the canard. This tends to increase the <a href="/wiki/Induced_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced drag">lift-induced drag</a> of the foreplane, which may be given a high <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(wing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect ratio (wing)">aspect ratio</a> in order to limit drag.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a canard airfoil has a greater airfoil <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">camber</a> than the wing. </p><p>Another possibility is to decrease the aspect ratio of the canard,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with again more lift-induced drag and possibly a higher <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stall</a> angle than the wing.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A design approach used by <a href="/wiki/Burt_Rutan" title="Burt Rutan">Burt Rutan</a> is a high aspect ratio canard with higher lift coefficient (the wing loading of the canard is between 1.6 and 2 times the wing one) and a canard airfoil whose lift coefficient slope is non-linear (nearly flat) between 14° and 24°.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another stabilisation parameter is the power effect. In case of canard <a href="/wiki/Pusher_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusher propeller">pusher propeller</a>: "the power-induced flow clean up of the wing trailing edge" <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increases the wing lift coefficient slope (see above). Conversely, a propeller located ahead of the canard (increasing the lift slope of the canard) has a strong destabilising effect.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trim">Trim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_1977_Volpati-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_1977_Volpati-1.jpg/220px-Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_1977_Volpati-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_1977_Volpati-1.jpg/330px-Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_1977_Volpati-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_1977_Volpati-1.jpg/440px-Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_1977_Volpati-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a> with its retractable moustache canards deployed and nose <a href="/wiki/Droop_nose_(aeronautics)" title="Droop nose (aeronautics)">drooped</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A canard foreplane may be used to trim an aeroplane in pitch, just as a tail plane can. The trimming force in pitch is also a lifting force, and the greater it is, the greater the associated <a href="/wiki/Induced_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced drag">induced drag</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Trim_drag" title="Trim drag">trim drag</a>. However, where a conventional tail typically pushed down with a negative trimming force which makes the wing work harder, a canard pushes up so the wing works less hard. This actually reduces the net drag, resulting in negative trim drag.<sup id="cite_ref-clancy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clancy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of landing flaps on the main wing causes a large trim change, which must be compensated for. The <a href="/wiki/Saab_Viggen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Viggen">Saab Viggen</a> has flaps on its canard surface which may be deployed simultaneously with the main flaps. The <a href="/wiki/Beech_Starship" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech Starship">Beech Starship</a> uses variable-sweep foreplanes to trim the position of the lift force. </p><p>When the main wing is most loaded, at takeoff, to rotate the nose up a conventional tailplane typically pushes down while a foreplane lifts up. In order to maintain trim the main wing on a canard design must therefore be located further aft relative to the centre of gravity than on the equivalent conventional design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Close_coupling">Close coupling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Close coupling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A close-coupled canard has been shown to benefit a supersonic <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a> design which gains lift in both <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> flight (such as for <a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">supercruise</a>) and also in low speed flight (such as take offs and landings).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-TM-88354_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-TM-88354-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafale_(7986533137).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rafale_%287986533137%29.jpg/220px-Rafale_%287986533137%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rafale_%287986533137%29.jpg/330px-Rafale_%287986533137%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rafale_%287986533137%29.jpg/440px-Rafale_%287986533137%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">A Dassault Rafale</a> in high angle-of-attack flight</figcaption></figure> <p>In the close-coupled delta wing canard, the foreplane is located just above and forward of the wing. The vortices generated by a delta-shaped foreplane flow back past the main wing and interact with its own vortices. Because these are critical for lift, a badly-placed foreplane can cause severe problems. By bringing the foreplane close to the wing and just above it in a close-coupled arrangement, the interactions can be made beneficial, actually helping to solve other problems too.<sup id="cite_ref-saab_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saab-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, at high angles of attack (and therefore typically at low speeds) the canard surface directs airflow downward over the wing, reducing turbulence which results in reduced drag and increased lift.<sup id="cite_ref-Sageaction_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sageaction-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically the foreplane creates a vortex which attaches to the upper surface of the wing, stabilising and re-energising the airflow over the wing and delaying or preventing the stall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canard foreplane may be fixed as on the <a href="/wiki/IAI_Kfir" title="IAI Kfir">IAI Kfir</a>, have landing flaps as on the <a href="/wiki/Saab_Viggen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Viggen">Saab Viggen</a>, or be moveable and also act as a control-canard during normal flight as on the <a href="/wiki/Saab_Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Gripen">Saab Gripen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free-floating_canard">Free-floating canard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free-floating canard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A free-floating canard pivots so that the whole surface can rotate freely to change its <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(aerodynamics)" title="Angle of incidence (aerodynamics)">angle of incidence</a> to the fuselage without pilot input. In normal flight, the air pressure distribution maintains its <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> to the airflow, and therefore also the <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a> it generates, to a constant amount. A free-floating mechanism may increase <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal static stability">static stability</a> and provide safe recovery from high <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> evolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-55_Ascender" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss XP-55 Ascender">Curtiss XP-55 Ascender</a> was initially fitted with a small free-floating canard lacking sufficient authority. Even on subsequent prototypes fitted with larger surfaces, "the stall was quite an experience".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary movable surfaces may be added to the free-floating canard, allowing pilot input to affect the generated lift, thus providing pitch control and/or trim adjustment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_geometry">Variable geometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Variable geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-2000Starship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NASA-2000Starship.jpg/220px-NASA-2000Starship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/NASA-2000Starship.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Starship" title="Beechcraft Starship">Beechcraft Starship</a> has variable-sweep foreplanes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Starship" title="Beechcraft Starship">Beechcraft Starship</a> has a variable-sweep canard surface. The sweep is varied in flight by swinging the foreplanes forward to increase their effectiveness and so trim out the nose-down pitching effect caused by the wing flaps when deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>moustache</b> is a small, high <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)" title="Aspect ratio (aeronautics)">aspect ratio</a> foreplane which is deployed for low-speed flight in order to improve handling at high angles of attack such as during takeoff and landing. It is retracted at high speed in order to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Wave_drag" title="Wave drag">wave drag</a> penalty of a canard design. It was first seen on the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III#Derivatives" title="Dassault Mirage III">Dassault Milan</a> and later on the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a>. NASA has also investigated a one-piece <a href="/wiki/Slewed_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slewed wing">slewed</a> equivalent called the conformably stowable canard,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where as the surface is stowed one side sweeps backwards and the other forwards.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ride_control">Ride control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ride control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_B-1B_Lancer_with_a_Sniper_pod.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_B-1B_Lancer_with_a_Sniper_pod.jpeg/220px-A_B-1B_Lancer_with_a_Sniper_pod.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_B-1B_Lancer_with_a_Sniper_pod.jpeg/330px-A_B-1B_Lancer_with_a_Sniper_pod.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_B-1B_Lancer_with_a_Sniper_pod.jpeg/440px-A_B-1B_Lancer_with_a_Sniper_pod.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">B-1B Lancer</a> showing left hand ride-control vane at nose</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">Rockwell B-1 Lancer</a> has small canard vanes or fins on either side of the forward fuselage that form part of an active damping system that reduces aerodynamic buffeting during high-speed, low altitude flight. Such buffeting would otherwise cause crew fatigue and reduce airframe life during prolonged flights.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stealth">Stealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canard aircraft can potentially have poor <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth</a> characteristics because they present large angular surfaces that tend to reflect <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> signals forwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Canards_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canards-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> uses software control of its canards in order to reduce its effective <a href="/wiki/Radar_cross_section" title="Radar cross section">radar cross section</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canards have nevertheless been incorporated in some later stealth aircraft studies such as an early mock-up of Lockheed Martin's <a href="/wiki/Joint_Strike_Fighter_program" title="Joint Strike Fighter program">Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST)</a> contender<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lockheed_Stealth_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockheed_Stealth-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">McDonnell Douglas X-36</a> research prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a> <a href="/wiki/Fifth-generation_fighter" title="Fifth-generation fighter">Fifth-generation fighter</a> uses canards in the belief that they offer the optimal balance of stealth vs. aerodynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some question whether this compromises its stealth characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canard_aircraft" title="List of canard aircraft">List of canard aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_wing" title="Tandem wing">Tandem wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wragg, D.; <i>Historical Dictionary of Aviation</i>, History Press (2008), Page 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clancy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clancy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clancy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy, L. 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Pages 292-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crane_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrane1997" class="citation cs2">Crane, Dale (1997), <i>Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms</i> (3rd ed.), Aviation Supplies & Academics, p. 86, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56027-287-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56027-287-8"><bdi>978-1-56027-287-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Aeronautical+Terms&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Aviation+Supplies+%26+Academics&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56027-287-8&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36704072.pdf">Aerodynamic analysis of a canard missile configuration using ANSYS</a> Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive, December 2011. 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(English translation)" <i>Google</i>. Retrieved 28 November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetman2011" class="citation cs2">Sweetman, William 'Bill' (14 January 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3A5c50cb01-bdd0-41cc-b216-fdc89354eb19">"From JAST To J-20"</a>, <i>Aviation Week</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=From+JAST+To+J-20&rft.date=2011-01-14&rft.aulast=Sweetman&rft.aufirst=William+%27Bill%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fblogs%2Fdefense%2Findex.jsp%3FplckController%3DBlog%26plckScript%3DblogScript%26plckElementId%3DblogDest%26plckBlogPage%3DBlogViewPost%26plckPostId%3DBlog%253A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%253A5c50cb01-bdd0-41cc-b216-fdc89354eb19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockheed_Stealth-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockheed_Stealth_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetman2005" class="citation book cs1">Sweetman, William 'Bill' (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q06Jw1lgcF8C&pg=PA124"><i>Lockheed Stealth</i></a>. Zenith Press. pp. 122–24 [124]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1940-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1940-6"><bdi>978-0-7603-1940-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lockheed+Stealth&rft.pages=122-24+124&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1940-6&rft.aulast=Sweetman&rft.aufirst=William+%27Bill%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq06Jw1lgcF8C%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=220162&dfpPParams=ind_182,industry_aero,aid_220162&dfpLayout=article">"Agility+Stealth = X-36: formula for an advanced fighter "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223001051/http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=220162&dfpPParams=ind_182,industry_aero,aid_220162&dfpLayout=article">Archived</a> 2014-02-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Design News</i> 14 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoblin2021" class="citation web cs1">Roblin, Sebastien (9 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/how-stealthy-chinas-j-20-fighter-jet-195910">"How Stealthy is China's J-20 Fighter Jet?"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=How+Stealthy+is+China%27s+J-20+Fighter+Jet%3F&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft.aulast=Roblin&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fblog%2Freboot%2Fhow-stealthy-chinas-j-20-fighter-jet-195910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mikoyanmig29.wixsite.com/chengdu-j-20/stealth">"Stealth"</a>. <i>chengdu-j-20</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chengdu-j-20&rft.atitle=Stealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmikoyanmig29.wixsite.com%2Fchengdu-j-20%2Fstealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airpowerasia.com/2020/08/15/chengdu-j-20-overhyped-or-reality-a-comprehensive-story/">"Chengdu J-20 Overhyped or Reality – A Comprehensive Story"</a>. 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chengdu+J-20+Overhyped+or+Reality+%E2%80%93+A+Comprehensive+Story&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairpowerasia.com%2F2020%2F08%2F15%2Fchengdu-j-20-overhyped-or-reality-a-comprehensive-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuciu" class="citation web cs1">Suciu, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-j20-russia-su57-arent-quite-5th-generation-fighter-jets-2023-2">"Why China's and Russia's 5th-generation stealth jets don't quite live up to the hype, according to a former US Navy pilot"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Why+China%27s+and+Russia%27s+5th-generation+stealth+jets+don%27t+quite+live+up+to+the+hype%2C+according+to+a+former+US+Navy+pilot&rft.aulast=Suciu&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchina-j20-russia-su57-arent-quite-5th-generation-fighter-jets-2023-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1983" class="citation cs2">Burns, BRA (December 1983), "Were the Wrights Right?", <i><a href="/wiki/Air_International" title="Air International">Air International</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+International&rft.atitle=Were+the+Wrights+Right%3F&rft.date=1983-12&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=BRA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1985" class="citation cs2">————— (23 February 1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200561.html">"Canards: Design with Care"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Canards%3A+Design+with+Care&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1985-02-23&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=BRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1985%2F1985%2520-%25200561.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeblettMethenyLeifsson2003" class="citation cs2">Neblett, Evan; Metheny, Michael 'Mike'; Leifsson, Leifur Thor (17 March 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227123111/http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/canardsS03.pdf">"Canards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>AOE 4124 Class notes</i>, Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/canardsS03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AOE+4124+Class+notes&rft.atitle=Canards&rft.date=2003-03-17&rft.aulast=Neblett&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft.au=Metheny%2C+Michael+%27Mike%27&rft.au=Leifsson%2C+Leifur+Thor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoe.vt.edu%2F~mason%2FMason_f%2FcanardsS03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2002" class="citation cs2">Garrison, P (December 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcn7cMVfZcC&q=canard+stabilizer&pg=PA85">"Three's Company"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flying_(magazine)" title="Flying (magazine)">Flying</a></i>, vol. 129, no. 12, pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>86</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flying&rft.atitle=Three%27s+Company&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZcn7cMVfZcC%26q%3Dcanard%2Bstabilizer%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymer1992" class="citation book cs1">Raymer, Daniel P. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aircraftdesignco0000raym"><i>Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Washington: <a href="/wiki/AIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="AIAA">AIAA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930403515" title="Special:BookSources/9780930403515"><bdi>9780930403515</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/0930403517">0930403517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach&rft.place=Washington&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=AIAA&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F0930403517&rft.isbn=9780930403515&rft.aulast=Raymer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faircraftdesignco0000raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbzugLarrabee2002" class="citation cs2">Abzug; Larrabee (2002), <i>Airplane Stability and Control</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107321427" title="Special:BookSources/9781107321427"><bdi>9781107321427</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829704722">829704722</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airplane+Stability+and+Control&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829704722&rft.isbn=9781107321427&rft.au=Abzug&rft.au=Larrabee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambuPerard1973" class="citation cs2">Gambu, J; Perard, J (January 1973), "Saab 37 Viggen", <i>Aviation International</i>, no. 602, pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>40</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+International&rft.atitle=Saab+37+Viggen&rft.issue=602&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1973-01&rft.aulast=Gambu&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Perard%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennon1984" class="citation cs2">Lennon, Andy (1984), <i>Canard : a revolution in flight</i>, Aviation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canard+%3A+a+revolution+in+flight&rft.pub=Aviation&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Lennon&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollo1991" class="citation cs2">Rollo, Vera Foster (1991), <i>Burt Rutan Reinventing the Airplane</i>, Maryland Historical Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burt+Rutan+Reinventing+the+Airplane&rft.pub=Maryland+Historical+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Rollo&rft.aufirst=Vera+Foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, R (2001). <i>Aircraft Structures and Systems</i> (2nd ed.). MechAero Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Structures+and+Systems&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MechAero+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelberg,_Bruce_PCronin,_Donald_L" class="citation cs2">Selberg, Bruce P; Cronin, Donald L, <i>Aerodynamic-Structural Study of Canard Wing, Dual Wing, and Conventional Wing Systems for General Aviation Applications. University of Missouri-Rolla. Contract Report 172529</i>, National Aeronautics and Space Administration</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aerodynamic-Structural+Study+of+Canard+Wing%2C+Dual+Wing%2C+and+Conventional+Wing+Systems+for+General+Aviation+Applications.+University+of+Missouri-Rolla.+Contract+Report+172529&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.au=Selberg%2C+Bruce+P&rft.au=Cronin%2C+Donald+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanard+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19850008520.pdf">Aerodynamic-structural study of canard wing, dual wing, and conventional wing systems for general aviation applications</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canard_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canard_wings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canard wings">Canard wings</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a 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