CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html><head><title>Google Scholar Settings</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy{display:block;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:table-cell;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{display:block;position:relative;width:auto;height:41px;padding:0 16px 0 48px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb:before,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb:before{display:block;content:" ";position:absolute;z-index:-1;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb:after,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb:after{display:block;content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:24px;height:40px;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb_in{white-space:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;height:41px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}.gs_el_ta .gs_bdy_sb_sec,.gs_el_ph .gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_bdy_sb_sec:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb li,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb li{position:relative;display:inline-block;padding:0;margin:0;text-indent:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_bdy_sb_sel:after,.gs_el_ph .gs_bdy_sb_sel:after{display:block;content:" ";position:absolute;bottom:-1px;left:0;width:100%;height:0;border-bottom:2px solid #d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb li a,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb li a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px 8px;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb li a:hover,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb li a:hover{background-color:#f1f1f1;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;display:block;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl:after,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}input[name=nosubmit]{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:1px;height:1px;}#gs_settings_ccl{max-width:680px;margin:14px 0 16px 0;line-height:29px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_settings_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_settings_ccl{margin:0 0 16px 0;}#gs_settings_ccl p{line-height:1.5;}.gs_settings_panel{display:none;}.gs_settings_panel.gs_vis{display:block;}.gs_settings_section{border-bottom:1px solid #EEE;padding:1px 20px 10px 0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_settings_section{padding:1px 20px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_settings_section{padding:1px 0 0 0;}.gs_settings_section h3{margin:11px 0 16px 0;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_settings_section:first-child h3{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_settings_section h3,.gs_el_ph .gs_settings_section h3{margin:8px 0;}.gs_settings_value{margin-bottom:12px;position:relative;line-height:1.5;}#gs_num_table td{vertical-align:middle;}#gs_num_help{padding-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_num_help{display:none}#gs_settings_impw{display:inline-block;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_el_ph #gs_sil{text-indent:-21px;padding-left:21px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_sil>*{text-indent:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_settings_import-d{left:auto;right:-16px;}#gs_settings_hl-b{min-width:140px;}#gs_settings_langs_lr{margin-top:8px;}#gs_settings_langs_lr td{padding-left:21px;vertical-align:top;}.gs_el_ph #gs_settings_langs_lr tr,.gs_el_ph #gs_settings_langs_lr td,.gs_el_ph #gs_settings_hl-d .gs_md_ul{display:block;}#gs_settings_liblinks_find{position:relative;margin-right:88px;}#gs_settings_liblinks_find button{position:absolute;right:-80px;top:0;}#gs_settings_liblinks_lst{padding:16px 0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_settings_liblinks_lst .gs_settings_ind{padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f1;margin:8px 0;}#gs_settings_account_links{list-style-type:none;margin-top:16px;}#gs_settings_account_links li{padding:7px 0 5px 0;margin:8px 0;}.gs_settings_account_link{padding:7px 0 5px 0;}#gs_settings_button_body p{line-height:1.24;margin:24px 0;}#gs_settings_pnl_promos .gs_promos_header{font-size:15px;line-height:24px;font-weight:bold;margin:0;}.gs_promos_info{font-size:15px;margin:4px 0 0 0;line-height:24px;}a.gs_promos_try{font-size:13px;padding:6px 12px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;border-radius:2px;}.gs_promos_try:hover{background-color:#3983fe;text-decoration:none;}.gs_promos_try:active{background-color:#357ae8;}.gs_promo_installed,.gs_promo_not_installed{display:none;}.gsb_not_installed .gs_promo_not_installed,.gsr_not_installed .gs_promo_not_installed,.gsb_installed .gs_promo_installed,.gsr_installed .gs_promo_installed{display:block;}#gs_settings_buttons{margin:16px 0 32px 0;text-align:right;}#gs_settings_buttons button{margin-left:16px;}.gs_settings_learn_more{white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_tc .gs_settings_learn_more{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var aa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },da=ca(this),h=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; h("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.aa=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.aa};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e}); var ea=function(a){var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)return b.call(a);if(typeof a.length=="number")return{next:aa(a)};throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");},fa=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},ha; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")ha=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ja;a:{var ka={a:!0},la={};try{la.__proto__=ka;ja=la.a;break a}catch(a){}ja=!1}ha=ja?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var ma=ha,na=function(a,b){a.prototype=fa(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(ma)ma(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.pa=b.prototype};h("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); h("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var oa=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};h("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:oa});var n=function(a){return a?a:oa};h("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);h("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); h("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);h("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);h("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:oa});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var pa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var q=function(){this.C=this.C;this.G=this.G};q.prototype.C=!1;q.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.C};q.prototype.dispose=function(){this.C||(this.C=!0,this.J())};q.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};q.prototype.J=function(){if(this.G)for(;this.G.length;)this.G.shift()()};var qa=function(){};function r(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function v(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function w(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function x(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!w(a,b);(c?r:v)(a,b);return c};function z(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var ra=z("iPhone")||z("iPad")||z("iPod"),sa=z("iPhone")||z("Android")&&z("Mobile");function ta(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,oa:a.width,na:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.oa;b=b.na;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||sa)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var ua,va=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); ua=va?+va[1]>0:z("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!z("Firefox")||z("Mobile")||z("Tablet")?ra||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function wa(){if(xa==void 0){xa=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){xa=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",qa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",qa,a)}catch(b){}}return xa}var xa;var ya=function(a){this.Z=a},za=new ya("IFRAME"),Aa=new ya("INPUT");function A(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function B(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Ba++)}function Ca(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Da(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),g=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(g!="checkbox"&&g!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")}var Ba=100,Ea=/\S+/g,Fa=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Ga=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function F(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Ia}var Ia=0;function Ja(a){var b=[];a=ea(a);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next())c=c.value.charCodeAt(0),b.push(c<32||c>=126?c:String.fromCharCode(32+(c-32+47)%94))};var G=function(){this.o=[];this.D={};this.R=this.H=0};G.prototype.add=function(a){var b=F(a);this.D[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.D[b]=this.o.length,++this.H)};G.prototype.remove=function(a){a=F(a);var b=this.D[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.D[a],--this.H*2<this.o.length&&!this.R&&Ka(this))};G.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.R;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.R&&this.H*2<b.length&&Ka(this)}};G.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.H}; var Ka=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.D;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[F(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function H(a,b,c,d,e){La(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ma)}function I(a,b,c,d){La(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Na)}function Oa(a,b,c,d){function e(g){I(f,a,e,c);b(g)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;H(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function J(a){Pa?Pa.add(a):a()}var Qa=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)}; function Ra(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function Sa(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ma(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&wa();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Na(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)}function La(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,m=0;m<g;m++)f(a,b[m],c,d,e)}function Ta(){Pa.notify();Pa=null} function Ua(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(I(document,"readystatechange",Ua),Ta())}var Pa,Va=!!document.attachEvent,Wa=document.readyState;if(Va?Wa!="complete":Wa=="loading")Pa=new G,Va?H(document,"readystatechange",Ua):Oa("DOMContentLoaded",Ta);function Xa(){Oa(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);H(document,"keydown",Ya,!0)},!0,!0)}function Ya(a){a.keyCode==9&&(x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),I(document,"keydown",Ya,!0),Xa())}Xa();function Za(a,b,c,d,e){var f=A(a);$a(f,function(){r(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){v(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function ab(a){a=K[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function $a(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=B(a),m=ab(g);if(!m||m<ab(f)){var k=document.activeElement;f=A(f);bb(cb(f||a),!0);b&&b();L.push(function(l){K[g].pop();K[g].length||delete K[g];if(!l){(l=e)||k==document.body||(l=k);var p=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(C){}else p&&a.contains(p)&&p.blur()}c&&c()});K[g]||(K[g]=[]);K[g].push(L.length);k&&a.contains(k)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,p=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||p&&ua)l=a;try{l.focus(),p&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(C){}},0)}} function M(a){bb((ab(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function db(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;L.pop()(a)}function bb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;L.length>a;)db(b||L.length>a+1)}function cb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=ab(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var L=[],K={};H(document,"click",function(a){var b=L.length;b&&!Sa(a)&&b>cb(a.target)&&db(!0)});H(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!Sa(a)&&L.length&&db()}); H(document,"focus",function(a){var b=L.length;if(b)for(var c=cb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in K)if(ab(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(A(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Ea)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=A(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){Ra(a);d.focus();break}else db(!0),--b}},!0);var eb={},fb={},gb;try{gb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function N(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function hb(){var a=ib(),b=jb();b=kb(b);a=lb(a);a=mb(a)||"#";O=N(b);nb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function mb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function ob(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function pb(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return ob(b?a.substr(b):"")}function qb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}}function lb(a){var b=pb();qb(b,a);return b} function kb(a){var b=O||N(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];qb(c,a);return c}function rb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!sb){var a=window.history.state;sb=!0;O=N(a);tb.notify()}ub=!1},0)}var tb=new G,O,sb=!1,ub=!0,nb="pushState"in window.history,vb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")vb=!1;else{var wb=.001*Date.now(),xb=GSP.eventId,yb=!1,P,zb=gb;if(!("nh"in eb)){var Ab=zb&&zb.getItem("nh"),Bb;if(Ab)try{Bb=JSON.parse(Ab)}catch(a){}fb.nh=Bb}P=fb.nh;P instanceof Array||(P=[]);for(var Cb=P.length,Db=0,Eb=0;Eb<Cb;Eb++){var Fb=P[Eb];if(Fb instanceof Array&&Fb.length==2){var Gb=Fb[1]==xb;yb=yb||Gb;Cb-Eb<=10&&+Fb[0]>wb-86400&&!Gb&&(P[Db++]=Fb)}}P.length=Db;P.push([wb,xb]);var Hb=P,Ib=gb;fb.nh=Hb;try{Ib&&Ib.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Hb))}catch(a){}vb=yb} var Jb=vb;"onpageshow"in window?H(window,"pageshow",rb):J(rb);H(window,nb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,sb=!0,O=N(a),tb.notify())});function Kb(){Lb&&(I(A("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Lb),Lb=void 0)}function Mb(){var a=Nb();r(a,"gs_anm");r(a,"gs_vis");H(document,"click",Ob);clearTimeout(Pb);Pb=setTimeout(Ob,4E3);++Qb;setTimeout(Rb,0)}function Ob(){Qb||(I(document,"click",Ob),clearTimeout(Pb),Pb=void 0,Kb(),v(Nb(),"gs_vis"))}function Nb(){return A("gs_alrt")}function Rb(){Qb=0}var Pb,Qb=0,Lb;J(function(){var a=A("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Jb&&Mb(),H(window,"pagehide",function(){Qb=0;Ob();v(Nb(),"gs_anm")}))});function Sb(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),m=d.responseURL,k=window.location,l=k.protocol;k="//"+k.host+"/";m&&m.indexOf(l+k)&&m.indexOf("https:"+k)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function Tb(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var Ub=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.j=c===void 0?null:c;this.T=!1};Ub.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.j&&this.j.stopPropagation();this.T=!0};var Q=function(a){a.j&&Ra(a.j);a.T=!0};var S=function(a,b){this.U=a;this.ma=b},Vb=function(a,b,c){this.U=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function Wb(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=F(a),e=Xb[d];if(!e){e=Xb[d]=[];d=Yb(b[0].U);for(var f in d){var g=Zb[f];g||(g=Zb[f]=Object.create(null));for(var m in d[f]){var k=g[m];k||(k=g[m]=[]);k.push(a)}}$b(a,e,b[0],ac);for(f=1;f<c;f++)$b(a,e,b[f],bc)}}}function T(a,b,c){cc(new Ub(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function U(a,b,c){var d=dc;typeof b==="string"&&(ec[0]=b,b=ec);var e=b.length;a=Yb(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var m=0;m<e;m++)d(f,g,b[m],c)}function Yb(a){typeof a==="string"&&(fc[0]=a,a=fc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c} function dc(a,b,c,d){var e=gc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&H(document,c,hc,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=gc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new G);a.add(d)}function hc(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);cc(new Ub(a.type,b,a))} function cc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!w(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!ic("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!ic(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function ic(a,b,c){var d=gc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.T}function $b(a,b,c,d){var e=c.U;c=c.ma;for(var f in c){var g=pa(d,a,c[f]);U(e,f,g);b.push(new Vb(e,f,g))}}function ac(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=jc(a,d)||a;a=kc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function bc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=jc(a,d);if(e){a=kc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function kc(a,b){var c=lc(b),d=mc[c];d||(d=mc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=F(a);(d=nc[a])||(d=nc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function jc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=oc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=oc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function oc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=Zb[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function lc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+pc++);return b}var gc=Object.create(null),fc=[""],ec=[""],Zb=Object.create(null),Xb=Object.create(null),nc=Object.create(null),mc=Object.create(null),pc=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=hc;function qc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return w(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function rc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function sc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function tc(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return uc(a,b,qc(),c,!1)} function uc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=rc(b,d);f;f=sc(f,d))if(e=uc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=sc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};var vc=["false","true","mixed"];var wc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new G;this.X=0;this.V=[b,a,function(){c.X++||Qa(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.X=0;c.o.notify()}};wc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||H.apply(null,this.V);this.o.add(a)};wc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||I.apply(null,this.V)};var xc=new wc("scroll"),yc=new wc("resize");var zc=new G;function Ac(){var a=document.documentElement,b=ta();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:ua||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(w(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;x(a,c,d)}}e&&zc.notify()}x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",ra);Ac();yc.addListener(Ac);H(window,["pageshow","load"],Ac);var Bc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.g=a;this.B=b;this.v=c;this.A=d;this.S=e;this.s=f;this.m=null},Cc=function(a,b){a.m=b},Fc=function(){this.l=[];this.i=-1};Fc.prototype.push=function(a){++this.i;this.i==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.i]=a,this.l.splice(this.i+1,this.l.length-this.i))};Fc.prototype.pop=function(){--this.i};var Gc=function(a){for(var b=W;b.i>a;)M(b.top().g)},Hc=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].s>=b);++c);return c};Fc.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.i)}; Fc.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Ic(a,b){var c=a==W.i;W.i=a;b&&!O&&!N(window.history.state)&&hb();c||Jc()}function Kc(a){var b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=W.top();e&&a==e.g&&b==e.B&&c==e.v||(W.push(new Bc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.g==a?e.S+1:1,Date.now())),b=ib(),a=jb(),a=kb(a),b=lb(b),b=mb(b)||"#",O=N(a),nb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Jc())} function Lc(a){a=Mc(A(a));return!!a&&w(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&w(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")}function Nc(){var a=A("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=W.i&&!c;++d)c=!Lc(W.at(d).g);x(A("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=W.i;c>=1&&(c=W.at(c-1).g,d=Lc(c),x(A(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Lc(W.top().g)?"scroll":""} function Jc(){function a(){var y=c.clientHeight,t=+D.getAttribute("data-h");t||(g.style.maxHeight="none",t=f.offsetHeight);var u=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");t=Math.max((y-t)/2,10);y=Math.max(y-48-(u?u.offsetHeight:0)-2*t,10);u=Lc(e);f.style.top=u?"auto":t+"px";g.style.maxHeight=u?"none":y+"px";Oc(g)}var b=W.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A("gs_top"),e=b.g,f=A(e),g=A(e+"-bdy"),m=1200+W.i,k=A(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.A,p=b.v,C=b.B,E=A("gs_md_s"),V=A(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",D=Mc(f),R=window.pageYOffset,Dc=C&&C[0]!="#"&&!l,Ec=W.i>0?W.at(W.i-1).g:"",ia=!!K[e];Dc?(ia?x(k,"gs_md_ldg",!0):Pc(f,k,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+A("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),T("gs-md-ldin",k)):(l&&Pc(f,k,l,b),T("gs-md-lded",k));ia&&e==Ec||$a(f,function(){(D||f).style.zIndex=m;Qc(V);if(!ia){D&&r(D,"gs_vis");r(f,"gs_vis");x(f,"gs_abt",ub);x(E,"gs_abt",ub);Rc(e);if(W.i==0){var y=Nc;zc.add(y);y()}else Nc();D&&g&&(a(),yc.addListener(a))}W.i==0&&(r(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-R+"px")},function(){ia|| (yc.removeListener(a),D&&v(D,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_abt"));for(var y=W.top()?W.top().S:0;W.top()&&W.top().g==e;){var t=W.top();Tb(t.m);t.m=null;W.pop()}if(W.top()){if(t=W.top().g,Qc(A(t).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),v(A(t),"gs_md_ins_vis"),ia){a:{t=W;for(var u=t.i;u>=0;u--)if(t.l[u].g==e){t=u;break a}t=-1}u=W.at(t);(D||f).style.zIndex=1200+t;Pc(f,k,u.A,u)}}else v(E,"gs_vis"),v(E,"gs_abt");W.i==-1?(zc.remove(Nc),c.style.overflowY="",v(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,R)): Nc();Sc||(y>0?window.history.go(-y):hb())},Tc(f),Uc(f),Ec);Dc&&(Tb(b.m),b.m=null,Cc(b,Sb(C,p,function(y,t,u){b.m=null;u=(y=y==200&&u.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?t:Vc();Pc(f,k,u,b);if(y)for(y=e,u=0;u<W.l.length;++u){var Ha=W.at(u);y==Ha.g&&C==Ha.B&&p==Ha.v&&(Ha.A=t,u==W.i&&hb())}T("gs-md-lded",k)})))}function Mc(a){a=a.parentNode;return w(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function Tc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?A(a):null}function Uc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?A(a):null} function Pc(a,b,c,d){x(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},m=0;m<f;m++){for(var k=lc(e[m]),l=mc[k],p=l?l.length:0,C=0;C<p;C++){var E=l[C],V=F(E.constructor),D=g[V];D||(D=g[V]={});D[k]=!0;E&&typeof E.dispose=="function"&&E.dispose()}delete mc[k]}for(var R in g){R=+R;e=g[R];m=(f=nc[R])?f.length:0;for(l=k=0;l<m;l++)p=f[l],p in e||(f[k++]=p);k?f.length=k:delete nc[R]}b.innerHTML=c;d.A=c;Rc(a.id);Tb(d.m);d.m=null} function Rc(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,Oc(a)}function Oc(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Ca(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function Vc(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+A("gs_md_err").innerHTML+"</div></div>"} function ib(){var a=W.top();return{d:a&&a.g||void 0,u:a&&a.B||void 0,p:a&&a.v?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.s||void 0}}function jb(){var a=W.top();return{n:a&&a.S||0,p:a&&a.v||"",h:a&&a.A||""}}function Qc(a){if(Wc!=a){var b=A("gs_md_s");Wc&&v(b,Wc);(Wc=a)&&r(b,a)}}var Sc=0,Wc="",W=new Fc; tb.add(function(){var a=pb(),b=a.d||"",c=b?A(b):null;++Sc;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=O||N(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Ga)||(d="");for(var m=Hc(W,e),k=m;k<W.l.length;++k){var l=W.at(k);if(e<l.s&&l.g!=b)break}for(l=m-1;l>=0;--l){var p=W.at(l);if(e>p.s&&p.g!=b)break}Gc(k-1);for(k=0;k<=l;++k)p=W.at(k).g,K[p]||Ic(l,!1);if(l=m<W.l.length)l=W.at(m),l=b==l.g&&d==l.B&&c==!!l.v&&e==l.s;l?Ic(m,!0):(a==0&&(Gc(-1),W=new Fc,e=Date.now()),c!=!!g&& (d=g="",f=Vc()),b=new Bc(b,d,g,f,a,e),c=W,e=b.s,a=Hc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).s,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),W.i=a,hb(),Jc())}else Gc(-1);--Sc});var Xc=function(a){q.call(this);this.F=a;this.O=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.O[c]=d.innerHTML)}};na(Xc,q);Xc.prototype.J=function(){Tb(this.m);this.F=this.m=null;q.prototype.J.call(this)}; Xc.prototype.ia=function(a){var b=this;Q(a);if((a=this.F)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Da(a);Yc(this,!0);this.m=Sb(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;Yc(b,!1);var f=b.F,g=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(g=g?A(g):null)g.innerHTML="";try{var m=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(D){}d=!1;m&&typeof m=="object"||(Zc(g,A("gs_md_err").innerHTML),m={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(m.P||""));T("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=m.L){var k=""+e;k.match(Fa)&&(window.location.href=k)}else{if(e=m.M)Zc(g,e),d=!0;e=1E6;g&&g.innerHTML&& (k=g,e=g.getBoundingClientRect().top);g=f.elements;m=m.E;typeof m=="object"||(m=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.O){var p=g[l],C=void 0,E=""+(m[l]||""),V=p.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");x(p.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!E);V&&(V.innerHTML=E||b.O[l]||"");E&&(C=p.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(k=p,e=C);d=d||!!E}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&M(f);k&&k.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&k.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var Yc=function(a,b){a=a.F;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;x(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},Zc=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;A("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Nb().action=d.match(Fa)?d:"";a=A("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=A("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(Aa.Z),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Kb();x(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Mb()}};Wb(Xc,[new S(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:Xc.prototype.ia})]);var $c=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];U(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=(w(b,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(w(b,"gs_par")?1:0),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;c=$c[+d][c];d=!0;d=d===void 0?!1:d;x(b,"gs_sel",c==1);x(b,"gs_par",c==2);b.setAttribute("aria-checked",vc[c]);d||b.setAttribute("data-s",""+c);T("gs-change",b,a.j)});U(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(Q(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});U([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.j.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(Q(a),b.click())});var ad=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),bd="",cd=null;function dd(){cd=null}function ed(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):cd&&a==cd.src||((cd=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(dd,1E3))} function fd(){var a=document.location.href,b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");a=ob(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;ed(a)}J(function(){bd=Jb?"&bn=1":"";Jb&&fd()});H(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(bd="&bn=1",fd())}); H(document,ad,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?A(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ bd,ed(b))}},!1,!0);U(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var X=function(a){this.g=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.I=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};X.prototype.K=function(a){var b=A(this.g);return a!==void 0?tc(b,b,a):null};X.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.K(a);if(w(A(this.I),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.I);Za(this.g,function(){r(b,"gs_sel")},function(){v(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};X.prototype.close=function(){M(this.g)};X.prototype.ba=function(a){Q(a);w(A(this.I),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.j.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; X.prototype.W=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)Q(a),this.open(b==38)};X.prototype.da=function(a){a.target.id==this.g&&this.W(a)};Wb(X,[new S(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new S(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":X.prototype.ba,keydown:X.prototype.W}),new S(".gs_md_d",{keydown:X.prototype.da})]);var Y=function(a){X.call(this,a);this.ka=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.la=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};na(Y,X);Y.prototype.K=function(){return A(this.g).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};Y.prototype.ea=function(a){gd(this,a)};Y.prototype.N=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||gd(this,a)}; var gd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.ka),e=a.K();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),A(a.la).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&hd(e,!1),hd(c,!0));Q(b);a.close();T("gs-change",d,b.j)},hd=function(a,b){x(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};Wb(Y,[new S(".gs_md_ris",{}),new S(".gs_md_li",{click:Y.prototype.ea,keydown:Y.prototype.N})]);U("#gs_lp","click",function(a){Q(a);Kc("gs_lp_d")});U("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){Q(a);M("gs_lp_d")});var id=function(a){this.Y=B(a)};id.prototype.N=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=A(this.Y);d=tc(d,b,c==38)||tc(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Ca(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.Y){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=sc(d,c)||rc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],w(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(Q(a),d.focus())};Wb(id,[new S(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new S(".gs_md_li",{keydown:id.prototype.N})]);U("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){Q(a);Kc("gs_hdr_drw")});U("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){Q(a);M("gs_hdr_drw")});U("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){Q(a);ta()==1?(a=document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href,a.match(Fa)&&(window.location.href=a)):Za("gs_hdr_act_d")});U("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=tc(c,c,b==38))Q(a),b.focus()}}); U("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){I(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";x(A("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&ua&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];H(window,f,b)}});U("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){x(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); U("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){Q(a);var b=A("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();T("input",b,a.j)});U("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){Q(a);var b=A("gs_hdr");Za("gs_hdr_frm",function(){v(b,"gs_hdr_src");r(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){r(b,"gs_hdr_src");v(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},A("gs_hdr_tsi"))});U(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&M(a)});var Z=function(){},jd,kd;Z.prototype.ca=function(a){a.j.button||(Q(a),ld(a))};Z.prototype.fa=function(a){md(a)&&(Q(a),ld(a))};Z.prototype.ga=function(a){md(a)&&Q(a)};Z.prototype.ha=function(a){if(!a.j.button){Q(a);var b=a.j;b&&(nd=b.clientX||0,od=b.clientY||0,H(document,pd,qd,!0),clearTimeout(jd),jd=setTimeout(rd,2E3));ld(a)}}; Z.prototype.ja=function(a){Q(a);if(sd){var b=a.j;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)td=b.clientX,ud=b.clientY,H(document,vd,wd,!0),clearTimeout(kd),kd=setTimeout(xd,2E3)}ld(a)}; var md=function(a){a=a.j.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},ld=function(a){T("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.j)},rd=function(){I(document,pd,qd,!0);clearTimeout(jd);jd=void 0},qd=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-nd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-od)<10?(Ra(a),a.type=="click"&&rd()):rd()},xd=function(){I(document,vd,wd,!0);clearTimeout(kd);kd=void 0},wd=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-td)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-ud)<10?(Ra(a),a.type=="click"&&xd()):xd()},nd=0,od=0,pd=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],sd=z("Android")&&!z("Chrome"),td=0,ud=0,vd=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];Wb(Z,[new S(".gs_press",{click:Z.prototype.ca,keydown:Z.prototype.fa,keyup:Z.prototype.ga,mousedown:Z.prototype.ha,touchstart:Z.prototype.ja})]);function yd(a){zd.style.left=Ad&&Bd===Cd?a.left+"px":"auto";zd.style.width=Ad?a.width+"px":"auto";T("gs-sth-change",A("gs_sth"))}function Dd(){var a=Ed.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=zd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&ra)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Cd;var f=Ad!=d||Bd!==Cd!=e;b!==Bd&&(Bd=b,zd.style.transform=b===Cd?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Ad=d,x(Fd,"gs_sth_vis",d),x(Fd,"gs_sth_trk",e),yd(a),Ed.style.height=Ad?c+"px":"auto")} function Gd(){Ad&&yd(Ed.getBoundingClientRect())}var Cd,Fd,Ed,zd,Ad=!1,Bd;J(function(){if(Fd=A("gs_sth"))Ed=Fd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),zd=Fd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),xc.addListener(Dd),yc.addListener(Gd),Dd()});(function(a){J(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){for(var a=ea(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())v(b.value,"gs_invis")});Ja("R8D02D50AD3,7@C>.");Ja(":7C2>6,4=2DDYlC6=:6G65.");Ja("2,52E2\\<@A6C?:@\\:5.");Ja("^D49@=2C^<@A6C?:@]9E>=");var Hd=["gsb","gsr"],Id=!1,Jd=!1;function Kd(){if(Id&&!Jd)for(var a=ea(Hd),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){b=b.value;var c=A(b+"_promo");c&&c.offsetWidth&&w(c,b+"_not_installed")&&(b=c.getAttribute("data-trk"),navigator.sendBeacon(b),Jd=!0)}};function Ld(){var a=window.location+"",b=+a.substr(a.indexOf("#")+1);isNaN(b)&&(b=a.indexOf("/scholar_setprefs")+1?2:0);a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_settings_panel");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++)x(a[c],"gs_vis",c==b);a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_settings_tabs>li");for(c=0;c<a.length;c++)x(a[c],"gs_bdy_sb_sel",c==b)&&a[c].id==="gs_settings_promo_tab"&&Kd(),a[c].firstElementChild.setAttribute("aria-selected",""+(c==b));b==2&&(b=A("gs_instq"),!ua||z("Windows")&&!z("Windows Phone"))&&(b.focus(), b.value=b.value)}function Md(){return document.querySelectorAll("#gs_settings_langs_lr input[type=checkbox]")}function Nd(a){for(var b=0,c=a.length;c--;)a[c].checked&&b++;return b}U("#gsb_promo_x","click",function(a){A("gsb_promo").className="";Q(a);Sb(a.target.href,"",function(){})}); H(window,"message",function(a){var b=a.data;if(a.origin.match(/[.]google[.]com(:[0-9]+)?$/)&&b&&typeof b==="object"){a=ea(Hd);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next()){c=c.value;var d=A(c+"_promo");if(d){var e=+b[c+"Promo"];e>=0&&(d.className=c+(e?"_not_installed":"_installed"))}}Id=!0;Kd()}});zc.add(Kd);Kd(); J(function(){var a=document.createElement(za.Z);a.id="gs_ext_promo_ping";a.frameBorder="0";a.scrolling="no";a.tabIndex=-1;a.src=(window.location.host.indexOf("scholar.google.")?"":"//scholar.google.com")+"/scholar_gsb_promo_ping";document.body.appendChild(a)});J(Ld);H(window,"hashchange",Ld);U("#gs_settings_import","gs-change",function(){A("gs_settings_import_none").checked=!1;A("gs_settings_import_some").checked=!0});U("#gs_settings_sdt2","click",function(){A("gs_settings_sdtp").checked=!1}); U("#gs_settings_sdtp","click",function(){A("gs_settings_sdt1").checked=!0;A("gs_settings_sdt2").checked=!1});U("#gs_settings_lr_all","click",function(){for(var a=Md(),b=a.length;b--;)a[b].checked=!1});U("#gs_settings_langs_lr","click",function(){var a=Nd(Md());A("gs_settings_lr_all").checked=a<=0;A("gs_settings_lr_some").checked=a>0}); U("#gs_settings_liblinks_lst","click",function(a){a=a.target;a.type=="checkbox"&&Nd(document.querySelectorAll("#gs_settings_liblinks_lst input[type=checkbox]"))>5&&(a.checked=!1)}); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"XtNiZ62hLLiC6rQPs530gQk"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.jp/scholar_settings%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_hdr_dso gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a href="/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" id="gs_hdr_bck" role="button" class="gs_btnALT gs_hdr_mbo gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><h1 class="gs_hdr_mbo" dir="ltr">Settings</h1></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.jp/scholar_settings%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><form id="gs_bdy_frm" action="/scholar_setprefs" method="GET"><input type=hidden name="inststart" value="0"><input type=hidden name="scisig" value="AFWwaeYAAAAAZ2LVtpoBEcsTK4zwNvL4Z6YPEpk"><input type=hidden name="xsrf" value=""><input type="image" border="0" name="nosubmit" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" tabindex="-1"><div id="gs_ab" class=" gs_nta gs_nph"><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw">Settings</div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"></div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"><ul id="gs_settings_tabs" class="gs_bdy_sb_sec" role="tablist"><li class="gs_ind gs_bdy_sb_sel" role="presentation"><a href="#0" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_search" id="gs_settings_tab_search" aria-selected="true">Search results</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation"><a href="#1" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_langs" id="gs_settings_tab_langs" aria-selected="false">Languages</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation"><a href="#2" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_liblinks" aria-selected="false">Library links</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation"><a href="#3" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_account" id="gs_settings_tab_account" aria-selected="false">Account</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation" id="gs_settings_promo_tab"><a href="#4" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_promos" id="gs_settings_tab_extensions" aria-selected="false">Browser extensions</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_settings_ccl"><div class="gs_alrt">Your cookies seem to be disabled. <br> Setting preferences will not work until you enable cookies in your browser.<br><a href="//support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">How do I enable cookies?</a></div><div class="gs_settings_panel gs_vis" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_search" id="gs_settings_pnl_search"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Collections</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="0,5" id="gs_settings_sdt1" checked><label for="gs_settings_sdt1">Search articles</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span> (<span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="as_sdtp" id="gs_settings_sdtp" value=""><label for="gs_settings_sdtp">include patents</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span>).</div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="2006" id="gs_settings_sdt2"><label for="gs_settings_sdt2">Search case law</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span>.</div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Results per page</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><table cellpadding="0" id="gs_num_table"><tr><td><div id="gs_num-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_ris"><input type="hidden" name="num" id="gs_num" value="10" class="gs_md_in"><button type="button" id="gs_num-b" aria-controls="gs_num-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_lsb gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl" id="gs_num-bl">10</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_num-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="listbox" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="10" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li gs_sel" aria-selected="true">10</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="20" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">20</a></div></div></div></td><td id="gs_num_help">Google's default (10 results) provides the fastest results.</td></tr></table></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Where results open</h3><div class="gs_settings_value gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="newwindow" id="gs_nw" value="1"><label for="gs_nw">Open each selected result in a new browser window</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Bibliography manager</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="scis" value="no" id="gs_settings_import_none" checked><label for="gs_settings_import_none">Don't show any citation import links.</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div id="gs_sil" class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="scis" value="yes" id="gs_settings_import_some"><label for="gs_settings_import_some">Show links to import citations into </label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span><div class="gs_ibl"><div id="gs_settings_impw"><div id="gs_settings_import-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_ris"><input type="hidden" name="scisf" id="gs_settings_import" value="4" class="gs_md_in"><button type="button" id="gs_settings_import-b" aria-controls="gs_settings_import-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_lsb gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl" id="gs_settings_import-bl">BibTeX</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_settings_import-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="listbox" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="4" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li gs_sel" aria-selected="true">BibTeX</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="3" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">EndNote</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="2" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">RefMan</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="1" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">RefWorks</a></div></div></div></div>.</div><span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_langs" id="gs_settings_pnl_langs"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>For Google text</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div id="gs_settings_hl-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_ris"><input type="hidden" name="hl" id="gs_settings_hl" value="en" class="gs_md_in"><button type="button" id="gs_settings_hl-b" aria-controls="gs_settings_hl-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_lsb gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl" id="gs_settings_hl-bl">English</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_settings_hl-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="listbox" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ca" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Català</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="cs" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Čeština</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="da" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Dansk</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="de" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Deutsch</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="en" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li gs_sel" aria-selected="true">English</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="es" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Español</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="tl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Filipino</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="fr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Français</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="hr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Hrvatski</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="id" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Indonesia</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="it" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Italiano</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="lv" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Latviešu</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="lt" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Lietuvių</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="hu" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Magyar</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="nl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Nederlands</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="no" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Norsk</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="pl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Polski</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="pt-BR" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Português (Brasil)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="pt-PT" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Português (Portugal)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ro" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Română</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sk" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Slovenčina</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Slovenščina</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="fi" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Suomi</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sv" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Svenska</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="vi" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Tiếng Việt</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="tr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Türkçe</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="el" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Ελληνικά</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="bg" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Български</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ru" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Русский</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Српски</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="uk" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Українська</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="iw" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li"><span dir=rtl>עברית</span>‎</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ar" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li"><span dir=rtl>ﺎﻠﻋﺮﺒﻳﺓ</span>‎</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="fa" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li"><span dir=rtl>ﻑﺍﺮﺳی</span>‎</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="hi" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">हिन्दी</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="th" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">ไทย</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ko" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">한국어</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="zh-CN" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">中文 (简体)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="zh-TW" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">中文 (繁體)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ja" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">日本語</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>For search results</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="lang" value="all" id="gs_settings_lr_all" checked><label for="gs_settings_lr_all">Search for pages written in any language</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="lang" value="some" id="gs_settings_lr_some"><label for="gs_settings_lr_some">Search only for pages written in these language(s): </label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><table id="gs_settings_langs_lr"><tr><td><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_zh-CN" value="lang_zh-CN"><label for="gs_lr_zh-CN">Chinese (Simplified)</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_zh-TW" value="lang_zh-TW"><label for="gs_lr_zh-TW">Chinese (Traditional)</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_nl" value="lang_nl"><label for="gs_lr_nl">Dutch</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_en" value="lang_en"><label for="gs_lr_en">English</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_fr" value="lang_fr"><label for="gs_lr_fr">French</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></td><td><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_de" value="lang_de"><label for="gs_lr_de">German</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_it" value="lang_it"><label for="gs_lr_it">Italian</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_ja" value="lang_ja"><label for="gs_lr_ja">Japanese</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_ko" value="lang_ko"><label for="gs_lr_ko">Korean</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_pl" value="lang_pl"><label for="gs_lr_pl">Polish</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></td><td><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_pt" value="lang_pt"><label for="gs_lr_pt">Portuguese</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_es" value="lang_es"><label for="gs_lr_es">Spanish</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_tr" value="lang_tr"><label for="gs_lr_tr">Turkish</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_liblinks" id="gs_settings_pnl_liblinks"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Show library access links for (choose up to five libraries):</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div id="gs_settings_liblinks_find"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="instq" value="" id="gs_instq" maxlength="80" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><button type="submit" name="instfind" aria-label="Find Library" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div><div class="gs_gray">e.g., <i>Harvard</i></div><div id="gs_settings_liblinks_lst"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="inst" id="gs_lib_569367360547434339" value="569367360547434339" checked><label for="gs_lib_569367360547434339">Open WorldCat - Library Search</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div><div role="navigation"><span></span></div><p>Online access to library subscriptions is usually restricted to patrons of that library. You may need to login with your library password, use a campus computer, or configure your browser to use a library proxy. Please visit your library's website or ask a local librarian for assistance.</p></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_account" id="gs_settings_pnl_account"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Account</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div>You're not signed in to your Google account.</div><ul id="gs_settings_account_links"><li><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.jp/scholar_settings%3Fhl%3Den%233" class="gs_settings_account_link">Sign in</a></li><li><a href="/citations?view_op=delete_account_options&continue=https://scholar.google.co.jp/scholar_settings%3Fhl%3Den%233&hl=en&oi=settings" class="gs_settings_account_link">Delete or recover your Scholar account</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="boi_access" id="gs_boi_access" value="1" checked><label for="gs_boi_access">Signed-out off-campus access links</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></h3><input type="hidden" name="has_boo_access" value="1"><input type="hidden" name="has_casa_opt_in" value="1"><div class="gs_settings_value"><span style="margin-right:24px">Use my on-campus library subscriptions to enable off-campus links.</span><a class="gs_settings_learn_more" href="/intl/en/scholar/help.html#access">Learn more</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_extensions" id="gs_settings_pnl_promos"><div class="gs_settings_section"><style>#gs_ext_promo_ping{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:1px;height:1px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_top #gsr_promo,.gs_el_ph #gs_top #gsr_promo{display:none;display:block;}#gsr_promo{display:none;width:644px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:32px;background-color:#f0f4f9;border-radius:16px;}#gsr_promo{display:block;width:100%;margin-top:7px;padding:24px;}#gsr_promo_header{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:24px;margin-bottom:0;}#gsr_promo_title{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;}#gsr_promo_title svg{background-color:#fff;min-width:36px;height:36px;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #0000004d;}#gsr_promo_title p{font-size:17px;text-align:left;color:#444;margin:0;}#gsr_promo_options{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}#gsr_promo_try,#gsr_promo_x{display:inline-block;font-size:15px;line-height:15px;padding:8px 24px;text-align:center;}#gsr_promo_try{padding:10px 36px;}.gs_el_ph #gsr_promo_try{display:none;}#gsr_promo_try{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;background-color:#0b57d0;border-radius:100px;}#gsr_promo_try:hover{background-color:#3983fe;}#gsr_promo_try:active{background-color:#357ae8;}#gsr_promo_body{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:16px 0;}#gsr_promo_reader{flex-shrink:0;width:400px;position:relative;flex:1;background-color:#fff;border-radius:8px;}#gsr_promo_reader_tb{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:end;padding:0 6px;height:24px;box-shadow:0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}#gsr_promo_reader_tb svg{height:12px;width:12px;fill:#777;}#gsr_promo_reader_tb_icons{display:flex;gap:4px;}#gsr_promo_reader_body{display:flex;height:228px;height:144px;}#gsr_promo_reader_nav{height:100%;width:100px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-right:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-bottom-left-radius:8px;}#gsr_promo_reader_nav_ot{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-left:24px;margin-top:24px;gap:12px;}#gsr_promo_reader_nav_ot svg{width:12px;height:12px;margin-left:3px;fill:#222;}#gsr_promo_reader_nav_ot_dropdown{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:3px;margin-left:-18px;}.gsr_promo_nav_line{position:relative;height:10px;background-color:#ddd;border-radius:2px;}.gsr_promo_nav_line_long{width:80%;}.gsr_promo_nav_line_short{width:50%;}#gsr_promo_reader_page{flex:1;overflow:hidden;}.gsr_promo_page_para{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;padding:12px 12px 0 12px;margin-left:12px;}.gsr_promo_page_line{position:relative;height:16px;background-color:#ddd;border-radius:4px;}#gsr_promo_line_end_1{width:40%;}#gsr_promo_line_end_2{width:60%;}#gsr_promo_line_end_3{width:80%;}#gsr_promo_page_last_para{display:none;}#gsr_promo_page_blur{width:100%;height:30px;background:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(240, 244, 249, 0.00) 22.58%,#f0f4f9 100%);z-index:1;position:absolute;bottom:0;}#gsr_promo_citation_1,#gsr_promo_citation_2,#gsr_promo_citation_3{position:absolute;padding:0 2px;background-color:#fff;z-index:1;}.gsr_promo_citation{color:#4d90fe;font-size:16px;z-index:1;line-height:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:#4d90fe 2px solid;}#gsr_promo_citation_1{left:20%;}#gsr_promo_citation_2{left:80%;}#gsr_promo_citation_3{left:40%;}#gsr_promo_des{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px;justify-content:center;margin-left:16px;z-index:1;min-width:15%;max-width:32%;}.gs_el_ph #gsr_promo_des{min-width:0;}.gsr_promo_des_item{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:8px;background-color:#d3e3fd;box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px #0000004d;padding:8px;gap:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsr_promo_des_item{padding-right:0;}.gsr_promo_des_item_icon{height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#fff;height:30px;width:30px;}.gsr_promo_des_item_icon svg{height:16px;width:16px;padding:4px;height:18px;width:18px;padding:6px;}.gsr_promo_des_item_txt{color:#000;font-size:13px;line-height:13px;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ph #gsr_promo_des{gap:0;margin-left:-24px;}.gs_el_ph .gsr_promo_des_item{background-color:transparent;box-shadow:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsr_promo_des_item_icon{box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.30),0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);}.gs_el_ph .gsr_promo_des_item_txt{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_top #gsb_promo,.gs_el_ph #gs_top #gsb_promo{display:none;display:block;}#gsb_promo{display:none;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#f0f4f9;border-radius:16px;}#gsb_promo{display:block;margin:21px 0 11px 0;padding:24px;}#gsb_promo_header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;}#gsb_promo_title{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;}#gsb_promo_title svg{background-color:#fff;min-width:36px;height:36px;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #0000004d;}#gsb_promo_title p{font-size:17px;text-align:left;color:#444;margin:0;}#gsb_promo_options{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:12px;margin-left:8px;}#gsb_promo_install,#gsb_promo_x{display:inline-block;font-size:15px;line-height:15px;padding:8px 24px;text-align:center;}#gsb_promo_install{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;background-color:#0b57d0;border-radius:100px;}#gsb_promo_install:hover{background-color:#3983fe;}#gsb_promo_install:active{background-color:#357ae8;}#gsb_promo_install{padding:10px 36px;}.gs_el_ph #gsb_promo_install{display:none;}#gsb_promo_body{margin:16px 0;}#gsb_promo_sb{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:6px 12px;border-radius:8px 8px 0 0;background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);}#gsb_promo_sb svg{height:20px;width:20px;}#gsb_promo_sb_nav{display:inline-flex;gap:16px;}#gsb_promo_sb_nav svg{}.gs_el_ph #gsb_promo_sb_nav{display:none;}#gsb_promo_sb_website{display:flex;flex:1;padding:5px 12px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;border-radius:100px;background-color:#edf2fa;}.gs_el_ph #gsb_promo_sb_website svg{display:none;}#gsb_promo_sb_website_name{font-size:13px;line-height:20px;}#gsb_promo_content_ref{font-size:13px;line-height:19px;margin-bottom:3px;text-align:left;}#gsb_promo_content{position:relative;border-radius:0 0 8px 8px;background-color:#fff;padding:6px 12px 3px;}#gsb_promo_panel{position:absolute;display:flex;z-index:1;top:4px;right:-10px;padding:8px 16px;background:#d3e3fd;border-radius:8px;color:#fff;box-shadow:0px 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}#gsb_promo_panel_arrow{position:absolute;width:0;height:0;top:-10px;right:21px;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#d3e3fd;z-index:1;}#gsb_promo_panel_des_list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));gap:10px;}.gsb_promo_panel_des{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:4px;min-width:40px;max-width:96px;}.gsb_promo_panel_des svg{width:24px;height:24px;}.gsb_promo_panel_des_txt{font-size:13px;line-height:13px;color:#000;text-align:center;}.gsb_promo_content_line{display:flex;gap:12px;margin-bottom:6px;}.gsb_promo_content_small_line{width:28px;height:14px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#e1e3e1;}.gsb_promo_content_big_line{flex:1;height:14px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#e1e3e1;}#gsb_promo_content_blue_line{background-color:#d3e3fd;}#gsb_promo_content_blur{width:100%;height:48px;background:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(240, 244, 249, 0.00) 22.58%,#f0f4f9 100%);z-index:1;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;}</style><div id="gsr_promo" data-trk="/scholar_gsr_promo_trk?var=b&hl=en&ei=XtNiZ62hLLiC6rQPs530gQk&loc=settings"><div id="gsr_promo_header"><div id="gsr_promo_title"><svg viewBox="0 0 40 40"><rect x="24.8842" y="14.9712" width="3.97086" height="13.2362" fill="#356ac3"/><rect x="19.5897" y="11" width="3.97086" height="17.2071" fill="#4285f4"/><rect x="15.6212" y="14.9478" width="3.97086" height="13.2425" transform="rotate(30 15.6212 14.9478)" fill="#76a7fa"/></svg><p>Scholar PDF Reader</p></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_body"><div id="gsr_promo_reader"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_tb"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_tb_icons"><svg viewBox="0 0 6 6"><path d="M0.8 1.3H2.5V2.9L1.9 4.1L1.7 4.0L2.2 3.0H0.8V1.3Z"/><path d="M3 1.3H4.6V2.9L4 4.1L3.8 4.0L4.3 3.0H3.0V1.3Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 6 6"><path d="M3.7 3.2V3.8H1.2V3.2H0.8V3.8C0.8 4 1 4.2 1.2 4.2H3.7C4 4.2 4.1 4 4.1 3.8V3.2H3.7ZM3.5 2.4L3.2 2.1L2.7 2.6V1.0H2.3V2.6L1.7 2.1L1.4 2.4L2.5 3.4L3.5 2.4Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 6 6"><path d="M4.1 1.7V1.1H2.3V1.7H2.0V0.7H4.4V1.7H4.1ZM1.6 2.1C1.6 2.1 1.6 2.1 1.6 2.1C1.7 2.1 1.7 2.1 1.8 2.1H4.6C4.7 2.1 4.7 2.1 4.8 2.1C4.8 2.1 4.8 2.1 4.8 2.1H4.4H2H1.6ZM4.4 2.6C4.5 2.6 4.5 2.6 4.5 2.6C4.6 2.5 4.6 2.5 4.6 2.4C4.6 2.4 4.6 2.3 4.5 2.3C4.5 2.3 4.5 2.2 4.4 2.2C4.3 2.2 4.3 2.3 4.3 2.3C4.2 2.3 4.2 2.4 4.2 2.4C4.2 2.5 4.2 2.5 4.3 2.6C4.3 2.6 4.3 2.6 4.4 2.6ZM4.1 3.9V3.1H2.3V3.9H4.1ZM4.4 4.3H2.0V3.5H1.2V2.3C1.2 2.1 1.3 2 1.4 1.9C1.5 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7H4.7C4.8 1.7 5 1.8 5.1 1.9C5.2 2 5.2 2.1 5.2 2.3V3.5H4.4V4.3ZM4.8 3.1V2.3C4.8 2.3 4.8 2.2 4.8 2.2C4.7 2.1 4.7 2.1 4.6 2.1H1.8C1.7 2.1 1.7 2.1 1.6 2.2C1.6 2.2 1.6 2.3 1.6 2.3V3.1H2V2.7H4.4V3.1H4.8Z"/></svg></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_reader_body"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_nav"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_nav_ot"><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_short"></div><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_long"></div><div id="gsr_promo_reader_nav_ot_dropdown"><svg viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M15.498 8.561L14.5015 7.43988L10.4998 10.997L6.49805 7.43988L5.5015 8.561L10.4998 13.0039L15.498 8.561Z"/></svg><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_short"></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_long"></div><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_short"></div></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_reader_page"><div class="gsr_promo_page_para"><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"><div id="gsr_promo_citation_1"><div class="gsr_promo_citation">[1]</div></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div id="gsr_promo_line_end_1" class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_para"><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"><div id="gsr_promo_citation_2"><div class="gsr_promo_citation">[2]</div></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_line_end_2" class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_para" id="gsr_promo_page_last_para"><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div id="gsr_promo_line_end_3" class="gsr_promo_page_line"><div id="gsr_promo_citation_3"><div class="gsr_promo_citation">[1]</div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_page_blur"></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_des"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="#4d90fe"><path d="M8.1 12.6H5.4C4.4 12.6 3.55 12.25 2.85 11.55C2.15 10.85 1.8 10 1.8 9C1.8 8 2.15 7.15 2.85 6.45C3.55 5.75 4.4 5.4 5.4 5.4H8.1V6.75H5.4C5 6.75 4 7 4 7.5C3.5 8 3.15 8.375 3.15 9C3.15 9.625 3.5 10 4 10.5C4 11.5 5 11.25 5.4 11.25H8.1V12.6ZM6.3 9.675V8.325H11.7V9.675H6.3ZM9.9 12.6V11.25H12.6C13.2 11.25 13.75 11.5 14 10.5C14.5 10 14.85 9.625 14.85 9C14.85 8.375 14.5 8 14 7.5C13.75 7 13.2 6.75 12.6 6.75H9.9V5.4H12.6C13.6 5.4 14.45 5.75 15.15 6.45C15.85 7.15 16.2 8 16.2 9C16.2 10 15.85 10.85 15.15 11.55C14.45 12.25 13.6 12.6 12.6 12.6H9.9Z"/></svg></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_txt">Follow references</div></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="#777"><path d="M3 6.75C3.5 6.75 3.75 6.5 3.75 6C3.75 5.5 3.5 5.25 3 5.25C2.5 5.25 2.25 5.5 2.25 6C2.25 6.5 2.5 6.75 3 6.75ZM3.75 9C3.75 9.5 3.5 9.75 3 9.75C2.5 9.75 2.25 9.5 2.25 9C2.25 8.5 2.5 8.25 3 8.25C3.5 8.25 3.75 8.5 3.75 9ZM3.75 12C3.75 12.5 3.5 12.75 3 12.75C2.5 12.75 2.25 12.5 2.25 12C2.25 11.5 2.5 11.25 3 11.25C3.5 11.25 3.75 11.5 3.75 12ZM15.75 9.75H5.25V8.25H15.75V9.75ZM5.25 12.75H15.75V11.25H5.25V12.75ZM5.25 6.75V5.25H15.75V6.75H5.25Z"/></svg></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_txt">Skim outline</div></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="#777"><path d="M2 4.5H8V10.5L6 14.5L5.25 14.5L7.5 11H2V4.5Z"/><path d="M10 4.5H16V10.5L13.75 14.5L13 14.5L14.7405 11H10V4.5Z"/></svg></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_txt">Cite and save</div></div></div></div><h3 class="gs_promos_header">Peruse PDF papers painlessly</h3><p class="gs_promos_info">Sorry, Scholar Reader is not available for this browser. It works in recent versions of <a href="https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/google-scholar-pdf-reader/dahenjhkoodjbpjheillcadbppiidmhp?hl=en&utm_medium=web&utm_source=scholar&utm_campaign=st">Chrome</a> on desktop.</p></div><div id="gsb_promo" data-trk="/scholar_gsb_promo_trk?hl=en&ei=XtNiZ62hLLiC6rQPs530gQk&loc=settings"><div id="gsb_promo_header"><div id="gsb_promo_title"><svg viewBox="-7.5 -7.5 35 35"><path d="M10 0L20 7.91667L10 15.8333L0 7.91667L10 0Z" fill="#4285f4"/><path opacity="0.2" d="M20 7.91667L10 0V15.8333L20 7.91667Z" fill="black"/><path d="M15.8333 14.1668C15.8333 17.3876 13.2208 20.0001 9.99997 20.0001C6.77914 20.0001 4.16664 17.3876 4.16664 14.1668C4.16664 10.9459 6.77914 8.33344 9.99997 8.33344C13.2208 8.33344 15.8333 10.9459 15.8333 14.1668Z" fill="#a0c3ff"/><path d="M15.2708 11.6668C14.3354 9.69594 12.3271 8.33344 9.99999 8.33344C7.67291 8.33344 5.66457 9.69594 4.72916 11.6668H15.2708Z" fill="#76a7fa"/></svg><p>Google Scholar Button</p></div></div><div id="gsb_promo_body"><div id="gsb_promo_sb"><div id="gsb_promo_sb_nav"><svg viewBox="0 0 21 20"><path fill="#474747" d="m7.646 10.875 4.083 4.063-1.229 1.229L4.333 10 10.5 3.833l1.23 1.23-4.084 4.062h9.02v1.75h-9.02Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 21 20"><path d="M13.3542 10.875H4.33334V9.125H13.3542L9.27084 5.0625L10.5 3.83333L16.6667 10L10.5 16.1667L9.27084 14.9375L13.3542 10.875Z" fill="#1f1f1f" fill-opacity="0.38"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 21 20"><path d="M10.4792 16.1667C8.77085 16.1667 7.31252 15.5694 6.10419 14.375C4.90974 13.1667 4.31252 11.7083 4.31252 10C4.31252 8.29167 4.90974 6.84028 6.10419 5.64583C7.31252 4.4375 8.77085 3.83333 10.4792 3.83333C11.4097 3.83333 12.2709 4.02778 13.0625 4.41667C13.8542 4.79167 14.5347 5.30555 15.1042 5.95833V3.83333H16.6875V9.08333H11.4375V7.5H14.1459C13.7431 6.90278 13.2222 6.43055 12.5834 6.08333C11.9445 5.73611 11.2431 5.5625 10.4792 5.5625C9.24308 5.5625 8.19447 5.99306 7.33335 6.85417C6.47224 7.71528 6.04169 8.76389 6.04169 10C6.04169 11.2361 6.47224 12.2847 7.33335 13.1458C8.19447 14.0069 9.24308 14.4375 10.4792 14.4375C11.632 14.4375 12.6181 14.0625 13.4375 13.3125C14.257 12.5486 14.7292 11.6111 14.8542 10.5H16.625C16.5 12.0972 15.8472 13.4444 14.6667 14.5417C13.5 15.625 12.1042 16.1667 10.4792 16.1667Z" fill="#474747"/></svg></div><div id="gsb_promo_sb_website"><div id="gsb_promo_sb_website_name">example.edu/paper.pdf</div><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="#474747" d="M7.438 13.77 10 12.23l2.583 1.54-.687-2.895 2.25-1.917-2.959-.25L10 5.958l-1.188 2.75-2.958.25 2.271 1.917-.688 2.896Zm-2.625 3.584 1.375-5.833-4.584-3.917 6.021-.52L10 1.583l2.375 5.52 6.02.5-4.582 3.917 1.374 5.833L10 14.25l-5.188 3.104Z"/></svg></div><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.5 0L19.5 7.91667L9.5 15.8333L-0.5 7.91667L9.5 0Z" fill="#4285f4"/><path opacity="0.2" d="M19.5 7.91667L9.5 0V15.8333L19.5 7.91667Z" fill="black"/><path d="M15.3333 14.1668C15.3333 17.3876 12.7208 20.0001 9.49996 20.0001C6.27913 20.0001 3.66663 17.3876 3.66663 14.1668C3.66663 10.9459 6.27913 8.33344 9.49996 8.33344C12.7208 8.33344 15.3333 10.9459 15.3333 14.1668Z" fill="#a0c3ff"/><path d="M14.7708 11.6668C13.8354 9.69594 11.827 8.33344 9.49996 8.33344C7.17288 8.33344 5.16454 9.69594 4.22913 11.6668H14.7708Z" fill="#76a7fa"/></svg></div><div id="gsb_promo_content"><div id="gsb_promo_panel"><div id="gsb_promo_panel_arrow"></div><div id="gsb_promo_panel_des_list"><div class="gsb_promo_panel_des"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M16.6 18.0085L10.3 11.7085C9.8 12.1085 9.225 12.4252 8.575 12.6585C7.925 12.8919 7.23333 13.0085 6.5 13.0085C4.68333 13.0085 3.14167 12.3835 1.875 11.1335C0.625 9.86688 0 8.32521 0 6.50854C0 4.69188 0.625 3.15854 1.875 1.90854C3.14167 0.641877 4.68333 0.00854349 6.5 0.00854349C8.31667 0.00854349 9.85 0.641877 11.1 1.90854C12.3667 3.15854 13 4.69188 13 6.50854C13 7.24188 12.8833 7.93354 12.65 8.58354C12.4167 9.23354 12.1 9.80854 11.7 10.3085L18 16.6085L16.6 18.0085ZM6.5 11.0085C7.75 11.0085 8.80833 10.5752 9.675 9.70854C10.5583 8.82521 11 7.75854 11 6.50854C11 5.25854 10.5583 4.20021 9.675 3.33354C8.80833 2.45021 7.75 2.00854 6.5 2.00854C5.25 2.00854 4.18333 2.45021 3.3 3.33354C2.43333 4.20021 2 5.25854 2 6.50854C2 7.75854 2.43333 8.82521 3.3 9.70854C4.18333 10.5752 5.25 11.0085 6.5 11.0085Z" fill="#444746"/></svg><div class="gsb_promo_panel_des_txt">Search</div></div><div class="gsb_promo_panel_des"><svg viewBox="0 0 21 22"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.25 1.87573H12.25L17.5 7.12573V17.6257C17.5 18.5882 16.7125 19.3757 15.75 19.3757H5.24125C4.27875 19.3757 3.5 18.5882 3.5 17.6257L3.50875 3.62573C3.50875 2.66323 4.2875 1.87573 5.25 1.87573ZM5.25 3.62573V17.6257H15.75V8.00073H11.375V3.62573H5.25Z" fill="#444746"/></svg><div class="gsb_promo_panel_des_txt">Get PDF</div></div><div class="gsb_promo_panel_des"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.42859 6.86008H10.2857V13.8442H3.42859V6.86008Z" fill="#444746"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2.85712 6.28865H10.8571V13.9769L8.05578 19.6833L7.02988 19.1797L9.3686 14.4156H2.85712V6.28865ZM9.71426 13.2728H3.99997V7.43151H9.71426V13.2728Z" fill="#444746"/><path d="M13.7143 6.86008H20.5714V13.8442H13.7143V6.86008Z" fill="#444746"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.1429 6.28865H21.1429V13.9769L18.3415 19.6833L17.3156 19.1797L19.6544 14.4156H13.1429V6.28865ZM20 13.2728H14.2857V7.43151H20V13.2728Z" fill="#444746"/></svg><div class="gsb_promo_panel_des_txt">Cite</div></div></div></div><div id="gsb_promo_content_ref">References</div><div class="gsb_promo_content_line"><div class="gsb_promo_content_small_line"></div><div class="gsb_promo_content_big_line" id="gsb_promo_content_blue_line"></div></div><div class="gsb_promo_content_line"><div class="gsb_promo_content_small_line"></div><div class="gsb_promo_content_big_line"></div></div><div class="gsb_promo_content_line"><div class="gsb_promo_content_small_line"></div><div class="gsb_promo_content_big_line"></div></div><div class="gsb_promo_content_line"><div class="gsb_promo_content_small_line"></div><div class="gsb_promo_content_big_line"></div></div><div id="gsb_promo_content_blur"></div></div></div><h3 class="gs_promos_header">Look up papers as you browse</h3><p class="gs_promos_info">Sorry, Scholar Button is not available for this browser. It works in recent versions of <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/google-scholar-button/ldipcbpaocekfooobnbcddclnhejkcpn?hl=en&utm_medium=web&utm_source=scholar&utm_campaign=st">Chrome</a> and <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/google-scholar-button/">Firefox</a> on desktop.</p></div></div></div><div id="gs_settings_buttons"><button type="submit" name="save" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Save</span></span></button><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/scholar?hl\x3den\x26as_sdt\x3d0,5'" class=" gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Cancel</span></span></button><p class="gs_gray">To retain settings, you must turn on <a href="//support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">cookies</a></p></div></div></div></div></form><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.co.jp/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.co.jp/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>