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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在生物学分类上的重要性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在生物学分类上的重要性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>在生物学分类上的重要性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在生物学分类上的重要性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-“指定物种状态”的含义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#“指定物种状态”的含义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>“指定物种状态”的含义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-“指定物种状态”的含义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-更详细的隔离种的概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#更详细的隔离种的概念"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>数量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">物种</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。147种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesie" title="Spesie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spesie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_(Biologie)" title="Art (Biologie) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Art (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="نوع (تصنيف) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوع (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="نوع (بيولوجيا) – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نوع (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9" title="نوع – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা) – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloji_n%C3%B6v" title="Bioloji növ – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bioloji növ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="نؤوع (بیولوژی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نؤوع (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Төр (биология) – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төр (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9si%C3%A9s" title="Spésiés – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Spésiés" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oart_(Biologie)" title="Oart (Biologie) – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oart (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AB%C5%A1%C4%97s" title="Rūšės – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rūšės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesye" title="Espesye – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Espesye" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Біялагічны від – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялагічны від" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Від (біялёгія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Від (біялёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вид (биология) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вид (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रजाति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रजाति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রজাতি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesad" title="Spesad – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spesad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija) – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vrsta (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Spesies" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cie" title="Espècie – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espècie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Биологин тайпа – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Биологин тайпа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8E%BF_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1_(%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="جۆر (ژینناسی) – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆر (ژینناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh" title="Druh – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Тĕс (биологи) – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕс (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhywogaeth" title="Rhywogaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhywogaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_(Biologie)" title="Art (Biologie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Art (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEyna_(biologija)" title="Družyna (biologija) – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Družyna (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Είδος (βιολογία) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Είδος (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specio" title="Specio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Specio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liik_(bioloogia)" title="Liik (bioloogia) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liik (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espezie" title="Espezie – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espezie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especii" title="Especii – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Especii" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="گونه (زیست‌شناسی) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laji" title="Laji – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce" title="Espèce – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach" title="Slach – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slach" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soarte" title="Soarte – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soarte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speiceas" title="Speiceas – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Speiceas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8sp%C3%A8s" title="Lèspès – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lèspès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juehegua" title="Juehegua – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Juehegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מין (טקסונומיה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מין (טקסונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जाति (जीवविज्ञान) – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जाति (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta" title="Vrsta – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrsta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEina_(biologija)" title="Družina (biologija) – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Družina (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8s" title="Espès – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faj" title="Faj – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Faj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կենսաբանական տեսակ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանական տեսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie" title="Specie – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Specie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebbangan" title="Sebbangan – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sebbangan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Биологе кеп – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Биологе кеп" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegund_(l%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Tegund (líffræði) – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tegund (líffræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie" title="Specie – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Specie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="種 (分類学) – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="種 (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiishi" title="Spiishi – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Spiishi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep%C3%A9siyes" title="Sepésiyes – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sepésiyes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სახეობა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmest" title="Talmest – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talmest" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Түр (биология) – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түр (биология)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0)" title="ಜಾತಿ (ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ) – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾತಿ (ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="종 (생물학) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Биология тюрлю – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Биология тюрлю" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%B2%DA%98" title="زٲژ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زٲژ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure" title="Cure – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cure" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eghen" title="Eghen – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eghen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Түр – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_(taxinomia)" title="Species (taxinomia) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Species (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aart" title="Aart – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ce" title="Spéce – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spéce" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ສະປີຊີ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະປີຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Rūšis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suga" title="Suga – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Вид (биологија) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вид (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്പീഷീസ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പീഷീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Зүйл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүйл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Speċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="မျိုးစိတ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးစိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="تی (زیست) – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تی (زیست)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specia" title="Specia – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Specia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_(Biologie)" title="Oort (Biologie) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oort (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रजाति – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रजाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रजाति – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रजाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies – 尼亚斯语" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Spesies" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soort" title="Soort – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soort" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(biologia)" title="Espècia (biologia) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espècia (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Хуыз (биологи) – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуыз (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesie" title="Espesie – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Espesie" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatunek_(biologia)" title="Gatunek (biologia) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gatunek (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spece" title="Spece – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Spece" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="سپیشیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپیشیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%90_(%D8%AF_%DA%98%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="نوعې (د ژویو ډولونه) – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوعې (د ژویو ډولونه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie" title="Espécie – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espécie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq" title="Rikch'aq – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie_(biologie)" title="Specie (biologie) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Specie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie" title="Specie – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Specie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Биологический вид – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологический вид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Вид (біолоґія) – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вид (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%A5_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Көрүҥ (биология) – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көрүҥ (биология)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speci_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Speci (bioluggìa) – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Speci (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="نوع (حياتيات) – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نوع (حياتيات)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0l%C3%A1dja" title="Šládja – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Šládja" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta" title="Vrsta – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrsta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Druh (taxonómia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druh (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija) – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vrsta (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloji_(biologji)" title="Lloji (biologji) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lloji (biologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Врста (биологија) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Врста (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9si%C3%A9s" title="Spésiés – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spésiés" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spishi" title="Spishi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Spishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="இனம் (உயிரியல்) – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனம் (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="జాతి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ชนิด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologik_g%C3%B6rn%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Biologik görnüş – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biologik görnüş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesye" title="Espesye – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espesye" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCr" title="Tür – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Төр (биология) – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төр (биология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Вид – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9" title="نوع – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_(biologiya)" title="Tur (biologiya) – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tur (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spece" title="Spece – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spece" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologine_erik" title="Biologine erik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biologine erik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%A0i" title="Loài – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Loài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4orte" title="Sôorte – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sôorte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indje_(biyolodjeye)" title="Indje (biyolodjeye) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Indje (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyis" title="Espesyis – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Espesyis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物种" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გვარობა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გვარობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C" title="זגאל – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זגאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng_(hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Chéng (hun-lūi-ha̍k) – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng (hun-lūi-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物種" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&oldid=84495824" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&id=84495824&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%25A7%258D"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%25A7%258D"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Species" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7432" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="物種">物種</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>种</b>」重定向至此。关于“种”的其他含义，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="种 (消歧义)">种 (消歧义)</a></b>」。关于“Species”的同名电影，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E7%A7%8D" title="异种">异种</a></b>」。</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/25px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/38px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/50px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目的主题不是<b><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a></caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:larger;border-top:1px solid grey"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%98%B6%E5%85%83" title="分类阶元">分类阶元</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="域 (生物)">域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">门</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">纲</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E" title="属">属</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">种</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:larger;border-top:1px solid grey"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9F%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="三域系統">三域系統</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞生物">细胞生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核域</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:larger;border-top:1px solid grey"> 其他话题</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法">二名法</a></li> <li>“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="非细胞生物">非细胞生物</a>” <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%B9" title="生物演化樹">生物演化樹</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:生物分类学（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物分类学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg" title="File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip zh.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg/225px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg/300px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="590" usemap="#ImageMap_89d6658ad328eba0" resource="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip_zh.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_89d6658ad328eba0"><area href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" shape="rect" coords="65,10,147,37" alt="生物" title="生物" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" shape="rect" coords="65,51,147,78" alt="域" title="域" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" shape="rect" coords="65,93,147,120" alt="界" title="界" /><area href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" shape="rect" coords="65,134,147,161" alt="门" title="门" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" shape="rect" coords="65,175,147,202" alt="纲" title="纲" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" shape="rect" coords="65,217,147,244" alt="目" title="目" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" shape="rect" coords="65,258,147,285" alt="科" title="科" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E" shape="rect" coords="65,299,147,327" alt="属" title="属" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" shape="rect" coords="65,341,147,368" alt="种" title="种" /></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95" title="生物分類法">生物分类法</a>上八个主要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%98%B6%E5%85%83" title="分类阶元">分类阶元</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>种</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：<span lang="la">Species</span>）或稱<b>物种</b>，是生物分类的基本单位。物种位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分类法">生物分类法</a>中最底级，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="属 (生物)">属</a>之下。籠統来讲，同一物种的任意两个性别适当的健康个体，都能够交配繁殖出具<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖">生殖</a>能力的後代。满足以上条件的最大群体称为物种。根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="演化生物學">演化生物學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="恩斯特·麥爾">恩斯特·麥爾</a>的定义，物种是：「能够相互配育的自然<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="种群">种群</a>的类群，且这些类群与其它的类群在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖">生殖</a>上相互隔离。」<sup id="cite_ref-Queiroz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queiroz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="昆蟲學">昆虫学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E4%B8%96%E9%AA%A7_(%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="陈世骧 (昆虫学家)">陈世骧</a>（1978）对物种所下定义为：「物种是繁殖单元，由又连续又间断的居群所组成；物种是进化单元，是生物系统线上的基本环节，是分类的基本单元。」<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="分类学">分类学</a>中，一个物种被赋予一个拉丁化的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="雙名法">雙名法</a>名称<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。该名称使用<i>斜体</i>印刷，手写时则加上<u>底線</u>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E" title="属">属</a>名首字母大写，屬名之後紧跟一个唯一的形容词，這個詞稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="種小名">種小名</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%8A%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="種加詞">種加詞</a>，其首字母不可大寫。只有完整的双名制名称才称为「种名」，而非仅仅是双名制名称的第二个部分。例如人的种名叫<i>Homo sapiens</i>（智人），而不是<i>sapiens</i>。 </p><p>物种也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="生物多样性">生物多样性</a>的基本单元。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 在19世纪，生物学家们意识到物种可以在足够的时间内进化。查尔斯-达尔文于1859年出版的《物种起源》一书中解释了物种如何通过自然选择而产生。这一认识在20世纪通过遗传学和种群生态学得到了极大的扩展。基因变异来自突变和重组，而生物本身是可移动的，由此导致地理隔离和遗传漂变两种不同的选择压力。基因有时可以通过水平基因转移在物种之间交换；新物种则可以通过杂交和多倍体迅速产生；物种也可能因各种原因而灭绝。然而，病毒是一种特殊情况，具有平衡的突变和选择的概率，可以被视为准种。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定义"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89"></span>定义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>物种的定义：常是指一类形态和遗传组成相似的生物群体，有生殖能力的个体之间在自然状态下能产生正常后代。以下是其他方式的物种定義： </p> <ul><li><b>形态学种</b>（morphological species）是一群在外观上不同的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>，例如我们可以分辨出<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A1" title="鸡">鸡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%AD" title="鸭">鸭</a>，因为它们长着不同形状的喙，而且鸭子的足有蹼。在有记录的历史之前，物种就已经像这样定义了。尽管受到不少批评，形态学种的概念仍然是日常生活中最常使用的物种概念，而且在生物学中依然扮演着重要角色，尤其是在植物学中，而且此概念對於無性生殖的生物體也可以適用<sup id="cite_ref-BIOL212_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIOL212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li><b>生物学种</b>（biological species）或<b>隔离种</b>（insular species）概念把物种定义为一组能够或潜在能够相互培育的生物。对于研究现存高等生物，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鱼类">鱼类</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a>的科学家来说，这不失为一种简洁的表达方式；但对于不进行有性生殖的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>来说，这个定义是毫无意义的。它把互相配育在理论上的可能性和种群间基因流动的可能性区分开来。例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" title="马">马</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%B4" title="驴">驴</a>杂交是可行的，并且能够产生后代，然而它们仍然属于两个种。这有两个原因：第一，因为在野生状态下，马和驴通常不会杂交。第二，因为它们结合产生的后代很少具有繁殖能力。定义生物学种的关键在于两个种群间没有显著的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因物质</a>交流。值得注意的是：有的物種較早分化，但仍未產生完整的生殖隔離；有的物種較晚分化，但已經產生完整的生殖隔離。</li></ul> <ul><li><b>配偶识别种</b>（Mate-recognition species）定义了一群能够把种群中的其它个体识别为潜在配偶的生物。正如上述隔离种的概念那样，它仅适用于进行有性生殖的生物。</li></ul> <ul><li><b>系统发生种</b>（Phylogenetic species）或稱<b>进化种</b>或稱<b>达尔文种</b>是一组具有相同祖先的生物；在时间和空间上，这个世系与其它世系保持分离。在这样一组生物在的某个时候，其成员可能分道扬镳。当其不同越来越显著的时候，这两个种群就被认为是两个不同的种了。</li></ul> <ul><li>另请参阅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E9%9B%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="孤雌生殖">孤雌生殖</a>中的<b>小种</b>，涵盖了那些没有经过<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>导致每代都在基因上与上代完全相同的物种。</li></ul> <ul><li>对属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>来说，因为不进行<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>，一个种除<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形态（页面不存在）">形态</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a>特征不能有较大差别外，还必须满足<a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>序列的相似性要大于97%。</li></ul> <p>在实际操作中，这些定义通常都相當一致，这些定义的不同点主要是侧重点不同而非相互否定。然而，还没有提出一个物种概念可以在无需具体分析情况下，就能完全应用于所有物種的<sup id="cite_ref-hanage2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanage2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。事實上，科學界對於物種的定義約有二十多種<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Species Problem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種問題（页面不存在）">物種問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Problem" class="extiw" title="en:Species Problem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Species Problem</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>就是指生物學家針對物種定義的爭議。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="在生物学分类上的重要性"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.AD.A6.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E6.80.A7"></span>在生物学分类上的重要性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：在生物学分类上的重要性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>物种的概念历史悠久。这之所以是最重要的分类阶元之一，有下面的原因： </p> <ul><li>它是普通人区分不同生物的基础- 狗是一种，猫是另一种。</li> <li>科学家通常使用标准的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%90%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="双名制命名法">双名制命名法</a>（或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%90%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="三名制命名法">三名制命名法</a>）来指代生物。</li> <li>这是唯一的具有经验成分的分类阶元，比如断言两只动物是两个物种就不单单是对它们进行分类那么简单了。</li></ul> <p>在使用了几千年后，这个概念依然集中在生物学和相关学科上，也仍然被错误的定义和争论不休。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="“指定物种状态”的含义"><span id=".E2.80.9C.E6.8C.87.E5.AE.9A.E7.89.A9.E7.A7.8D.E7.8A.B6.E6.80.81.E2.80.9D.E7.9A.84.E5.90.AB.E4.B9.89"></span>“指定物种状态”的含义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：“指定物种状态”的含义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>对于某个物种的命名应该看作是对于该群生物的进化关系及其独特性的一种<i>假定</i>。更新的资料会证实或推翻这个假设。有时候，尤其是旧时通讯不发达的时候，分居异地的分类学家会为后来定为同一种的生物命两个不同的名字。当两个经过命名的种发现其实是同一个种时，先发表的那个种名通常会保留，后发表的被废弃，这一过程称为<i>synonymization</i>,或<b>lumping</b>。将一个分类阶元分开成多个通常是新的阶元称为<b>splitting</b>。分类学家常被他们的同时戏称为“lumpers”或“splitters”，视乎他们找到了物种间的不同点还是相同点。（参阅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E5%90%88%E6%B4%BE%E8%88%87%E5%88%86%E5%89%B2%E6%B4%BE" title="統合派與分割派">統合派與分割派</a>）。 </p><p>传统上，研究人员依赖于解剖学上的不同，和通过观察不同种群间是否有成功混交来区分物种；解剖结构和生殖行为依然是指定物种状态的重要手段得益于上几个十年里微观生物学研究技术的日新月异，包括DNA分析等，得出了一大批关于物种间相似与区别的知识。许多从前认为是不同物种的类群现在归入了单一的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%98%B6%E5%85%83" title="分类阶元">分类阶元</a>，许多过去归在一起的类群被分开了。任何的分类阶元（种，属，科等）都可以合并和分开。对于一个较高的阶元，这样的修订则更显得意义深远。 </p><p>从<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="分类学 (生物)">分类学</a>的角度看，种下的类群定义为低于种的分类阶元。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a>中，仅使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="亚种">亚种</a>概念，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a>还会使用诸如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E7%A7%8D_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="变种 (生物)">变种</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="亞變種">亚变种</a>，和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%98%E5%9E%8B_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="变型 (生物)（页面不存在）">变型</a>等单位。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="更详细的隔离种的概念"><span id=".E6.9B.B4.E8.AF.A6.E7.BB.86.E7.9A.84.E9.9A.94.E7.A6.BB.E7.A7.8D.E7.9A.84.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>更详细的隔离种的概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：更详细的隔离种的概念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>总的说来，对于那些大型复杂的有性生殖生物（例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳类</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a>）, <i>生物学种</i>或<i>隔离种</i>概念的定义有几种变体。通常，区分两个物种，甚至是亲缘关系很近的两个物种都是很简单的。例如，马（<i>Equus caballus</i>）和驴（<i>Equus asinus</i>）不需要经过专门训练或学习的人就能够把它们分开。然而它们相近得可以进行杂交，并产生不育的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A1" title="骡">骡</a>。它们明显就是不同的种。 </p><p>但是许多情形则让人难以决定。这就是隔离种和进化种的分歧之处。两个概念都同意一个物种在时间上保持着其血统的独立性，它与其他这样的血统可以被我们区分（否则我们就认不出它们来了），是生殖隔离的（否则一个种群如果一有机会就和另外一个合并起来了），并有有效的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E5%86%85%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种内识别（页面不存在）">种内识别</a>机制（没有这个，该血统不可能延续）。在实际上，两种观点都同意一个种必须有其自身的独立进化历史；否则刚才提到的特征都不适用了。其不同在于：进化种概念不对种群的未来作出预测，而仅仅是记录已知的类群。相反，如果经过研究人员的研究，某两个种群在可能情况下能够再次合并，隔离种概念就不认为这两个种群为两个种。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="隔离的问题"><span id=".E9.9A.94.E7.A6.BB.E7.9A.84.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>隔离的问题</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：隔离的问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">物种形成</a></div> <p>有两个关键的问题需要解决。第一，初定的这个种是否能持续的、可靠的与其它物种区分;第二，这在未来是否会持续下去。针对第二个问题，下面有几个地理分布上的可能性 </p> <ul><li>初定的两个种<b>分布区重叠</b>的—它们占有相同的栖息地。经过多年的观察，都无法在重叠区分辨出有两个以上的种群，这些种群可能在随后时间又合为一个大种群。没有生殖隔离，种群就不得以分化，有了生殖隔离，种群间的基因无法交流，也就无法抹掉差异。这不是说杂交完全不会发生，只是说它可以忽略不计。通常，杂种个体无法像其亲本纯种个体那样成功的繁殖。</li></ul> <ul><li>初定的两个种<b>地理隔离</b>—它们占有不同的地理区域。很明显，无法直接观察到分隔两地的两个种群之间的生殖隔离情况。通常情况下也不可能通过试验来完成：即使在豢养情况下两个初定的种能配育，这不代表在野外它们也会自由交配，这也不总是可以对杂种后代在进化上的适应性提供多少信息。通过其它一些试验可能会得出更多信息：例如，种群<b>A</b>的个体是否对种群<b>B</b>发出的求偶鸣叫录音有正确的反应呢?有时候，试验<i>能够</i>提供确切的答案。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%B3%BD" title="巴拿馬地峽">巴拿馬地峽</a>两边居住着七组看上去几乎一样的海虾（<i>Altheus</i>）种群，它们在约3百万年前出现。直到不久前，它们还被认为是相同的7个种。但是当把来自海峡两边的雄性和雌性放在一起时，它们没有交配反而大打出手。甚至如果海峡再次下沉，这些种群在基因上还会保持隔离：所以，它们现在被划分为不同的种。但在更多情况下，观察和试验都无法提供确定的答案，这是就要通过对邻近物种的经验来猜测它们之间的关系了。</li></ul> <ul><li>初定的两个种<b>地理比邻</b>—它们的繁殖区域比邻但不重叠。这种情况很少有，尤其在温带地区。分界线通常都是栖息地突然改变的地方（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%94%99%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="群落交错区">群落交错区</a>），比如像森林边缘或者山上的雪线等，但有时却不大起眼。地理上的比邻指出这两个种群占有很相似的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D" title="生态位">生态位</a>导致它们无法在同一个地区共存。又因为它们不进行杂交，可以肯定地说有一种机制（通常是行为上的）来防止种群间的基因交流，因此它们应该属于不同的种。</li></ul> <ul><li>在两个种群混合区有<b>杂交区域</b>。典型情况下，杂交区域会存在'纯种'种群一方或双方的代表，加上第一代杂交种和反交得到的后代。通过对杂交区域的广度与存在疑问的两个种群典型散布区广度的比较，可以评估两个'纯种'种群之间基因交流阻力的大小。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E6%A0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="橡树">橡树</a>的分布距离是鸟或松鼠携带橡子的距离; <a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%8B%E9%A3%9F%E8%9A%81%E5%85%BD" title="袋食蚁兽">袋食蚁兽</a>的散布距离约为15公里，因为这是小袋食蚁兽在离巢后寻找空闲领地时通常会经过的距离。如果杂交区域相对于散布区域越窄，则两个种群间的基因交流就越少，它们之间就更倾向于在进化到路上继续分化。然而，很难去预测未来杂交区域的变化;无论把具有杂交的种群定为两个种还是一个种，都具有潜在的争议性。</li></ul> <ul><li>种群的变化是<b>渐变式</b>的—在种群地理分布的两极，其典型个体间差异十分明显，但是在它们间的过渡是逐渐进行的。例如，北澳大利亚的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E8%A2%8B%E7%86%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="树袋熊">树袋熊</a>比南方的亲戚要小而且颜色也较浅，但是它们之间没有绝然的分界线：越向南部，树袋熊的个体就越大而且颜色越深;在中间地带的个体则体型和色泽都是中等。相反，在相同的地理范围内，黑背（北方）和白背（南方）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9F%E9%B9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钟鹊（页面不存在）">钟鹊</a>不从一种形态向另一种过渡;北方种群黑背，南方种群白背，在杂交区域“纯种”与杂合类型同样常见。树袋熊的变化是渐变式的（从北到南逐渐过渡，在小范围内的种群具有统一的外观），但钟鹊的变化不是渐变的。在这两个例子中，对其分类都存在一些不肯定，但是大多数的看法是两者的南北双方都不足以构成种。由于认为南北的钟鹊基因交流受到了限制，足以称它们为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="亚种">亚种</a>（而非种）;但树袋熊之间存在南北间实质的基因交流，所以专家甚至拒绝认定它们为两个亚种。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類的歷史"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E7.9A.84.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>分類的歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：分類的歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="演化思想史">演化思想史</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption>卡尔冯·林奈</figcaption></figure> <p>在古時，人只是賦與一群類同的生物一個名詞。希臘哲學家，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里士多德">亞里士多德</a>，認為生物是可嚴格區分為不同的“物種”，而且物種是永恆不變的。 </p><p>隨着接觸的生物愈多，人開始嘗試認真把生物分類。最初，人只是以外貌與習性分類，就像中國人把大多數水上生物稱作“魚”。 </p><p>1686年時英國自然學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7" title="约翰·雷">约翰·雷</a>是第一次為物種一詞下生物學定義的人<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="十八世紀">十八世紀</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡尔·林奈">林奈</a>首次以<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖器官">生殖器官</a>作生物分類。他似乎只是認為這樣的分類有些意義，而並不是以為有近似生殖器官的物種有可聯繫。畢竟，當時的歐洲人相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E8%AB%96" title="創造論">創造論</a>，即所有物種由神獨立創造，並無任何其他的聯繫。可能由於創造論，林奈對一些差異極微的物種感到困惑。他因而提出一些物種為完美的，樣板的；另一些則是仿造的。 </p><p>及至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="十九世紀">十九世紀</a>，多數自然學者開始明白物種在不斷地變异，而地球的古老也足以容纳長時間累積形成的巨變。因而，分類法開始強調物種之間是如何演變。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="让-巴普蒂斯特·拉马克">拉马克</a>認為生物可以把需要的特質遺傳給後代，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%A0%B8%E9%B9%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="長頸鹿">長頸鹿</a>就是因為吃愈來愈高的樹葉而長出愈來愈長的頸項。（這只是簡化的描述，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="拉馬克主義">拉马克的理論</a>當然遠為深邃） </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拉马克">拉马克</a>最大的貢獻在於提出不同物種之間可以有連續不斷的系谱。他在1809年的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="動物學哲學">动物学哲学</a>》（<i>Zoological Philosophy</i>）是首個以<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>理由否定創造論。當<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">達爾文</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化">進化論</a>在1860年代被廣為接受後，卻掩蓋了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拉马克">拉马克</a>的貢獻。及至<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="二十世紀">二十世紀</a>末，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拉马克">拉马克</a>的理論重新獲得重視，成為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="适应突变（页面不存在）">适应突变</a>的一個基礎。他另一曾被捨棄的目標為本進化論，亦發展成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工选择</a>。現代的分類學主要以遺傳序列為基礎。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="数量"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E9.87.8F"></span>数量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：数量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_species.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distribution_of_species.jpg/220px-Distribution_of_species.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distribution_of_species.jpg/330px-Distribution_of_species.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Distribution_of_species.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>物种分布</figcaption></figure> <p>據美国<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="夏威夷大学">夏威夷大学</a>和加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="戴尔豪斯大学">戴尔豪斯大学</a>合作的海洋生物普查科学家推測<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上约有870万种物种（±130万），其中650万种物种在<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a>上，220万种生活在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋">海洋</a>深处。 </p><p>对于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>： </p> <ul><li>大约有777万种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>（其中953,434种已经得到了描述和分类）</li> <li>大约有298,000种<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>（其中215,644种已经得到了描述和分类）</li> <li>大约611,000种<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%89%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="霉菌">霉菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%91%E8%8F%87" class="mw-redirect" title="蘑菇">蘑菇</a>，其中43,271种已经得到了描述和分类）</li> <li>大约36,400种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>（其中8,118种已经得到了描述和分类）</li> <li>大约27,500种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色藻（页面不存在）">色藻</a>（其中13,033种已经得到了描述和分类）</li></ul> <p>以上统计不包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Queiroz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Queiroz_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">de 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XX, page 40 (Quoted in Mayr, Ernst. 1982. <i>The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution, and inheritance.</i> Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press: 256)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinese.eurekalert.org/zh/pub_releases/2011-08/aaft-hms081811.php">地球上有多少物种？870万种</a>. eurekalert. 2011年8月24日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-08-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129025648/http://chinese.eurekalert.org/zh/pub_releases/2011-08/aaft-hms081811.php">存档</a>于2015-01-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%EF%BC%9F870%E4%B8%87%E7%A7%8D&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eurekalert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinese.eurekalert.org%2Fzh%2Fpub_releases%2F2011-08%2Faaft-hms081811.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-09-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306121707/http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">存档</a>于2012-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&rft.btitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth+and+in+the+Ocean%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosbiology.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.1001127&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">物种形成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="環物種">環物種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="亚种">亚种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="种群">种群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E5%AD%98%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="隐存种">隐存种</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物种起源">物種起源</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="網路生命大百科">網路生命大百科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="瀕危物種">瀕危物種</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物种形成" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="Template:物种形成"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:物种形成（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物种形成"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物种形成" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">物种形成</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种形成的历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种形成的历史（页面不存在）">历史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:History of speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of speciation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化生物学术语表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of evolutionary biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化生物学术语表（页面不存在）">术语表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of evolutionary biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of evolutionary biology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">物种</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="渐变种" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chronospecies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%90%E5%8F%98%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渐变种（页面不存在）">渐变种</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronospecies" class="extiw" title="en:Chronospecies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chronospecies</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="年代种（页面不存在）">年代种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">物种形成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" title="生殖隔离">生殖隔离</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="演化的證據">演化的證據</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理模式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="异域物种形成">异域物种形成</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="边域物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peripatric speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B9%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="边域物种形成（页面不存在）">边域物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Peripatric speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peripatric speciation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A0%E5%9F%BA%E8%80%85%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="奠基者效应">奠基者效应</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="临域物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parapatric speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临域物种形成（页面不存在）">临域物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Parapatric speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parapatric speciation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="環物種">環物種</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="同域物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sympatric speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同域物种形成（页面不存在）">同域物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Sympatric speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sympatric speciation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" title="生殖隔离">隔离因子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="適應">適應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="自然选择">自然选择</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="性選擇">性選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%A4%E9%85%8D" title="选型交配">选型交配</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%96%B7%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="間斷平衡">間斷平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%B0%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" title="霍尔登氏法则">霍尔登氏法则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B8%83%E7%84%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA-%E9%A6%AC%E5%8B%92%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%8D%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9" title="多布然斯基-馬勒基因不相容">多布然斯基-馬勒基因不相容</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E4%BA%A4%E7%A8%AE" title="雜交種">混种概念</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E4%BA%A4%E7%A8%AE" title="雜交種">雜交種</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%8D%E4%BD%93" title="同源多倍体">同源多倍体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古多倍体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paleopolyploidy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%8D%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古多倍体（页面不存在）">古多倍体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleopolyploidy" class="extiw" title="en:Paleopolyploidy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paleopolyploidy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%A7%8D" title="复合种">复合种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E8%90%8A%E5%A3%AB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="華萊士效應">華萊士效應</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="Category:物种形成">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speciation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speciation">共享</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="分类阶元" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E9%9A%8E%E5%85%83" title="Template:分類階元"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E9%9A%8E%E5%85%83" title="Template talk:分類階元"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E9%9A%8E%E5%85%83" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:分類階元"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="分类阶元" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%98%B6%E5%85%83" title="分类阶元">分类阶元</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height: 1.75;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="域 (病毒学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Realm (virology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="域 (病毒学)（页面不存在）">病毒域（病毒专用）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_(virology)" class="extiw" title="en:Realm (virology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Realm (virology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚域" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subrealm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚域（页面不存在）">病毒亚域（病毒专用）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrealm" class="extiw" title="en:Subrealm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Subrealm</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="域 (生物)">域／总界／超界</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">亞界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">下界／支</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">总门／超门</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">门</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%97%A8" title="亚门">亚门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">下门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">小门</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">高纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">总纲／超纲</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">纲</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B2" title="亚纲">亚纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">下纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">小纲</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="部 (生物)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legion (taxonomy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部 (生物)（页面不存在）">部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_(taxonomy)" class="extiw" title="en:Legion (taxonomy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legion (taxonomy)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="群 (生物)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cohort (taxonomy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A4_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="群 (生物)（页面不存在）">群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(taxonomy)" class="extiw" title="en:Cohort (taxonomy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cohort (taxonomy)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">高目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">总目／超目</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">目</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="亚目">亚目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">下目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">小目</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="派 (动物学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Section (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="派 (动物学)（页面不存在）">派（动物专用）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Section (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Section (biology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">总科／超科</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91" title="亚科">亚科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">下科</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="族 (生物)">总族／超族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="族 (生物)">族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="族 (生物)">亞族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="族 (生物)">下族</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><strong><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E" title="属">属</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B1%AC" title="亞屬">亞屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6)" title="组 (植物分类学)">组／节（植物专用）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系 (植物学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Series (botany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系 (植物学)（页面不存在）">系（植物专用）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Series (botany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Series (botany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%A7%8D" title="复合种">总种／超种</a></li> <li><strong><a class="mw-selflink selflink">种</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A8%AE" title="亞種">亞種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%A8%AE" title="變種">变种（植物专用）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="变型 (植物学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Form (botany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%98%E5%9E%8B_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="变型 (植物学)（页面不存在）">变型（植物专用）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Form (botany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Form (botany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=物种&oldid=84495824">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=物种&oldid=84495824</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">物种</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>147种语言</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>添加话题</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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