CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Regn - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )rowikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","ianuarie","februarie","martie","aprilie","mai","iunie","iulie","august","septembrie","octombrie","noiembrie","decembrie"],"wgRequestId":"75ed4a53-e53a-4de0-8705-adfd32b9794f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Regn","wgTitle":"Regn","wgCurRevisionId":16203613,"wgRevisionId":16203613,"wgArticleId":126808,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articole cu surse în limba engleză (en)","Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune diferită","Webarchive template wayback links","Regnuri"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Regn","wgRelevantArticleId":126808,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ro","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ro"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q36732","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.2"};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Regn - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modificare" href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ro)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Abonare Atom" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Schimb%C4%83ri_recente&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Regn rootpage-Regn skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Sari la conținut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Meniul principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Meniul principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Meniul principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" title="Vedeți pagina principală [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principală</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Schimb%C4%83ri_recente" title="Lista ultimelor schimbări realizate în acest wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Schimbări recente</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cafenea" title="Informații despre evenimentele curente"><span>Cafenea</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Aleatoriu" title="Afișează o pagină aleatoare [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Articol aleatoriu</span></a></li><li id="n-Facebook" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/WikipediaRomana" rel="nofollow"><span>Facebook</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Participare" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Participare" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Participare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Cum-încep-pe-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Bun_venit"><span>Cum încep pe Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Cuprins" title="Locul în care găsiți ajutor"><span>Ajutor</span></a></li><li id="n-Portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:R%C4%83sfoire"><span>Portaluri tematice</span></a></li><li id="n-Articole-cerute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articole_cerute"><span>Articole cerute</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="enciclopedia liberă" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ro.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:C%C4%83utare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Căutare în Wikipedia [c]" accesskey="c"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Căutare</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Căutare în Wikipedia" aria-label="Căutare în Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Căutare în Wikipedia [c]" accesskey="c" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Căutare"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Căutare</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Unelte personale"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspect" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspect</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ro.wikipedia.org&uselang=ro" class=""><span>Donații</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&returnto=Regn" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu" class=""><span>Creare cont</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&returnto=Regn" title="Sunteți încurajat să vă autentificați, deși acest lucru nu este obligatoriu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Autentificare</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte personale" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte personale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Meniul de utilizator" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ro.wikipedia.org&uselang=ro"><span>Donații</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&returnto=Regn" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creare cont</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&returnto=Regn" title="Sunteți încurajat să vă autentificați, deși acest lucru nu este obligatoriu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eascunde\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ro\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0 0 3px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"nomobile\" style=\"float:right\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Concurs_de_scriere\" title=\"Wikipedia:Concurs de scriere\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/126px-Concurs_de_scriere.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"126\" height=\"95\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/189px-Concurs_de_scriere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/251px-Concurs_de_scriere.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"506\" data-file-height=\"383\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: grey; max-width:1280px; margin: 12px auto; font-family: Tahoma, \u0026#39;DejaVu Sans Condensed\u0026#39;, sans-serif; text-align: center; font-size: 12pt; position: relative;\"\u003EA început o nouă ediție a concursului de scriere! Sunteți cu drag invitați să participați la ediția cu numărul 22, cu articole scrise sau dezvoltate considerabil între 1 aprilie și 30 noiembrie 2024. Pentru înscriere de articole la concurs (nominalizări), condiții de eligibilitate, punctare și alte detalii, vă rugăm să accesați \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Concurs_de_scriere\" title=\"Wikipedia:Concurs de scriere\"\u003Epagina\u0026#160;concursului\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"clear: both;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cuprins" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definiție_și_termeni_asociați" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiție_și_termeni_asociați"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definiție și termeni asociați</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiție_și_termeni_asociați-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoric subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistemul_celor_două_regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemul_celor_două_regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sistemul celor două regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemul_celor_două_regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistemul_celor_trei_regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemul_celor_trei_regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sistemul celor trei regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemul_celor_trei_regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patru_regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patru_regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Patru regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patru_regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinci_regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinci_regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cinci regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinci_regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Șase_regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Șase_regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Șase regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Șase_regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opt_regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opt_regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Opt regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opt_regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Șase_regnuri_(1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Șase_regnuri_(1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Șase regnuri (1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Șase_regnuri_(1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Șapte_regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Șapte_regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Șapte regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Șapte_regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rezumat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rezumat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Rezumat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rezumat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Regn</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 119 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_(biologie)" title="Koninkryk (biologie) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(bioloch%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (biolochía) – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino (biolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="مملكة (تصنيف) – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مملكة (بيولوجيا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مملكة (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ৰাজ্য (জীৱবিজ্ঞান) – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজ্য (জীৱবিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Reinu (bioloxía) – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="عالم (بیولوژی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عالم (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Батшалыҡ (биология) – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Батшалыҡ (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahadean_(biyolohiya)" title="Kahadean (biyolohiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kahadean (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царства (біялогія) – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Царства (біялогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царства (біялёгія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Царства (біялёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_(%C3%A8lmu_hayat)" title="Kerajaan (èlmu hayat) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kerajaan (èlmu hayat)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जगत (जीव बिज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जगत (जीव बिज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8E_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="জগৎ (জীববিদ্যা) – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জগৎ (জীববিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riezad" title="Riezad – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riezad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(biologija)" title="Carstvo (biologija) – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carstvo (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_(biologia)" title="Regne (biologia) – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_(biologie)" title="Říše (biologie) – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Патшалăх (биологи) – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg) – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas (bioleg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rige_(biologi)" title="Rige (biologi) – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rige (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie) – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Βασίλειο (βιολογία) – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology) – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kingdom (biology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologio)" title="Regno (biologio) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Regno (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (biología) – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik_(bioloogia)" title="Riik (bioloogia) – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riik (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreinu_(biologia)" title="Erreinu (biologia) – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreinu (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9inu_(biologia)" title="Réinu (biologia) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Réinu (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88" title="فرمانرو – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمانرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunta_(biologia)" title="Kunta (biologia) – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kunta (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)" title="Règne (biologie) – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Règne (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk_(taksonomy)" title="Ryk (taksonomy) – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ryk (taksonomy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Ríocht (bitheolaíocht) – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (bioloxía) – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavet%C3%A3_(tekovekuaaty)" title="Tavetã (tekovekuaaty) – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavetã (tekovekuaaty)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_(bea-oaylleeaght)" title="Reeriaght (bea-oaylleeaght) – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght (bea-oaylleeaght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ממלכה (טקסונומיה) – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכה (טקסונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जगत (जीवविज्ञान) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जगत (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(taksonomija)" title="Carstvo (taksonomija) – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carstvo (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%9Bt_(biologija)" title="Swět (biologija) – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swět (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8y_(biyoloji)" title="Rèy (biyoloji) – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rèy (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsz%C3%A1g_(rendszertan)" title="Ország (rendszertan) – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ország (rendszertan)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Թագավորություն (կենսաբանություն) – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թագավորություն (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(rango_taxonomic)" title="Regno (rango taxonomic) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regno (rango taxonomic)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi) – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagarian_(biolohia)" title="Pagarian (biolohia) – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagarian (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADki_(flokkunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Ríki (flokkunarfræði) – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríki (flokkunarfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologia)" title="Regno (biologia) – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="界 (分類学) – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="界 (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajan_(biologi)" title="Krajan (biologi) – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krajan (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelda_(tasnudert)" title="Tagelda (tasnudert) – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagelda (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="계 (생물학) – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%84%D8%B1%D9%B2%D8%B2%D8%A0" title="سۄرٲزؠ – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۄرٲزؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_(taxinomia)" title="Regnum (taxinomia) – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ich_(Biologie)" title="Räich (Biologie) – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Räich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_(biolojia)" title="Rena (biolojia) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rena (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_(taxonomie)" title="Riek (taxonomie) – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Riek (taxonomie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalyst%C4%97_(biologija)" title="Karalystė (biologija) – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karalystė (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Valsts (bioloģija) – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts (bioloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Кугыжаныш (биологий) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш (биологий)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="കിങ്ഡം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിങ്ഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="साम्राज्य (जीवशास्त्र) – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साम्राज्य (जीवशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_(biologi)" title="Alam (biologi) – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renju_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Renju (bijoloġija) – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Renju (bijoloġija)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologgia)" title="Regno (biologgia) – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Regno (biologgia)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_rike" title="Biologisk rike – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rike_(biologi)" title="Rike (biologi) – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rike (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologia)" title="Règne (biologia) – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Règne (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F_(%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8)" title="ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ) – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Паддзахад (биологи) – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Паддзахад (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4_(%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਜਗਤ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਗਤ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarian_(biolohia)" title="Kaarian (biolohia) – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kaarian (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biologia)" title="Reino (biologia) – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Reino (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia) – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA)" title="دیس (جیون پڑھت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیس (جیون پڑھت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biologia)" title="Reino (biologia) – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq_suyu" title="Rikch'aq suyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Царство (биология) – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Царство (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царьство (біолоґія) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Царьство (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Саарыстыба (биология) – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саарыстыба (биология)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Regnu (bioluggìa) – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Regnu (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(taksonomija)" title="Carstvo (taksonomija) – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carstvo (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnsartut_(Tasartut_tussnant)" title="Tasnsartut (Tasartut tussnant) – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnsartut (Tasartut tussnant)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="රාජධානිය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජධානිය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AD%C5%A1a_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Ríša (taxonómia) – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ríša (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljestvo_(biologija)" title="Kraljestvo (biologija) – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljestvo (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqortooyo_(biyoloji)" title="Boqortooyo (biyoloji) – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqortooyo (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_(biologji)" title="Mbretëria (biologji) – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria (biologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Царство (биологија) – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Царство (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rike_(biologi)" title="Rike (biologi) – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rike (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himaya_(biolojia)" title="Himaya (biolojia) – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Himaya (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%8Dlestwo_(biologij%C5%8F)" title="Krōlestwo (biologijŏ) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krōlestwo (biologijŏ)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="திணை (உயிரியல்) – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திணை (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Силсила (зистшиносӣ) – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Силсила (зистшиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="อาณาจักร (ชีววิทยา) – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักร (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ealyk_(biologi%C3%BDa)" title="Şalyk (biologiýa) – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şalyk (biologiýa)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_(biyolohiya)" title="Kaharian (biyolohiya) – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82lem_(biyoloji)" title="Âlem (biyoloji) – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Âlem (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Патшалык (биология) – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патшалык (биология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царство (біологія) – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Царство (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مملکت (حیاتیات) – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunyo_(biologiya)" title="Dunyo (biologiya) – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dunyo (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(tasonomia)" title="Regno (tasonomia) – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno (tasonomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Giới (sinh học) – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giới (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk_(biologie)" title="Ryk (biologie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ryk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringne_(biyolodjeye)" title="Ringne (biyolodjeye) – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ringne (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_(biyolohiya)" title="Regnum (biyolohiya) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Regnum (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89" title="界（生物） – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="界（生物）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_(biologie)" title="Riek (biologie) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Riek (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物) – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="界 (生物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0i_(hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Kài (hun-lūi-ha̍k) – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kài (hun-lūi-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C" title="界 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="界" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_(kumchazampilo)" title="Umbuso (kumchazampilo) – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso (kumchazampilo)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36732#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Regn" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Regn" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Regn"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Regn"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Regn" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Regn" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&oldid=16203613" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Regn&id=16203613&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRegn"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRegn"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Regn"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Regn&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36732" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_RO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_RO.png/220px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_RO.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="565" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_RO.png/330px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_RO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_RO.png/440px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_RO.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Ierarhia clasificării biologice a celor opt ranguri taxonomice majore. Un domeniu conține unul sau mai multe regnuri. Clasamentele intermediare minore nu sunt afișate.</figcaption></figure> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, <b>regnul</b> (latină: <i><b>regnum</b></i>, plural <i><b>regna</b></i>) este al doilea rang taxonomic, după <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie)">domeniu</a>. Regnurile sunt împărțite în grupuri mai mici numite <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">încrengături</a> sau filumuri. În mod tradițional, unele manuale din Statele Unite și Canada folosesc un sistem de șase regnuri (<a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> și <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>) în timp ce manualele din Marea Britanie, India, Grecia, Brazilia și alte țări folosesc numai cinci regnuri (<a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> și <a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a>). Unele clasificări recente bazate pe <a href="/wiki/Cladistic%C4%83" title="Cladistică">cladistica</a> modernă au abandonat în mod explicit termenul de <i>regn</i>, observând că regnurile tradiționale nu sunt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monofiletic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monofiletic — pagină inexistentă">monofiletice</a>, ceea ce înseamnă că nu sunt formate din toți descendenții unui strămoș comun. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definiție_și_termeni_asociați"><span id="Defini.C8.9Bie_.C8.99i_termeni_asocia.C8.9Bi"></span>Definiție și termeni asociați</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Definiție și termeni asociați" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definiție și termeni asociați"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Când <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> a introdus sistemul de nomenclatură bazat pe rang în biologie în 1735, cel mai înalt rang a primit numele de „regn” și a fost urmat de alte patru ranguri principale: <a href="/wiki/Clas%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Clasă (biologie)">clasă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordin_(biologie)" title="Ordin (biologie)">ordin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen_(biologie)" title="Gen (biologie)">gen</a> și <a href="/wiki/Specie_(biologie)" title="Specie (biologie)">specie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulterior au fost introduse alte două ranguri principale, clasificarea devenind astfel: regn, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">filum sau încrengătură</a>, clasă, ordin, <a href="/wiki/Familie_(biologie)" title="Familie (biologie)">familie</a>, gen și specie.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 1990, deasupra regnului a fost introdus rangul de <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie)">domeniu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PSe pot adăuga prefixe, astfel încât <i>subregnul</i> (<i>subregnum</i>) și <i>infraregnul</i> (cunoscut și sub numele de <i>infraregnum</i>) sunt cele două poziții imediat sub regn. În unele sisteme de clasificare, <i>ramura</i> (latină: <i>ramus</i>) poate fi inserată între subregn și infraregn, de exemplu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protostomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protostomia — pagină inexistentă">Protostomia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> în clasificarea Cavalier-Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistemul_celor_două_regnuri"><span id="Sistemul_celor_dou.C4.83_regnuri"></span>Sistemul celor două regnuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sistemul celor două regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sistemul celor două regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clasificarea ființelor vii în animale și plante este una antică. <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> (384-322 î.Hr.) a clasificat speciile de animale în <i>Istoria animalelor</i>, în timp ce elevul său <a href="/wiki/Teofrast" title="Teofrast">Teofrast</a> (c. 371 – c. 287 î.Hr.) a scris o lucrare paralelă, <i>Historia Plantarum</i>, despre plante.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778) a pus bazele nomenclaturii biologice moderne, reglementate acum de codurile de nomenclatură, în 1735. El a distins două regnuri ale viețuitoarelor: <i>Regnum Animale</i> („regnul animal”) și <i>Regnum Vegetabile</i> („regnul vegetal”, pentru plante). Linnaeus a inclus și <a href="/wiki/Minerale" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerale">minerale</a> în sistemul său de clasificare, plasându-le într-un al treilea regn, <i><a href="/wiki/Mineralia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralia">Regnum Lapideum</a></i>. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16241442">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-right:none;border-top:none;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-right:none;border-top:none;border-bottom:none;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animale</a> (animale) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum Vegetabile ('vegetale'/plante) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Non‑viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum Lapideum (minerale) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistemul_celor_trei_regnuri">Sistemul celor trei regnuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sistemul celor trei regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Sistemul celor trei regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/330px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/495px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/660px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Arborele celor trei regnuri ale vieții conform lui Haeckel (1866).</figcaption></figure> <p>În 1674, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, adesea numit „tatăl microscopiei”, a trimis <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Societății Regale din Londra</a> o copie a primelor sale observații ale organismelor microscopice unicelulare. Până atunci, existența unor astfel de organisme microscopice era în întregime necunoscută. În ciuda acestui fapt, Linnaeus nu a inclus nici un organism microscopic în taxonomia sa originală. </p><p>La început, organismele microscopice au fost clasificate în regnurile animale și vegetale. Cu toate acestea, la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, a devenit clar pentru mulți că „dihotomia existentă a regnurilor vegetale și animale [devenise] estompată rapid la granițele sale și depășită”.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1860, John Hogg a propus <i>Protoctista</i>, un al treilea regn al vieții compus din „toate organismele inferioare sau ființe organice primare”; el a păstrat Regnum Lapideum ca al patrulea regn al mineralelor.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 1866, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> a propus ca al treilea regn al vieții, <i><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a></i>, pentru „organisme neutre” sau „regnul formelor primitive”, care nu erau nici animale, nici vegetale; el nu a inclus Regnum Lapideum în schema sa.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel a revizuit conținutul acestui regn de mai multe ori înainte de a se stabili la o diviziune bazată pe faptul dacă organismele erau unicelulare (Protista) sau multicelulare (animale și plante).<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> sau Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Non‑viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnum Lapideum (minerale) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patru_regnuri">Patru regnuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Patru regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Patru regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dezvoltarea microscopiei a relevat distincții importante între acele organisme ale căror celule nu au un nucleu distinct (<a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">procariote</a>) și organismele ale căror celule au un nucleu distinct (<a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariote</a>). În 1937, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Chatton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Chatton — pagină inexistentă">Édouard Chatton</a> a introdus termenii „procariote” și „eucariote” pentru a diferenția aceste organisme.<sup id="cite_ref-sapp2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1938, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Copeland — pagină inexistentă">Herbert Copeland</a> a propus o clasificare cu patru regnuri prin crearea unui nou regn <a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a> al organismelor procariote. În cartea sa din 1904, <i>Minunile vieții</i>, el a plasat algele albastre-verzi (sau Phycochromacea) în Monera; acest lucru va câștiga treptat acceptarea, iar algele albastre-verzi vor fi clasificate ca bacterii în filum <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sapp2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În anii 1960, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Stanier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Stanier — pagină inexistentă">Roger Stanier</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._van_Niel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. B. van Niel — pagină inexistentă">C. B. van Niel</a> au promovat și popularizat lucrările anterioare ale lui Édouard Chatton, în special în lucrarea lor din 1962, „Conceptul Bacterium”; aceasta a creat, pentru prima dată, un rang deasupra regnului – un super-regn sau imperiu – cu un sistem de două imperii procariote și eucariote.<sup id="cite_ref-sapp2005_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistemul cu două imperii va fi extins mai târziu la sistemul cu trei <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie)">domenii</a>: Archaea, Bacteria și Eukaryota.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> sau Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinci_regnuri">Cinci regnuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cinci regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Cinci regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unii au recunoscut diferențele dintre <a href="/wiki/Ciuperci" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciuperci">ciuperci</a> și alte organisme considerate plante. Haeckel mutase ciupercile din Plantae în Protista după clasificarea sa inițială,<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar această separare a fost ignorată de către oamenii de știință din vremea sa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whittaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Whittaker — pagină inexistentă">Robert Whittaker</a> a recunoscut regnul suplimentar pentru <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">ciuperci</a>. Sistemul rezultat cu cinci regnuri, propus în 1969 de Whittaker, a devenit un standard popular și cu oarecare rafinament este încă utilizat în multe lucrări și stă la baza noilor sisteme multiregionale. Se bazează în principal pe diferențele de <a href="/wiki/Nutri%C8%9Bie" title="Nutriție">nutriție</a>; plantele sale erau în mare parte multicelulare autotrofe, Animalia multicelulare heterotrofe și Fungi multicelulare saprotrofe. </p><p>Celelalte două regnuri, Protista și Monera, includeau colonii celulare unicelulare și simple.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistemul celor cinci regnuri poate fi combinat cu sistemul celor două imperii. În sistemul Whittaker, Plantae include câteva alge. În alte sisteme, cum ar fi sistemul de cinci regnuri al lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Margulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Margulis — pagină inexistentă">Lynn Margulis</a>, plantele includ doar plantele de uscat (Embryophyta), iar Protoctista are o definiție mai largă.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>După publicarea sistemului Whittaker, modelul celor cinci regnuri a început să fie utilizat în mod obișnuit în manualele de biologie de liceu.<sup id="cite_ref-Emily_Case_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emily_Case-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În ciuda dezvoltării de la două regnuri la cinci în rândul celor mai mulți oameni de știință, unii autori încă din 1975 au continuat să folosească un sistem tradițional cu două regnuri de animale și plante, împărțind regnul plantelor în subregnul Prokaryota (bacterii și cianobacterii), Mycota (ciuperci și presupuse rude) și Chlorota (alge și plante terestre).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> sau Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Șase_regnuri"><span id=".C8.98ase_regnuri"></span>Șase regnuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Șase regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Șase regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În 1977, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> și colegii săi au propus subdiviziunea fundamentală a procariotelor în Eubacteria (denumită ulterior Bacteria) și Archaebacteria (denumită ulterior Archaea), pe baza structurii <a href="/wiki/ARN_ribozomal" title="ARN ribozomal">ARN ribozomal</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acest lucru va duce mai târziu la propunerea a trei „domenii” ale vieții, Bacteria, Archaea și Eukaryota.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combinat cu modelul cu cinci regnuri, acesta a creat un model cu șase regnuri, unde regnul Monera este înlocuit de regnurile Bacteria și Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acest model cu șase regnuri este utilizat în mod obișnuit în manualele recente de biologie din liceul american, dar a primit critici pentru compromiterea consensului științific actual.<sup id="cite_ref-Emily_Case_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emily_Case-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dar împărțirea procariotelor în două regnuri rămâne în uz cu schema recentă de șapte regnuri a lui Thomas Cavalier-Smith, deși diferă în primul rând prin faptul că Protista este înlocuit de <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> și <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> (Bacteria) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> (Archaea) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> sau Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungus</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opt_regnuri">Opt regnuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Opt regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Opt regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cavalier-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith — pagină inexistentă">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a> a susținut consensul la acel moment, că diferența dintre Eubacteria și Archaebacteria era atât de mare (în special având în vedere distanța genetică a genelor ribozomale) încât procariotele trebuiau separate în două regnuri diferite. Apoi a împărțit Eubacteria în două subregnuri: Negibacteria (<a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-negativ%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-negativă">Bacterie Gram-negativă</a>) și Posibacteria (<a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-pozitiv%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-pozitivă">Bacterie Gram-pozitivă</a>). Progresele tehnologice în microscopia electronică au permis separarea Chromista de regnul Plantae. </p><p>În cele din urmă, au fost descoperiți unele <a href="/wiki/Protiste" title="Protiste">protiste</a> lipsite de mitocondrii.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Întrucât mitocondriile erau cunoscute ca fiind rezultatul endosimbiozei unei proteobacterii, s-a crezut că aceste eucariote amitocondriale au fost primitive, marcând un pas important în eucariogeneză. Drept urmare, aceste protiste amitocondriate au fost separate din regnul protiste, dând naștere, în același timp, superregnului și regnului <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archezoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archezoa — pagină inexistentă">Archezoa</a>. Acest super-regn s-a opus super-regnului Metakaryota, grupând celelalte cinci regnuri eucariote (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae și Chromista). </p><p>Aceasta a fost cunoscută sub numele de ipoteza Archezoa, care a fost abandonată de atunci;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> schemele ulterioare nu au inclus diviziunea Archezoa-Metakaryota.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Super-regnul <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Super-regnul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archezoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archezoa — pagină inexistentă">Archezoa</a>† </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archezoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archezoa — pagină inexistentă">Archezoa</a>† </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Super-regnul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metakaryota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metakaryota — pagină inexistentă">Metakaryota</a>† </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>† Nu mai este recunoscut de <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Șase_regnuri_(1998)"><span id=".C8.98ase_regnuri_.281998.29"></span>Șase regnuri (1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Șase regnuri (1998)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Șase regnuri (1998)"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În 1998, Cavalier-Smith a publicat un model cu șase regnuri,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care a fost revizuit în lucrările ulterioare. Versiunea publicată în 2009 este prezentată mai jos.<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavalier-Smith nu a mai acceptat importanța diviziunii fundamentale Eubacteria-Archaebacteria propusă de Woese și alții și susținută de cercetări recente.<sup id="cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DagenEtAl2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regnul <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (singurul regn al domeniului Prokaryota) a fost împărțit în două subregnuri în funcție de topologiile membranelor: Unibacteria și Negibacteria. Unibacteria a fost împărțită în filum Archaebacteria și Posibacteria. </p><p>Cavalier-Smith nu acceptă necesitatea ca taxonii să fie monofiletici („holofiletici” în terminologia sa) pentru a fi valabili. El definește Prokaryota, Bacteria, Negibacteria, Unibacteria și Posibacteria ca fiind taxoni valabili (deci „monofiletici” în sensul în care folosește acest termen), marcând inovații importante de semnificație biologică (în ceea ce privește conceptul de nișă biologică). </p><p>În același mod, regnul său parafiletic Protozoa include strămoșii Animalia, Fungi, Plantae și Chromista. Progresele studiilor filogenetice i-au permis lui Cavalier-Smith să-și dea seama că toate filumurile considerate arhezoa (adică eucariote primitiv amitocondrate) își pierduseră, de fapt, în mod secundar mitocondriile, de obicei transformându-le în organite noi: Hidrogenozomii. Aceasta înseamnă că toate eucariotele vii sunt de fapt metacariote, în funcție de semnificația termenului dat de Cavalier-Smith. Unii dintre membrii fostului regn Archezoa, precum filumul Microsporidia, au fost reclasificați în regnul Fungi. Altele au fost reclasificate în regnul Protozoarelor, cum ar fi Metamonada, care face acum parte din infraregnul Excavata. </p><p>Deoarece Cavalier-Smith permite parafilia, diagrama de mai jos este o „diagramă organizatorică”, nu o „diagramă de ascendență” și nu reprezintă un arbore evolutiv. </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> — include <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> ca parte a subregnului </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> — e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoebozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoebozoa — pagină inexistentă">Amoebozoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanozoa — pagină inexistentă">Choanozoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excavata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excavata — pagină inexistentă">Excavata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> — e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptomonad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptomonad — pagină inexistentă">Cryptomonad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterokonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterokonta — pagină inexistentă">Heterokonta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_brun%C4%83" title="Algă brună">Algă brună</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatomee" title="Diatomee">Diatomee</a> etc.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haptophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haptophyta — pagină inexistentă">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> — e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaucophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glaucophyte — pagină inexistentă">Glaucophyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Algă roșie">Algă roșie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_verde" title="Algă verde">Algă verde</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embryophyte — pagină inexistentă">Embryophyte</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Șapte_regnuri"><span id=".C8.98apte_regnuri"></span>Șapte regnuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Șapte regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Șapte regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavalier-Smith și colaboratorii săi și-au revizuit clasificarea în 2015. În această schemă au reintrodus împărțirea procariotelor în două regnuri, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (= Eubacteria) și <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (= Archaebacteria). Acest lucru se bazează pe consensul în schema taxonomică a Bacteria și Archaea (TOBA) și în Catalogul vieții.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Viață </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Domeniul <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> — ex. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoebozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoebozoa — pagină inexistentă">Amoebozoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanozoa — pagină inexistentă">Choanozoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excavata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excavata — pagină inexistentă">Excavata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> — ex. <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptomonad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptomonad — pagină inexistentă">Cryptomonad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterokonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterokonta — pagină inexistentă">Heterokonta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_brun%C4%83" title="Algă brună">Algă brună</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatomee" title="Diatomee">Diatomee</a> etc.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haptophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haptophyta — pagină inexistentă">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> — ex. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaucophyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glaucophyte — pagină inexistentă">Glaucophyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Algă roșie">Algă roșie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_verde" title="Algă verde">Algă verde</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embryophyta — pagină inexistentă">Embryophyta</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Regnul <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rezumat">Rezumat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rezumat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Rezumat"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-left: 0.5em; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a><br />1735<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1735-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a><br />1866<sup id="cite_ref-Haeckel_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeckel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Chatton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Chatton — pagină inexistentă">Chatton</a><br />1925<sup id="cite_ref-Chatton1925_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton1925-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chatton_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Copeland — pagină inexistentă">Copeland</a><br />1938<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1938_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1938-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1956_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1956-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whittaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Whittaker — pagină inexistentă">Whittaker</a><br />1969<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1969_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1969-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a> <i>et al</i>.<br />1977<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977b_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Woese <i>et al.</i><br />1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cavalier-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith — pagină inexistentă">Cavalier-Smith</a><br />1993<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Cavalier-Smith<br />1998<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20031978_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20031978-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Ruggiero <i>et al.</i><br />2015<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><i>(netratat)</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><i>(netratat)</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 domenii </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 domenii </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 domenii </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 domenii </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 domenii </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 domenii </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 domenii </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 domenii </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 regnuri </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 regnuri </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><i>(netratat)</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">4 regnuri </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">5 regnuri </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">6 regnuri </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><i>(netratat)</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">8 regnuri </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">6 regnuri </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">7 regnuri </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 4px;"><i>(netratat)</i> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eucarya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:PeachPuff; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archezoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archezoa — pagină inexistentă">Archezoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetabilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetabilia">Vegetabilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Clasificarea vieții la nivel de regn este încă utilizată pe scară largă ca mod util de grupare a organismelor, în ciuda unor probleme cu această abordare: </p> <ul><li>Regnurile, cum ar fi Protozoa, reprezintă grade evoluționare mai degrabă decât <a href="/wiki/Clad%C4%83" title="Cladă">clade</a> și astfel sunt respinse de sistemele de <a href="/wiki/Cladistic%C4%83" title="Cladistică">clasificare filogenetică</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Cele mai recente cercetări nu acceptă clasificarea eucariotelor în nici unul dintre sistemele standard. În aprilie 2010 se considera că nici un set de regnuri nu este suficient susținut de cercetare pentru a obține o acceptare pe scară largă. În 2009, Andrew Roger și Alastair Simpson au subliniat necesitatea diligenței în analiza noilor descoperiri: „Cu ritmul actual de schimbare în înțelegerea arborelui eucariot al vieții, ar trebui să procedăm cu prudență”.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Azureus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Azureus.png/28px-Azureus.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Azureus.png/42px-Azureus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Azureus.png/56px-Azureus.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologie" title="Portal:Biologie">Portal Biologie </a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladistic%C4%83" title="Cladistică">Cladistică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filogenie" title="Filogenie">Filogenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Compared to the version Cavalier-Smith published in 2004, the alveolates and the rhizarians have been moved from Kingdom Protozoa to Kingdom Chromista.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Linnaeus, C. (<time datetime="1735">1735</time>). <i>Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systemae+Naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae%2C+systematics+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera+%26+species&rft.date=1735&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <cite class="citation conference">McNeill, J.; et al., ed. (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006231936/http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm"><i>International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005</i></a> (ed. electronic). Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-10-06">6 octombrie 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-02-20">20 februarie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+%28Vienna+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Seventeenth+International+Botanical+Congress%2C+Vienna%2C+Austria%2C+July+2005&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibot.sav.sk%2Ficbn%2Fmain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">,<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/no%20frames/0007Ch1Art003.htm">„article 3.1”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=article+3.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibot.sav.sk%2Ficbn%2Fno%2520frames%2F0007Ch1Art003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese, C.R.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.L. (<time datetime="1990">1990</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">„Towards a natural systs: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744">2112744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+systs%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-9&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O.&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+M.L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, T. (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">„A revised six-kingdom system of life”</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 203–66. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012">9809012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-66&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9809012&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Singer, Charles J. (<time datetime="1931">1931</time>). <i>A short history of biology, a general introduction to the study of living things</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1197036">1197036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+biology%2C+a+general+introduction+to+the+study+of+living+things&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1197036&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scamardella1999-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scamardella1999_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scamardella, Joseph M. (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). „Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista”. <i>International Microbiology</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 207–16. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10943416">10943416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Not+plants+or+animals%3A+a+brief+history+of+the+origin+of+Kingdoms+Protozoa%2C+Protista+and+Protoctista&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=207-16&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10943416&rft.aulast=Scamardella&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sapp2005-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sapp2005_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sapp2005_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sapp2005_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sapp, J. (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1197417">„The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 292–305. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.2.292-305.2005">10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1197417">1197417</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944457">15944457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Prokaryote-Eukaryote+Dichotomy%3A+Meanings+and+Mythology&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-305&rft.date=2005&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1197417&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15944457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.69.2.292-305.2005&rft.aulast=Sapp&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1197417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanier-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanier_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stanier, R.Y.; Van Neil, C.B. (<time datetime="1962">1962</time>). „The concept of a bacterium”. <i>Archiv für Mikrobiologie</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 17–35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00425185">10.1007/BF00425185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13916221">13916221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Mikrobiologie&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+a+bacterium&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-35&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00425185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13916221&rft.aulast=Stanier&rft.aufirst=R.Y.&rft.au=Van+Neil%2C+C.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Whittaker, R.H. (ianuarie 1969). „New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms”. <i>Science</i>. <b>163</b> (3863): 150–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...163..150W">1969Sci...163..150W</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.403.5430">10.1.1.403.5430</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150">10.1126/science.163.3863.150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5762760">5762760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=New+concepts+of+kingdoms+or+organisms.+Evolutionary+relations+are+better+represented+by+new+classifications+than+by+the+traditional+two+kingdoms&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3863&rft.pages=150-60&rft.date=1969-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.403.5430&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5762760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...163..150W&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael J. (<time datetime="2009-03-19">19 martie 2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C"><i>Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780080920146" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780080920146">9780080920146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+and+Domains%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+Phyla+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft.isbn=9780080920146&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IWaqAOGyt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emily_Case-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emily_Case_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emily_Case_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Case, Emily (<time datetime="2008-10-01">1 octombrie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ813862">„Teaching Taxonomy: How Many Kingdoms?”</a>. <i>American Biology Teacher</i> (în engleză). pp. 472–477<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-07-28">28 iulie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Biology+Teacher&rft.atitle=Teaching+Taxonomy%3A+How+Many+Kingdoms%3F&rft.pages=472-477&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DEJ813862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Palmer, E. Laurence; Fowler, Seymour H (ianuarie 1975). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldbookofnatur00palm"><i>Fieldbook of Natural History</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Necesită înregistrare gratuită"><img alt="Necesită înregistrare gratuită" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (ed. 2nd). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-070-48425-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-070-48425-2">978-0-070-48425-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fieldbook+of+Natural+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1975-01&rft.isbn=978-0-070-48425-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=E.+Laurence&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Seymour+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldbookofnatur00palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, C.R.; Woese, C.R. (august 1977). „An ancient divergence among the bacteria”. <i>J. Mol. Evol</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 305–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977JMolE...9..305B">1977JMolE...9..305B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01796092">10.1007/BF01796092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/408502">408502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Evol.&rft.atitle=An+ancient+divergence+among+the+bacteria&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-11&rft.date=1977-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F408502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01796092&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977JMolE...9..305B&rft.aulast=Balch&rft.aufirst=W.E.&rft.au=Magrum%2C+L.J.&rft.au=Fox%2C+G.E.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+C.R.&rft.au=Woese%2C+C.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510010016/http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm">„The Six Kingdoms”</a>. <i>www.ric.edu</i>. Rhode Island College. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/index.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2021-05-10">10 mai 2021</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-07-25">25 iulie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ric.edu&rft.atitle=The+Six+Kingdoms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ric.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fptiskus%2Fsix_kingdoms%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2015-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2015_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (<time datetime="2015">2015</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">„A higher level classification of all living organisms”</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (4): e0119248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1019248R">2015PLoSO..1019248R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248">10.1371/journal.pone.0119248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">4418965</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923521">25923521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+higher+level+classification+of+all+living+organisms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0119248&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25923521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1019248R&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Dennis+P.&rft.au=Orrell%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Bourgoin%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Brusca%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Guiry%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Thuesen%2C+Erik+V.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (<time datetime="1987-03-26">26 martie 1987</time>). „Eucaryotes with no mitochondria”. <i>Nature</i>. <b>326</b> (6111): 332–333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.326..332C">1987Natur.326..332C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F326332a0">10.1038/326332a0</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3561476">3561476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Eucaryotes+with+no+mitochondria&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=6111&rft.pages=332-333&rft.date=1987-03-26&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3561476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F326332a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Natur.326..332C&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Poole, Anthony; Penny, David (<time datetime="2007-06-21">21 iunie 2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162409/http://www.cecm.usp.br/~cewinter/aulas/artigos/2007/eukarya_orig.pdf">„Engulfed by speculation”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>447</b> (7147): 913. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F447913a">10.1038/447913a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17581566">17581566</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cecm.usp.br/~cewinter/aulas/artigos/2007/eukarya_orig.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2011-07-06">6 iulie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-03-15">15 martie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Engulfed+by+speculation&rft.volume=447&rft.issue=7147&rft.pages=913&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F447913a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17581566&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Penny%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecm.usp.br%2F~cewinter%2Faulas%2Fartigos%2F2007%2Feukarya_orig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CavalierSmith2009-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CavalierSmith2009_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880060">„Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree”</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 342–345. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880060">2880060</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031978">20031978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+Protozoa+and+Chromista+and+the+eozoan+root+of+the+eukaryotic+tree&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=342-345&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880060&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20031978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, T. (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/cavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf">„Only six kingdoms of life”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B</i>. <b>271</b> (1545): 1251–1262. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705">10.1098/rspb.2004.2705</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691724">1691724</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306349">15306349</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-04-29">29 aprilie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&rft.atitle=Only+six+kingdoms+of+life&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=1545&rft.pages=1251-1262&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691724&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15306349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cladocera.de%2Fprotozoa%2Fcavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DagenEtAl2010-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dagan, T.; Roettger, M.; Bryant; Martin, W. (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997548">„Genome Networks Root the Tree of Life between Prokaryotic Domains”</a>. <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>2</b>: 379–92. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevq025">10.1093/gbe/evq025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997548">2997548</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624742">20624742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genome+Networks+Root+the+Tree+of+Life+between+Prokaryotic+Domains&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=379-92&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2997548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20624742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevq025&rft.aulast=Dagan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Roettger%2C+M.&rft.au=Bryant&rft.au=Martin%2C+W.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2997548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeus1735-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Linnaeus, C. (<time datetime="1735">1735</time>). <i>Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systemae+Naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae%2C+systematics+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera+%26+species&rft.date=1735&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haeckel-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haeckel_23-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haeckel, E. (<time datetime="1866">1866</time>). <i>Generelle Morphologie der Organismen</i>. Reimer, Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generelle+Morphologie+der+Organismen&rft.pub=Reimer%2C+Berlin&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatton1925-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatton1925_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chatton, É. (<time datetime="1925">1925</time>). „<i>Pansporella perplexa</i>. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires”. <i>Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale</i>. 10-VII: 1–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Sciences+Naturelles+-+Zoologie+et+Biologie+Animale&rft.atitle=Pansporella+perplexa.+R%C3%A9flexions+sur+la+biologie+et+la+phylog%C3%A9nie+des+protozoaires&rft.volume=10-VII&rft.pages=1-84&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Chatton&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatton-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatton_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chatton, É. (<time datetime="1937">1937</time>). <i>Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937)</i>. Sette, Sottano, Italy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titres+et+Travaux+Scientifiques+%281906%E2%80%931937%29&rft.pub=Sette%2C+Sottano%2C+Italy&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Chatton&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland1938-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland1938_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Copeland, H. (<time datetime="1938">1938</time>). „The kingdoms of organisms”. <i>Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>13</b>: 383–420. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F394568">10.1086/394568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+kingdoms+of+organisms&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=383-420&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F394568&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland1956-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland1956_27-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Copeland, H. F. (<time datetime="1956">1956</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/classificationof00cope#page/6/mode/2up"><i>The Classification of Lower Organisms</i></a>. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.4474">10.5962/bhl.title.4474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classification+of+Lower+Organisms&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Pacific+Books&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.4474&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fclassificationof00cope%23page%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker1969-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker1969_28-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Whittaker, R. H. (ianuarie 1969). „New concepts of kingdoms of organisms”. <i>Science</i>. <b>163</b> (3863): 150–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...163..150W">1969Sci...163..150W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150">10.1126/science.163.3863.150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5762760">5762760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=New+concepts+of+kingdoms+of+organisms&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3863&rft.pages=150-60&rft.date=1969-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5762760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...163..150W&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1977-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977_29-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S. (august 1977). „An ancient divergence among the bacteria”. <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 305–311. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977JMolE...9..305B">1977JMolE...9..305B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01796092">10.1007/BF01796092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/408502">408502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=An+ancient+divergence+among+the+bacteria&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-311&rft.date=1977-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F408502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01796092&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977JMolE...9..305B&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Balch%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Magrum%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Fox%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1977b-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977b_30-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese, C. R.; Fox, G. E. (noiembrie 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC432104">„Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>74</b> (11): 5088–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PNAS...74.5088W">1977PNAS...74.5088W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.74.11.5088">10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC432104">432104</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/270744">270744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+structure+of+the+prokaryotic+domain%3A+the+primary+kingdoms&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=5088-90&rft.date=1977-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC432104&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F270744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.74.11.5088&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977PNAS...74.5088W&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Fox%2C+G.+E.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC432104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1990-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woese1990_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (<time datetime="1990">1990</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">„Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744">2112744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya.&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-9&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O.&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F87%2F12%2F4576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, T. (<time datetime="1981">1981</time>). „Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?”. <i>Bio Systems</i>. <b>14</b> (3–4): 461–481. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0303-2647%2881%2990050-2">10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7337818">7337818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bio+Systems&rft.atitle=Eukaryote+kingdoms%3A+seven+or+nine%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=461-481&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0303-2647%2881%2990050-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7337818&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, T. (<time datetime="1992">1992</time>). „Origins of secondary metabolism”. <i>Ciba Foundation symposium</i>. <b>171</b>: 64–80; discussion 80–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1302186">1302186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ciba+Foundation+symposium&rft.atitle=Origins+of+secondary+metabolism&rft.volume=171&rft.pages=64-80%3B+discussion+80-7&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1302186&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, T. (<time datetime="1993">1993</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372943">„Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla”</a>. <i>Microbiological reviews</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 953–994. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmmbr.57.4.953-994.1993">10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372943">372943</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8302218">8302218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiological+reviews&rft.atitle=Kingdom+protozoa+and+its+18+phyla&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=953-994&rft.date=1993&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372943&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8302218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fmmbr.57.4.953-994.1993&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith1998" class="citation">Cavalier-Smith, T. (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">„A revised six-kingdom system of life”</a>, <i>Biological Reviews</i>, <b>73</b> (03): 203–66, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012">9809012</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=03&rft.pages=203-66&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9809012&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith2004" class="citation">Cavalier-Smith, T. (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/cavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf">„Only six kingdoms of life”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>, <b>271</b>: 1251–62, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705">10.1098/rspb.2004.2705</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691724">1691724</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306349">15306349</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2010-04-29">29 aprilie 2010</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Only+six+kingdoms+of+life&rft.volume=271&rft.pages=1251-62&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691724&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15306349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cladocera.de%2Fprotozoa%2Fcavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20031978-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20031978_37-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith T (iunie 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20031978">„Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree”</a>. <i>Biol. Lett</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 342–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880060">2880060</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031978">20031978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+Protozoa+and+Chromista+and+the+eozoan+root+of+the+eukaryotic+tree&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=342-5&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880060&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20031978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D20031978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (<time datetime="2015">2015</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">„A higher level classification of all living organisms”</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (4): e0119248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1019248R">2015PLoSO..1019248R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248">10.1371/journal.pone.0119248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">4418965</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923521">25923521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+higher+level+classification+of+all+living+organisms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0119248&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25923521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1019248R&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Dennis+P.&rft.au=Orrell%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Bourgoin%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Brusca%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Guiry%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Thuesen%2C+Erik+V.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roger, A.J.; Simpson, A.G.B. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). „Evolution: Revisiting the Root of the Eukaryote Tree”. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (4): R165–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.12.032">10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19243692">19243692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolution%3A+Revisiting+the+Root+of+the+Eukaryote+Tree&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=R165-7&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.12.032&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19243692&rft.aulast=Roger&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+A.G.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegn" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trfeb98.htm">The five kingdom concept</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219132920/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trfeb98.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-02-19">19 februarie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.manhattan.edu/~frances.cardillo/plants/intro/plntlist.html">Whittaker's classification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105094632/http://home.manhattan.edu/~frances.cardillo/plants/intro/plntlist.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-01-05">5 ianuarie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="width:70%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Taxonomie" title="Format:Taxonomie"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Taxonomie" title="Discuție Format:Taxonomie"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Taxonomie&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Unități taxonomice</span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie)">Supraregn</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subregn" title="Subregn">Subregn</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infraregn_(biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infraregn (biologie) — pagină inexistentă">Infraregn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supra%C3%AEncreng%C4%83tur%C4%83_(biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supraîncrengătură (biologie) — pagină inexistentă">Supraîncrengătură</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">Încrengătură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sub%C3%AEncreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Subîncrengătură">Subîncrengătură</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infra%C3%AEncreng%C4%83tur%C4%83_(biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infraîncrengătură (biologie) — pagină inexistentă">Infraîncrengătură</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supraclas%C4%83_(biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supraclasă (biologie) — pagină inexistentă">Supraclasă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Clas%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Clasă (biologie)">Clasă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subclas%C4%83" title="Subclasă">Subclasă</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infraclas%C4%83_(biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infraclasă (biologie) — pagină inexistentă">Infraclasă</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Supraordin_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraordin (biologie)">Supraordin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ordin_(biologie)" title="Ordin (biologie)">Ordin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subordin_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordin (biologie)">Subordin</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infraordin_(biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infraordin (biologie) — pagină inexistentă">Infraordin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Suprafamilie_(biologie)" title="Suprafamilie (biologie)">Suprafamilie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Familie_(biologie)" title="Familie (biologie)">Familie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subfamilie_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamilie (biologie)">Subfamilie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Trib_(biologie)" title="Trib (biologie)">Trib</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gen_(biologie)" title="Gen (biologie)">Gen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subgen" title="Subgen">Subgen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Specie_(biologie)" title="Specie (biologie)">Specie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subspecie_(biologie)" title="Subspecie (biologie)">Subspecie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ras%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Rasă (biologie)">Rasă</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Form%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Formă (biologie)">Formă</a></div>  </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><div> <p><b>Terminologie:</b>  <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomie</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Rang_taxonomic" title="Rang taxonomic">Rang taxonomic</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatur%C4%83_binar%C4%83" title="Nomenclatură binară">Nomenclatură binară</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Nume_binomial" title="Nume binomial">Nume binomial</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Clasificare_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Clasificare științifică">Clasificare științifică</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Clasificare_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83#Sufixele_folosite_în_denumirea_latină_a_taxonilor" title="Clasificare științifică">Sufixe latine</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Arbore_filogenetic" title="Arbore filogenetic">Arbore filogenetic</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Clad%C4%83" title="Cladă">Cladă</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Cladistic%C4%83" title="Cladistică">Cladistică</a>  </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regn&oldid=16203613">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regn&oldid=16203613</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Regnuri" title="Categorie:Regnuri">Regnuri</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_cu_surse_%C3%AEn_limba_englez%C4%83_(en)" title="Categorie:Articole cu surse în limba engleză (en)">Articole cu surse în limba engleză (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_note_flexibile_de_dimensiune_diferit%C4%83" title="Categorie:Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune diferită">Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune diferită</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categorie:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 11 aprilie 2024, ora 06:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. Vedeți detalii la <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Termenii de utilizare</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Politica de confidențialitate</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Despre">Despre Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Termeni">Termeni</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod de conduită</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dezvoltatori</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ro.wikipedia.org">Statistici</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declarație cookie</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ro.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regn&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versiune mobilă</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-mkjq9","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.516","walltime":"0.596","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3649,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":212355,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7671,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":249818,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 486.766 1 -total"," 69.84% 339.947 47 Format:CladeN"," 51.31% 249.758 2 Format:Reflist"," 18.71% 91.095 25 Format:Cite_journal"," 16.55% 80.546 8 Format:Cite_book"," 8.67% 42.191 1 Format:Taxonomie"," 8.13% 39.587 1 Format:Casetă_de_navigare_simplă"," 7.37% 35.889 1 Format:Clasificare_completă_a_regnurilor"," 2.75% 13.403 3 Format:Cite_web"," 2.15% 10.444 2 Format:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.244","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3001466,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-btx67","timestamp":"20241128124406","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Regn","url":"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regn","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36732","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36732","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-11-16T19:05:20Z","dateModified":"2024-04-11T04:01:25Z","headline":"rang taxonomic"}</script> </body> </html>