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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Member states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SADC_FTA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SADC_FTA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>SADC FTA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SADC_FTA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_facing_member_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_facing_member_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Challenges facing member countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_facing_member_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_decision-making_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_decision-making_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Structure and decision-making procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_decision-making_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Leaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chairmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Chairmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_Secretaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_Secretaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Executive Secretaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_Secretaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_regional_blocs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_regional_blocs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Comparison with other regional blocs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_regional_blocs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern African Development Community</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap" title="Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="مجموعة تنمية الجنوب الإفريقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة تنمية الجنوب الإفريقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunid%C3%A1_de_Desenvolvimientu_d%27%C3%81frica_Austral" title="Comunidá de Desenvolvimientu d'África Austral – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comunidá de Desenvolvimientu d'África Austral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Afrika_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf_Birliyi" title="Cənubi Afrika İnkişaf Birliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Afrika İnkişaf Birliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D2%AB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Көньяҡ Африка үҫеше берләшмәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ Африка үҫеше берләшмәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Садружнасць Развіцця краін Паўднёвай Афрыкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Садружнасць Развіцця краін Паўднёвай Афрыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Общност за развитие на държавите от Южна Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Общност за развитие на държавите от Южна Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitat_pel_Desenvolupament_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%80frica_del_Sud" title="Comunitat pel Desenvolupament de l’Àfrica del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunitat pel Desenvolupament de l’Àfrica del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihoafrick%C3%A9_rozvojov%C3%A9_spole%C4%8Denstv%C3%AD" title="Jihoafrické rozvojové společenství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jihoafrické rozvojové společenství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC" title="SADC – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="SADC" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Southern African Development Community" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entwicklungsgemeinschaft_des_s%C3%BCdlichen_Afrika" title="Entwicklungsgemeinschaft des südlichen Afrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entwicklungsgemeinschaft des südlichen Afrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Aafrika_Arengu%C3%BChendus" title="Lõuna-Aafrika Arenguühendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Aafrika Arenguühendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad_de_Desarrollo_de_%C3%81frica_Austral" title="Comunidad de Desarrollo de África Austral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad de Desarrollo de África Austral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Afrika_Disvolvi%C4%9Da_Komunumo" title="Sud-Afrika Disvolviĝa Komunumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Afrika Disvolviĝa Komunumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Australaren_Garapenerako_Komunitatea" title="Afrika Australaren Garapenerako Komunitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afrika Australaren Garapenerako Komunitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جامعه توسعه جنوب آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه توسعه جنوب آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_d%27Afrique_australe" title="Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4" title="남아프리카 개발 공동체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남아프리카 개발 공동체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEnoafri%C4%8Dka_razvojna_zajednica" title="Južnoafrička razvojna zajednica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južnoafrička razvojna zajednica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitas_Pembangunan_Afrika_Selatan" title="Komunitas Pembangunan Afrika Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunitas Pembangunan Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_di_sviluppo_dell%27Africa_meridionale" title="Comunità di sviluppo dell'Africa meridionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunità di sviluppo dell'Africa meridionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango_Ugamije_Iterambere_ry%E2%80%99Afurika_y%E2%80%99amajyepfo" title="Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumuiya_ya_Maendeleo_Kusini_mwa_Afrika" title="Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrikos_pl%C4%97tros_bendrija" title="Pietų Afrikos plėtros bendrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Afrikos plėtros bendrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Southern African Development Community" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuniti_Pembangunan_Afrika_Selatan" title="Komuniti Pembangunan Afrika Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komuniti Pembangunan Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontwikkelingsgemeenschap_van_Zuidelijk_Afrika" title="Ontwikkelingsgemeenschap van Zuidelijk Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontwikkelingsgemeenschap van Zuidelijk Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="南部アフリカ開発共同体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南部アフリカ開発共同体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarbeidsorganisasjonen_for_det_s%C3%B8rlige_Afrika" title="Samarbeidsorganisasjonen for det sørlige Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samarbeidsorganisasjonen for det sørlige Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="جنوبی افریقی ترقیاتی کمیونٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی افریقی ترقیاتی کمیونٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3lnota_Rozwoju_Afryki_Po%C5%82udniowej" title="Wspólnota Rozwoju Afryki Południowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wspólnota Rozwoju Afryki Południowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_de_Desenvolvimento_da_%C3%81frica_Austral" title="Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сообщество развития Юга Африки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сообщество развития Юга Африки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Southern African Development Community" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C5%A1haba_sa_Tlhabololo_sa_Afrika_Borwa" title="Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Afrika Borwa – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Afrika Borwa" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEnoafri%C4%8Dka_razvojna_zajednica" title="Južnoafrička razvojna zajednica – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Južnoafrička razvojna zajednica" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" title="Citakan:Southern African Development Community (SADC) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Citakan:Southern African Development Community (SADC)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4isen_Afrikan_kehitysyhteis%C3%B6" title="Eteläisen Afrikan kehitysyhteisö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eteläisen Afrikan kehitysyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Southern African Development Community" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Southern African Development Community</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4 other official names:</div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;font-size:95%;font-weight:normal;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_SADC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of 4 other official names: Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe (French) Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (Portuguese) Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (Afrikaans) Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika (Swahili)"><img alt="Flag of 4 other official names: Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe (French) Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (Portuguese) Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (Afrikaans) Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika (Swahili)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/125px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/188px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/250px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_SADC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of 4 other official names: Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe (French) Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (Portuguese) Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (Afrikaans) Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika (Swahili)"><img alt="Logo of 4 other official names: Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe (French) Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (Portuguese) Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (Afrikaans) Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika (Swahili)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seal_of_the_SADC.svg/95px-Seal_of_the_SADC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seal_of_the_SADC.svg/143px-Seal_of_the_SADC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seal_of_the_SADC.svg/190px-Seal_of_the_SADC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div>Logo</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"Towards a Common Future"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "SADC Anthem"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_African_Development_Community.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Africa indicating SADC (light green) and SADC+SACU (dark green) members"><img alt="Map of Africa indicating SADC (light green) and SADC+SACU (dark green) members" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Southern_African_Development_Community.svg/265px-Southern_African_Development_Community.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Southern_African_Development_Community.svg/398px-Southern_African_Development_Community.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Southern_African_Development_Community.svg/530px-Southern_African_Development_Community.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Africa indicating SADC (light green) and SADC+<a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a> (dark green) members</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>16 states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Leaders</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Summit Chairperson </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Council Chairperson </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Shava" title="Frederick Shava">Frederick Shava</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• SADC PF Chairperson </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mancienne" title="Roger Mancienne">Roger Mancienne</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/SADC_Tribunal" title="SADC Tribunal">SADC Tribunal</a><br /> President </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Disbanded</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Executive Secretary </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Magosi" title="Elias Magosi">Elias Mpedi Magosi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">SADC Parliamentary Forum</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• as <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">SADCC</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1980</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• as SADC </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,672,702<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (3,734,651 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 363,222,621<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2020 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $854.07 billion<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2,353</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 to +4</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int">www<wbr />.sadc<wbr />.int</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Southern African Development Community</b> (<b>SADC</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Inter-governmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-governmental organization">inter-governmental organization</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, Botswana. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SADC's goal is to further regional socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16 countries in southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its primary objectives are development, economic growth, and poverty alleviation, peacekeeping has become increasingly important to the SADC.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of SADC are in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC was the informal <a href="/wiki/Frontline_States" title="Frontline States">Frontline States</a> (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SADCC_flag_(1980-1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SADCC_flag_%281980-1992%29.svg/220px-SADCC_flag_%281980-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SADCC_flag_%281980-1992%29.svg/330px-SADCC_flag_%281980-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SADCC_flag_%281980-1992%29.svg/440px-SADCC_flag_%281980-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the SADCC (1980-1992)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference</a> (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Membership of the FLS and SADCC sometimes differed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17 August 1992, with the adoption by the founding members of SADCC and newly independent <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> of the Windhoek declaration and treaty establishing SADC. The 1992 SADC provided for both socio-economic cooperation and political and security cooperation. In reality, the FLS was dissolved only in 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections. Subsequent efforts to place political and security cooperation on a firm institutional footing under SADC's umbrella failed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was amended. The amendment heralded the overhaul of the structures, policies and procedures of SADC, a process which is ongoing. One of the changes is that political and security cooperation is institutionalised in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS); one of the principal SADC bodies. It is subject to the oversight of the organisation's supreme body, the Summit, which comprises the heads of state or government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The organisation holds its own <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">multi-sport event</a> in the form of the SADC Games, which was first held in 2004 in <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>. Originally planned for an earlier date in Malawi and Lesotho, organisational issues led to abandonment of the plan and the SADC issuing a fine of $100,000 against Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first event in 2004 in Maputo resulted in over 1000 youths under-20 from 10 countries taking part in a sports programme including <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the SADC deployed peacekeepers to the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to counter a rebel threat.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 70">: 70 </span></sup> The deployed troops were supplied by Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p><p>In August 2019 SADC adopted <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> as its fourth working language, alongside English, French and Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiswahili – a lingua franca in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region, other parts of East Africa, and to a lesser degree, parts of Southern Africa – is an official language of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda and of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_states">Member states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Member states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:5em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics of the African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Institutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Conferences_and_Events&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Conferences and Events (page does not exist)">Conference and Events</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Peace_and_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Peace and Security (page does not exist)">Peace & Sec.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Political_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Political Affairs (page does not exist)">Pol. Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)">Infra. & Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Social Affairs (page does not exist)">Soc. Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Human Resources, Science, and Technology (page does not exist)">HR, Sci., & Tech.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Trade_and_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Trade and Industry (page does not exist)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Rural Economy and Agriculture (page does not exist)">Rural Econ. & Agri.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Economic_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Economic Affairs (page does not exist)">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Legal_Counsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Legal Counsel (page does not exist)">Legal Counsel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Rep. Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the Pan-African Parliament (page does not exist)">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fortune_Z._Charumbira" title="Fortune Z. Charumbira">Fortune Z. Charumbira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="List of members of the Pan-African Parliament">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committees_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Permanent Committees of the Pan-African Parliament">Permanent Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Rural_Economy,_Agriculture,_Natural_Resources,_and_Environment" title="Committee on Rural Economy, Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environment">Rural Econ., Agri., Resources, Environ.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Monetary_and_Financial_Affairs" title="Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs">Monetary & Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Trade,_Customs,_and_Immigration_Matters" title="Committee on Trade, Customs, and Immigration Matters">Trade, Customs, & Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Cooperation,_International_Relations,_and_Conflict_Resolution" title="Committee on Cooperation, International Relations, and Conflict Resolution">Cooperation, IR, & Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Transport,_Industry,_Communication,_Energy,_Science,_and_Technology" title="Committee on Transport, Industry, Communication, Energy, Science, and Technology">Transport, Industry, Communication, <br /> Energy, Science, & Tech.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Health,_Labour,_and_Social_Affairs" title="Committee on Health, Labour, and Social Affairs">Health, Labour, & Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Education,_Culture,_Tourism,_and_Human_Resources" title="Committee on Education, Culture, Tourism, and Human Resources">Educ., Culture, Tourism, & HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Gender,_Family,_Youth,_and_People_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on Gender, Family, Youth, and People with Disabilities">Gender, Family, Youth, Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Justice and Human Rights">Justice & Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Rules,_Privileges,_and_Discipline" title="Committee on Rules, Privileges, and Discipline">Rules, Privileges, & Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_on_Audit_and_Public_Accounts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee on Audit and Public Accounts (page does not exist)">Committee on Audit and Public Accounts</a> (CAPA)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Constitutive Act of the AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_law" title="African Union law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">Charter on Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights"> Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="African Court of Justice and Human Rights">Justice and Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">List of judges</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Advisory bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">Economic, Social and Cultural Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialised Technical Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Rural_Economy_and_Agricultural_Matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters (page does not exist)">Rural Econ., Agri.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Monetary_and_Financial_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs (page does not exist)">Monetary & Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Trade,_Customs,_and_Immigration_Matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Trade, Customs, and Immigration Matters (page does not exist)">Trade, Customs, and Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Industry,_Science_and_Technology,_Energy,_Natural_Resources,_and_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Energy, Natural Resources, and Environment (page does not exist)">Industry, Sci. & Tech., Energy, Natural Resources, & Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Transport,_Communications,_and_Tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Transport, Communications, and Tourism (page does not exist)">Transport, Comm., Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Health,_Labor,_and_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Health, Labor, and Social Affairs (page does not exist)">Health, Labor, Social</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Education,_Culture,_and_Human_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Education, Culture, and Human Resources (page does not exist)"> Edu., Culture, & Human Resources</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Financial bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>AEC Pillars (<a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">Abuja Treaty</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">CEN-SAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">ECCAS/CEEAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">CEMAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS/CEDEAO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">UEMOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">WAMZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">IGAD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SADC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">AMU/UMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">African Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">African Peer Review Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development_E-School_Program" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program">New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Decentralised bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_African_Union" title="Agencies of the African Union">Agencies of the AU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afripol" title="Afripol">Afripol</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrafrica_partnership" title="Terrafrica partnership">TerrAfrica partnership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Template:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2022, the SADC has a total of 16 <a href="/wiki/Member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states">member states</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption> Member states surface area and populations<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th rowspan="2">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th rowspan="2">Population (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">GDP (USD) </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes on Membership </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total (billions)<sup id="cite_ref-GDPnom_IMF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDPnom_IMF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Per Capita<sup id="cite_ref-GDPnom_IMF_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDPnom_IMF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td>1,246,700 </td> <td>32,866,268 </td> <td>$124.86 </td> <td>$3,792.75 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td>582,000 </td> <td>2,351,625 </td> <td>$18.42 </td> <td>$7,519.2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,235 </td> <td>869,595 </td> <td>$1.31 </td> <td>$1,371.02 </td> <td align="left">The Union of Comoros was admitted into SADC at the 37th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Pretoria, South Africa in 2017, bringing the total number of Member States to 16.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> </td> <td>2,344,858 </td> <td>89,561,404 </td> <td>$64.79 </td> <td>$669.36 </td> <td align="left">Since 8 September 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </td> <td>17,363 </td> <td>1,160,164 </td> <td>$4.65 </td> <td>$4,035.54 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td>30,355 </td> <td>2,142,252 </td> <td>$2.56 </td> <td>$1,212.57 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td>587,295 </td> <td>27,691,019 </td> <td>$14.61 </td> <td>$504.31 </td> <td align="left">Admitted on 18 August 2005. Membership reinstated on 30 January 2014<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after an <a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">imposed suspension in 2009</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td>118,484 </td> <td>19,129,955 </td> <td>$12.04 </td> <td>$545.06 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>1,969 </td> <td>1,265,740 </td> <td>$11.26 </td> <td>$8,892.11 </td> <td align="left">Since 28 August 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td>801,590 </td> <td>31,255,435 </td> <td>$18.09 </td> <td>$546.71 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td>824,268 </td> <td>2,540,916 </td> <td>$13.01 </td> <td>$5,016.17 </td> <td align="left">Since 21 March 1990 (since independence) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </td> <td>456 </td> <td>98,462 </td> <td>$1.75 </td> <td>$17,693.00 </td> <td align="left">Also previously a member of SADC from 8 September 1997 until 1 July 2004 then joined again in 2008. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>1,221,037 </td> <td>59,308,690 </td> <td>$426.17 </td> <td>$6,979.44 </td> <td align="left">Since 30 August 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>947,303 </td> <td>59,734,213 </td> <td>$77.51 </td> <td>$1,260.06 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td>752,612 </td> <td>18,383,956 </td> <td>$26.66 </td> <td>$1,330.37 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td>390,757 </td> <td>14,862,927 </td> <td>$36.38 </td> <td>$2,300.56 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> has requested to join.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocols">Protocols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SADC has 27 legally binding protocols dealing with issues such as Defence, Development, Illicit Drug Trade, Free Trade and Movement of People.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/Protocol_on_Energy1996.pdf">Protocol on Energy (1996)</a> – Intended to promote harmonious development of national energy policies. These development strategies set out tangible objectives for SADC and its Member States for infrastructure development in energy and its subsectors of woodfuel, petroleum and natural gas, electricity, coal, renewable energy, and energy efficiency and conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protocol on Gender and Development – Member states are urged to accelerate implementation efforts towards the achievements of concrete and transformative changes in the lives of women and girls in the region. H.E. President Mutharika also expressed concern on the escalating incidents of gender based violence in the region, especially those perpetrated against women and girls, and used this occasion to sign a commitment to end child marriages, as part of the AU campaign to end Child Marriages in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (2001) – Intended to foster regional security and defence cooperation, promote peace, political stability and conflict-management. The protocol initiated also an institutional reform of the SADC's Organ for Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SADC_FTA">SADC FTA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SADC FTA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SADC <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Trade Area">Free Trade Area</a> was established in August 2008, after the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000 laid the foundation for its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its original members were <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states, only <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> are not yet participating, however Angolan trade minister Joffre Van-Dúnen Júnior said in Luanda that his ministry is working to create conditions for Angola's accession to the SADC Free Trade Area in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SADC-Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with their inherent extra-regional freetrade regimes provided for several SADC members more benefits than deeper regional market integration within the framework of a SADC-Customs Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and implement different Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union, the chance to establish a SADC-wide <a href="/wiki/Common_external_tariff" title="Common external tariff">common external tariff</a> as prerequisite for a regional customs union is missed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Wednesday 22 October 2008, SADC joined with the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/African_Free_Trade_Zone" title="African Free Trade Zone">African Free Trade Zone</a>, including all members of each of the organizations. The leaders of the three trading blocs agreed to create a single free trade zone, the African Free Trade Zone, consisting of 26 countries with a GDP of an estimated $624bn (£382.9bn). It is hoped the African Free Trade Zone agreement would ease access to markets within the zone and end problems arising from the fact that several of the member countries belong to multiple groups.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The African Free Trade Zone effective has been more than a hundred years in the making—a trade zone spanning the whole African continent from <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Red_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape to Cairo Red Line">Cape to Cairo</a> and envisioned by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> and other British imperialists in the 1890s. The only difference is that the African Free Trade Zone is the creation of independent African Countries. The idea is a free trade zone spanning the whole continent from the Cape to Cairo (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>). </p><p>In addition to eliminating duplicative membership and the problem member states also participating in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine each other, the African Free Trade Zone further aims to strengthen the bloc's bargaining power when negotiating international deals. </p><p>Pursuant to the SADC goal of more integration, Botswana and Namibia signed an agreement in February 2023 allowing citizens to travel between the two countries using only identity cards, with passports no longer being needed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botswana has held talks with Zimbabwe to achieve a similar deal, and expects to open talks with Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_facing_member_countries">Challenges facing member countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Challenges facing member countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SADC countries face many social, development, economic, trade, education, health, diplomatic, defence, security and political challenges. Some of these challenges cannot be tackled effectively by individual members. Cattle diseases and organised-crime gangs know no boundaries. War in one country can suck in its neighbours and damage their economies. The sustainable development that trade could bring is threatened by the existence of different product standards and tariff regimes, weak customs infrastructure and bad roads. The socio-economic and political and security cooperation aims of SADC are equally wide-ranging, and intended to address the various common challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One significant challenge is that member states also participate in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine SADC's aims. For example, South Africa and Botswana both belong to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Africa Customs Union">Southern Africa Customs Union</a>, Zambia is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a>, and Tanzania is a member of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>. </p><p>According to Human Rights Watch, "SADC has been criticized for its laxity on making human rights compliance within its member states a priority".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_decision-making_procedures">Structure and decision-making procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure and decision-making procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization has six principal bodies: </p> <ul><li>The Summit, comprising <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">heads of government</a></li> <li>Organ on Politics, Defense and Security</li> <li>Council of Ministers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SADC_Tribunal" title="SADC Tribunal">SADC Tribunal</a></li> <li>SADC National Committees (SNCs)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/secretariat" class="extiw" title="wikt:secretariat">Secretariat</a></li></ul> <p>Except for the Tribunal (based in <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, Namibia), SNCs and Secretariat, decision-making is by consensus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders">Leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairmen">Chairmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chairmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Chairperson</th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></td> <td>2007–2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></td> <td>2008–2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a></td> <td>2009–2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hifikepunye_Pohamba" title="Hifikepunye Pohamba">Hifikepunye Pohamba</a></td> <td>2010–2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eduardo_dos_Santos" title="José Eduardo dos Santos">José Eduardo dos Santos</a></td> <td>2011–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armando_Guebuza" title="Armando Guebuza">Armando Guebuza</a></td> <td>2012–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Banda" title="Joyce Banda">Joyce Banda</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mutharika" title="Peter Mutharika">Peter Mutharika</a></td> <td>2013–31 May 2014 <br /> 31 May–17 August 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></td> <td>2014–17 August 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ian_Khama" title="Ian Khama">Ian Khama</a></td> <td>17 August 2015 – 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Mswati_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mswati III">King Mswati III</a></td> <td>2016–2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></td> <td>2017–2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hage_Geingob" title="Hage Geingob">Hage Geingob</a></td> <td>17 August 2018 – 17 August 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Magufuli" title="John Magufuli">John Magufuli</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>17 August 2019 – 17 August 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Nyusi" title="Filipe Nyusi">Filipe Nyusi</a></td> <td>17 August 2020 – 17 August 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Lazarus Chakwera</a></td> <td>17 August 2021 – 17 August 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></td> <td>17 August 2022 – 17 August 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>17 August 2023 – 17 August 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>17 August 2024 – present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_Secretaries">Executive Secretaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Executive Secretaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 120px;">Country </th> <th>Image</th> <th style="width: 120px;">Name</th> <th style="width: 120px;">Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaire_Mbuende_2000_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kaire_Mbuende_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Kaire_Mbuende_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kaire_Mbuende_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Kaire_Mbuende_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kaire_Mbuende_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Kaire_Mbuende_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></td> <td>1994–2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prega_Ramsamy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prega_Ramsamy_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Prega_Ramsamy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prega_Ramsamy_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Prega_Ramsamy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prega_Ramsamy_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Prega_Ramsamy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></td> <td>2000–2001 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">Acting</a>)</span> <br /> 2001–2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o_2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></td> <td>2005–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Stergomena_Lawrence_Tax_on_12_June_2023_-_(01913108)01913109)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dr._Stergomena_Lawrence_Tax_on_12_June_2023_-_%2801913108%2901913109%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Dr._Stergomena_Lawrence_Tax_on_12_June_2023_-_%2801913108%2901913109%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dr._Stergomena_Lawrence_Tax_on_12_June_2023_-_%2801913108%2901913109%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Dr._Stergomena_Lawrence_Tax_on_12_June_2023_-_%2801913108%2901913109%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dr._Stergomena_Lawrence_Tax_on_12_June_2023_-_%2801913108%2901913109%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Dr._Stergomena_Lawrence_Tax_on_12_June_2023_-_%2801913108%2901913109%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1481" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stergomena_Tax" title="Stergomena Tax">Stergomena Tax</a></td> <td>2013–2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_Magosi_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Elias_Magosi_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Elias_Magosi_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Elias_Magosi_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Elias_Magosi_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Elias_Magosi_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Elias_Magosi_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elias_Magosi" title="Elias Magosi">Elias Magosi</a></td> <td>2021–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_regional_blocs">Comparison with other regional blocs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison with other regional blocs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="6" style="background:#CCF"><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#EEE"> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Pillar regional<br />blocs (REC) </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Area<br /><small>(km²)</small> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Population </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">GDP (PPP) <small>($US)</small> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Member<br />states </th></tr> <tr style="background:#EEE"> <th scope="col"><small>(millions)</small> </th> <th scope="col"><small>(per capita)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC</a> </th> <td data-sort="5449717">5,449,717 </td> <td data-sort="343328958">343,328,958 </td> <td data-sort="737420">737,420 </td> <td data-sort="2149">2,149 </td> <td data-sort="8">8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">ECOWAS/CEDEAO</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC" data-sort="5112903">5,112,903 </td> <td data-sort="349154000">349,154,000 </td> <td style="background:#CFC" data-sort="1322452">1,322,452 </td> <td data-sort="3788">3,788 </td> <td data-sort="15">15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">IGAD</a> </th> <td data-sort="5233604">5,233,604 </td> <td data-sort="294197387">294,197,387 </td> <td data-sort="225049">225,049 </td> <td style="background:#FFC" data-sort="1197">1,197 </td> <td data-sort="7">7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">AMU/UMA</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">4</sup> </th> <td data-sort="6046441">6,046,441 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#FFC" data-sort="106919526">106,919,526 </td> <td data-sort="1299173">1,299,173 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#CFC" data-sort="12628">12,628 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#FFC" data-sort="5">5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">ECCAS/CEEAC</a> </th> <td data-sort="6667421">6,667,421 </td> <td data-sort="218261591">218,261,591 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#FFC" data-sort="175928">175,928 </td> <td data-sort="1451">1,451 </td> <td data-sort="11">11 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SADC</a> </th> <td data-sort="9882959">9,882,959 </td> <td data-sort="394845175">394,845,175 </td> <td data-sort="737392">737,392 </td> <td data-sort="3152">3,152 </td> <td data-sort="15">15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a> </th> <td data-sort="12873957">12,873,957 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#CFC" data-sort="406102471">406,102,471 </td> <td data-sort="735599">735,599 </td> <td data-sort="1811">1,811 </td> <td data-sort="20">20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">CEN-SAD</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">4</sup> </th> <td style="background:#CFC" data-sort="14680111">14,680,111</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#CFC" data-sort="">29 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#CCF"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#CCF">Total <a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">AEC</a> </th> <td data-sort="29910442"><b>29,910,442</b> </td> <td data-sort="853520010"><b>853,520,010</b> </td> <td data-sort="2053706"><b>2,053,706</b> </td> <td data-sort="2406"><b>2,406</b> </td> <td data-sort="54"><b>54</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEE"> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Other regional<br />blocs </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Area<br /><small>(km²)</small> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Population </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">GDP (PPP) <small>($US)</small> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Member<br />states </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEE"> <th scope="col"><small>(millions)</small> </th> <th scope="col"><small>(per capita)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">WAMZ</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">1</sup> </th> <td data-sort="1602991">1,602,991 </td> <td data-sort="264456910">264,456,910 </td> <td data-sort="1551516">1,551,516 </td> <td data-sort="5867">5,867 </td> <td data-sort="6">6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">1</sup> </th> <td data-sort="2693418">2,693,418 </td> <td data-sort="51055878">51,055,878 </td> <td data-sort="541433">541,433 </td> <td data-sort="10605">10,605 </td> <td data-sort="5">5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">CEMAC</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">2</sup> </th> <td data-sort="3020142">3,020,142 </td> <td data-sort="34970529">34,970,529 </td> <td data-sort="85136">85,136 </td> <td data-sort="2435">2,435 </td> <td data-sort="6">6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">UEMOA</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">1</sup> </th> <td data-sort="3505375">3,505,375 </td> <td data-sort="80865222">80,865,222 </td> <td data-sort="101640">101,640 </td> <td data-sort="1257">1,257 </td> <td data-sort="8">8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">UMA</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">2</sup> <sup style="line-height:normal">4</sup> </th> <td data-sort="5782140">5,782,140 </td> <td data-sort="84185073">84,185,073 </td> <td data-sort="491276">491,276 </td> <td data-sort="5836">5,836 </td> <td data-sort="5">5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arab_Economic_Unity#Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" title="Council of Arab Economic Unity">GAFTA</a> <sup style="line-height:normal">3</sup> <sup style="line-height:normal">4</sup> </th> <td data-sort="5876960">5,876,960 </td> <td data-sort="1662596">1,662,596 </td> <td data-sort="6355">6,355 </td> <td data-sort="3822">3,822 </td> <td data-sort="5">5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">AES</a> <sup style="line-height:normal"></sup> <sup style="line-height:normal"></sup> </th> <td data-sort="5782140">2,780,159 </td> <td data-sort="84185073">71,374,000 </td> <td data-sort="491276">179,347 </td> <td data-sort="5836"> </td> <td data-sort="5">3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEE"> <td scope="col" colspan="6" style="text-align:left"><div>During 2004. Sources: <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> 2005, IMF WEO Database.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Smallest value among the blocs compared.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CFC; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Largest value among the blocs compared.</div> <div><sup style="line-height:normal">1</sup>: Economic bloc inside a pillar REC.</div> <div><sup style="line-height:normal">2</sup>: Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation.</div> <div><sup style="line-height:normal">3</sup>: Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures.</div> <div style="max-width:36em"><sup style="line-height:normal">4</sup>: The area 446,550 km<sup>2</sup> used for <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km<sup>2</sup> would include the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (claimed as the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>). Morocco also claims <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, making up about 22.8 km<sup>2</sup> (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.</div> <div style="text-align:center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Economic_Community" title="Template:African Economic Community"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Economic_Community" title="Template talk:African Economic Community"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Economic_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Economic Community"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_Mission_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique">Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique</a> (SAMIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a> (COMESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</a> (ECCAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a> (SACU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_blocs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trade blocs">List of trade blocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of Origin">Rules of Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_access" title="Market access">Market access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade area">Free-trade area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">Tariffs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=ZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW">"Land area (sq. km) - South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Eswatini, Angola, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe"</a>. World Bank. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324234332/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=ZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+area+%28sq.+km%29+-+South+Africa%2C+Botswana%2C+Lesotho%2C+Namibia%2C+Eswatini%2C+Angola%2C+Comoros%2C+Congo%2C+Dem.+Rep.%2C+Madagascar%2C+Malawi%2C+Mauritius%2C+Mozambique%2C+Seychelles%2C+Tanzania%2C+Zambia%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FAG.LND.TOTL.K2%3Flocations%3DZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW">"Population, total - South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Eswatini, Angola, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe"</a>. World Bank. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325064021/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+total+-+South+Africa%2C+Botswana%2C+Lesotho%2C+Namibia%2C+Eswatini%2C+Angola%2C+Comoros%2C+Congo%2C+Dem.+Rep.%2C+Madagascar%2C+Malawi%2C+Mauritius%2C+Mozambique%2C+Seychelles%2C+Tanzania%2C+Zambia%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.POP.TOTL%3Flocations%3DZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW">"GDP (current US$) - South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Eswatini, Angola, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe"</a>. World Bank. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325054448/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+%28current+US%24%29+-+South+Africa%2C+Botswana%2C+Lesotho%2C+Namibia%2C+Eswatini%2C+Angola%2C+Comoros%2C+Congo%2C+Dem.+Rep.%2C+Madagascar%2C+Malawi%2C+Mauritius%2C+Mozambique%2C+Seychelles%2C+Tanzania%2C+Zambia%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%3Flocations%3DZA-BW-LS-NA-SZ-AO-KM-CD-MG-MW-MU-MZ-SC-TZ-ZM-ZW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchenoni2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schenoni, Luis L. (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstreams/6e66974e-dffd-49c5-be03-79913fbbeb19/download">"The Southern African unipolarity"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary African Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02589001.2017.1364355">10.1080/02589001.2017.1364355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158137607">158137607</a> – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Southern+African+unipolarity&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02589001.2017.1364355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158137607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schenoni&rft.aufirst=Luis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkops.uni-konstanz.de%2Fbitstreams%2F6e66974e-dffd-49c5-be03-79913fbbeb19%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShinnEisenman2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Shinn" title="David H. Shinn">Shinn, David H.</a>; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). <i>China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0"><bdi>978-0-231-21001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Relations+with+Africa%3A+a+New+Era+of+Strategic+Engagement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-231-21001-0&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Eisenman%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panapress.com/Organisation-of-SADC-Games-to-cost-a-million-dollars--13-482221-18-lang2-index.html">Organisation of SADC Games to cost a million dollars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306102752/http://www.panapress.com/Organisation-of-SADC-Games-to-cost-a-million-dollars--13-482221-18-lang2-index.html">Archived</a> 6 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Panapress (11 May 2003). Retrieved 15 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valy, Bayano (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/v7-2-6-04/games.htm">The first Under-20 Zone Six SADC Games</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111053523/http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/v7-2-6-04/games.htm">Archived</a> 11 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. SADC Today, Vol.7 No.2 June 2004. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themastonline.com/2019/08/29/sadc-adopts-kiswahili-as-4th-working-language/">"SADC adopts Kiswahili as 4th working language – The Mast Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212002845/https://www.themastonline.com/2019/08/29/sadc-adopts-kiswahili-as-4th-working-language/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SADC+adopts+Kiswahili+as+4th+working+language+%E2%80%93+The+Mast+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themastonline.com%2F2019%2F08%2F29%2Fsadc-adopts-kiswahili-as-4th-working-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazrui,_Ali_Al'Amin.1995" class="citation book cs1">Mazrui, Ali Al'Amin. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/441402890"><i>Swahili state and society : the political economy of an African language</i></a>. East African Educational Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85255-729-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85255-729-9"><bdi>0-85255-729-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441402890">441402890</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623213615/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/441402890">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+state+and+society+%3A+the+political+economy+of+an+African+language&rft.pub=East+African+Educational+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F441402890&rft.isbn=0-85255-729-9&rft.au=Mazrui%2C+Ali+Al%27Amin.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F441402890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int/member-states">"Member States"</a>. Southern African Development Community. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521032345/https://www.sadc.int/member-states">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+States&rft.pub=Southern+African+Development+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sadc.int%2Fmember-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">"Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Statistics Division</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110134404/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=IMF+World+Economic+Outlook+Database&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D614%2C616%2C632%2C636%2C734%2C666%2C674%2C676%2C684%2C688%2C728%2C718%2C199%2C738%2C754%2C698%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2022%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831225442/http://www.sadc.int/files/4715/0347/1755/37th_SADC_Summit_English_Communique.pdf">"Communiqué of the 37th Summit SADC of Heads of State and Government or Tambo Building, Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) Pretoria, South Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Southern African Development Community. 20 August 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int/files/4715/0347/1755/37th_SADC_Summit_English_Communique.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Africa%3A+Comoros+Admitted+into+SADC&rft.date=2017-08-22&rft.aulast=Nakale&rft.aufirst=Albertina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201708220731.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/overview/sa-protocols/">Southern African Development Community :: SADC Protocols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531002132/http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/overview/sa-protocols">Archived</a> 31 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sadc.int&rft.atitle=South+African+Development+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sadc.int%2Fthemes%2Finfrastructure%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/sadc-gender-womens-affairs-ministers-meet/">"Southern African Development Community"</a>. <i>sadc.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620140051/https://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/sadc-gender-womens-affairs-ministers-meet/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sadc.int&rft.atitle=Southern+African+Development+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sadc.int%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fsadc-gender-womens-affairs-ministers-meet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohannes2017" class="citation book cs1">Johannes, Muntschick (9 October 2017). <i>The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External Influence</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southafrica.info+%E2%80%93+Brand+South+Africa+portal+website&rft.atitle=SADC+launches+free+trade+area&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft.aulast=Mbola&rft.aufirst=Bathandwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fafrica%2Fsadc-fta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230221255/https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/01/02/pt-angola-adere-a-zona-de-comercio-livre-sadc-a-partir-de-agosto-de-2019/">"Angola joins SADC free trade zone from August 2019"</a>. <i>macuhub</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/01/02/pt-angola-adere-a-zona-de-comercio-livre-sadc-a-partir-de-agosto-de-2019/">the original</a> on 30 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macuhub&rft.atitle=Angola+joins+SADC+free+trade+zone+from+August+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacauhub.com.mo%2F2019%2F01%2F02%2Fpt-angola-adere-a-zona-de-comercio-livre-sadc-a-partir-de-agosto-de-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/free-trade-area/">"Free Trade Area"</a>. <i>Southern African Development Community</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403233422/https://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/free-trade-area/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+African+Development+Community&rft.atitle=Free+Trade+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sadc.int%2Fabout-sadc%2Fintegration-milestones%2Ffree-trade-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohannes2017" class="citation book cs1">Johannes, Muntschick (9 October 2017). <i>The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External Influence</i>. Cham, Switzerland. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319453309" title="Special:BookSources/9783319453309"><bdi>9783319453309</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1005921955">1005921955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+African+Development+Community+%28SADC%29+and+the+European+Union+%28EU%29+%3A+Regionalism+and+External+Influence&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005921955&rft.isbn=9783319453309&rft.aulast=Johannes&rft.aufirst=Muntschick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7684903.stm">"African free trade zone is agreed"</a>. 22 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230221246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7684903.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=African+free+trade+zone+is+agreed&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7684903.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilence_Mugadzaweta2023" class="citation news cs1">Silence Mugadzaweta (20 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200007748/botswana-namibia-to-abolish-passports-citizens-of-the-two-countries-will-now-use-identity-cards">"Botswana, Namibia to abolish passports: Citizens of the two countries will now use identity cards"</a>. <i>NewsDay Zimbabwe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613211730/https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200007748/botswana-namibia-to-abolish-passports-citizens-of-the-two-countries-will-now-use-identity-cards">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NewsDay+Zimbabwe&rft.atitle=Botswana%2C+Namibia+to+abolish+passports%3A+Citizens+of+the+two+countries+will+now+use+identity+cards&rft.date=2023-02-20&rft.au=Silence+Mugadzaweta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.co.zw%2Flocal-news%2Farticle%2F200007748%2Fbotswana-namibia-to-abolish-passports-citizens-of-the-two-countries-will-now-use-identity-cards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMqondisi_Dube2023" class="citation news cs1">Mqondisi Dube (13 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/botswana-zimbabwe-to-discuss-eliminating-use-of-passports-/7002523.html">"Botswana, Zimbabwe to Discuss Eliminating Use of Passports"</a>. <i>VOA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613211727/https://www.voanews.com/a/botswana-zimbabwe-to-discuss-eliminating-use-of-passports-/7002523.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Botswana%2C+Zimbabwe+to+Discuss+Eliminating+Use+of+Passports&rft.date=2023-03-13&rft.au=Mqondisi+Dube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fbotswana-zimbabwe-to-discuss-eliminating-use-of-passports-%2F7002523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301074450/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167262/index.en.shtml">"Deep integration"</a>. <i>inwent.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167262/index.en.shtml">the original</a> on 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inwent.org&rft.atitle=Deep+integration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inwent.org%2Fez%2Farticles%2F167262%2Findex.en.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/13/sadc-address-members-rights-issues">"SADC: Address Members' Rights Issues"</a>. 14 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326221828/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/13/sadc-address-members-rights-issues">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SADC%3A+Address+Members%27+Rights+Issues&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F08%2F13%2Fsadc-address-members-rights-issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817162319/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/17/c_138316835.htm">"Tanzanian president assumes SADC chair, calls for vigorous industrialization drive"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/17/c_138316835.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tanzanian+president+assumes+SADC+chair%2C+calls+for+vigorous+industrialization+drive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2019-08%2F17%2Fc_138316835.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sadc.int/latest-news/communique-43rd-ordinary-summit-sadc-heads-state-and-government">"COMMUNIQUÉ OF THE 43rd ORDINARY SUMMIT"</a>. SADC. 17 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820150659/https://www.sadc.int/latest-news/communique-43rd-ordinary-summit-sadc-heads-state-and-government">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMMUNIQU%C3%89+OF+THE+43rd+ORDINARY+SUMMIT&rft.pub=SADC&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sadc.int%2Flatest-news%2Fcommunique-43rd-ordinary-summit-sadc-heads-state-and-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newscentral.africa/mnangagwa-assumes-sadc-chair-pledges-sustainable-development/">"Mnangagwa Assumes SADC Chair, Pledges Sustainable Development"</a>. <i>newscentral.africa</i>. 17 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240818024438/https://newscentral.africa/mnangagwa-assumes-sadc-chair-pledges-sustainable-development/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newscentral.africa&rft.atitle=Mnangagwa+Assumes+SADC+Chair%2C+Pledges+Sustainable+Development&rft.date=2024-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewscentral.africa%2Fmnangagwa-assumes-sadc-chair-pledges-sustainable-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Development+Community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gabriël Oosthuizen, The Southern African Development Community: The organisation, its history, policies and prospects. Institute for Global Dialogue: Midrand, South Africa, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCormick_(political_scientist)" title="John McCormick (political scientist)">John McCormick</a>, The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, 2004.</li> <li>Muntschick, Johannes, The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Regionalism and External Influence. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham. 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-45330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-45330-9">978-3-319-45330-9</a>.</li> <li>Ramsamy, Prega 2003 Global partnership for Africa. Presentation at the human rights conference on global partnerships for Africa's development, Gaborone: SADC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Development_Community&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template talk:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference <span style="font-size:85%;">(forerunner)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union <span style="font-size:85%;">(SACU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area <span style="font-size:85%;">(CMA)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa <span style="font-size:85%;">(COMESA)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_economic_communities_in_Africa118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_trade_agreements" title="Template:African trade agreements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_trade_agreements" title="Template talk:African trade agreements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_trade_agreements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African trade agreements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_economic_communities_in_Africa118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional economic communities in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organization of African Unity (OAU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community (AEC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN / SAD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS / EEAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern African Development Community (SADC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union (SACU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community (EAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_organizations38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_organizations" title="Template talk:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_organizations38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Alliance of Sahel States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Europe Foundation">Asia-Europe Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">Assembly of European Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liptako%E2%80%93Gourma_Authority" title="Liptako–Gourma Authority">Liptako–Gourma Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hanseatic_League" title="New Hanseatic League">New Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_Council" title="Regional Cooperation Council">Regional Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern African Development Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans_Quad" title="Western Balkans Quad">Western Balkans Quad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regional integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population">Regional organizations by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">Regionalism (international relations)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5084620-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89200076">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009020344">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12519006r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12519006r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Southern African Development Community"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0233534&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span 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