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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_by_the_Rashidun_Caliphate_(632–661)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_by_the_Rashidun_Caliphate_(632–661)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation by the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_by_the_Rashidun_Caliphate_(632–661)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umayyad_Caliphate:_661–750" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umayyad_Caliphate:_661–750"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Umayyad Caliphate: 661–750</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umayyad_Caliphate:_661–750-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate_and_its_Golden_Age:_750–1258" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_Caliphate_and_its_Golden_Age:_750–1258"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Abbasid Caliphate and its Golden Age: 750–1258</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate_and_its_Golden_Age:_750–1258-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_rule_and_thereafter:_1258–1500s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_rule_and_thereafter:_1258–1500s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mongol rule and thereafter: 1258–1500s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_rule_and_thereafter:_1258–1500s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_and_British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_and_British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ottoman and British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_and_British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era:_1921–2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era:_1921–2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modern era: 1921–2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era:_1921–2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Saddam_period:_2003–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Saddam_period:_2003–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Post-Saddam period: 2003–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Saddam_period:_2003–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Effect of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seaport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Seaport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="البصرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البصرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܒܨܪܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܨܪܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99sr%C9%99" title="Bəsrə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəsrə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بصره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بصره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="বসরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বসরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бәсра – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәсра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0ssora" title="Bàssora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bàssora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Irak)" title="Al Başrah (kapital sa lalawigan sa Irak) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Al Başrah (kapital sa lalawigan sa Irak)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπάσρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπάσρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basora" title="Basora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basora" title="Basora – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بصره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بصره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassorah" title="Bassorah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bassorah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC" title="바스라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바스라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Բասրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բասրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="बसरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बसरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Басрæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Басрæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassora" title="Bassora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bassora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7)" title="בצרה (עיראק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בצרה (עיראק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბასრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბასრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besre" title="Besre – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Besre" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baszra" title="Baszra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baszra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassora" title="Bassora – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bassora" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B1" title="ബസറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബസറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="बसरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बसरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბასრა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბასრა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87" title="البصره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البصره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بصره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بصره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrah" title="Basrah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Basrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9" title="バスラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バスラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਸਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਸਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بصرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بصرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%A7or%C3%A1" title="Baçorá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baçorá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra_(mesto_v_Iraku)" title="Basra (mesto v Iraku) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Basra (mesto v Iraku)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%95" title="بەسرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەسرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="பசுரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசுரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%A3ra" title="Baṣra – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Baṣra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%81%D1%80%D3%99" title="Бәсрә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәсрә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="บัสรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บัสรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Басра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Басра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%81" title="بصرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassora" title="Bassora – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bassora" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8B%89" title="巴士拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴士拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8B%89" title="巴士拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴士拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8B%89" title="巴士拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴士拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Basra" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basra&params=30_30_54_N_47_48_36_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°30′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°48′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.51500°N 47.81000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.51500; 47.81000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Basra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Basra (disambiguation)">Basra (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Basrah" redirects here. For the village in eastern Yemen, see <a href="/wiki/Basrah,_Yemen" title="Basrah, Yemen">Basrah, Yemen</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busra_al-Harir" title="Busra al-Harir">Busra al-Harir</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bozrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozrah">Bozrah</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Iraq</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Basra</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">ٱلْبَصْرَة</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Basrah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basra_at_night.jpg/250px-Basra_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basra_at_night.jpg/375px-Basra_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basra_at_night.jpg/500px-Basra_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Basra_city.jpg/124px-Basra_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Basra_city.jpg/186px-Basra_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Basra_city.jpg/248px-Basra_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Badr_Shakir_al_Sayyeb_(31042494211).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Statue_of_Badr_Shakir_al_Sayyeb_%2831042494211%29.jpg/124px-Statue_of_Badr_Shakir_al_Sayyeb_%2831042494211%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Statue_of_Badr_Shakir_al_Sayyeb_%2831042494211%29.jpg/186px-Statue_of_Badr_Shakir_al_Sayyeb_%2831042494211%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Statue_of_Badr_Shakir_al_Sayyeb_%2831042494211%29.jpg/248px-Statue_of_Badr_Shakir_al_Sayyeb_%2831042494211%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/124px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/186px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/248px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5336" data-file-height="3992" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mnawibashahotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mnawibashahotel.jpg/124px-Mnawibashahotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mnawibashahotel.jpg/186px-Mnawibashahotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mnawibashahotel.jpg/248px-Mnawibashahotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/124px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/186px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/248px-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3873" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/124px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/186px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/248px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Basra along <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, Al-Ashar River, Basrah Museum, Ottoman Viceroy House and Basra International Hotel</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Venice of the East<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="300" data-zoom="11" data-lat="30.515" data-lon="47.81" data-overlays="["_a7f7342aa6d2942d4d836da31b43a7d7acbb82d9"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/11/30.515/47.81/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,30.515,47.81,270x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Basra&revid=1276229732&groups=_a7f7342aa6d2942d4d836da31b43a7d7acbb82d9" width="270" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,30.515,47.81,270x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Basra&revid=1276229732&groups=_a7f7342aa6d2942d4d836da31b43a7d7acbb82d9 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basra is located in Iraq"><img alt="Basra is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.258%;left:89.619%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Basra"><img alt="Basra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Basra</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Basra within Iraq</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Basra is located in Near East"><img alt="Basra is located in Near East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/250px-Near_East_non_political.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/375px-Near_East_non_political.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/500px-Near_East_non_political.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="842" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.712%;left:61.642%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Basra"><img alt="Basra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Basra</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Basra (Near East)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Near East</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basra&params=30_30_54_N_47_48_36_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°30′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°48′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.51500°N 47.81000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.51500; 47.81000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governorate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">636 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asaad_Al_Eidani" title="Asaad Al Eidani">Asaad Al Eidani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">50−75 km<sup>2</sup> (21 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">181 km<sup>2</sup> (70 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,485,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+964) 40</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basra.gov.iq/">www<wbr />.basra<wbr />.gov<wbr />.iq</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Basra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْبَصْرَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Baṣrah</i></span>) is a port city in southern Iraq. It is the capital of the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">third largest</a> city in Iraq overall, behind <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. Located near the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border" title="Iran–Iraq border">Iran–Iraq border</a> at the north-easternmost extent of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, the city is situated along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> that empties into the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. It is consistently one of the hottest cities in Iraq, with summer temperatures regularly exceeding 50 °C (122 °F). </p><p>Built in 636 as a <a href="/wiki/Military_camp" title="Military camp">military camp</a>, Basra played an important role as a regional hub of knowledge, trade and commerce during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> and is home to the first mosque built outside the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. It was a center of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> in Mesopotamia, until the <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(871)" title="Battle of Basra (871)">871</a>. Historically, Basra is one of the ports from which fictional <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a> embarked on his journeys. It has experienced numerous ruling shifts. In 1258, the city was sacked by the Mongols. Basra came under <a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Safavid_wars" title="Portuguese–Safavid wars">Portuguese control in 1526</a> and was later <a href="/wiki/Safavid_occupation_of_Basra" title="Safavid occupation of Basra">occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> in 1697. It subsequently fell under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">control</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Basra_vilayet" title="Basra vilayet">Basra Vilayet</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, British forces captured Basra in 1917. It was incorporated into Mandatory Iraq, under the framework <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a> after 1921, which later became the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> in 1932. </p><p>Since Iraq's independence, the wars Iraq has fought have made Basra an active battlefield due to its strategic location. During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, the city was heavily shelled and besieged by Iranian forces. As a result of the war, half of the city's population fled. It suffered extensive damage again during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> due to coalition attacks. In <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991</a> and <a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999</a>, Basra was the site of two uprisings against <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. On April 6, 2003, the city was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">United States-led coalition</a>, becoming the first city to be captured during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, enduring further devastation. During the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">war</a>, it fell under the control of Shia factions such as <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a>, who were later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">removed in 2008</a>. Additionally, Basra was targeted by <a href="/wiki/2011_Basra_bombings" title="2011 Basra bombings">bombings in 2011</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Basra_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Basra bombing">2012</a>, and was impacted by the Islamist insurgency and the war with Islamic State from 2013 to 2017. </p><p>With its strategic location and abundant oil reserves, Basra has become one of the major industrial cities in the region. As the country’s only coastal region, along with its adjoining governorate, Basra serves as a crucial transport hub. Additionally, the city boasts numerous tourist attractions along the river and within the historic old city. After the Iraq war ended, Basra experienced a period of prosperity and development, with numerous reconstruction projects funded by foreign investments. A large number of megaprojects are being developed around Basra, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, which have gained global attention. Today, the majority of its population consists of Arab Shia Muslims. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-5342-NA_View_of_Basra_and_%27Gordelaan%27_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AMH-5342-NA_View_of_Basra_and_%27Gordelaan%27_castle.jpg/220px-AMH-5342-NA_View_of_Basra_and_%27Gordelaan%27_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AMH-5342-NA_View_of_Basra_and_%27Gordelaan%27_castle.jpg/330px-AMH-5342-NA_View_of_Basra_and_%27Gordelaan%27_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AMH-5342-NA_View_of_Basra_and_%27Gordelaan%27_castle.jpg/440px-AMH-5342-NA_View_of_Basra_and_%27Gordelaan%27_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>View of Basra in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1695</span>, by Dutch cartographer <a href="/wiki/Isaak_de_Graaf" title="Isaak de Graaf">Isaak de Graaf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city has had many names throughout history, Basrah being the most common. In Arabic, the word <i>baṣrah</i> means "the overwatcher", which may have been an allusion to the city's origin as an Arab military base against the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a>. Others have argued that the name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> word <i>basratha</i>, meaning "place of huts, settlement".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Basra" title="Timeline of Basra">Timeline of Basra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25671.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25671.jpg/330px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25671.jpg/440px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Ashar Creek and bazaar, c. 1915</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_by_the_Rashidun_Caliphate_(632–661)"><span id="Foundation_by_the_Rashidun_Caliphate_.28632.E2.80.93661.29"></span>Foundation by the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation by the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mss_Eur_F111_33_1492.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mss_Eur_F111_33_1492.jpg/220px-Mss_Eur_F111_33_1492.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mss_Eur_F111_33_1492.jpg/330px-Mss_Eur_F111_33_1492.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mss_Eur_F111_33_1492.jpg/440px-Mss_Eur_F111_33_1492.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>The ‘Ashshār creek in Basrah Town</figcaption></figure> <p>The city was founded at the beginning of the Islamic era in 636 and began as a garrison encampment for <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> tribesmen constituting the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Caliph">Rashidun Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> a few kilometers south of the present city still marks the original site which was a military site. While defeating the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> there, the Muslim commander <a href="/wiki/Utbah_ibn_Ghazwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Utbah ibn Ghazwan">Utbah ibn Ghazwan</a> erected his camp on the site of an old Persian military settlement called <i>Vaheštābād Ardašīr</i>, which was destroyed by the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the name Al-Basrah in Arabic can mean "the overwatch", other sources claim that the name actually originates from the Persian word Bas-rāh or Bassorāh, meaning "where many ways come together".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 639, Umar established this encampment as a city with five districts, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Ashaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musa Ashaari">Abu Musa al-Ash'ari</a> as its first governor. The city was built in a circular plan according to the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Partho-Sasanian architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Musa led the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> from 639 to 642, and was ordered by Umar to aid <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Abi_al-As" title="Uthman ibn Abi al-As">Uthman ibn Abi al-As</a>, then fighting Iran from a new, more easterly <i>miṣr</i> at <a href="/wiki/Tawwaj" title="Tawwaj">Tawwaj</a>. In 650, the Rashidun Caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> reorganised the Persian frontier, installed ʿAbdullah ibn Amir as Basra's governor, and put the military's southern wing under Basra's control. Ibn Amir led his forces to their final victory over <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a>, the Sassanid <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">King of Kings</a>. In 656, Uthman was murdered and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> was appointed Caliph. Ali first installed Uthman ibn Hanif as Basra's governor, who was followed by ʿAbdullah ibn ʿAbbas. These men held the city for Ali until the latter's death in 661. </p><p>Basra's infrastructure was planned. Why Basra was chosen as a site for the new city remains unclear. The original site lay 15km from the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> and thus lacked access to maritime trade and, more importantly, to fresh water. Additionally, neither historical texts nor archaeological finds indicate that there was much of an agricultural hinterland in the area before Basra was founded. </p><p>Indeed, in an anecdote related by <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahnaf_ibn_Qays" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ahnaf ibn Qays">al-Ahnaf ibn Qays</a> pleaded to the caliph Umar that, whereas other Muslim settlers were established in well-watered areas with extensive farmland, the people of Basra had only "reedy salt marsh which never dries up and where pasture never grows, bounded on the east by brackish water and on the west by waterless desert. We have no cultivation or stock farming to provide us with our livelihood or food, which comes to us as through the throat of an <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Basra overcame these natural disadvantages and rapidly grew into the second-largest city in Iraq, if not the entire Islamic world. Its role as a military encampment meant that the soldiers had to be fed, and since those soldiers were receiving government salaries, they had money to spend. Thus, both the government and private entrepreneurs invested heavily in developing a vast agricultural infrastructure in the Basra region. These investments were made with the expectation of a profitable return, indicating the value of the Basra food market. Although African <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a> slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> were put to work on these construction projects, most of the labor was done by free men working for wages. Governors sometimes directly supervised these projects, but usually they simply assigned the land while most of the financing was done by private investors.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of these investments was a massive irrigation system covering some 57,000 hectares between the Shatt al-Arab and the now-dry western channel of the Tigris. This system was first reported in 962<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, when just 8,000 hectares of it remained in use, for the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palms</a>, while the rest had become desert. This system consists of a regular pattern of two-meter-high ridges in straight lines, separated by old canal beds. The ridges are extremely saline, with salt deposits up to 20 centimeters thick, and are completely barren. The former canal beds are less salty and can support a small population of salt-resistant plants. </p><p>Contemporary authors recorded how the Zanj slaves were put to work clearing the fields of salty topsoil and putting them into piles; the result was the ridges that remain today. This represents an enormous amount of work: <a href="/w/index.php?title=H.S._Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.S. Nelson (page does not exist)">H.S. Nelson</a> calculated that 45 million tons of earth were moved in total, and with his extremely high estimate of one man moving two tons of soil per day, this would have taken a decade of strenuous work by 25,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Basra's irrigation canals were unsustainable, because they were built at too little of a slope for the water flow to carry salt deposits away. This required the clearing of salty topsoil by the Zanj slaves in order to keep the fields from becoming too saline to grow crops. After Basra was sacked in by Zanj rebels in the late 800s and then by the Qarmatians in the early 900s, there was no financial incentive to invest in restoring the irrigation system, and the infrastructure was almost completely abandoned. Finally, in the late 900s, the city of Basra was entirely relocated, with the old site being abandoned and a new one developing on the banks of the Shatt al-Arab, where it has remained ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umayyad_Caliphate:_661–750"><span id="Umayyad_Caliphate:_661.E2.80.93750"></span>Umayyad Caliphate: 661–750</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Umayyad Caliphate: 661–750"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sufyanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufyanids">Sufyanids</a> held Basra until <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a>'s death in 683. The Sufyanids' first governor was Umayyad ʿAbdullah, a renowned military leader, commanding fealty and financial demands from Karballah, but poor governor. In 664, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Ziyad_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan">Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan</a>, often called "ibn Abihi" ("son of his own father"), who became infamous for his draconian rules regarding public order. On Ziyad's death in 673, his son <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad">ʿUbayd Allah ibn Ziyad</a> became governor. In 680, Yazid I ordered ʿUbayd Allah to keep order in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> as a reaction to <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>'s popularity as the grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. 'Ubayd Allah took over the control of <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>. Husayn sent his cousin as an ambassador to the people of Kufa, but ʿUbaydullah executed Husayn cousin <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Aqil" title="Muslim ibn Aqil">Muslim ibn Aqil</a> amid fears of an uprising. ʿUbayd Allah amassed an army of thousands of soldiers and fought Husayn's army of approximately 70 in a place called <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> near Kufa. ʿUbayd Allah's army was victorious; Husayn and his followers were killed and their heads were sent to Yazid as proof. </p><p>Ibn al-Harith spent his year in office trying to put down Nafi' ibn al-Azraq's <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite</a> uprising in <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan</a>. In 685, Ibn al-Zubayr, requiring a practical ruler, appointed <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ma%27mar" title="Umar ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar">Umar ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Ibn al-Zubayr appointed his own brother Mus'ab. In 686, the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mukhtar">al-Mukhtar</a> led an insurrection at Kufa, and put an end to ʿUbaydullah ibn Ziyad near <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. In 687, Musʿab defeated al-Mukhtar with the help of Kufans who Mukhtar exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> reconquered Basra in 691, and Basra remained loyal to his governor al-Hajjaj during Ibn Ashʿath's mutiny (699–702). However, Basra did support the rebellion of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab against <a href="/wiki/Yazid_II" title="Yazid II">Yazid II</a> during the 720s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbasid_Caliphate_and_its_Golden_Age:_750–1258"><span id="Abbasid_Caliphate_and_its_Golden_Age:_750.E2.80.931258"></span>Abbasid Caliphate and its Golden Age: 750–1258</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abbasid Caliphate and its Golden Age: 750–1258"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 740s, Basra fell to <a href="/wiki/As-Saffah" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Saffah">as-Saffah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. During the time of the Abbasids, Basra became an intellectual center and home to the elite <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Basra" title="Grammarians of Basra">Basra School of Grammar</a>, the rival and sister school of the <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Kufa" title="Grammarians of Kufa">Kufa School of Grammar</a>. Several outstanding intellectuals of the age were Basrans; Arab <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhazen">Ibn al-Haytham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arab literary</a> giant <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">al-Jahiz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mystic <a href="/wiki/Rabia_Basri" title="Rabia Basri">Rabia Basri</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a> by the agricultural slaves of the lowlands affected the area. In 871, the Zanj sacked Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-AndreWink_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndreWink-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 923, the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, an extremist Muslim sect, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Basra_(923)" title="Sack of Basra (923)">invaded and devastated</a> Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-AndreWink_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndreWink-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 945 to 1055, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> ruled Baghdad and most of Iraq. Abu al Qasim al-Baridis, who still controlled Basra and <a href="/wiki/Wasit" title="Wasit">Wasit</a>, were defeated and their lands taken by the Buyids in 947. <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">Adud al-Dawla</a> and his sons <a href="/wiki/Diya%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya' al-Dawla">Diya' al-Dawla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a> were the Buyid rulers of Basra during the 970s, 980s and 990s. Sanad al-Dawla al-Habashi (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 921</span>–977), the brother of the Emir of Iraq <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a>, was governor of Basra and built a library of 15,000 books. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_in_a_drawing_by_the_Portuguese_late_16th_century_.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Basra_in_a_drawing_by_the_Portuguese_late_16th_century_.png/220px-Basra_in_a_drawing_by_the_Portuguese_late_16th_century_.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Basra_in_a_drawing_by_the_Portuguese_late_16th_century_.png/330px-Basra_in_a_drawing_by_the_Portuguese_late_16th_century_.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Basra_in_a_drawing_by_the_Portuguese_late_16th_century_.png/440px-Basra_in_a_drawing_by_the_Portuguese_late_16th_century_.png 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption>Basra designed by the Portuguese at the end of the 16th century, according to the representation of the "Lyvro de plantaforma of the fortresses of India" codex of São julião da Barra</figcaption></figure> <p>The Oghuz Turk <a href="/wiki/Tughril_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril Beg">Tughril Beg</a> was the leader of the Seljuks, who expelled the <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> Buyid dynasty. He was the first Seljuk ruler to style himself Sultan and Protector of the Abbasid Caliphate. </p><p>The Great Friday Mosque was constructed in Basra. In 1122, <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din Zengi">Imad ad-Din Zengi</a> received Basra as a fief.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1126, Zengi suppressed a revolt and in 1129, Dabis looted the Basra state treasury. A 1200 map "on the eve of the Mongol invasions" shows the Abbasid Caliphate as ruling lower Iraq and, presumably, Basra. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid-ad-Din-Sinan</a> was born in Basra on or between 1131 and 1135. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_rule_and_thereafter:_1258–1500s"><span id="Mongol_rule_and_thereafter:_1258.E2.80.931500s"></span>Mongol rule and thereafter: 1258–1500s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mongol rule and thereafter: 1258–1500s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_occupation_of_Basra" title="Safavid occupation of Basra">Safavid occupation of Basra</a></div> <p>In 1258, the Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulegu Khan</a> sacked Baghdad and ended Abbasid rule. By some accounts, Basra capitulated to the Mongols to avoid a massacre. The Mamluk <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a> map (1250–1382) shows Basra as being under their area of control, and the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Mongol Dominions</a> map (1300–1405) shows Basra as being under Mongol control. In 1290<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fighting erupted at the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> port of Basra among the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph and the Ghibelline</a> factions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> visited Basra in the 14th century, noting it "was renowned throughout the whole world, spacious in area and elegant in its courts, remarkable for its numerous fruit-gardens and its choice fruits, since it is the meeting place of the two seas, the salt and the fresh."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta also noted that Basra consisted of three-quarters: the Hudayl quarter, the Banu Haram quarter, and the Iranian quarter (<i>mahallat al-Ajam</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-BasraIranica_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasraIranica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Fred Donner</a> adds: "If the first two reveal that Basra was still predominantly an Arab town, the existence of an Iranian quarter clearly reveals the legacy of long centuries of intimate contact between Basra and the Iranian plateau."<sup id="cite_ref-BasraIranica_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasraIranica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Arab Al-Mughamis tribe established control over Basra in the early fifteenth century, however, they quickly fell under influence of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a>, successively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Al-Mughamis' control of Basra had become nominal by 1436; <i>de facto</i> control of Basra from 1436 to 1508 was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Musha%27sha%27iyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musha'sha'iyyah">Moshasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter year, during the reign of King (<i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>1501–1524), the first <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> ruler, Basra and the Moshasha became part of the Safavid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time Basra had come under Safavid suzerainty. In 1524, following Ismail I's death, the local ruling dynasty of Basra, the Al-Mughamis, resumed effective control over the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve years later, in 1536, during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)">Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouin</a> ruler of Basra, Rashid ibn Mughamis, acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> as his suzerain who in turn confirmed him as governor of Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire exercised a great deal of independence, and they even often raised their own troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Basra had submitted to the Ottomans, the Ottoman hold over Basra was tenuous at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed a decade later; in 1546, following a tribal struggle involving the Moshasha and the local ruler of Zakiya (near Basra), the Ottomans sent a force to Basra. This resulted in tighter (but still, nominal) Ottoman control over Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a53_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a53-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_Pt8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Persian_Gulf_Pt8.png/220px-Persian_Gulf_Pt8.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Persian_Gulf_Pt8.png/330px-Persian_Gulf_Pt8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Persian_Gulf_Pt8.png/440px-Persian_Gulf_Pt8.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Purple – <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in the Persian Gulf in the 16th and 17th century. Main cities, ports and routes.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1523, the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> under the command of António Tenreiro crossed from Aleppo to Basra. <a href="/wiki/Nuno_da_Cunha" title="Nuno da Cunha">Nuno da Cunha</a> took Basra in 1529.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1550, the local Kingdom of Basra and tribal rulers trusted the Portuguese against the Ottomans, from then on the Portuguese threatened to invoke an invasion and conquest of Basra several times. From 1595 the Portuguese acted as military protectors of Basra,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1624 the Portuguese assisted the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> of Basra in repelling a Persian invasion. The Portuguese were granted a share of the customs revenue and freedom from tolls. From about 1625 until 1668, Basra and the Delta marshlands were in the hands of local chieftains independent of the Ottoman administration at Baghdad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_and_British_rule">Ottoman and British rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ottoman and British rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basra Eyalet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra Vilayet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25704.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25704.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25704.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25704.jpg/330px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25704.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25704.jpg/440px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25704.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi girls, c. 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Basra was, for a long time, a flourishing commercial and cultural center. It was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1668. It was fought over by Turks and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persians</a> and was the scene of repeated attempts at resistance. From 1697 to 1701, Basra was once again <a href="/wiki/Safavid_occupation_of_Basra_(1697%E2%80%931701)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid occupation of Basra (1697–1701)">under Safavid control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand" title="Karim Khan Zand">Karim Khan Zand</a> briefly occupied Basra after a long siege in 1775–9. The Zands attempted at introducing <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shiism</a> on a basically <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Basrans. The shortness of the Zand rule rendered this untenable. </p><p>In 1911, the <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> reported "about 4000 Jews and perhaps 6000 Christians"<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> living in Basra Vilayet, but no Turks other than Ottoman officials. In 1884 the Ottomans responded to local pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'as</a> of the south by detaching the southern districts of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_vilayet" title="Baghdad vilayet">Baghdad vilayet</a> and creating a new <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Basra">vilayet of Basra</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25688.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25688.jpg/330px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25688.jpg/440px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q25688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>Turkish prisoners passing along the bank of Ashar Creek, nearing Whiteley's Bridge, Basra 1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(1914)" title="Battle of Basra (1914)">captured Basra</a> from the Ottomans, occupying the city on 22 November 1914. British officials and engineers (including <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(engineer,_born_1865)" title="George Buchanan (engineer, born 1865)">Sir George Buchanan</a>) subsequently modernized Basra's harbor, which due to the increased commercial activity in the area became one of the most important ports in the Persian Gulf, developing new mercantile links with <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_War_Cemetery_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Basra_War_Cemetery_Gate.jpg/220px-Basra_War_Cemetery_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Basra_War_Cemetery_Gate.jpg/330px-Basra_War_Cemetery_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Basra_War_Cemetery_Gate.jpg/440px-Basra_War_Cemetery_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="4284" /></a><figcaption>The Gate to the British War Cemetery Basra 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p>The graves of around 5,000 men from WW1 both are at <a href="/wiki/Basra_War_Cemetery" title="Basra War Cemetery">Basra War Cemetery</a> and a further 40,000 with no known grave are commemorated at <a href="/wiki/Basra_Memorial" title="Basra Memorial">Basra Memorial</a>. Both sites are suffering from neglect with the Commonwealth War Graves Commission having withdrawn from the country in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era:_1921–2003"><span id="Modern_era:_1921.E2.80.932003"></span>Modern era: 1921–2003</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern era: 1921–2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_Dockyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Basra_Dockyard.jpg/220px-Basra_Dockyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Basra_Dockyard.jpg/330px-Basra_Dockyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Basra_Dockyard.jpg/440px-Basra_Dockyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Model of Basra Dockyard</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945), Basra was an important port through which flowed much of the equipment and supplies sent to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by other <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg/220px-Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg/330px-Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg/440px-Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shanasheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanasheel">Shanasheel</a> of the old part of Basra city, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of Basra was 101,535 in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reached 219,167 in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basrah" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Basrah">University of Basrah</a> was founded in 1964. By 1977, the population had risen to a peak population of some 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population declined during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, being under 900,000 in the late 1980s, possibly reaching a low point of just over 400,000 during the worst of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was repeatedly <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Cities">shelled</a> by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and was the site of many fierce battles, such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ramadan" title="Operation Ramadan">Operation Ramadan</a> (1982) and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Basra" title="Siege of Basra">Siege of Basra</a> (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, <a href="/wiki/Saddam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam">Saddam</a> erected 99 memorial statues to Iraqi military officers killed during the war along the bank of the Shatt-al-Arab river, all pointing their fingers towards Iran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> a <a href="/wiki/1991_uprising_in_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprising in Basra">rebellion against Saddam</a> erupted in Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread revolt was against the Iraqi government who violently put down the rebellion, with much death and destruction inflicted on Basra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> fighter jets carried out two <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> against Basra on 25 January 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airstrikes resulted in missiles landing in the al-Jumhuriya neighborhood of Basra, killed 11 Iraqi civilians and wounding 59.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Zinni" title="Anthony Zinni">Anthony Zinni</a>, then commander of U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf, acknowledged that it was possible that "a missile may have been errant."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While such casualty numbers pale in comparison to later events, the bombing occurred one day after Arab foreign ministers, meeting in Egypt, refused to condemn four days of air strikes against Iraq in December 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was described by Iraqi information minister Human Abdel-Khaliq<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as giving U.S.-led forces "an Arab green card" to continue their involvement in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">second revolt in 1999</a> led to mass executions by the Iraqi government in and around Basra. Subsequently, the Iraqi government deliberately neglected the city, and much commerce was diverted to <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These alleged abuses are to feature amongst the charges against the former regime to be considered by the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Special_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Special Tribunal">Iraq Special Tribunal</a> set up by the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Interim_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Interim Government">Iraq Interim Government</a> following the 2003 invasion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Workers in Basra's oil industry have been involved in extensive organization and labour conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They held a two-day strike in August 2003, and formed the nucleus of the independent <a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Oil_Employees" class="mw-redirect" title="General Union of Oil Employees">General Union of Oil Employees</a> (GUOE) in June 2004. The union held a one-day strike in July 2005, and publicly opposes plans for privatizing the industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Saddam_period:_2003–present"><span id="Post-Saddam_period:_2003.E2.80.93present"></span>Post-Saddam period: 2003–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Saddam period: 2003–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2003)" title="Battle of Basra (2003)">Battle of Basra (2003)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Battle of Basra (2008)</a></div> <p>In March through to May 2003, the outskirts of Basra were the scene of some of the heaviest fighting in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British forces, led by the <a href="/wiki/British_7th_Armoured_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="British 7th Armoured Brigade">7th Armoured Brigade</a>, captured the city on 6 April 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This city was the first stop for the United States and the United Kingdom during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 April 2004, a <a href="/wiki/21_April_2004_Basra_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="21 April 2004 Basra bombings">series of bomb blasts</a> ripped through the city, killing 74 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Division_(South-East)_(Iraq)" title="Multi-National Division (South-East) (Iraq)">Multi-National Division (South-East)</a>, under British command, was engaged in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense" title="Foreign internal defense">foreign internal defense</a> missions in <a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a> and surrounding areas during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political groups centered in Basra were reported to have close links with political parties already in power in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">Iraqi government</a>, despite opposition from Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunnis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> January 2005 elections saw several radical politicians gain office, supported by religious parties.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American journalist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Vincent" title="Steven Vincent">Steven Vincent</a>, who had been researching and reporting on corruption and militia activity in the city, was kidnapped and killed on 2 August 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 September 2005, two <a href="/wiki/Undercover_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Undercover operation">undercover</a> British <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS) soldiers were stopped by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi Police</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Roadblock" title="Roadblock">roadblock</a> in Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two soldiers were part of an SAS operation investigating allegations of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">insurgent</a> infiltration into the Iraqi Police.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the police attempted to pull the soldiers out of their car, they opened fire on the officers, killing two.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SAS soldiers attempted to escape before being beaten and arrested by the police, who took them to the Al Jameat Police Station.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British forces subsequently identified the location of the two soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Basra_prison_incident" title="Basra prison incident">carried out a rescue mission</a>, storming the police station and transporting them to a safe location.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A civilian crowd gathered around the rescue force during the incident and attacked it; three British soldiers were injured and two members of the crowd were purportedly killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> initially denied carrying out the operation, which was criticised by Iraqi officials, before subsequently admitting it and claiming the two soldiers would have been executed if they were not rescued.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British transferred control of Basra province to the Iraqi authorities in 2007, four-and-a-half years after the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A BBC survey of local residents found that 86% thought the presence of British forces since 2003 had had an overall negative effect on the province.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major-General Abdul Jalil Khalaf was appointed Police Chief by the central government with the task of taking on the militias.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was outspoken against the targeting of women by the militias.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talking to the BBC, he said that his determination to tackle the militia had led to almost daily assassination attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was taken as sign that he was serious in opposing the militias.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="2008"></span> In March 2008, the Iraqi Army launched a major offensive, code-named Charge of the White Knights (<i>Saulat al-Fursan</i>), aimed at forcing the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a> out of Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assault was planned by General Mohan Furaiji and approved by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraqi Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2008, following the failure to disarm militant groups, both Major-General Abdul Jalil Khalaf and General Mohan Furaiji were removed from their positions in Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basra was scheduled to host the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="22nd Arabian Gulf Cup">22nd Arabian Gulf Cup</a> tournament in <a href="/wiki/Basra_Sports_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Sports City">Basra Sports City</a>, a newly built multi-use sports complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tournament was shifted to <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, after concerns over preparations and security.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq was also due to host the 2013 tournament, but that was moved to Bahrain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 10 demonstrators died as they <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932018_Iraqi_protests#2018_protests" title="2015–2018 Iraqi protests">protested</a> against the lack of clean drinking water and electrical power in the city during the height of summer in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some protesters stormed the Iranian consulate in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the city hosted the long scheduled <a href="/wiki/25th_Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="25th Arabian Gulf Cup">25th Arabian Gulf Cup</a> where the Iraqi team won.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg/220px-Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg/330px-Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg/440px-Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Shatt al-Arab near Basra</figcaption></figure> <p>Basra is located in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> on the Shatt-Al-Arab waterway, downstream of which is the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shatt-Al-Arab and Basra waterways define the eastern and western borders of Basra, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located near to the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">borders of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Kuwait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is penetrated by a complex network of canals and streams, vital for irrigation and other agricultural use.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These canals were once used to transport goods and people throughout the city, but during the last two decades, pollution and a continuous drop in water levels have made river navigation impossible in the canals.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basra is roughly 110 km (68 mi) from the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is located along the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> waterway, 55 kilometers (34 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and 545 kilometers (339 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Iraq's capital and largest city.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basra has a hot <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BWh</i>), like the rest of the surrounding region, though it receives slightly more <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> than inland locations due to its location near the coast. During the summer months, from June to August, Basra is consistently one of the hottest cities on the planet, with temperatures regularly exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) in July and August. In winter Basra experiences mild and somewhat moist conditions with average high temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F). On some winter nights, minimum temperatures are below 0 °C (32 °F). High humidity – sometimes exceeding 90% – is common due to the proximity to the marshy Persian Gulf. </p><p>An all-time high temperature was recorded on 22 July 2016, when daytime readings soared to 53.9 °C (129.0 °F), which is the highest temperature that has ever been recorded in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Samenow2016_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samenow2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tapper2016_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tapper2016-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the hottest temperatures ever measured on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-Samenow2016_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samenow2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following night, the night time low temperature was 38.8 °C (101.8 °F), which was one of the highest minimum temperatures on any given day, only outshone by <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Basra was −4.7 °C (23.5 °F) on 22 January 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Basra (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(108.7) </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5<br />(110.3) </td> <td style="background: #890000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.0<br />(122.0) </td> <td style="background: #730000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.6<br />(124.9) </td> <td style="background: #540000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.9<br />(129.0) </td> <td style="background: #6B0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.2<br />(126.0) </td> <td style="background: #800000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.7<br />(123.3) </td> <td style="background: #B50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.8<br />(116.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #540000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53.9<br />(129.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(117.0) </td> <td style="background: #E60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3<br />(109.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5<br />(101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7<br />(94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(1.06) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(0.70) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(0.73) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(0.50) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(0.16) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(0.26) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(0.75) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(0.99) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">130.8<br />(5.15) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.3 </td> <td style="background: #2525FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.8 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5 </td> <td style="background: #3131FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.8 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.1 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279 </td> <td style="background: #F7F722; color:#000000;" class="notheme">330 </td> <td style="background: #F7F722; color:#000000;" class="notheme">341 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,084 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F9F924; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #F9F924; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/WMO" class="mw-redirect" title="WMO">WMO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Climate-Data.org</i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <i>Weather2Travel</i> for rainy days and sunshine<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ogimet<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteomanz<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_climate_change">Effect of climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effect of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Basra was once well known for its agriculture, but that has since altered due to rising temperatures, increased <a href="/wiki/Water_salinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Water salinity">water salinity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basra Metropolitan Region comprises three towns—Basra city proper, Al-ʿAshar, and Al-Maʿqil—and several villages.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Basra the vast majority of the population are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Adnanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnanite">Adnanite</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtanite</a> tribes. The tribes located in Basra include <a href="/wiki/Bani_Malik_(tribe)" title="Bani Malik (tribe)">Bani Malik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-shwelat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-shwelat (page does not exist)">Al-shwelat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suwa%27id&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suwa'id (page does not exist)">Suwa'id</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-bo_Mohammed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-bo Mohammed (page does not exist)">Al-bo Mohammed</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Badr_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Badr (tribe) (page does not exist)">Al-Badr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ubadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ubadi (page does not exist)">Al-Ubadi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruba%27ah_Sayyid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruba'ah Sayyid (page does not exist)">Ruba'ah Sayyid</a> tribes (descendants of Muhammad) and other <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> tribes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Feyli_(tribe)" title="Feyli (tribe)">Feyli Kurds</a> living in the eastern side of the city, they are mainly merchants. In addition to the Arabs, there is also a community of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Iraqi">Afro-Iraqi</a> peoples, known as <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zanj are an African Muslim ethnic group living in Iraq and are a mix of African peoples taken from the coast of the area of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> as slaves in the 900s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They now number around 200,000 in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq"> Iraqi Shi'ites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_Armenian_Church_(30855638080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Basra_Armenian_Church_%2830855638080%29.jpg/220px-Basra_Armenian_Church_%2830855638080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Basra_Armenian_Church_%2830855638080%29.jpg/330px-Basra_Armenian_Church_%2830855638080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Basra_Armenian_Church_%2830855638080%29.jpg/440px-Basra_Armenian_Church_%2830855638080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Armenian Church in Basra</figcaption></figure> <p>Basra is a major <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> city, with the old <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> Shiism progressively being overwhelmed by the <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> Shiism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known as the "Cradle of Islamic Culture".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> population is small and dropping in their percentage as more Iraqi Shias move into Basra for various job or welfare opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite town of <a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Az Zubayr</a> in the direction of Kuwait was a Sunni majority town, but the burgeoning population of Basra has spilled over into Zubair, turning it into an extension of Basra with a slight Shia majority as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrians</a> were recorded in the Ottoman census as early as 1911, and a small number of them live in Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a significant number of the modern community are refugees fleeing persecution from ISIS in the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a>, Mosul, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">northern Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But ever since the victory of <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraq against the ISIS in 2017</a>, many Christians have returned to their homeland in the Nineveh plains.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 there are about a few thousand Christians in Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian Church in Basra, dates from 1736 but has been rebuilt three times.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in the church was brought from India in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_55-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the largest communities of pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> live in the city, whose headquarters was in the area formerly called Suk esh-Sheikh.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basra is home to second highest concentration of the Mandaean community, after Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of recent estimates 350 Mandaean families are found in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dair al-Yahya is one of the most important Mandaean temples, located in Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, the chief prophet in <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, who also reverred by the Jews, Christians and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was also home to one of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">oldest Jewish communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, the Jews constituted 9.8% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of them fled after a series of persecution, which began in 1941 and lasted till 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968 and 2003</a>, fewer than 300 Jews remained in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, most of them emigrated to abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tweig Synagogue in Basra, is currently abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/220px-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/330px-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/440px-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Mosque_(Basra)" title="Imam Ali Mosque (Basra)">Old Mosque of Basra</a> is the first mosque in Islam outside the Arabian peninsula. Sinbad Island is located in the centre of Shatt Al-Arab, near the Miinaalmakl, and extends above the Bridge Khaled and is a tourist landmark. The <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Muhhmad Baquir Al-Sadr Bridge</a>, at the union of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was completed in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sayab's House Ruins is the site of the most famous home of the poet <a href="/wiki/Badr_Shakir_al-Sayyab" title="Badr Shakir al-Sayyab">Badr Shakir al-Sayyab</a>. There is also a statue of Sayab, one of the statues in Basra done by the artist and sculptor Nada' Kadhum, located on al-Basrah Corniche; it was unveiled in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basra_Sports_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Sports City">Basra Sports City</a> is the largest sport city in the Middle East, located on the Shatt al-Basra. Palm tree forests are largely located on the shores of Shatt-al Arab waterway, especially in the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb">Abu Al-Khasib</a>. Corniche al-Basra is a street which runs on the shore of the Shatt al-Arab; it goes from the Lion of Babylon Square to the Four Palaces. Basra International Hotel (formally known as Basra Sheraton Hotel) is located on the Corniche street. The first five star hotel in the city, it is notable for its <a href="/wiki/Shanasheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanasheel">Shanasheel</a> style exterior design. The hotel was heavily looted during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and it has been renovated recently.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sayyed Ali al-Musawi Mosque, also known as the Mosque of the Children of Amer, is located in the city centre, on Al-Gazear Street, and it was built for Shia Imami's leader Sayyed Ali al-Moussawi, whose followers lived in Iraq and neighbouring countries. The Fun City of Basra, which is now called Basra Land, is one of the oldest theme-park entertainment cities in the south of the country, and the largest involving a large number of games giants. It was damaged during the war, and has been rebuilt. Akhora Park is one of the city's older parks. It is located on al-Basra Street. </p><p> There are four formal presidential palaces in Basra, built by Saddam Hussein. One of them has been converted into a museum. The Latin Church is located on 14 July Street.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian Market (<i>Amogaiz</i>) is one of the main bazaars in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is called the Indian Market, since it had Indian vendors working there at the beginning of the last century. Hanna-Sheikh Bazaar is an old market; it was established by the powerful and famous Hanna-Sheikh family.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_Basra_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muhhmad Baquir Al-Sadr Bridge"><img alt="Muhhmad Baquir Al-Sadr Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bridge_of_Basra_1.jpg/299px-Bridge_of_Basra_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bridge_of_Basra_1.jpg/448px-Bridge_of_Basra_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bridge_of_Basra_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Muhhmad Baquir Al-Sadr</a> Bridge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_Ali_Mosque_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ali Bin Abi Talib mosque"><img alt="Ali Bin Abi Talib mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Imam_Ali_Mosque_2.jpg/240px-Imam_Ali_Mosque_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Imam_Ali_Mosque_2.jpg/360px-Imam_Ali_Mosque_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Imam_Ali_Mosque_2.jpg/479px-Imam_Ali_Mosque_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Mosque_(Basra)" title="Imam Ali Mosque (Basra)">Ali Bin Abi Talib mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basrah_corniche.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shatt Al-Arab"><img alt="Shatt Al-Arab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Basrah_corniche.JPG/240px-Basrah_corniche.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Basrah_corniche.JPG/360px-Basrah_corniche.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Basrah_corniche.JPG/480px-Basrah_corniche.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shatt_Al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatt Al-Arab">Shatt Al-Arab</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_(ABOT).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/220px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/330px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/440px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Basrah Oil Terminal">Al Basrah Oil Terminal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Basra is known as "Iraq's economic and industrial capital".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategic location made the city, had transformed the city an important hub of trade and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basra's economy is largely dependent on the oil and heavy industry. In the early 1970s, Basra was chosen as a nodal point for Iraq's development. A number of projects were launched during this period, such as oil refineries and chemical plants.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Parliament">Iraqi Parliament</a> recognized Basra as Iraq's economic capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Iraqi_Parliament_passes_motion_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraqi_Parliament_passes_motion-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">4th largest oil reserves</a>, estimated to be more 115 billion barrels (18.3<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Iraq's largest oil fields are located in the province, and most of Iraq's oil exports leave from <a href="/wiki/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Basrah Oil Terminal">Al Basrah Oil Terminal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Basra Oil Company (formerly <a href="/wiki/South_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="South Oil Company">South Oil Company</a>) has its headquarters in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basra has emerged as an important commercial and industrial center for the country, as the city is home to a large number of manufacturing industries ranging from petrochemical to water treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial economic activity in Basra is centred around the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industry, which includes the Southern Fertilizer Company and The State Company for Petrochemical Industries (SCPI).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern Fertilizer Company produces ammonia solution, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> gas, while the SCPI focus on such products as <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, caustic/chlorine, <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride_monomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl chloride monomer">vinyl chloride monomer</a> (VCM), <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), <a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">low-density polyethylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">high-density polyethylene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basra is in a fertile agricultural region, with major products including rice, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, wheat, <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, and livestock. For a long time, Basra was known for the superior quality of its dates.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basra was known in the 1960s for its sugar market, a fact that figured heavily in the <a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">English contract law</a> remoteness of damages case <a href="/wiki/The_Heron_II" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heron II">The Heron II</a> [1969] 1 AC 350. Fishing was an important business before the oil boom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALBASRAH_AIRPORT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ALBASRAH_AIRPORT.jpg/220px-ALBASRAH_AIRPORT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ALBASRAH_AIRPORT.jpg/330px-ALBASRAH_AIRPORT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ALBASRAH_AIRPORT.jpg/440px-ALBASRAH_AIRPORT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Airport" title="Basra International Airport">Basra International Airport</a></figcaption></figure><p>Shipping, logistics and transport are also major industries in Basra. Basra is home to all of Iraq's six ports; <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a> is the main deep-water port with 22 platforms, some of which are dedicated to specific goods (such as sulphur, seeds, lubricant oil, etc.) The other five ports are smaller in scale and more narrowly specialized. The city also has <a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Airport" title="Basra International Airport">an international airport</a>, with service into Baghdad with <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Airways" title="Iraqi Airways">Iraqi Airways</a>—the national airline. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seaport">Seaport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seaport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basra is Iraq's main port, although it does not have deep water access, which is handled at the port of <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a>. However, construction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a> on the southeastern coast of Basra Governorate, which is considered a national project for Iraq, is expected to strengthen Iraq's geopolitical position by giving the country the largest port in the Middle East and one of the largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Iraq is planning to establish a large <a href="/wiki/Naval_base" title="Naval base">naval base</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_International_Stadium_Opening_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening_2.JPG/220px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening_2.JPG/330px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening_2.JPG/440px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Stadium" title="Basra International Stadium">Basra International Stadium</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to the largest sports stadium in Iraq, the <a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Stadium" title="Basra International Stadium">Basra International Stadium</a>, which hosts several matches of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team" title="Iraq national football team">Iraq national football team</a>. The city is also home to sports team <a href="/wiki/Al-Minaa_SC" title="Al-Minaa SC">Al-Minaa</a>, that uses <a href="/wiki/Al-Minaa_Olympic_Stadium" title="Al-Minaa Olympic Stadium">Al-Minaa Olympic Stadium</a> as its home venue.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Al-Mina%27a_(basketball_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mina'a (basketball club)">basketball division</a> is among the elite Arab teams that compete at the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Club_Basketball_Championship" title="Arab Club Basketball Championship">Arab Club Basketball Championship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabi%27a_al-%27Adawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya">Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya</a>, known as Rabia of Basra, early Muslim mystic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a>, a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Youssef" title="Saadi Youssef">Saadi Youssef</a>, poet from Basra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Polley" title="Sean Polley">Sean Polley</a>, English cricketer, 1981 born in Basra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reham_Yacoub" title="Reham Yacoub">Reham Yacoub</a>, female activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Allawerdi" title="Farid Allawerdi">Farid Allawerdi</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Jabur" title="Hussein Jabur">Hussein Jabur</a>, footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basra is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Azerbaijan_twinnings_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azerbaijan_twinnings-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zadig" title="Zadig">Zadig</a></i> "Bassora" is the site of an international market where the hero meets representatives of all the world religions and concludes that "the world is one large family which meets at Bassora."</li> <li>The city of Basra has a major role in <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s 1933 <a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">future history</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come" title="The Shape of Things to Come">The Shape of Things to Come</a>", where the "Modern State" is at the centre of a <a href="/wiki/World_state" class="mw-redirect" title="World state">world state</a> emerging after a collapse of civilization, and becomes in effect the capital of the world.</li> <li>In the 1940 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1940_film)" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i>, Ahmad and Abu flee to the city from Bagdad. Ahmad falls in love with the sultan's beautiful daughter, who is also desired by his enemy, and former Grand Vizier, Jaffar.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Scott_Andrews_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Andrews (author)">Scott K. Andrews'</a> "Operation Motherland", the second book in the post-apocalyptic "<a href="/wiki/Abaddon_Books" title="Abaddon Books">Afterblight Chronicles</a>", the character Lee Keegan crash lands his plane in the streets of Basra during the opening chapter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">List of largest cities of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Iraqis">Afro Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Airport" title="Basra International Airport">Basra International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua_Kumayl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dua Kumayl">Dua Kumayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_reed_warbler" title="Basra reed warbler">Basra reed warbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Basrah" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Basrah">University of Basrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr_Port" title="Umm Qasr Port">Umm Qasr Port</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Al-Mughamis were a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Muntafiq" title="Al-Muntafiq">Banu'l-Muntafiq</a> who inhabited the area between <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> and Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moshasha were a tribal confederation of radical <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a> found mainly on the edges of the marshes alongside the Safavid province of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Arabestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Arabestan">Arabestan</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan</a>). They often acted as Safavid proxies and were led by a Safavid governor. They participated in campaigns against the Arabs of southern Iraq and Basra. Matthee notes that even though they were nominal Safavid subjects, they had a broad scope of autonomy, and their territory served as a buffer between the Ottomans and the Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a55_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a55-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">according to Floor (2008), a certain Shaykh Afrasiyab (the local ruler of Basra, not to be mistaken with the later Afrasiyab of Basra) came to <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in 1504 to pledge his allegiance to Ismail I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008165_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008165-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ismail I in turn confirmed him in his possessions and position as governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Vali_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali (governor)">vali</a></i>) of Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008165_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008165-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Floor's stance differs slightly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His proper name and position description appears to be in error, in that he appears to have held a more junior role at the time. Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur was Iraqi Information Minister between 1997 and 2001. The Iraqi Information Minister between 1991 and 1996 was Hamid Yusuf Hammadi. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_Information_Ministers" title="List of Iraqi Information Ministers">List of Iraqi Information Ministers</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSam_Dagher2007" class="citation news cs1">Sam Dagher (18 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0918/p11s02-wome.html">"In the 'Venice of the East,' a history of diversity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=In+the+%27Venice+of+the+East%2C%27+a+history+of+diversity&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.au=Sam+Dagher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0918%2Fp11s02-wome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21530/basra/population">"Basra, Iraq Metro Area Population 1950-2024"</a>. <i>macrotrends.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macrotrends.net&rft.atitle=Basra%2C+Iraq+Metro+Area+Population+1950-2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fglobal-metrics%2Fcities%2F21530%2Fbasra%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdullah, Thabit (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1ZQ8LpzOncC&q=basra+name&pg=PA9"><i>Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791448083" title="Special:BookSources/9780791448083"><bdi>9780791448083</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants%2C+Mamluks%2C+and+Murder%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Trade+in+Eighteenth-Century+Basra&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=9780791448083&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Thabit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1ZQ8LpzOncC%26q%3Dbasra%2Bname%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">E. Yarshater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, p851</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Mohammadi Malayeri, M. <i>Dil-i Iranshahr</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArce2008" class="citation journal cs1">Arce, Ignacio (1 January 2008). "Umayyad Building Techniques and the Merging of Roman-Byzantine and Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity and Change". <i>Late Antique Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">494–</span>495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134522-90000099">10.1163/22134522-90000099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-6893">1570-6893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Late+Antique+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Umayyad+Building+Techniques+and+the+Merging+of+Roman-Byzantine+and+Partho-Sassanian+Traditions%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E495&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134522-90000099&rft.issn=1570-6893&rft.aulast=Arce&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900000152">"The Feeding of the five Hundred Thousand: Cities and Agriculture in Early Islamic Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>Iraq</i>. <b>73</b>: <span class="nowrap">177–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900000152">10.1017/S0021088900000152</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=The+Feeding+of+the+five+Hundred+Thousand%3A+Cities+and+Agriculture+in+Early+Islamic+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021088900000152&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021088900000152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Madelung p. 303–04)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Brock p.66)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndreWink-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AndreWink_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndreWink_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andre Wink, <i>Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World</i>, Vol.2, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penny Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Buscarello_de_Ghizolfi" title="Buscarello de Ghizolfi">Buscarello de Ghizolfi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattutah2002" class="citation book cs1">Battutah, Ibn (2002). <i>The Travels of Ibn Battutah</i>. London: Picador. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330418799" title="Special:BookSources/9780330418799"><bdi>9780330418799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780330418799&rft.aulast=Battutah&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BasraIranica-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BasraIranica_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasraIranica_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Donner, F.M.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/basra">"BASRA"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">851–</span>855.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BASRA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+III%2C+Fasc.+8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E851-%3C%2Fspan%3E855&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=F.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbasra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a57_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthee2006a">Matthee 2006a</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a55-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a55_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthee2006a">Matthee 2006a</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006b556–560,_561_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthee2006b">Matthee 2006b</a>, pp. 556–560, 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongriggLang2015_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongriggLang2015">Longrigg & Lang 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008165-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008165_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008165_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloor2008">Floor 2008</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a53-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2006a53_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthee2006a">Matthee 2006a</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivermore1947" class="citation book cs1">Livermore, H. V. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFCzAAAAMAAJ&q=Nuno+da+Cunha+took+Basra+in+1529"><i>A History of Portugal</i></a>. University Press. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Portugal&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Livermore&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFCzAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNuno%2Bda%2BCunha%2Btook%2BBasra%2Bin%2B1529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq-iv-safavid-period">"IRAQ iv. RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica (Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5 and Vol. XIII, Fasc. 6)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">556–</span>560, 561.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAQ+iv.+RELATIONS+IN+THE+SAFAVID+PERIOD&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+%28Vol.+XIII%2C+Fasc.+5+and+Vol.+XIII%2C+Fasc.+6%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E556-%3C%2Fspan%3E560%2C+561&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firaq-iv-safavid-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Basra"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basra">"Basra" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=489&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlanz2008" class="citation news cs1">Glanz, James (27 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/world/middleeast/27iraq.html">"Iraqi Army's Assault on Militias in Basra Stalls"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211004906/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/world/middleeast/27iraq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Army%27s+Assault+on+Militias+in+Basra+Stalls&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.aulast=Glanz&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F27%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F27iraq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm">"Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants"</a>. <i>Demographic Yearbook 1955</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Construction+Review&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Al+Faw+port+to+become+largest+in+Middle+East&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalconstructionreview.com%2Firaqs-al-faw-port-to-become-largest-in-middle-east%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-ports-int-idUSKBN28X1C3">"Iraq to sign $2.625 billion Grand Faw port contract with S.Korea's Daewoo"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 23 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+to+sign+%242.625+billion+Grand+Faw+port+contract+with+S.Korea%27s+Daewoo&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Firaq-ports-int-idUSKBN28X1C3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2021/04/14/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-next-phase-of-grand-faw-port/">"PM lays Foundation Stone for next phase of Grand Faw Port | Iraq Business News"</a>. 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+lays+Foundation+Stone+for+next+phase+of+Grand+Faw+Port+%7C+Iraq+Business+News&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraq-businessnews.com%2F2021%2F04%2F14%2Fpm-lays-foundation-stone-for-next-phase-of-grand-faw-port%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/110420211">"PM Kadhimi lays foundation stone of Basra's Grand Faw port"</a>. <i>rudaw.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rudaw.net&rft.atitle=PM+Kadhimi+lays+foundation+stone+of+Basra%27s+Grand+Faw+port&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F110420211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpsmartstadium.com/portfolio-view/basra-sports-city-stadium/">"Basrah International Stadium"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basrah+International+Stadium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsmartstadium.com%2Fportfolio-view%2Fbasra-sports-city-stadium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span> <i>gpsmartstadium.com</i>. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azerbaijan_twinnings-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azerbaijan_twinnings_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html">"Twin-cities of Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Azerbaijans.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijans.com&rft.atitle=Twin-cities+of+Azerbaijan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azerbaijans.com%2Fcontent_1719_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Basra#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Basra">Bibliography of the history of Basra</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2008" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem M. (2008). <i>Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri</i>. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933823232" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933823232"><bdi>978-1933823232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titles+and+Emoluments+in+Safavid+Iran%3A+A+Third+Manual+of+Safavid+Administration%2C+by+Mirza+Naqi+Nasiri&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1933823232&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hallaq, Wael. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press, 2005</li> <li>Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam. Routledge. 2nd ed, 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongriggLang2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Longrigg, Steven Helmsley; Lang, Katherine H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23813">"Basra from the Mongol conquest to modern period"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23813">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23813</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basra+from+the+Mongol+conquest+to+modern+period&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23813&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Longrigg&rft.aufirst=Steven+Helmsley&rft.au=Lang%2C+Katherine+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Madelung, Wilferd. "Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr and the Mahdi" in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40. 1981. pp. 291–305.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2006a" class="citation journal cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2006a). "Between Arabs, Turks and Iranians: The Town of Basra, 1600-1700". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>69</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X06000036">10.1017/S0041977X06000036</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181989">20181989</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159935186">159935186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Between+Arabs%2C+Turks+and+Iranians%3A+The+Town+of+Basra%2C+1600-1700&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159935186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20181989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X06000036&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2006b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2006b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq-iv-safavid-period">"IRAQ iv. RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica (Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5 and Vol. XIII, Fasc. 6)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">556–</span>560, 561.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAQ+iv.+RELATIONS+IN+THE+SAFAVID+PERIOD&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+%28Vol.+XIII%2C+Fasc.+5+and+Vol.+XIII%2C+Fasc.+6%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E556-%3C%2Fspan%3E560%2C+561&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firaq-iv-safavid-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tillier, Mathieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/673">Les cadis d'Iraq et l'Etat abbasside (132/750-334/945)</a>. Institut Français du Proche-Orient, 2009</li> <li>Vincent, Stephen. <i>Into The Red Zone: A Journey into the Soul of Iraq</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890626-57-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-890626-57-0">1-890626-57-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Basra#Q48195" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Basra">Basra</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Basra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Basra">Basra</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Basra"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basra">"Basra" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101214748/http://www.iauiraq.org/reports.asp">Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit</a> Reports, Maps and Assessments of Iraq's Governorates from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Basra.html">Iraq Image – Basra Satellite Observation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419163650/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Basra.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/basrah_2003.jpg">2003 Basra map (NIMA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023032015/http://www.polosbastards.com/artman/publish/basra.shtml">Boomtown Basra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/AB13-MuhammadandIslam.html">Muhammad and the Spread of Islam by Sanderson Beck</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ca/islam/library/Jeffery/thq.htm">The Textual History of the Qur'an</a>, Arthur Jeffery, 1946</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ca/islam/library/Jeffery/Materials/al-ashari.htm">Codex of Abu Musa al-Ashari</a>, Arthur Jeffery, 1936</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Template:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Iraq_and_their_capitals516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and their capitals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anah_District" title="Anah District">Anah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anah" title="Anah">Anah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_District" title="Fallujah District">Fallujah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha_District" title="Haditha District">Haditha District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_District" title="Hit District">Hit District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hit,_Iraq" title="Hit, Iraq">Hit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_District" title="Al-Qa'im District">al-Qa'im District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town)" title="Al-Qa'im (town)">Al-Qa'im</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadi_District" title="Ramadi District">Ramadi District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawah_District" title="Rawah District">Rawah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rawa,_Iraq" title="Rawa, Iraq">Rawah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rutba_District" title="Ar-Rutba District">ar-Rutba District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ar-Rutbah" title="Ar-Rutbah">Ar-Rutbah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/75px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/100px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iraq</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashimiya_District" title="Hashimiya District">Hashimiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Hashimiyah,_Iraq" title="Al Hashimiyah, Iraq">Al Hashimiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hilla_District" title="Al-Hilla District">Al-Hilla District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahawil_District" title="Al-Mahawil District">al-Mahawil District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Mahawil" title="Al-Mahawil">Al-Mahawil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayab_District" title="Al-Musayab District">al-Musayab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musayyib" title="Musayyib">Musayyib</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_District" title="Abu Ghraib District">Abu Ghraib District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Istiqlal_District" title="Al-Istiqlal District">al-Istiqlal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in_District" title="Al-Mada'in District">al-Mada'in District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudiya_District" title="Mahmudiya District">Mahmudiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahmoudiyah,_Iraq" title="Mahmoudiyah, Iraq">Mahmudiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taji_District" title="Taji District">Taji District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tarmia_District" title="Al-Tarmia District">al-Tarmia District</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Administrative_districts_in_Baghdad" title="Administrative districts in Baghdad">Baghdad</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid,_Baghdad" title="Al-Rashid, Baghdad">Al Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb_District" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb District">Abu Al-Khaseeb District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb">Abu Al-Khaseeb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basrah_District" title="Basrah District">Basrah District</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_District,_Basra_Governorate" title="Al-Faw District, Basra Governorate">al-Faw District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">al-Faw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Midaina_District" title="Al-Midaina District">al-Midaina District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Midaina" title="Al-Midaina">Al-Midaina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurna_District" title="Al-Qurna District">al-Qurna District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">Al-Qurnah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_Al-Arab_District" title="Shatt Al-Arab District">Shatt Al-Arab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubair_District" title="Al-Zubair District">al-Zubair District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Al-Zubair</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Chibayish_District" title="Al-Chibayish District">al-Chibayish District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Chibayish" title="Al-Chibayish">Al-Chibayish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah_District" title="Nasiriyah District">Nasiriyah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_District" title="Al-Rifa'i District">al-Rifa'i District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rifa%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rifa'i (page does not exist)">Al-Rifa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shatrah_District" title="Al-Shatrah District">al-Shatrah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shatrah" title="Al-Shatrah">Al-Shatrah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suq_al-Shuyukh_District" title="Suq al-Shuyukh District">Suq al-Shuyukh District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suq_Al-Shoyokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suq Al-Shoyokh (page does not exist)">Suq Al-Shoyokh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balad_Ruz_District" title="Balad Ruz District">Balad Ruz District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balad_Ruz" title="Balad Ruz">Balad Ruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27quba_District" title="Ba'quba District">Ba'quba District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khalis_District" title="Al Khalis District">al Khalis District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Khalis" title="Al Khalis">Al Khalis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanaqin_District" title="Khanaqin District">Khanaqin District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifri_District,_Diyala_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Diyala Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Miqdadiya_District" title="Al-Miqdadiya District">al-Miqdadiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miqdadiyah" title="Miqdadiyah">Al-Miqdadiya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akre_District" title="Akre District">Akre District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akre" title="Akre">Akre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya District">Amadiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Amadiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhok_District" title="Duhok District">Duhok District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Duhok</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_District" title="Simele District">Simele District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simele" title="Simele">Simele</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho_District" title="Zakho District">Zakho District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choman_District" title="Choman District">Choman District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choman,_Iraq" title="Choman, Iraq">Choman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_District" title="Erbil District">Erbil District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sinjaq_District" title="Koy Sinjaq District">Koy Sinjaq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq" title="Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhmur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhmur District">Makhmur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makhmur,_Iraq" title="Makhmur, Iraq">Makhmur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergasor_District" title="Mergasor District">Mergasor District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mergasor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mergasor (page does not exist)">Mergasor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa_District" title="Shaqlawa District">Shaqlawa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_District" title="Soran District">Soran District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soran,_Iraq" title="Soran, Iraq">Soran</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byara_District" title="Byara District">Byara District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Byara" title="Byara">Byara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurmal_District" title="Khurmal District">Khurmal District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khurmal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khurmal (page does not exist)">Khurmal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirwan_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirwan District (page does not exist)">Sirwan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sirwan,_Iraq" title="Sirwan, Iraq">Sirwan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hindiya_District" title="Al-Hindiya District">al-Hindiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hindiya" title="Al-Hindiya">Al-Hindiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbala_District" title="Kerbala District">Kerbala District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Al-Tamur_District" title="Ain Al-Tamur District">Ain Al-Tamur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daquq_District" title="Daquq District">Daquq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daquq" title="Daquq">Daquq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibis_District" title="Dibis District">Dibis District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibis,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibis, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dibis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawija_District" title="Hawija District">Hawija District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawija" title="Hawija">Hawija</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_District" title="Kirkuk District">Kirkuk District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Gharbi_District" title="Ali Al-Gharbi District">Ali Al-Gharbi District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Al-Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Al-Gharbi (page does not exist)">Ali Al-Gharbi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_District" title="Amara District">Amara District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kahla_District" title="Al-Kahla District">al-Kahla District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Kahla" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kahla">Al-Kahla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maimouna_District" title="Al-Maimouna District">al-Maimouna District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maimouna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maimouna (page does not exist)">Al-Maimouna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi District">al-Mejar Al-Kabi District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi (page does not exist)">Al-Mejar Al-Kabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh_District" title="Qal'at Saleh District">Qal'at Saleh District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh" title="Qal'at Saleh">Qal'at Saleh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidhir_District" title="Al-Khidhir District">al-Khidhir District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khidhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khidhir (page does not exist)">Al-Khidhir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaitha_District" title="Al-Rumaitha District">al-Rumaitha District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaitha" title="Al-Rumaitha">Al-Rumaitha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salman_District" title="Al-Salman District">al-Salman District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Salman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Salman (page does not exist)">Al-Salman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Samawa District">al-Samawa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate">Najaf Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kufa_District" title="Kufa District">Kufa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Manathera_District" title="Al-Manathera District">al-Manathera District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Manathera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Manathera (page does not exist)">Al-Manathera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Meshkhab_District" title="Al-Meshkhab District">al-Meshkhab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Meshkhab" title="Al-Meshkhab">Al-Meshkhab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_District" title="Najaf District">Najaf District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj_District" title="Al-Ba'aj District">al-Ba'aj District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj" title="Al-Ba'aj">Al-Ba'aj</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamdaniya_District" title="Al-Hamdaniya District">al-Hamdaniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra_District" title="Hatra District">Hatra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hadar" title="Al-Hadar">Al-Hadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_District" title="Mosul District">Mosul District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhan_District" title="Shekhan District">Shekhan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ain_Sifni" title="Ain Sifni">Ain Sifni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_District" title="Sinjar District">Sinjar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afar_District" title="Tel Afar District">Tel Afar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Kaif_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Kaif District">Tel Kaif District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">al-Qādisiyyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afak_District" title="Afak District">Afak District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afak" title="Afak">Afak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwaniya_District" title="Diwaniya District">Diwaniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Diwaniyah" title="Al Diwaniyah">Al Diwaniyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_District" title="Hamza District">Hamza District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamza,_Iraq" title="Hamza, Iraq">Hamza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiya_District" title="Al-Shamiya District">al-Shamiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiya_(Iraq)" title="Al-Shamiya (Iraq)">Al-Shamiya </a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiji_District" title="Baiji District">Baiji District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baiji_(city)" title="Baiji (city)">Baiji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_District,_Iraq" title="Balad District, Iraq">Balad District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balad,_Iraq" title="Balad, Iraq">Balad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Daur_District" title="Al-Daur District">al-Daur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ad-Dawr" title="Ad-Dawr">Ad-Dawr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dujail_District" title="Dujail District">Dujail District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dujail" title="Dujail">Dujail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_District" title="Samarra District">Samarra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat_District" title="Al-Shirqat District">al-Shirqat District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat" title="Al-Shirqat">Al-Shirqat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikrit_District" title="Tikrit District">Tikrit District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooz_District" title="Tooz District">Tooz District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu" title="Tuz Khurmatu">Tuz Khurmatu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamchamal_District" title="Chamchamal District">Chamchamal District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chamchamal" title="Chamchamal">Chamchamal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbandikhan_District" title="Darbandikhan District">Darbandikhan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darbandikhan" title="Darbandikhan">Darbandikhan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokan_District" title="Dokan District">Dokan District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dokan,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dokan, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dokan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalar_District" title="Kalar District">Kalar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalar,_Iraq" title="Kalar, Iraq">Kalar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifri_District,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawat_District" title="Mawat District">Mawat District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mawat,_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawat, Kurdistan">Mawat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjwen_District" title="Penjwen District">Penjwen District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjwen (page does not exist)">Penjwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshdar_District" title="Pshdar District">Pshdar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qaladiza" title="Qaladiza">Qaladiza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaradagh_District" title="Qaradagh District">Qaradagh District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaradagh,_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaradagh, Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Qaradagh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranya_District" title="Ranya District">Ranya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidsadiq_District" title="Saidsadiq District">Saidsadiq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Said_Sadiq" title="Said Sadiq">Said Sadiq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharazoor_District" title="Sharazoor District">Sharazoor District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarayan (page does not exist)">Zarayan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbazher_District" title="Sharbazher District">Sharbazher District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharbazher" title="Sharbazher">Sharbazher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_District" title="Sulaymaniyah District">Sulaymaniyah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah District (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah, Iraq (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badra_District" title="Badra District">Badra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Badra,_Iraq" title="Badra, Iraq">Badra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hai_District" title="Al-Hai District">al-Hai District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hay" title="Al-Hay">Al-Hay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kut_District" title="Kut District">Kut District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27maniya_District" title="Al-Nu'maniya District">al-Nu'maniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/An_Numaniyah" title="An Numaniyah">Al-Nu'maniya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaira_District" title="Al-Suwaira District">al-Suwaira District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaira" title="Al-Suwaira">Al-Suwaira</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1628" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1628" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48195#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24145376502483721133">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152445467">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210191/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCtM8T8w3qTqDvRKXKh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4230588-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80123145">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Basra (Irák)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge335725&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559633805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9f98f80d-dfba-4526-bcab-a5c980d32da7">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061435171">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046234">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/basra">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basra&oldid=1276229732">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basra&oldid=1276229732</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Basra" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-16T13:50:15Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T17:24:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/Basra_city.jpg","headline":"capital of Basra Governorate, in southern Iraq"}</script> </body> </html>