CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Proportional representation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e147f01f-ab8d-4e16-b0ba-f076fe58bfd6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Proportional_representation","wgTitle":"Proportional representation","wgCurRevisionId":1260430581,"wgRevisionId":1260430581,"wgArticleId":23298,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2023", "Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2024","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2024","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Proportional representation electoral systems"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Proportional_representation","wgRelevantArticleId":23298,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive": false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q13365595","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles": "ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/1200px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/800px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/640px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Proportional representation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Proportional_representation rootpage-Proportional_representation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Proportional+representation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Proportional+representation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Proportional+representation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Proportional+representation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Basics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Basics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Basics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How_party-list_PR_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_party-list_PR_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 How party-list PR works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_party-list_PR_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_the_single_transferable_vote_(STV)_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_the_single_transferable_vote_(STV)_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 How the single transferable vote (STV) works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_the_single_transferable_vote_(STV)_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_mixed-member_proportional_representation_(MMP)_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_mixed-member_proportional_representation_(MMP)_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 How mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_mixed-member_proportional_representation_(MMP)_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_from_mixed-member_majoritarian_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_mixed-member_majoritarian_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Differences from mixed-member majoritarian system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_mixed-member_majoritarian_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Advantages and disadvantages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Advantages and disadvantages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fairness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Fairness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_of_minor_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_of_minor_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Representation of minor parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_of_minor_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Coalitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voter_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voter_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Voter participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerrymandering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerrymandering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Gerrymandering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerrymandering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Link_between_constituent_and_representative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_between_constituent_and_representative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Link between constituent and representative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_between_constituent_and_representative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_lack_of_balance_in_presidential_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_lack_of_balance_in_presidential_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Potential lack of balance in presidential systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_lack_of_balance_in_presidential_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes_of_PR_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes_of_PR_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Attributes of PR systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attributes_of_PR_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attributes of PR systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attributes_of_PR_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-District_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 District magnitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Electoral threshold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Party magnitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_disproportionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_disproportionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Measuring disproportionality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_disproportionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PR_electoral_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PR_electoral_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 PR electoral systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-PR_electoral_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle PR electoral systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-PR_electoral_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party-based_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party-based_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Party-based systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party-based_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_list_PR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_list_PR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Party list PR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_list_PR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Mixed systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biproportional_apportionment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biproportional_apportionment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Biproportional apportionment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biproportional_apportionment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidate-based_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidate-based_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Candidate-based systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidate-based_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_transferable_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_transferable_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Single transferable vote </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_transferable_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proportional_approval_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportional_approval_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Proportional approval voting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportional_approval_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre–19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pre–19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_countries_using_proportional_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_countries_using_proportional_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 List of countries using proportional representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_countries_using_proportional_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incentives_for_choosing_an_electoral_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incentives_for_choosing_an_electoral_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Incentives for choosing an electoral system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incentives_for_choosing_an_electoral_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Proportional representation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporzwahl" title="Proporzwahl – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Proporzwahl" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تمثيل نسبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمثيل نسبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrutiniu_proporcional_plurinominal" title="Escrutiniu proporcional plurinominal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escrutiniu proporcional plurinominal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporsional_se%C3%A7ki_sistemi" title="Proporsional seçki sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proporsional seçki sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="সংখ্যানুপাতিক নির্বাচনী ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংখ্যানুপাতিক নির্বাচনী ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пропорционална избирателна система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пропорционална избирателна система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrutini_proporcional_plurinominal" title="Escrutini proporcional plurinominal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escrutini proporcional plurinominal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom%C4%9Brn%C3%BD_volebn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Poměrný volební systém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poměrný volební systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynrychiolaeth_gyfrannol" title="Cynrychiolaeth gyfrannol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynrychiolaeth gyfrannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verh%C3%A4ltniswahl" title="Verhältniswahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verhältniswahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rdeline_valimiss%C3%BCsteem" title="Võrdeline valimissüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võrdeline valimissüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αναλογική εκπροσώπηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναλογική εκπροσώπηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrutinio_proporcional_plurinominal" title="Escrutinio proporcional plurinominal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escrutinio proporcional plurinominal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporcia_balotsistemo" title="Proporcia balotsistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proporcia balotsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrendako_zenbaketa_proportzional" title="Zerrendako zenbaketa proportzional – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerrendako zenbaketa proportzional" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="نمایندگی تناسبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایندگی تناسبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionada%C3%ADocht_chionmhar" title="Ionadaíocht chionmhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionadaíocht chionmhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representaci%C3%B3n_proporcional" title="Representación proporcional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Representación proporcional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%A1%80%EB%8C%80%ED%91%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="비례대표제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비례대표제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Համամասնական ընտրակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համամասնական ընտրակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perwakilan_berimbang" title="Perwakilan berimbang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perwakilan berimbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlutfallskosning" title="Hlutfallskosning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hlutfallskosning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_proporzionale" title="Sistema proporzionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema proporzionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בחירות בשיטה היחסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחירות בשיטה היחסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%87%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өкүлчүлүктүн пропорциялаш системасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өкүлчүлүктүн пропорциялаш системасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporcion%C4%81las_v%C4%93l%C4%93%C5%A1anas" title="Proporcionālas vēlēšanas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Proporcionālas vēlēšanas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporzsystem" title="Proporzsystem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Proporzsystem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporcinis_atstovavimas" title="Proporcinis atstovavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Proporcinis atstovavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1nyos_k%C3%A9pviselet" title="Arányos képviselet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arányos képviselet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Пропорционална застапеност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пропорционална застапеност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആനുപാതിക പ്രാതിനിധ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആനുപാതിക പ്രാതിനിധ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perwakilan_berkadar" title="Perwakilan berkadar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perwakilan berkadar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenredige_vertegenwoordiging" title="Evenredige vertegenwoordiging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evenredige vertegenwoordiging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6" title="比例代表制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="比例代表制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forholdstallsvalg" title="Forholdstallsvalg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forholdstallsvalg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporcionala" title="Proporcionala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proporcionala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportsional_saylov_tizimi" title="Proportsional saylov tizimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proportsional saylov tizimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordynacja_proporcjonalna" title="Ordynacja proporcjonalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ordynacja proporcjonalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_proporcional" title="Representação proporcional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Representação proporcional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprezentare_propor%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Reprezentare proporțională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reprezentare proporțională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пропорциональная избирательная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пропорциональная избирательная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="සමානුපාතික නියෝජන ක්‍රමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමානුපාතික නියෝජන ක්‍රමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proportional representation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomern%C3%BD_volebn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Pomerný volebný systém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pomerný volebný systém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Пропорционални изборни систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пропорционални изборни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proporcionalni_izborni_sistem" title="Proporcionalni izborni sistem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proporcionalni izborni sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhteellinen_vaalitapa" title="Suhteellinen vaalitapa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suhteellinen vaalitapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionellt_valsystem" title="Proportionellt valsystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proportionellt valsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="விகிதாசாரப் பிரதிநிதித்துவத் தேர்தல் முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விகிதாசாரப் பிரதிநிதித்துவத் தேர்தல் முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="การเลือกตั้งระบบสัดส่วน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลือกตั้งระบบสัดส่วน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nispi_temsil_sistemi" title="Nispi temsil sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nispi temsil sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пропорційна виборча система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пропорційна виборча система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="متناسب نمائندگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متناسب نمائندگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_di%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%B7_l%E1%BB%87" title="Đại diện tỷ lệ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại diện tỷ lệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6" title="比例代表制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比例代表制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6" title="比例代表制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比例代表制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13365595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Proportional_representation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Proportional_representation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Proportional_representation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&oldid=1260430581" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Proportional_representation&id=1260430581&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProportional_representation">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProportional_representation">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Proportional_representation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proportional_representation" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13365595" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_too_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too long. Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">length guidelines</a> and help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit">move details into the article's body</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Proportional rule" redirects here. For the division rule in financial law, see <a href="/wiki/Proportional_rule_(bankruptcy)" title="Proportional rule (bankruptcy)">Proportional rule (bankruptcy)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">By results of combination <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr />By mechanism of combination <ul><li>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> By ballot type <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Spoiler effects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> Pathological response <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> Positive results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.<a href="#cite_note-JSM7-1">[1]</a> The concept applies mainly to political divisions (<a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>) among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast – or almost all votes cast – contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone. Under other election systems, a bare <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> or a scant <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> are all that are used to elect candidates. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, reflecting how votes are cast. In the context of voting systems, PR means that each representative in an assembly is elected by a roughly equal number of voters. In the common case of electoral systems that only allow a choice of parties, the seats are allocated in proportion to the vote tally or vote share each party receives. The term proportional representation may be used to mean fair representation by population as applied to states, regions, etc. However, representation being proportional with respect solely to population size is not considered to make an electoral system "proportional" the way the term is usually used. For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> has 435 members, who each represent a roughly equal number of people; each state is allocated a number of members in accordance with its population size (aside from a minimum single seat that even the smallest state receives), thus producing equal representation by population. But members of the House are elected in single-member districts generally through <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post elections</a>: a single-winner contest does not produce proportional representation as it has only one winner. Conversely, the representation achieved under PR electoral systems is typically proportional to a district's population size (seats per set amount of population), votes cast (votes per winner), and party vote share (in party-based systems such as <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list PR</a>). The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> gives each member state a number of seats roughly based on its population size (see <a href="/wiki/Degressive_proportionality" title="Degressive proportionality">degressive proportionality</a>) and in each member state, the election must also be held using a PR system (with proportional results based on vote share). The most widely used families of PR electoral systems are party-list PR, used in 85 countries;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member PR</a> (MMP), used in 7 countries;<a href="#cite_note-DouglasHowPrElecWork-3">[3]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV), used in Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-ideaGallagher-4">[4]</a> Malta, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Indian Rajya Sabha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maltaStv-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Proportional representation systems are used at all levels of government and are also used for elections to non-governmental bodies, such as <a href="/wiki/Corporate_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate board">corporate boards</a>. All PR systems require multi-member election contests, meaning votes are pooled to elect multiple representatives at once. Pooling may be done in various multi-member <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">voting districts</a> (in STV and most list-PR systems) or in single countrywide – a so called at-large – district (in only a few list-PR systems). A country-wide pooling of votes to elect more than a hundred members is used in Angola, for example. Where PR is desired at the municipal level, a city-wide <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> districting is sometimes used, to allow as large a district magnitude as possible. For large districts, <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list PR</a> is often used, but even when list PR is used, districts sometimes contain fewer than 40 or 50 members.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> STV, a candidate-based PR system, has only rarely been used to elect more than 21 in a single contest.<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> Some PR systems use at-large pooling or regional pooling in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a> (such as the New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a> and the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>). Other PR systems use at-large pooling in conjunction with multi-member districts (<a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian countries</a>). Pooling is used to allocate <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a> (top-up) to compensate for the disproportional results produced in single-member districts using FPTP or to increase the fairness produced in multi-member districts using list PR. PR systems that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to use as general pooling as possible (typically country-wide) or districts with large numbers of seats. Due to various factors, perfect proportionality is rarely achieved under PR systems. The use of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral thresholds</a> (in list PR or MMP), small districts with few seats in each (in STV or list PR), or the absence or insufficient number of leveling seats (in list PR, MMP or AMS) may produce disproportionality. Other sources are <a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">electoral tactics</a> that may be used in certain systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation#Splitting_parties" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">party splitting</a> in some MMP systems. Nonetheless, PR systems approximate proportionality much better than other systems<a href="#cite_note-Laakso_1980_pp._249–264-9">[8]</a> and are more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> and other forms of manipulation. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basics">Basics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basics">edit</a>]</div> Proportional representation refers to the general principle found in any electoral system in which the popularly chosen subgroups (parties) of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.<a href="#cite_note-JSM7-1">[1]</a> To achieve that intended effect, proportional electoral systems need to either have more than one seat in each district (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>), or have some form of compensatory seats (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation#Apportionment_methods" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation apportionment methods</a>). A legislative body (e.g. assembly, parliament) may be elected proportionally, whereas there is no need for a single office (e.g. a president, or mayor) to be elected proportionately if no votes are for parties (subgroups). In the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, for instance, each member state has a number of seats that is (roughly) proportional to its population, enabling geographical proportional representation. For these elections, all European Union (EU) countries also must use a proportional electoral system (enabling political proportional representation): When n% of the electorate support a particular <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> or set of candidates as their favourite, then roughly n% of seats are allotted to that party or those candidates.<a href="#cite_note-ACEpr-10">[9]</a> All PR systems aim to provide some form of equal representation for votes but may differ in their approaches on how they achieve this. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_party-list_PR_works">How party-list PR works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: How party-list PR works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a></div> Party-list PR is the most commonly used version of proportional representation. Voters cast votes for parties and each party is allocated seats based on its party share. Some party-list PR systems use overall country-wide vote counts; others count vote shares in separate parts of the country and allocate seats in each part according to that specific vote count. Some use both. List PR involves parties in the election process. Voters do not primarily vote for candidates (persons), but for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">electoral lists</a> (or party lists), which are lists of candidates that parties put forward. The mechanism that allocates seats to the parties/lists is how these systems achieve proportionality. Once this is done, the candidates who take the seats are based on the order in which they appear on the list. This is the basic, <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed list</a> version of list PR. An example election where the assembly has 200 seats to be filled is presented below. Every voter casts their vote for the list created by their favourite party and the results of the election are as follows (popular vote). Under party-list PR, every party gets a number of seats proportional to their share of the popular vote. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Popular vote </th> <th colspan="3">Party-list PR – Sainte-Laguë method </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number of seats </th> <th>Seats % </th> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg/170px-Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg/255px-Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg/340px-Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>43.91% </td> <td>88 </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>39.94% </td> <td>80 </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#03AA00"> </td> <td>Party C </td> <td>9.98% </td> <td>20 </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#820084"> </td> <td>Party D </td> <td>6.03% </td> <td>12 </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">TOTAL </td> <td>99.86% </td> <td>200 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> This is done by a proportional formula or method; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> – these are the same methods that may be used to allocate seats for geographic proportional representation (for example, how many seats each states gets in the US House of Representatives). Votes and seats often cannot be mathematically perfectly allocated, so some amount of rounding has to be done. The various methods deal with this in different ways, although the difference is reduced if there are many seats – for example, if the whole country is one district. Party-list PR is also more complicated in reality than in the example, as countries often use more than one district, multiple tiers (e.g. local, regional and national), <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open lists</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a>. This can mean that final seat allocations are frequently not proportional to the parties' vote share. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_the_single_transferable_vote_(STV)_works">How the single transferable vote (STV) works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: How the single transferable vote (STV) works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></div> The single transferable vote is an older method than party-list PR, and it does not need to formally involve parties in the election process. Instead of parties putting forward ordered lists of candidates from which winners are drawn in some order, candidates run by name, each voter marks preferences for candidates, with only one marked preference used to place the vote, and votes cast for the candidates determine the winner. This is done using a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">preferential ballot</a>. The ranking is used to instruct election officials of how the vote should be transferred in case the first preference is marked for an un-electable candidate or for an already elected candidate. Each voter casts one vote and the district used elects multiple members (more than one, usually 3 to 7). Because parties play no role in the vote count, STV may be used for nonpartisan elections, such as the city council of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amyHist-11">[10]</a> A large proportion of the votes cast are used to actually elect someone so the result is mixed and balanced with no one voting block taking much more than its due share of the seats. Where party labels are indicated, proportionality party-wise is noticeable. <a href="/wiki/Counting_single_transferable_votes" title="Counting single transferable votes">Counting votes under STV</a> is more complicated than <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>, but the following example shows how the vote count is performed and how proportionality is achieved in a district with 3 seats. In reality, districts usually elect more members than that in order to achieve more proportional results. A risk is that if the number of seats is larger than, for example, 10 seats, the ballot will be so large as to be inconvenient and voters may find it difficult to rank the many candidates, although 21 are elected through STV in some elections with no great difficulty.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> (In many STV systems, voters are not required to mark more choices than desired. Even if all voters marked only one preference, the resulting representation would be more balanced than under single-winner FPTP.) Under STV, an amount that guarantees election is set, which is called the quota. In the example below, the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> is used and so any candidate who earns more than 25 percent of the vote is declared elected. Note that it is only possible for 3 candidates to each achieve that quota. In the first count, the first preference (favourite candidate) marked on each of the ballots is counted. Candidates whose vote tally equals or passes the quota are declared elected as shown in the example below. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preferential_ballot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Preferential_ballot.svg/220px-Preferential_ballot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Preferential_ballot.svg/330px-Preferential_ballot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Preferential_ballot.svg/440px-Preferential_ballot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Simplified example of an STV ballot</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Popular vote (first preferences) </th> <th>Droop quota </th> <th>Elected? </th> <th>If elected: surplus votes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jane Doe </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>40% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Citizen </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>11% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joe Smith </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>16% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fred Rubble </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>30% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mary Hill </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>3% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Next, surplus votes belonging to those already elected, votes the candidates received above the quota (votes that they did not need to be elected), are transferred to the next preference marked by the voters who voted for them. Continuing the example, suppose that all voters who marked first preference for Jane Doe marked John Citizen as their second choice. Based on this, Jane Doe's surplus votes are transferred to John Citizen, John Citizen passes the quota and so is declared elected to the third and last seat that had to be filled. Even if all of Fred Rubble's surplus had gone to Mary Hill, the vote transfer plus Hill's original votes would not add up to quota. Party B did not have two quotas of votes so was not due two seats, while Party A was. It is possible, in realistic STV elections, for a candidate to win without quota if they are still in the running when the field of candidates has thinned to the number of remaining open seats. In this example, the district result is balanced party-wise. No one party took all the seats, as frequently happens under FPTP or other non-proportional voting systems. The result is fair – the most popular party took two seats; the less popular party took just one. The most popular candidates in each party won the party's seats. 81 percent of the voters saw their first choice elected. At least 15 percent of them (the Doe first, Citizen second voters) saw both their first and second choices elected – there were likely more than 15 percent if some "Citizen first" votes gave their second preference to Doe. Every voter had satisfaction of seeing someone of the party they support elected in the district. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Current vote total </th> <th>Droop quota </th> <th>Elected? </th> <th>Party </th> <th>First-preference votes for candidates of party </th> <th>Number of seats </th> <th>Party seats % under STV </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jane Doe </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>already elected (25%+1 vote) </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td rowspan="3">Party A </td> <td rowspan="3">67% </td> <td rowspan="3">2 </td> <td rowspan="3">67% </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Citizen </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>11% + 15% = 26% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joe Smith </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>16% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fred Rubble </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>already elected (25%+1 vote) </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td rowspan="2">Party B </td> <td rowspan="2">33% </td> <td rowspan="2">1 </td> <td rowspan="2">33% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mary Hill </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>3% </td> <td>25%(+1 vote) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>100% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> Under STV, to make up the 200-seat legislature as large as in the examples that follow, about 67 three-seat districts would be used. Districts with more seats would provide more proportional results – one form of STV in Australia uses a district with 21 members being elected at once. With a larger district magnitude, it is more likely that more than two parties will have some of their candidates elected. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, where STV is used with 5-member districts, it is common for successful candidates to receive 16.6 percent of the vote in the district. This produces a high effective threshold in the districts, and the country maintains a very strong two-party system.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> However, about 4000 voters in a district would be enough to elect a third-party candidate if voters desired but this seldom happens.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Conversely, New South Wales, which uses STV to elect its legislative council in 21-seat contests, sees election of representatives of seven or eight parties each time.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In this election about 1/22nd of the vote in the state is enough to take a seat, and seven or eight parties take at least that many votes, demonstrating a different voting pattern than Malta exhibits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_mixed-member_proportional_representation_(MMP)_works">How mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: How mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a></div> Mixed-member proportional representation combines election of district members with election of additional members as compensatory top-up. Often MMP systems use single-member districts (SMDs) to elect district members. (Denmark, Iceland and Sweden use multi-member districts in their MMP systems.) MMP with SMDs is described here. The mixed-member proportional system combines single member plurality voting (SMP), also known as <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> (FPTP), with party-list PR in a way that the overall result of the election is supposed to be proportional. The voter may vote for a district candidate as well as a party. The main idea behind MMP is compensation, meaning that the list-PR seat allocation is not independent of the results of the district level voting. First-past-the-post is a single winner system and cannot be proportional (winner-takes-all), so these disproportionalities are compensated by the party-list component. A simple, yet common version of MMP has as many list-PR seats as there are single-member districts. In the example it can be seen, as is often the case in reality, that the results of the district elections are highly disproportional: large parties typically win more seats than they should proportionally, but there is also randomness – a party that receives more votes than another party might not win more seats than the other. Any such dis-proportionality produced by the district elections is addressed, where possible, by the allocation of the compensatory additional members. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/170px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/255px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/340px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg/170px-Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg/255px-Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg/340px-Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg/170px-Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg/255px-Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg/340px-Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg/170px-Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg/255px-Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg/340px-Party_list_pr-example_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Party </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>FPTP seats (Number of districts won) </th> <th>Compensatory seats under MMP (party-list PR seats) </th> <th colspan="2">Total number of seats under MMP </th> <th>Seats % under MMP </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td style="background:#ff2c2c"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>43.91% </td> <td>64 </td> <td>24 </td> <td colspan="2">88 </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td style="background:#000cff"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>39.94% </td> <td>33 </td> <td>47 </td> <td colspan="2">80 </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#03AA00"> </td> <td style="background:#05ff00"> </td> <td>Party C </td> <td>9.98% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>20 </td> <td colspan="2">20 </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#820084"> </td> <td style="background:#fb00ff"> </td> <td>Party D </td> <td>6.03% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>9 </td> <td colspan="2">12 </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td> <td colspan="2">200 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> MMP gives only as many compensatory seats to a party as they need to have the number of seats of each party be proportional. Another way to say this is that MMP focuses on making the outcome proportional. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differences_from_mixed-member_majoritarian_system">Differences from mixed-member majoritarian system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differences from mixed-member majoritarian system">edit</a>]</div> Compare the MMP example to a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian</a> system, where the party-list PR seat allocation is independent of the district results (this is also called <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>). There is no compensation (no regard to how the district seats were filled) when allocating party-list seats so as to produce a proportional allocation of seats overall. The popular vote, the number of district seats won by each party, and the number of district and party-list PR seats are all the same as in the MMP example above, yet the parties' share of total seats is different. Parallel voting (using non-compensatory party seats) <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/170px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/255px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/340px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg/170px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg/255px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg/340px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg/170px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg/255px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg/340px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Parallel_voting_mmm-example_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Parallel_voting_mmm-example_total_seats.svg/170px-Parallel_voting_mmm-example_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Parallel_voting_mmm-example_total_seats.svg/255px-Parallel_voting_mmm-example_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Parallel_voting_mmm-example_total_seats.svg/340px-Parallel_voting_mmm-example_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Party </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>FPTP seats (Number of districts won) </th> <th>Party-list PR seats under parallel voting </th> <th colspan="2">Total number of seats under parallel voting </th> <th>Seats % under parallel voting </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td style="background:#ff2c2c"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>43.91% </td> <td>64 </td> <td>44 </td> <td colspan="2">108 </td> <td>54.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td style="background:#000cff"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>39.94% </td> <td>33 </td> <td>40 </td> <td colspan="2">73 </td> <td>36.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#03AA00"> </td> <td style="background:#05ff00"> </td> <td>Party C </td> <td>9.98% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>10 </td> <td colspan="2">10 </td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#820084"> </td> <td style="background:#fb00ff"> </td> <td>Party D </td> <td>6.03% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td colspan="2">9 </td> <td>4.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td> <td colspan="2">200 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> The overall results are not proportional, although they are more balanced and fair than most single-winner first-past-the-post elections. Parallel voting is mostly <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a> are the most proportional if the additional members are allocated in a compensatory way. There are many versions of MMP in use. Some use only a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">single vote</a>; in some, voters cast two votes, one for a local candidate and one for a party. Some allocate compensatory seats to best losers; others allocate according to party lists. Some use levelling seats to compensate for potential <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a>; others don't. Most impose an electoral threshold in order for a party to be eligible for any additional seats; some allow parties that elect one or more district seats to be eligible for additional seats even if its party share is below the threshold. Any barrier to access to the additional seats may produce wasted votes and dis-proportionality in the final result. As well, there is <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">single non-transferable vote</a>, which is also semi-proportional. It has the advantage that parties play no direct role in elections and voters do not need to mark ranked votes. Each voter casts one vote for a candidate and as many candidates win by plurality as the number of seats in the district. Due to each voter casting just one vote, as in STV, and each district electing multiple members, as in STV, mixed representation is produced in each district and overall rough proportionality more or less. Without transferable votes, more votes are wasted than under STV. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages">edit</a>]</div> The case for a single transferable vote system, a form of proportional representation, was made by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> in his 1861 essay <a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a>. His remarks are relevant to any form of PR. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In a representative body actually deliberating, the minority must of course be overruled; and in an equal democracy, the majority of the people, through their representatives, will outvote and prevail over the minority and their representatives. But does it follow that the minority should have no representatives at all? ... Is it necessary that the minority should not even be heard? Nothing but habit and old association can reconcile any reasonable being to the needless injustice. In a really equal democracy, every or any section would be represented, not disproportionately, but proportionately. A majority of the electors would always have a majority of the representatives, but a minority of the electors would always have a minority of the representatives. Man for man, they would be as fully represented as the majority. Unless they are, there is not equal government ... there is a part whose fair and equal share of influence in the representation is withheld from them, contrary to all just government, but, above all, contrary to the principle of democracy, which professes equality as its very root and foundation.<a href="#cite_note-JSM7-1">[1]</a></blockquote> Mill's essay does not support party-based proportional representation and may indicate a distaste for the ills of party-based systems in saying:<blockquote>Of all modes in which a national representation can possibly be constituted, this one affords the best security for the intellectual qualifications desirable in the representatives. At present, by universal admission, it is becoming more and more difficult for any one who has only talents and character to gain admission into the House of Commons. The only persons who can get elected are those who possess local influence, or make their way by lavish expenditure, or who, on the invitation of three or four tradesmen or attorneys, are sent down by one of the two great parties from their London clubs, as men whose votes the party can depend on under all circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-JSM7-1">[1]</a></blockquote>Many political theorists agree with Mill<a href="#cite_note-forder-16">[15]</a> that in a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> the representatives should represent all substantial segments of society but want reform rather than abolition of direct local community representation in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> (Mill himself only served one term as MP and then found it impossible to get a party to nominate him as their candidate. He was pointed out as an example of the kind of publicly spirited person who cannot even achieve a nomination under first-past-the-post.)<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> STV and regionalized forms of additional-member systems or MMP systems (such as used to elect the Scottish Assembly) produce local area representation and overall PR through mixed, balanced representation at the district or regional level.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairness">Fairness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fairness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada-election-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Canada-election-2015.jpg/924px-Canada-election-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="924" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Canada-election-2015.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> PR tries to resolve the unfairness of single-winner and <a href="/wiki/Winner-take-all_system" title="Winner-take-all system">winner-take-all</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a>, where the largest parties typically receive an "unfair" seat bonus and smaller parties are disadvantaged, always under-represented, and on occasion win no representation at all (<a href="/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" title="Duverger's law">Duverger's law</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmyPR-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norris-23">[22]</a>: 6–7  Under FPTP, an established party in UK elections has been elected to majority government with as little as 33.7% of votes (<a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">in 2024</a>,) and ten times on record <a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">since 1830</a>, a government obtained the most seats while losing the popular vote to another party. In certain Canadian elections, majority governments have been formed by parties with the support of under 40 percent of votes cast (<a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 Canadian election</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 Canadian election</a>). If turnout levels in the electorate are less than 60 percent, such outcomes allow a party to form a majority government by convincing as few as one quarter of the electorate to vote for it. In the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 UK election</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> won a comfortable parliamentary majority with the votes of only 21.6 percent of the total electorate.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a>: 3  Such misrepresentation has been criticized as "no longer a question of 'fairness' but of elementary rights of citizens".<a href="#cite_note-hansard1976-25">[24]</a>: 22  However, intermediate PR systems with a high <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a>, or other features that reduce proportionality, are not necessarily much fairer: in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election" title="2002 Turkish general election">2002 Turkish general election</a>, using an open-list list PR system with a 10 percent threshold, 46 percent of votes were wasted.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 83  The other 54 percent of the votes did receive fair level of representation, though. Under first-past-the-post, a third or so of members are elected with less than half the votes cast in their district, the majority in such districts not getting any local representation and with no levelling seats being used, getting no representation entirely. District-based winner-take-all systems also benefit regional parties by allowing them to win many seats in the region where they have a strong following even though they have little support nationally, while other parties with national support that is not concentrated in specific districts, like various <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green parties</a>, win few or no seats. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> in Canada that won 52 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a>, all in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, on 13.5 percent of the national vote, which – if seats were allocated based on the popular vote – would have given them 40 seats of the 295 seats in the House of Commons, while the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a> collapsed to two seats on 16 percent spread nationally. The Conservative party, although strong nationally, had had very strong regional support in the West but in this election, its supporters in the West turned to the Reform party (another regional party), which won all its seats west of Ontario and most of its seats west of Saskatchewan.<a href="#cite_note-Norris-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK General Election</a>, conducted using single-winner FPTP, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> gained 56 seats, all in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, with a 4.7 percent share of the national vote, while the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a>, with 12.6 percent, gained only a single seat.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_of_minor_parties">Representation of minor parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Representation of minor parties">edit</a>]</div> The use of multiple-member districts enables a greater variety of candidates to be elected. It has been argued that in emerging democracies, inclusion of minorities in the legislature can be essential for social stability and to consolidate the democratic process.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 58  Critics, on the other hand, claim this can give extreme parties a foothold in parliament, sometimes cited as a cause for the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic#Institutional_problems" title="Weimar Republic">collapse of the Weimar</a> government. With very low thresholds, very small parties can act as "king-makers",<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> holding larger parties to ransom during <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> discussions. The example of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> is often quoted,<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 59  but these problems can be limited, as in the modern German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, by the introduction of higher threshold limits for a party to gain parliamentary representation (which in turn increases the number of wasted votes, if voters cannot register alternate preferences). Another criticism is that the dominant parties in plurality/majoritarian systems, often looked on as "coalitions" or as "<a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">broad churches</a>",<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> can fragment under PR as the election of candidates from smaller groups becomes possible. Israel, Brazil, and Italy (until <a href="/wiki/Italian_electoral_law_of_1993" title="Italian electoral law of 1993">1993</a>) are examples.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 59, 89  However, research shows, in general, there is only a small increase in the number of parties in parliament (although small parties have larger representation) under PR.<a href="#cite_note-FairvoteCanadaWPR-31">[30]</a> Open list systems and STV, the only prominent PR system that does not require political parties,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> enable <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates to be elected. In Ireland, on average, about six independent candidates have been elected each parliament.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> This can lead to a situation where forming a Parliamentary majority requires support of one or more of these independent representatives. In some cases these independents have positions that are closely aligned with the governing party and it hardly matters. The Irish Government formed after the <a href="/wiki/2016_Irish_general_election" title="2016 Irish general election">2016</a> election even included independent representatives in the cabinet of a minority government. In other cases, the independent member's electoral platform is entirely local and addressing this is a price for support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalitions">Coalitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coalitions">edit</a>]</div> The election of smaller parties gives rise to one of the principal objections to PR systems, that they almost always result in <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 59 <a href="#cite_note-forder-16">[15]</a> Supporters of PR see coalitions as an advantage, forcing compromise between parties to form a coalition at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, and often when an election forces government change, some of the old coalition are in the new coalition so PR produces continuity and stability. Opponents counter that with many policies, compromise is not possible. Neither can many policies be easily positioned on the left-right spectrum (for example, the environment). So policies are <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse trading (political)">horse-traded</a> during coalition formation, with the consequence that voters have no way of knowing which policies will be pursued by the government they elect; voters have less influence on governments. Also, coalitions do not necessarily form at the centre, and small parties can have excessive influence, supplying a coalition with a majority only on condition that a policy or policies favoured by few voters is/are adopted. Most importantly, some say the ability of voters to vote an unpopular party out of power is curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-forder-16">[15]</a> All these disadvantages, the PR opponents contend, are avoided by two-party plurality voting systems. Coalitions are rare; the two dominant parties necessarily compete at the centre for votes, so that governments are more reliably moderate; the strong opposition necessary for proper scrutiny of government is assured; and governments remain sensitive to public sentiment because they can be, and are, regularly voted out of power.<a href="#cite_note-forder-16">[15]</a> However, this is not necessarily so; a two-party system can result in a "drift to extremes", hollowing out the centre,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> or, at least, in one party drifting to an extreme.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> As well, a two-party election system may operate in an oligopolistic manner, with both parties ignoring a particular viewpoint (the two parties engaging in too much compromise), or one party may verge off, having been controlled by an extreme group, so creating polarization.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> A two-party plurality election system means there are many safe seats, districts where only one party has a chance to be elected. This often leads to polarization and low voter turnout, and sometimes opens door to foreign interference at the nomination stage.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The opponents of PR also contend that coalition governments created under PR are less stable, and elections are more frequent. Italy is an often-cited example with many governments composed of many different coalition partners. However, Italy is unusual in that both its houses can make a government fall, whereas other countries, including many PR nations, have either just one house or have one of their two houses be the core body supporting a government. Italy's current <a href="/wiki/Italian_electoral_law_of_2017" title="Italian electoral law of 2017">parallel voting system</a> is not PR, so Italy is not an appropriate candidate for measuring the stability of PR.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Canada, which uses FPTP with a multi-party system, had more elections between 1945 and 2017 than PR countries such as Norway, Germany and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voter_participation">Voter participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voter participation">edit</a>]</div> Plurality systems usually result in single-party-majority government because generally fewer parties are elected in large numbers under FPTP compared to PR, and FPTP compresses politics to little more than two-party contests. Relatively few votes in a few of the most finely balanced districts, the "<a href="/wiki/Marginal_seat" title="Marginal seat">swing seats</a>", are able to swing majority control in the house. Incumbents in less evenly divided districts are invulnerable to slight swings of political mood. In the UK, for example, about half the constituencies have always elected the same party since 1945;<a href="#cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">[38]</a> in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House</a> elections 45 districts (10% of all districts) were uncontested by one of the two dominant parties.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Voters who know their preferred candidate will not win have little incentive to vote, and even if they do their votes have <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">no effect</a>, although they are still counted in the popular vote calculation.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 10  With PR, there are no "<a href="/wiki/Marginal_seat" title="Marginal seat">swing seats</a>". Most votes contribute to the election of a candidate, so parties need to campaign in all districts, not just those where their support is strongest or where they perceive most advantage. This fact in turn encourages parties to be more responsive to voters, producing a more "balanced" ticket by nominating more women and minority candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Norris-23">[22]</a> On average about 8 percent more women are elected in PR systems than non-PR systems.<a href="#cite_note-FairvoteCanadaWPR-31">[30]</a> Since most votes count, there are fewer "<a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a>", so voters, aware that their vote can make a difference, are more likely to make the effort to vote, and less likely to vote <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactically</a>. Compared to countries with plurality electoral systems, <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> improves and the population is more involved in the political process.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norris-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FairvoteCanadaWPR-31">[30]</a> However, some experts argue that transitioning from plurality to PR only increases voter turnout in geographical areas associated with <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seats</a> under the plurality system; turnout may decrease in areas formerly associated with <a href="/wiki/Marginal_seat" title="Marginal seat">swing seats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoxContEffect-41">[40]</a> Proportional systems show higher <a href="/wiki/Political_efficacy" title="Political efficacy">political efficacy</a>, citizens' trust in their ability to influence and understand the government, compared to plurality and majoritarian systems.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gerrymandering">edit</a>]</div> First-past-the-post elections are dependent on the drawing of boundaries of their <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a>, a process vulnerable to political interference (<a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>) even if districts are drawn in such a way as to ensure approximately equal representation. However, because voter turnout varies from district to district and because in one district a winner might take 80 percent of the vote while in another the winner might be elected with only 30 percent of the vote, there might be wide variation in votes-per-winner, even if districts are drawn in such a way as to take in equivalent population. As one party might take its seats with a low votes-per-winner ratio while another party might not have that advantage, the result is likely to be disproportionate.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> To compound the problem, boundaries have to be periodically re-drawn to accommodate population changes. Even apolitically drawn boundaries can unintentionally produce the effect of gerrymandering, reflecting naturally occurring concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-amyRCNV-44">[43]</a>: 65  PR systems, due to having larger districts with multiple members, are less prone to gerrymandering – research suggests five-seat districts or larger are immune to gerrymandering.<a href="#cite_note-amyRCNV-44">[43]</a>: 66  Equality of size of multiple-member districts is not important (the number of seats can vary) so districts can be aligned with historical territories of varying sizes such as cities, counties, states or provinces. Later population changes can be accommodated by simply adjusting the number of representatives in the district, without having to re-draw a single boundary. For example, Mollison in his 2010 plan for STV for the UK divided the country into 143 districts and then allocated varying number of seats to each district (to add up to the existing total of 650 MPs) depending on the number of voters in each but with wide ranges (his five-seat districts include one with 327,000 voters and another with 382,000 voters). His district boundaries follow historical <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authority</a> boundaries, yet he achieves more uniform representation than does the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Commissions_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)">Boundary Commission</a>, the body responsible for balancing the UK's <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> constituency sizes.<a href="#cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMstvSite-45">[44]</a> Mixed-member systems are susceptible to gerrymandering for the local seats that remain a part of such systems. Under <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional system</a>, there is no compensation for the effects that such gerrymandering might have. Under MMP, the use of compensatory list seats makes gerrymandering less of an issue. However, its effectiveness in this regard depends upon the features of the system, including the size of the regional districts, the relative share of list seats in the total, and opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation#Collusion" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">collusion</a> that might exist. A striking example of how the compensatory mechanism can be undermined can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Hungarian parliamentary election">2014 Hungarian parliamentary election</a>, where the leading party, <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a>, combined gerrymandering and decoy lists, which resulted in a two-thirds parliamentary majority from a 45% vote.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> This illustrates how certain implementations of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed systems</a> (if non-compensatory or insufficiently compensatory) can produce moderately proportional outcomes, similar to parallel voting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Link_between_constituent_and_representative">Link between constituent and representative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Link between constituent and representative">edit</a>]</div> It is generally accepted that a particular advantage of plurality electoral systems such as first-past-the-post, or majoritarian electoral systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">alternative vote</a>, is the geographic link between representatives and their constituents.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 36 <a href="#cite_note-Law_Commission_of_Canada-48">[47]</a>: 65 <a href="#cite_note-hansard1976-25">[24]</a>: 21  A notable disadvantage of PR is that, as its multiple-member districts are made larger, this link is weakened.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 82  In party list PR systems without delineated districts, such as the Netherlands and Israel, the there is no geographic link between representatives and their constituents. This makes it more difficult for local or regional issues to be addressed at the federal level. With relatively small multiple-member districts, in particular with STV, there are counter-arguments: about 90 percent of voters can consult a representative they voted for, someone whom they might think more sympathetic to their problem. In such cases it is sometimes argued that constituents and representatives have a closer link;<a href="#cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-amyRCNV-44">[43]</a>: 212  constituents have a choice of representative so they can consult one with particular expertise in the topic at issue.<a href="#cite_note-amyRCNV-44">[43]</a>: 212 <a href="#cite_note-ersSTV-49">[48]</a> With multiple-member districts, prominent candidates have more opportunity to be elected in their home constituencies, which they know and can represent authentically. There is less likely to be a strong incentive to <a href="/wiki/Parachute_candidate" title="Parachute candidate">parachute</a> them into constituencies in which they are strangers and thus less than ideal representatives.<a href="#cite_note-humphreys-50">[49]</a>: 248–250  Mixed-member PR systems incorporate single-member districts to preserve the link between constituents and representatives.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 95  However, because up to half the parliamentary seats are list rather than district seats, the districts are necessarily up to twice as large as with a plurality/majoritarian system where all representatives serve single-member districts.<a href="#cite_note-hansard1976-25">[24]</a>: 32  An interesting case occurred in the Netherlands, when "out of the blue" a party for the elderly, the <a href="/wiki/General_Elderly_Alliance" title="General Elderly Alliance">General Elderly Alliance</a> gained six seats in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Dutch_general_election" title="1994 Dutch general election">1994 election</a>. The other parties had not paid attention, but this made them aware. With the next election, the Party of the Elderly was gone, because the established parties had started to listen to the elderly. Today, a party for older citizens, <a href="/wiki/50PLUS" title="50PLUS">50PLUS</a>, has established itself in the Netherlands, albeit never winning as many as six seats. This can be seen as an example how geographic representation is not all-important and does not overshadow all other particulars of the voting population. Voting in a single-member district restricts the voters to a specific geography where their votes either go to the winner in the district or are wasted. MMP allows a vote (in the form of the voter's party vote) to be used outside the district if necessary to produce representation for the voter.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_lack_of_balance_in_presidential_systems">Potential lack of balance in presidential systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Potential lack of balance in presidential systems">edit</a>]</div> In a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>, the president is chosen independently from the parliament. As a consequence, it is possible to have a <a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">divided government</a> where a parliament and president have opposing views and may want to balance each other's influence. However, the proportional system favors government of coalitions of many smaller parties that require compromising and negotiating topics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As a consequence, these coalitions might have difficulties presenting a united front to counter presidential influence, leading to a lack of balance between these two powers. With a proportionally elected House, a President may strong-arm certain political issues[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This issue does not happen in a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, where the prime-minister is elected indirectly by the parliament itself. As a consequence, a divided government is impossible. Even if the political views change with time and the prime minister loses their support from parliament, they can be replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. Effectively, both measures make it impossible to create a <a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">divided government</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes_of_PR_systems">Attributes of PR systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attributes of PR systems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_magnitude">District magnitude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: District magnitude">edit</a>]</div> Academics agree that the most important influence on proportionality is an electoral district's <a href="/wiki/District_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="District magnitude">magnitude</a>, the number of representatives elected from the district. As magnitude increases, proportionality improves.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a> At one extreme, where the district encompasses the entire country (and with a low minimum threshold, highly proportionate representation of political parties can result), parties gain by broadening their appeal by nominating more minority and women candidates.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 83  Very few countries elect using an at-large district – only the Netherlands, Israel, and a few others. Almost all PR systems use multi-member districts that divide the electorate while producing local representation. At the other extreme, the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial voting">binomial electoral system</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> between 1989 and 2013,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> a nominally proportional open-list system, featured two-member districts. This system allowed a party winning more than a quarter of the vote in a district to be ignored and gave just one seat to a party with 5 percent of the vote, so it is generally not considered a genuinely proportional system.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 79  Similar plans for very small districts that produce quasi- or semi-proportional representation have been proposed in the United States and United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> plan for STV in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> proposes three- to five-member districts, so a party with around one-fourth of the vote in a district would win a seat there and in most districts no one party would take all the seats.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In Mollison's plan for STV in the UK, four- and five-member districts are mostly used, with three and six seat districts used as necessary to fit existing boundaries, and even two and single member districts used where geography dictates.<a href="#cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">After the introduction of STV in Ireland</a> in 1921, district magnitudes slowly diminished as more and more three-member constituencies were defined, benefiting the dominant <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> party, until 1979, when an independent boundary commission was established, reversing the trend.<a href="#cite_note-laver-54">[53]</a> In 2010, a parliamentary constitutional committee recommended a minimum magnitude of four.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_threshold">Electoral threshold</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electoral threshold">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a> is the minimum vote required to win one seat. The lower the threshold, the higher the proportion of votes contributing to the election of representatives and the lower the proportion of votes wasted.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a> An explicit threshold requires parties to win a certain percentage of the vote in order to be awarded seats from the party lists, and otherwise denies any representation to parties . By contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold#Natural_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">natural threshold</a> is (equal to a <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a>) is the smallest number of votes needed to mathematically guarantee a seat.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 83  In New Zealand, which uses <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a>, the electoral threshold is 5% of the national vote but parties that win at least one constituency seat get their due number of seats even if they do not achieve the threshold.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Turkey sets its electoral threshold at 7 percent,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> while the Netherlands sets its threshold at a single <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>, or 0.67 percent of national vote count.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a> Israel has raised its threshold from 1 percent (before 1992) to 1.5 percent (1992-2004), to 2 percent (<a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2006 Israeli legislative election">in 2006</a>, and to 3.25 percent in 2014. Because that country uses at-large districting, the natural threshold would be less than 1 percent, much lower than the electoral threshold.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> South Africa has no explicit electoral threshold.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In STV elections, a candidate winning an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">electoral quota</a>'s worth of votes (usually <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a>) is assured election, and thus that candidate's party would win one seat in the district.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_magnitude">Party magnitude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Party magnitude">edit</a>]</div> Party magnitude is the number of candidates elected from one party in one district. As district magnitude increases, it is likely more parties will elect larger delegations in the district and thus enjoy larger party magnitude.<a href="#cite_note-:0-60">[59]</a> As party magnitude increases, a party may decide to broaden its appeal by nominating women and members of minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-:0-60">[59]</a> A balanced ticket will be more successful than a narrow slate. This encourages parties to nominate women and minority candidates.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> But under STV, nominating too many candidates can be counter-productive, splitting the first-preference votes and allowing candidates to be eliminated before receiving transferred votes from elected or eliminated candidates of the same party and of other parties. An example of this was identified in a ward in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_local_elections" title="2007 Scottish local elections">2007 Scottish local elections</a> where <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>, putting up three candidates, won only one seat while they might have won two if they had only run two and party support (as seen in first-preference votes) had been redistributed among just the two.<a href="#cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">[38]</a> The same effect may have contributed to the collapse of representation of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_general_election" title="2011 Irish general election">2011 Irish general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The party received about half the votes compared to the previous election but received only one quarter of the seats it had received in that earlier election. In Dublin West, for example, it ran 13 candidates but elected just one.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> But generally in STV contests, transfers of votes allow each party to take roughly its due share of the seats based on vote tallies of the party's candidates. As well, where all the candidates of a party preferred by a voter are eliminated, the vote may find usefulness by being transferred to a candidate of a different party who is liked by the voter.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Other aspects of PR can influence proportionality such as the size of the elected body, the choice of open or closed lists, ballot design, and vote counting methods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_disproportionality">Measuring disproportionality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Measuring disproportionality">edit</a>]</div> Exact proportionality has a single unambiguous definition: the seat shares must exactly equal the vote shares, measured as <a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">seats-to-votes ratio</a>. When this condition is violated, the allocation is disproportional, and it may be interesting to examine the degree of disproportionality – the degree to which the number of seats won by each party differs from that of a perfectly proportional outcome. This degree does not have a single unambiguous definition. Some common disproportionality indexes are:<a href="#cite_note-karpov2008-65">[64]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallagher Index">Gallagher Index</a> – involves squaring the difference between each party's vote share and seat share, and finding the square root of half of the sum of these amounts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">Wasted vote</a>, which counts votes cast for parties that did not obtain any seats (or votes not used to elect anyone at the district level, in systems where district-level electing is all that is used)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_Index" title="Sainte-Laguë Index">Sainte-Laguë Index</a> – where the squared discrepancy from ideal <a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">seats-to-votes ratio</a> is weighted equally for each voter.</li></ul> Disproportionality changes from one election to another depending on voter behavior and size of electoral threshold or natural threshold. This is seen in the number of wasted votes in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-results-66">[65]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005 New Zealand general election</a> every party receiving more than 1 percent of the votes acquired seats due to every party at that level getting at least one seat in first-past-the-post voting. This election thus saw far fewer wasted votes compared to other elections when only the most popular parties took district seats. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Different indexes measure different concepts of disproportionality. Some disproportionality concepts have been mapped to <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_function" title="Social welfare function">social welfare functions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wada2016-67">[66]</a> Disproportionality indexes are sometimes used to evaluate existing and proposed electoral systems. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canadian Parliament</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">2016 Special Committee on Electoral Reform</a> recommended that if the existing election system was replaced, the new system should be designed to achieve "a Gallagher score of 5 or less". This low level of disproportionality is consistently achieved in European PR<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> but is much lower than was produced in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 Canadian election</a> under <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>, where the Gallagher index was 12.<a href="#cite_note-CanadaErreFinalReport-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PR_electoral_systems">PR electoral systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: PR electoral systems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party-based_systems">Party-based systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Party-based systems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_list_PR">Party list PR</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Party list PR">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a></div> Party list proportional representation is an electoral system in which seats are first allocated to parties based on vote share, and then assigned to party-affiliated candidates on the parties' <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">electoral lists</a>. This system is used in many countries, including <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (open list), <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (open list), <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (open list), <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (national closed list), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (open list), <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (closed list) as adopted in 2008 in first CA election, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (open list), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (closed list), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (closed list), <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (open list), and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (open list). For elections to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states</a> use open lists; but most large EU countries use closed lists, so that the majority of EP seats are distributed by those.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Local lists were used to elect the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Senate">Italian Senate</a> during the second half of the 20th century. Some common types of electoral lists are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> systems, where each party lists its candidates according to the party's <a href="/wiki/Candidate_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate selection">candidate selection</a> process. This sets the order of candidates on the list and thus, in effect, their probability of being elected. The first candidate on a list, for example, will get the first seat that party wins. Each voter casts a vote for a list of candidates. Voters, therefore, do not have the option to express their preferences at the ballot as to which of a party's candidates are elected into office.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> A party is allocated seats in proportion to the number of votes it receives.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ley_de_Lemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley de Lemas">Ley de Lemas</a>, an intermediate system used in Uruguay, where each party presents several closed lists, each representing a faction. Seats are distributed between parties according to the number of votes, and then between the factions within each party.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> systems, where voters may vote, depending on the model, for one person, or for two or more, or vote for a party list but indicate their order of preference within the list. These votes sometimes rearrange the order of names on the party's list and thus which of its candidates are elected. Nevertheless, the number of candidates elected from each list is determined by the number of votes that the list receives or that the candidates on the list receive.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a> systems, where parties divide their candidates in single member-like constituencies, which are ranked inside each general party list depending by their percentages. This method allows electors to judge every single candidate as in a <a href="/wiki/FPTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FPTP">FPTP</a> system.</li> <li>Two-tier party list systems, as in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. These operate similarly to <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional</a> systems or additional member systems. For example, <a href="/wiki/Folketing#Constitutional_requirements" title="Folketing">Denmark</a> is divided into ten multiple-member voting districts arranged in three regions, electing 135 representatives. In addition, 40 compensatory seats are elected. Voters have one vote. It is cast for an individual candidate or for a party list on the district ballot. To determine district winners, parties are allocated district seats based on their district vote shares. Candidates in the district are apportioned their share of their party's district list vote plus their individual votes, and the most-popular are elected to fill their party's seats. Compensatory seats are apportioned to the regions according to the party votes aggregated nationally, and then to the districts where the compensatory representatives are determined. In the 2007 general election, the district magnitudes, including compensatory representatives, varied between 14 and 28. The basic design of the system has remained unchanged since its introduction in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-denmark-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixed_systems">Mixed systems</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mixed systems">edit</a>]</div> There are <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed electoral systems</a> combining a plurality/majority formula with a proportional formula<a href="#cite_note-ACEMixSys-78">[77]</a> or using the proportional component to compensate for disproportionality caused by the plurality/majority component.<a href="#cite_note-MassicotteSearch-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-BochslerTerritory-80">[79]</a> The most prominent mixed compensatory system is <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP). It combines a single-district vote, usually <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a>, with a compensatory regional or nationwide party list proportional vote. For example, suppose that a party wins 10 seats based on <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a>, but requires 15 seats in total to obtain its proportional share of an elected body. A fully proportional mixed compensatory system would award this party 5 compensatory (PR) seats, raising the party's seat count from 10 to 15. MMP has the potential to produce proportional or moderately proportional election outcomes, depending on a number of factors such as the ratio of FPTP seats to PR seats, the existence or nonexistence of extra compensatory seats to make up for <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a>, and electoral thresholds.<a href="#cite_note-IfesElecSys-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoserMixedElec-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-MassicotteMixedElecSys-83">[82]</a> It was invented for the German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> after the Second World War, and has spread to <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The system is also used for the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> where it is called the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ersAMS-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-DouglasHowPrElecWork-3">[3]</a> Voters typically have two votes, one for their district representative and one for the party list. The list vote usually determines how many seats are allocated to each party in parliament. After the district winners have been determined, sufficient candidates from each party list are elected to "top-up" each party to the overall number of parliamentary seats due to it according to the party's overall list vote. Before apportioning list seats, all list votes for parties which failed to reach the threshold are discarded. If eliminated parties lose seats in this manner, then the seat counts for parties that achieved the threshold improve. Any direct seats won by independent candidates are subtracted from the parliamentary total used to apportion list seats.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Proportionality of MMP can be compromised if the ratio of list to district seats is too low, as it may then not be possible to completely compensate district seat disproportionality. Another factor can be how <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a> are handled, district seats that a party wins in excess of the number due to it under the list vote. To achieve proportionality, other parties require "balance seats", increasing the size of parliament by twice the number of overhang seats, but this is not always done. Until recently, Germany increased the size of parliament by the number of overhang seats but did not use the increased size for apportioning list seats. This was changed for the 2013 national election after the constitutional court rejected the previous law, not compensating for overhang seats had resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Negative_vote_weight" title="Negative vote weight">negative vote weight</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Lesotho, Scotland and Wales do not increase the size of parliament at all, even if there are overhang seats. In 2012, a New Zealand parliamentary commission proposed abandoning compensation for overhang seats, and so fixing the size of parliament. At the same time, it proposed abolishing the single-seat threshold (the go-around past the electoral threshold used by some small parties to get their due share of seats). It was expected that such seats would be overhang seats. If that was done without abolishing overhang compensation, it would have increased the size of parliament further through the overhang compensation. The commission also proposed reducing the electoral threshold from 5 percent to 4 percent. It was expected that proportionality would not suffer from these changes.<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-NZ2012EC-87">[86]</a> Similarly to MMP, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote systems</a> (MSV) use a proportional formula for allocating seats on the compensatory tier, but voters only have one vote that functions on both levels. MSV may use a positive vote transfer system, where unused votes are transferred from the lower tier to the upper, compensatory tier, where only these are used in the proportional formula. Alternatively, the MMP (seat linkage) algorithm can be used with a mixed single vote to "top-up" to a proportional result. With MSV, the similar requirements as in MMP apply to guarantee an overall proportional result. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (MMM) systems use proportional formulas to allocate seats on a proportional tier separately from other tiers. Certain systems, like <a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">scorporo</a> use a proportional formula after combining results of a parallel list vote with transferred votes from lower tiers (using negative or positive vote transfer). Another mixed system is <a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">dual-member proportional representation</a> (DMP). It is a single-vote system that elects two representatives in every district.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The first seat in each district is awarded to the candidate who wins a plurality of the votes, similar to <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP voting</a>. The remaining seats are awarded in a compensatory manner to achieve proportionality across a larger region. DMP employs a formula similar to the "best near-winner" variant of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a> used in the German state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In Baden-Württemberg, compensatory seats are awarded to candidates who receive high levels of support at the district level compared with other candidates of the same party. DMP differs in that at most one candidate per district is permitted to obtain a compensatory seat. If multiple candidates contesting the same district are slated to receive one of their parties' compensatory seats, the candidate with the highest vote share is elected and the others are eliminated. DMP is similar to <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">STV</a> in that all elected representatives, including those who receive compensatory seats, serve their local districts. Invented in 2013 in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_Territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces and Territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, DMP received attention on <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> where it appeared on a <a href="/wiki/2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">2016 plebiscite</a> as a potential replacement for FPTP,<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> but was eliminated on the third round.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> It was also one of three proportional voting system options on a <a href="/wiki/2018_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2018 referendum</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biproportional_apportionment">Biproportional apportionment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Biproportional apportionment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional apportionment</a></div> Biproportional <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment</a> aims to achieve proportionality in two dimensions, for example: proportionality by region and proportionality by party. There are several mathematical methods to attain biproportionality. One method is called <a href="/wiki/Iterative_proportional_fitting" title="Iterative proportional fitting">iterative proportional fitting</a> (IPF). It was proposed for elections by the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Michel_Balinski" title="Michel Balinski">Michel Balinski</a> in 1989, and first used by the city of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> for its council elections in February 2006, in a modified form called "new Zürich apportionment" (Neue Zürcher Zuteilungsverfahren). Zürich had had to modify its party list PR system after the Swiss Federal Court ruled that its smallest <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a>, as a result of population changes over many years, unconstitutionally disadvantaged smaller political parties. With biproportional apportionment, the use of open party lists has not changed, but the way winning candidates are determined has. The proportion of seats due to each party is calculated according to their overall citywide vote, and then the district winners are adjusted to conform to these proportions. This means that some candidates, who would otherwise have been successful, can be denied seats in favor of initially unsuccessful candidates, in order to improve the relative proportions of their respective parties overall. This peculiarity is accepted by the Zürich electorate because the resulting city council is proportional and all votes, regardless of district magnitude, now have equal weight. The system has since been adopted by other Swiss cities and <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pukZna-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-balinskiFMV-97">[96]</a> Balinski has proposed another variant called <a href="/wiki/Fair_majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair majority voting">fair majority voting</a> (FMV) to replace single-winner plurality/majoritarian electoral systems, in particular the system used for the <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a>. FMV introduces proportionality without changing the method of voting, the number of seats, or the – possibly gerrymandered – district boundaries. Seats would be apportioned to parties in a proportional manner at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-balinskiFMV-97">[96]</a> In a related proposal for the <a href="/wiki/UK_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK parliament">UK parliament</a>, whose elections are contested by many more parties, the authors note that parameters can be tuned to adopt any degree of proportionality deemed acceptable to the electorate. In order to elect smaller parties, a number of constituencies would be awarded to candidates placed fourth or even fifth in the constituency – unlikely to be acceptable to the electorate, the authors concede – but this effect could be substantially reduced by incorporating a third, regional, apportionment tier, or by specifying minimum thresholds.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidate-based_systems">Candidate-based systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Candidate-based systems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_transferable_vote">Single transferable vote</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Single transferable vote">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></div> The single transferable vote (STV), also called <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked choice voting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fairVoteFairRep-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-amyHist-11">[10]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked system</a>: voters rank candidates in order of preference. Voting districts usually elect three to seven representatives; each voter casts just one vote. The count is cyclic, electing or eliminating candidates and transferring votes until all seats are filled. A candidate whose tally reaches a <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">quota</a>, the minimum vote that guarantees election, is declared elected. The candidate's surplus votes (those in excess of the quota) are transferred to other candidates at a fraction of their value proportionate to the surplus, according to the voters' preferences. If there are no surplus votes to transfer and there are still seats to fill, the least popular candidate is eliminated, those votes being transferred to their next preference at full value. The votes are transferred according to the next marked preference. Any votes that cannot be transferred are moved to a pile labelled exhausted or non-transferable. The count continues until all the seats are filled or until there is only one more candidate than the number of remaining open seats. At that point all of them except the least popular candidate are declared elected, even if they do not have quota. The transfer of votes of eliminated candidates is simple – the transfer of surplus votes is more involved. There are various methods for transferring surplus votes. Manual methods used in early times and still today in places where STV was adopted in early 20th century (Ireland and Malta) transfer surplus votes according to a randomly selected sample, or transfer only a segment of the votes held by the successful candidate as surplus, selected based on the next usable marked preference. Other more recent methods transfer all votes held by successful candidate at a fraction of their value (the fraction derived by the surplus divided by the candidate's tally) and with reference to all the marked preferences on the ballots, not just the next usable preference. They may need the use of a computer. The different methods may not produce the same result in all respects. But the front runners in the first count before any transfers are conducted are all or mostly elected in the end under any STV variant, so the various methods of transfers all produce much the same result. Some variants of STV allow transfers to already elected or eliminated candidates, and these, too, can require a computer.<a href="#cite_note-tidemanSTV-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In effect, the method produces groups of voters of much the same size so the overall effect is to reflect the diversity of the electorate, each substantial group electing one or more representatives that the group had voted for. In Cambridge, under STV, 90 percent of voters see their vote help to elect a candidate, more than 65 percent of voters see their first choice candidate elected, and more than 95 percent of voters see one of their top three choices win.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Other reports claim that 90 percent of voters have a representative to whom they gave their first preference. Voters can choose candidates using any criteria they wish, the proportionality is implicit.<a href="#cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">[38]</a> Another source states that, when STV was used between 1925 and 1955 in Cincinnati, 90 percent of voters saw their first choice elected or their vote used to elect a secondary preference, with about 60 to 74 percent of voters seeing their first choice elected, even if their vote was not used to elect that person because it was transferred on as a surplus vote.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Political parties are not necessary; all other prominent PR electoral systems presume that parties reflect voters wishes, which many believe gives power to parties.<a href="#cite_note-tidemanSTV-100">[99]</a> STV satisfies the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">electoral system criterion</a> <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_for_solid_coalitions" title="Proportionality for solid coalitions">proportionality for solid coalitions</a> – a solid coalition for a set of candidates is the group of voters that rank all those candidates above all others – and is therefore considered a system of proportional representation.<a href="#cite_note-tidemanSTV-100">[99]</a> However, the small district magnitude used in STV elections (usually 5 to 9 seats, but sometimes rising to 21) has been criticized as impairing proportionality, especially when more parties compete than there are seats available,<a href="#cite_note-forder-16">[15]</a>: 50  and STV has, for this reason, sometimes been labelled "quasi proportional".<a href="#cite_note-AusOVC-104">[103]</a>: 83  While this may be true when considering districts in isolation, results overall are usually more proportional. Even though Ireland has particularly small magnitudes (3 to 5 seats), results of STV elections are "highly proportional".<a href="#cite_note-ideaEsd-26">[25]</a>: 73 <a href="#cite_note-ideaGallagher-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1997_Irish_general_election" title="1997 Irish general election">1997</a>, the average magnitude was 4. Eight parties gained representation, four of them with less than 3% of first-preference votes nationally. Six independent candidates also won election.<a href="#cite_note-laver-54">[53]</a> There have been claims made that STV handicaps certain extreme candidates because, to gain transfers based on back-up preferences and so improve their chance of election, candidates need to canvass voters beyond their own circle of supporters, and so need to moderate their views.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> This argument is made from the high natural threshold STV provides with low district magnitude.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Conversely, widely respected candidates can win election even if they receive relatively few first preferences. They do this by benefiting from strong subordinate preference support. Of course, they must have enough initial support so that they are not in the bottom rung of popularity or they will be eliminated when the field of candidate is thinned.<a href="#cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Charles Dodgson</a> (Lewis Carroll), the polymath logician and author, developed a passionate interest <a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> in voting methods. He believed RCV/STV to be fundamentally flawed, particularly regarding the allocation of “surplus” votes. His novel solution was to let the candidates themselves caucus and “club” votes together through the process of a negotiated consensus.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> As he stated:<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <blockquote>May I, in conclusion, point out that the method advocated in my pamphlet (where each elector names one candidate only, and the candidates themselves can, after the numbers are announced, club their votes, so as to bring in others besides those already announced as returned) would be at once perfectly simple and perfectly equitable in its result?</blockquote> However, his entreaties to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, leader of the Conservative Party and future prime minister, to adopt “clubbing” were rejected in 1884 <a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> as “too sweeping a change". Subsequently, he joined with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_reformer)" title="Thomas Hare (political reformer)">Thomas Hare</a> and several Conservative and Liberal members of Parliament to found the Proportional Representation Society (later the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society" title="Electoral Reform Society">Electoral Reform Society</a>) and to pursue STV. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proportional_approval_voting">Proportional approval voting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Proportional approval voting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></div> Systems can be devised that aim at proportional representation but are based on approval votes on individual candidates (not parties). Such is the idea of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">proportional approval voting</a> (PAV). It satisifes an adaptation of PR called <a href="/wiki/Extended_justified_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended justified representation">extended justified representation</a> (EJR).<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> When there are many seats to be filled, as in a legislature, counting ballots under PAV may not be feasible, so sequential variants have been used, such as <a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">sequential proportional approval voting</a> (SPAV). SPAV was used briefly in Sweden during the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-AzizGaspers2014-112">[111]</a> The vote counting procedure occurs in rounds. The first round of SPAV is identical to <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">approval voting</a>. All ballots are added with equal weight, and the candidate with the highest overall score is elected. In all subsequent rounds, ballots that support candidates who have already been elected are added with a reduced weight. Thus, voters who support none of the winners in the early rounds are increasingly likely to elect one of their preferred candidates in a later round. The procedure has been shown to yield proportional outcomes especially when voters are loyal to distinct groups of candidates (e.g. political parties).<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Reweighted range voting (RRV) uses the same method as <a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">sequential proportional approval voting</a> but uses a <a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">score ballot</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Reweighted range voting was used for the nominations in the Visual Effects category for recent Academy Award Oscars from 2013 through 2017,<a href="#cite_note-oscars2017Rules-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-oscars2012RulesRule22-116">[115]</a> and is used in the city of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, for sorting the priorities of the city council.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–19th_century">Pre–19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pre–19th century">edit</a>]</div> One of the earliest proposals of proportionality in an assembly was by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in his influential pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_Government" title="Thoughts on Government">Thoughts on Government</a>, written in 1776 during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It should be in miniature, an exact portrait of the people at large. It should think, feel, reason, and act like them. That it may be the interest of this Assembly to do strict justice at all times, it should be an equal representation, or in other words equal interest among the people should have equal interest in it.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a>, speaking to the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Assembly of Provence</a> on 30 January 1789, was also an early proponent of a proportionally representative assembly:<a href="#cite_note-hoagHallett-119">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A representative body is to the nation what a chart is for the physical configuration of its soil: in all its parts, and as a whole, the representative body should at all times present a reduced picture of the people, their opinions, aspirations, and wishes, and that presentation should bear the relative proportion to the original precisely.</blockquote> In February 1793, the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a> led the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Girondin_constitutional_project" title="Girondin constitutional project">Girondist constitution</a> which proposed a <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">limited voting</a> scheme with proportional aspects. Before that could be voted on, the <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a> took over the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> and produced their own <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1793" title="French Constitution of 1793">constitution</a>. On 24 June, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">single non-transferable vote</a>, which is semi-proportional, for national elections but the constitution was passed on the same day specifying <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoagHallett-119">[118]</a> Already in 1787, <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>, like Adams a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">US Founding Father</a>, understood the importance of multiple-member districts: "Bad elections proceed from the smallness of the districts which give an opportunity to bad men to intrigue themselves into office",<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and again, in 1791, in his Lectures on Law: "It may, I believe, be assumed as a general maxim, of no small importance in democratical governments, that the more extensive the district of election is, the choice will be the more wise and enlightened".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The 1790 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Pennsylvania">Constitution of Pennsylvania</a> specified multiple-member districts for the state Senate and required their boundaries to follow <a href="/wiki/County_line" class="mw-redirect" title="County line">county lines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> A PR system that uses single transferable votes was invented in 1819 by an English schoolmaster, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_Hill" title="Thomas Wright Hill">Thomas Wright Hill</a>, who devised a "plan of election" for the committee of the Society for Literary and Scientific Improvement in Birmingham that used not only transfers of surplus votes from winners but also from losers, a refinement that later both Andræ and Hare initially omitted. But the procedure seemed unsuitable for a public election and was not publicised. In 1839, Hill's son, <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill" title="Rowland Hill">Rowland Hill</a>, recommended the concept for public elections in Adelaide, and a simple process was used in which voters were allowed to form as many groups as there were representatives to be elected, each group electing one representative.<a href="#cite_note-hoagHallett-119">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> of party-list proportional representation was first described in 1832 by the American statesman and senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>. The list plan system was conceived by Thomas Gilpin, a retired paper-mill owner, in a paper he read to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in Philadelphia in 1844: "On the representation of minorities of electors to act with the majority in elected assemblies". It ensured at least one popularly elected member for each part of a multi-member district and also district-wide party-balanced representation.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-123">[122]</a> It was never put into practical use, but even as late as 1914 it was put forward as a way to elect the U.S. electoral college delegates and for local elections.<a href="#cite_note-hoagHallett-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-123">[122]</a> A practical election using the single transferable vote system (a combination of preferential voting and multi-member districts) was devised in Denmark by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Andr%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Andræ">Carl Andræ</a>, a mathematician, and first used there in 1855, making it the oldest PR system. STV was also invented (apparently independently) in the UK in 1857 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hare (political scientist)">Thomas Hare</a>, a London <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, in his pamphlet The Machinery of Representation and expanded on in his 1859 Treatise on the Election of Representatives. The scheme was enthusiastically taken up by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, ensuring international interest. The 1865 edition of the book included the transfer of preferences from dropped candidates and the STV method was essentially complete, although Hare pictured the entire British Isles as one single district. Mill proposed it to the House of Commons in 1867, but the British parliament rejected it. The name of the system evolved from "Mr. Hare's scheme" to "proportional representation", then "proportional representation with the single transferable vote", and finally, by the end of the 19th century, to "the single transferable vote". Such a system was well suited to the British political tradition. STV was preferred in the English-speaking world because traditionally votes were cast directly for individuals.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> STV was later adopted for national elections in Malta (1921), the Republic of Ireland (1921) and Australia (1948). In Australia, the political activist <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a> became an enthusiast of STV and an author on the subject. Through her influence and the efforts of the Tasmanian politician <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Inglis_Clark" title="Andrew Inglis Clark">Andrew Inglis Clark</a>, Tasmania became an early pioneer of the system, <a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">electing the world's first legislators through STV in 1896</a>, prior to its federation into Australia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> had proposed the election of a new Soviet <a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">presidium</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties on the basis of proportional representation in September 1917.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In the UK, the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a>'s Conference recommended STV for all multi-seat Westminster constituencies, but it was only applied to <a href="/wiki/University_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="University constituencies">university constituencies</a>, lasting from 1918 until 1950 when the last of those constituencies were abolished. In Ireland, STV was used in 1918 in the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a> constituency, and was introduced for devolved <a href="/wiki/1921_Irish_elections" title="1921 Irish elections">elections in 1921</a>. STV is currently used for two national lower houses of parliament, Ireland, since independence (as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>) in 1922,<a href="#cite_note-ideaGallagher-4">[4]</a> and Malta, since 1921, long before independence in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-AceMalta-128">[127]</a> In Ireland, two attempts were made by <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> governments to abolish STV and replace it with the first-past-the-post plurality system. Both attempts were rejected by voters in referendums held <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill_1958" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1958">in 1959</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1968">again in 1968</a>. STV is also prescribed for all other elections in Ireland including that of the presidency, although it is there effectively the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative vote">alternative vote</a>, as it is an election with a single winner. It is also used for the Northern Ireland Assembly and European and local authorities, Scottish local authorities, some New Zealand and Australian local authorities,<a href="#cite_note-ersSTV-49">[48]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian</a> (since 1907) and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Australian Capital Territory</a> assemblies, where the method is known as Hare-Clark,<a href="#cite_note-prsaHC-129">[128]</a> and the city council in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> (since 1941).<a href="#cite_note-amyHist-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridgePlanE-130">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> was devised in 1878 by Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt as a way to allocate seats in a party-list PR system. Some Swiss cantons started using it to produce PR, beginning with Ticino in 1890. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Considerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Considerant">Victor Considerant</a>, a utopian socialist, described a similar system in an 1892 book. Many European countries adopted similar systems during or after World War I. List PR was favoured on <a href="/wiki/The_Continent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Continent">the Continent</a> because the use of lists in elections, the <a href="/wiki/Scrutin_de_liste" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrutin de liste">scrutin de liste</a>, was already widespread. Each uses one of a variety of methods of allocating seats – the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> or a different one. Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, political reformers were involved in discussion and squabbles on the alternative system that would replace the first-past-the-post or block voting systems that were being used. <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">limited voting</a>, supplementary voting (<a href="/wiki/Contingent_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingent voting">contingent voting</a>), STV, <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, the Bucklin system of ranked voting, and list PR were used in different places, at the municipal, state or national level in that period. List PR or STV eventually became the preferred alternative electoral method for many jurisdictions by the 1920s. The MMP version of list PR began to be used after the Second World War. District representation, proportionality of the results, the rate of wasted votes, the acceptable level of complication for voters and election officials, quickness of announcement of results and other aspects were often valued differently by the different reformers and by the elected governments who usually had the power to make decisions over electoral system. There is thus a wide range of PR systems used by the countries in the world that have adopted PR.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> PR is used by a majority of the world's 33 most robust democracies with populations of at least two million people – 23 use PR (20 use list PR, two use MMP and one uses STV), while only six use <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> or a majoritarian system (<a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant runoff</a>) for elections to the legislative assembly; and four use <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel systems</a>, which usually involves some members being elected through PR.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> PR dominates Europe, including Germany and most of northern and eastern Europe; it is also used for <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> elections. France adopted PR at the end of World War II, but discarded it in 1958; it was used for parliament elections in 1986. Switzerland has the most widespread use of proportional representation, as it is used there to elect not only national legislatures but also cantonal and communal legislatures. PR is less common in the English-speaking world, especially at the national level. Malta and Ireland use STV for election of legislators. Australia uses it for senate elections. New Zealand adopted MMP in 1993. Gibraltar uses quasi-PR, limited voting. The UK, Canada and India use <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> systems for legislative elections, but even then its use is a fairly recent phenomenon, with single-member plurality used exclusively in the UK only since 1958, in Canada only since 1968, and in India only since 1950.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> STV was used to elect British university MPs prior to 1958. As well, a variety of election systems were used in Canada to elect provincial legislators. STV was used to elect some provincial legislators in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> from 1924 to 1955, and in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> from 1920 to 1953. In both provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">alternative vote</a> (AV) was used in rural areas alongside STV in the major urban centres. First-past-the-post was re-adopted in Alberta by the dominant party for reasons of political advantage. In Manitoba, a principal reason given was to address under-representation of Winnipeg in the provincial legislature (which could have otherwise been addressed by adding more members to urban districts).<a href="#cite_note-hoagHallett-119">[118]</a>: 223–234 <a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> STV has some history in the United States. Between 1915 and 1962, twenty-four cities used the system for at least one election. In many cities, minority parties and other groups used STV to break up single-party monopolies on elective office. One of the most famous cases is <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, where a coalition of Republicans and others pursued the adoption of STV in 1936 as part of an effort to free the city from control by the <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a>. Under the new electoral system, Tammany Hall's power was abated but NYC dropped STV in 1946 after only five elections.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Another famous case is <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio, where, in 1924, Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive</a>-wing Republicans secured the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">council–manager</a> charter with STV elections in order to dislodge the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> machine of <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_K._Hynicka" title="Rudolph K. Hynicka">Rudolph K. Hynicka</a>. Although Cincinnati's council–manager system survives, Republicans and other disaffected groups replaced STV with <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">plurality-at-large voting</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> From 1870 to 1980, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> used a semi-proportional <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">cumulative voting</a> system to elect <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">its House of Representatives</a>. Each district across the state elected both Republicans and Democrats year-after-year. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> (STV) and <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a> (cumulative voting) have used PR for many years. Illinois used cumulative voting for decades in its state elections.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (in most elections before 1977 and between 1980 and 1999) had citywide elections in which people cast multiple votes – sometimes for as many as nine candidates but usually for five or six – simultaneously (<a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">block voting</a>), producing some aspects of PR through the use of a multi-member district. San Francisco used preferential voting (<a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a>) in its 1917 city election. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_countries_using_proportional_representation">List of countries using proportional representation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: List of countries using proportional representation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">List of countries using proportional representation to elect the lower (or only) house of national legislature </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportional_voting_systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Proportional_voting_systems.svg/500px-Proportional_voting_systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Proportional_voting_systems.svg/750px-Proportional_voting_systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Proportional_voting_systems.svg/1000px-Proportional_voting_systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Party-list PR</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Single transferable vote</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mixed-member proportional</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mixed-member majoritarian</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Eighty-five countries in the world use a proportional electoral system to fill a nationally elected legislative body. The table below lists those countries and gives information on the specific PR system that is in use. Detailed information on electoral systems applying to the first chamber of the legislature is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/ACE_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" title="ACE Electoral Knowledge Network">ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Countries using PR as part of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>) system are not included. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Body </th> <th>Type of body </th> <th colspan="2">Type of proportional system </th> <th>List type (if applicable) </th> <th>Variation of <a href="/wiki/Open_list#Variation" title="Open list">open lists</a> (if applicable) </th> <th>Allocating formula </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">Electoral threshold</a> </th> <th><a href="#District_magnitude">Constituencies</a> </th> <th>Governmental system </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Albania</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Parliament</a> (Kuvendi) </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>4% nationally or 2.5% in a district </td> <td>Counties </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Algeria" title="Elections in Algeria">Algeria</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td>5% of votes in respective district.<a href="#cite_note-algeriaACE-144">[143]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Angola" title="Elections in Angola">Angola</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Angola">National Assembly</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>5 member districts and nationwide </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a> use to elect the President and the National Assembly at the same election. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Argentina" title="Elections in Argentina">Argentina</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies (Argentina)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>3% of registered voters </td> <td>Provinces </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Armenia</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Unicameral national legislature </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> with <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">majority jackpot</a> and minority jackpot <a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder method</a> (? quota) </td> <td rowspan="2">5% (parties), 7% (blocs) </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder method</a> (? quota) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Aruba" title="Elections in Aruba">Aruba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Aruba" title="Parliament of Aruba">Parliament</a> </td> <td>Unicameral <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent country</a> legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> </td> <td>Upper house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#37C871"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Austria</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">National Council</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Lower house of national legislature </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#More_open" title="Open list">More open</a>: 14% on the district level </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">4% </td> <td>Single-member districts within federal states (Länder) </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#More_open" title="Open list">More open</a>: 10% on the regional (state) level </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td>Federal states (Länder) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#More_open" title="Open list">More open</a>: 7% of the on the federal level </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>Single federal (nationwide) constituency </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgium</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Chamber of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td>Electoral districts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Benin" title="Elections in Benin">Benin</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bolivia" title="Elections in Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#5A2CA0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a> – MMP (fixed number of seats – no leveling seats) </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Ballots use the <a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">double simultaneous vote</a>: voters cast a single vote for a presidential candidate and their party's list and local candidates at the same time (vote splitting is not possible/allowed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Chamber of Senators</a> </td> <td>Upper house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Electoral districts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Brazil</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>2% distributed in at least 9 federation units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them </td> <td>States and federal district </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">Presidential Republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td>Electoral districts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Elections in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burkina_Faso" title="National Assembly of Burkina Faso">National Assembly</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Burundi" title="Elections in Burundi">Burundi</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td>2% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cape_Verde" title="Elections in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cape_Verde)" title="National Assembly (Cape Verde)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chile" title="Elections in Chile">Chile</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colombia" title="Elections in Colombia">Colombia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Chamber of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Senate</a> </td> <td>Upper house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Costa_Rica" title="Elections in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Croatia</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Denmark" title="Elections in Denmark">Denmark</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Folketing</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> for leveling seats </td> <td>2% </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td>135 <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituency</a> seats, 40 <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveling seats">leveling seats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Elections in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_East_Timor" title="Elections in East Timor">East Timor</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Ecuador">National Congress</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_El_Salvador" title="Elections in El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Elections in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonia</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">European Union</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Lower house of supranational legislature </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> in 25 member states </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> in 19 countries </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> (Germany, France, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Romania) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#37C871"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> in Ireland and Malta </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Elections in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Fiji" title="Elections in Fiji">Fiji</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Finland</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Federal Assembly</a> (Bundestag) </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#5A2CA0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>5% regionally </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Parliament</a> (Boule) </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus system</a> (reinforced party-list proportionality) </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td>Apart from snap elections </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td>3% nationally + tiered bonus of the seats (from 25% of the votes a seat is added for each 0.5% the first party gets) </td> <td>Prefectures (apart from Attica and Thessaloniki) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greenland" title="Elections in Greenland">Greenland</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guatemala" title="Elections in Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Elections in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guyana" title="Elections in Guyana">Guyana</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Honduras</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Iceland</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td>Constituency (electoral districts: groups of <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">regencies and cities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Indonesian provinces</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> presidential <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#37C871"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> seats with 3-5 members </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">Israel</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3.25% </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Latvia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#Most_open" title="Open list">Most open</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td>5 multi-member constituencies consisting of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">municipalities</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lesotho" title="Elections in Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#5A2CA0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>variant using a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Landtag</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8% </td> <td>Constituencies (electoral districts) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff system">Hagenbach-Bischoff system</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Luxembourg" title="Constituencies of Luxembourg">Constituencies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Macedonia" title="Elections in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Malta</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#37C871"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Moldova" title="Elections in Moldova">Moldova</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>6% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montenegro" title="Elections in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mozambique" title="Elections in Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Namibia" title="Elections in Namibia">Namibia</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#More_open" title="Open list">More open</a>: 25% of the quota for one seat (0.167%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>0.667% (1/150) </td> <td>None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (New Zealand)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#5A2CA0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>5% or 1 district won </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Nepal</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#5A2CA0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Norway</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Palestine" title="Elections in Palestine">Palestine</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Paraguay" title="Elections in Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Peru</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Poland</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Portugal</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Romania</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_San_Marino" title="Elections in San Marino">San Marino</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> with contingent majority jackpot runoff </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">majority bonus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Serbia" title="Elections in Serbia">Serbia</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sint_Maarten" title="Elections in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a> (Droop quota) </td> <td>4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">d'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">South Africa</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> at large </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Spain</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>3% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces of Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> (District lists elect 196/225 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a> (up to 3 preference votes)<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td>5% (per constituency) </td> <td>Constituencies (electoral districts) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential system</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> (National list to elect 29/225 seats) </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td>No threshold </td> <td>None (single nationwide constituency) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Suriname" title="Elections in Suriname">Suriname</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Suriname)" title="National Assembly (Suriname)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#Most_open" title="Open list">Most open</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>No threshold </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Suriname" title="Districts of Suriname">Districts of Suriname</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republican_systems" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Sweden</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#More_open" title="Open list">More open</a> (5% of the party vote to override the default party-list)<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>4% nationally or 12% in a given constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Counties of Sweden</a> (some counties are further subdivided) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">Leveling seats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff system">Hagenbach-Bischoff system</a> </td> <td>No threshold </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons of Switzerland</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">Semi-direct democracy</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Assembly-independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly-independent">assembly-independent</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> (only to elect Councillors in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>)<a href="#cite_note-auto-162">[161]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> </td> <td style="background:#dfd"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_list#Most_open" title="Open list">Most open</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>No threshold<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> </td> <td>None (single cantonwide constituency)<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Thailand</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#5A2CA0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member PR</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder method</a> (? quota) </td> <td>No threshold </td> <td>None (single nationwide constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> </td> <td>Next elections are to be held under <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Togo" title="Elections in Togo">Togo</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Togo)" title="National Assembly (Togo)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> (?) </td> <td>No threshold </td> <td>Constituencies </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tunisia" title="Elections in Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Representatives_of_the_People" title="Assembly of the Representatives of the People">Assembly of the Representatives of the People</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder method</a> (? quota) </td> <td>No threshold </td> <td>Constituencies </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Turkey</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> </td> <td>Unicameral national legislature </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>7% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Provinces of Turkey</a> (some provinces are further subdivided) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uruguay" title="Elections in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Uruguay" title="Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay">Chamber of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower house of national legislature </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#fdd"><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">No threshold </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Uruguay" title="Departments of Uruguay">Departments of Uruguay</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Ballots use the <a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">double simultaneous vote</a>, the same ballot is used for electing the president (first round) and the two chambers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uruguay" title="Senate of Uruguay">Chamber of Senators</a> </td> <td>Upper house of national legislature </td> <td>None (single nationwide constituency) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incentives_for_choosing_an_electoral_system">Incentives for choosing an electoral system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Incentives for choosing an electoral system">edit</a>]</div> Changing the electoral system requires the agreement of a majority of the currently selected legislators, who were chosen using the incumbent electoral system. Therefore, an interesting question is what incentives make current legislators support a new electoral system, particularly a PR system. Many political scientists argue that PR was adopted by parties on the right as a strategy to survive amid suffrage expansion, democratization and the rise of workers' parties. According to Stein Rokkan in a seminal 1970 study, parties on the right opted to adopt PR as a way to survive as competitive parties in situations when the parties on the right were not united enough to exist under majoritarian systems.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> This argument was formalized and supported by Carles Boix in a 1999 study.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Amel Ahmed notes that prior to the adoption of PR, many electoral systems were based on majority or plurality rule, and that these systems risked eradicating parties on the right in areas where the working class was large in numbers. He therefore argues that parties on the right adopted PR as a way to ensure that they would survive as potent political forces amid suffrage expansion.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> A 2021 study linked the adoption of PR to incumbent fears of revolutionary threats.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> In contrast, other scholars argue that the choice to adopt PR was also due to a demand by parties on the left to ensure a foothold in politics, as well as to encourage a consensual system that would help the left realize its preferred economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The pressure to change may become so great that the government feels it must give in to the demand, even if it itself does not benefit from the change. This is the same process by which women's suffrage was achieved in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Condorcet paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">Justified representation</a>, a generalization of the principle of proportionality to multiwinner approval voting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">One person, one vote</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> STV was used in 2010 to elect 25 members at large in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Icelandic_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="2010 Icelandic Constitutional Assembly election">2010 Icelandic Constitutional Assembly election</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JSM7-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSM7_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSM7_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSM7_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSM7_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMill1861" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill, John Stuart</a> (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007">"Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a>. London: Parker, Son, & Bourn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VII%2C+Of+True+and+False+Democracy%3B+Representation+of+All%2C+and+Representation+of+the+Majority+only&rft.btitle=Considerations+on+Representative+Government&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Parker%2C+Son%2C+%26+Bourn&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F5669%2F5669-h%2F5669-h.htm%23link2HCH0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACE_Project:_The_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" class="citation web cs1">ACE Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question=ES005">"Electoral Systems Comparative Data, Table by Question"</a>. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Systems+Comparative+Data%2C+Table+by+Question&rft.au=ACE+Project%3A+The+Electoral+Knowledge+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Fepic-en%2FCDTable%3Fview%3Dcountry%26question%3DES005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouglasHowPrElecWork-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DouglasHowPrElecWork_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DouglasHowPrElecWork_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy" class="citation web cs1">Amy, Douglas J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fairvote.org/archives/proportional-representation-voting-systems/">"How Proportional Representation Elections Work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Proportional+Representation+Elections+Work&rft.pub=FairVote&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffairvote.org%2Farchives%2Fproportional-representation-voting-systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideaGallagher-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ideaGallagher_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaGallagher_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaGallagher_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020142236/http://www.community.netidea.com/ccbc/Gallagher.pdf">"Ireland: The Archetypal Single Transferable Vote System"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.community.netidea.com/ccbc/Gallagher.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+The+Archetypal+Single+Transferable+Vote+System&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.community.netidea.com%2Fccbc%2FGallagher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maltaStv-5"><a href="#cite_ref-maltaStv_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirczy_de_MiñoLane1999" class="citation web cs1">Hirczy de Miño, Wolfgang; Lane, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/179912/2pty.pdf">"Malta: STV in a two-party system"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malta%3A+STV+in+a+two-party+system&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hirczy+de+Mi%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Lane%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0011%2F179912%2F2pty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajyasabha.gov.in/rsnew/about_parliament/rajya_sabha_introduction.asp">"Rajya Sabha Introduction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rajya+Sabha+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.gov.in%2Frsnew%2Fabout_parliament%2Frajya_sabha_introduction.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Algeria's largest district has 37 deputies (p. 15): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/algeria-may2012-final-rpt.pdf">https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/algeria-may2012-final-rpt.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laakso_1980_pp._249–264-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Laakso_1980_pp._249–264_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaakso1980" class="citation journal cs1">Laakso, Markku (1980). "Electoral Justice as a Criterion for Different Systems of Proportional Representation". Scandinavian Political Studies. 3 (3). Wiley: 249–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.1980.tb00248.x">10.1111/j.1467-9477.1980.tb00248.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-6757">0080-6757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Electoral+Justice+as+a+Criterion+for+Different+Systems+of+Proportional+Representation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-264&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.1980.tb00248.x&rft.issn=0080-6757&rft.aulast=Laakso&rft.aufirst=Markku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACEpr-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ACEpr_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/default">"Proportional Representation (PR)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ACE_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" title="ACE Electoral Knowledge Network">ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation+%28PR%29&rft.pub=ACE+Electoral+Knowledge+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Face-en%2Ftopics%2Fes%2Fesd%2Fesd02%2Fdefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amyHist-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amyHist_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amyHist_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amyHist_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy" class="citation web cs1">Amy, Douglas J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=647">"A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Proportional+Representation+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=FairVote&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.fairvote.org%2F%3Fpage%3D647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "Results: NSW Election 2019". ABC Elections. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/General">https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/General</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/General">https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/General</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.nsw.gov.au/elections/past-results/state-election-results/2023-nsw-state-election-results#legislativecouncilresults">"2023 NSW State election results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+NSW+State+election+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.nsw.gov.au%2Felections%2Fpast-results%2Fstate-election-results%2F2023-nsw-state-election-results%23legislativecouncilresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forder-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forder_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forder_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forder_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forder_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forder_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForder2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Forder" title="James Forder">Forder, James</a> (2011). The case against voting reform. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-825-8"><bdi>978-1-85168-825-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+case+against+voting+reform&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-825-8&rft.aulast=Forder&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Abbott, Lewis F. British Democracy: Its Restoration and Extension. ISR/Kindle Books, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906321522" title="Special:BookSources/9780906321522">9780906321522</a>. Chapter 7, "Electoral System Reform: Increasing Competition and Voter Choice and Influence". </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Report of meeting on Proportional representation or effective voting, p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha100618520">https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha100618520</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> 2020 Irish general election]] </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotbox.scot/scottish-parliament/ams-explained/">"Holyrood's AMS Voting System Explained"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyrood%27s+AMS+Voting+System+Explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotbox.scot%2Fscottish-parliament%2Fams-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoriyamaMacéLaslierTreibich2013" class="citation journal cs1">Koriyama, Y.; Macé, A.; Laslier, J.-F.; Treibich, R. (2013). "Optimal apportionment". Journal of Political Economy. 121 (3): 584–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F670380">10.1086/670380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10158811">10158811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Optimal+apportionment&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=584-608&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F670380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10158811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koriyama&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Mac%C3%A9%2C+A.&rft.au=Laslier%2C+J.-F.&rft.au=Treibich%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmyPR-22"><a href="#cite_ref-AmyPR_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy" class="citation web cs1">Amy, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614025313/https://www.fairvote.org/proportional_representation_voting_systems">"Proportional Representation Voting Systems"</a>. Fairvote.org. Takoma Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/proportional_representation_voting_systems">the original</a> on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fairvote.org&rft.atitle=Proportional+Representation+Voting+Systems&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fproportional_representation_voting_systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1997" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, Pippa (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705000416/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Choosing%20Electoral%20Systems.pdf">"Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems"</a> (PDF). International Political Science Review. 18 (3). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>: 297–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019251297018003005">10.1177/019251297018003005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-5121">0192-5121</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9523715">9523715</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/019251297018003005">the original</a> on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Choosing+Electoral+Systems%3A+Proportional%2C+Majoritarian+and+Mixed+Systems&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-312&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9523715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0192-5121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019251297018003005&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F019251297018003005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRallingsThrasher" class="citation web cs1">Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020142823/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/167891/UK-Parliament-elections-2005-Electoral-data-Report.pdf">"The 2005 general election: analysis of the results"</a> (PDF). Electoral Commission, Research, Electoral data. London: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/167891/UK-Parliament-elections-2005-Electoral-data-Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Commission%2C+Research%2C+Electoral+data&rft.atitle=The+2005+general+election%3A+analysis+of+the+results&rft.aulast=Rallings&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Thrasher%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoralcommission.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0005%2F167891%2FUK-Parliament-elections-2005-Electoral-data-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansard1976-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansard1976_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansard1976_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansard1976_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_On_Electoral_Reform1976" class="citation web cs1">Commission On Electoral Reform, Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ma0nvgAACAAJ">"Report of the Hansard Society Commission on Electoral Reform"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard_Society" title="Hansard Society">Hansard Society</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansard+Society&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Hansard+Society+Commission+on+Electoral+Reform&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Commission+On+Electoral+Reform&rft.aufirst=Hansard+Society+for+Parliamentary+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dma0nvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideaEsd-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideaEsd_26-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/electoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook">"Electoral System Design: the New International IDEA Handbook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance" title="International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance">International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</a>. 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+System+Design%3A+the+New+International+IDEA+Handbook&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fpublications%2Fcatalogue%2Felectoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830154131/http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html">"1993 Canadian Federal Election Results"</a>. University of British Columbia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1993+Canadian+Federal+Election+Results&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesm.ubc.ca%2FCA93%2Fresults.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2015/results">"Election 2015 – BBC News"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 11 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Election+2015+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BBBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Felection%2F2015%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_CostaGreenfield2017" class="citation news cs1">da Costa, Ana Nicolaci; Greenfield, Charlotte (23 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-election-tally/new-zealands-ruling-party-ahead-after-poll-but-kingmaker-in-no-rush-to-decide-idUSKCN1BY0LZ">"New Zealand's ruling party ahead after poll but kingmaker in no rush to decide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+ruling+party+ahead+after+poll+but+kingmaker+in+no+rush+to+decide&rft.date=2017-09-23&rft.aulast=da+Costa&rft.aufirst=Ana+Nicolaci&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-newzealand-election-tally%2Fnew-zealands-ruling-party-ahead-after-poll-but-kingmaker-in-no-rush-to-decide-idUSKCN1BY0LZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2010" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Iain (29 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libdemvoice.org/people-in-broad-church-parties-should-think-twice-before-attacking-coalitions-20101.html">"People in broad church parties should think twice before attacking coalitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Voice" title="Liberal Democrat Voice">Liberal Democrat Voice</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+in+broad+church+parties+should+think+twice+before+attacking+coalitions&rft.pub=Liberal+Democrat+Voice&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libdemvoice.org%2Fpeople-in-broad-church-parties-should-think-twice-before-attacking-coalitions-20101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FairvoteCanadaWPR-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FairvoteCanadaWPR_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairvoteCanadaWPR_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairvoteCanadaWPR_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairvote.ca/a-look-at-the-evidence/">"A look at the evidence"</a>. Fair Vote Canada. Retrieved 2 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+look+at+the+evidence&rft.pub=Fair+Vote+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.ca%2Fa-look-at-the-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy" class="citation web cs1">Amy, Douglas J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614025313/https://www.fairvote.org/proportional_representation_voting_systems">"Single Transferable Vote Or Choice Voting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/proportional_representation_voting_systems">the original</a> on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single+Transferable+Vote+Or+Choice+Voting&rft.pub=FairVote&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fproportional_representation_voting_systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/reforming-the-house-of-lords">"Electoral Reform Society's evidence to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bill for House of Lords Reform"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society" title="Electoral Reform Society">Electoral Reform Society</a>. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Reform+Society%27s+evidence+to+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Draft+Bill+for+House+of+Lords+Reform&rft.pub=Electoral+Reform+Society&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoral-reform.org.uk%2Freforming-the-house-of-lords&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Paul (20 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/20/paralysis-in-us-politics-extremism">"'America is better than this': paralysis at the top leaves voters desperate for change"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27America+is+better+than+this%27%3A+paralysis+at+the+top+leaves+voters+desperate+for+change&rft.date=2011-11-20&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fnov%2F20%2Fparalysis-in-us-politics-extremism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2012" class="citation web cs1">Krugman, Paul (19 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/going-to-extreme/">"Going To Extreme"</a>. The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times Co.">The New York Times Co.</a> Retrieved 24 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal%2C+Paul+Krugman+Blog&rft.atitle=Going+To+Extreme&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F19%2Fgoing-to-extreme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/36918/chapter-abstract/322171607?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false">https://academic.oup.com/book/36918/chapter-abstract/322171607?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/08/09/as-partisan-hostility-grows-signs-of-frustration-with-the-two-party-system/">"As Partisan Hostility Grows, Signs of Frustration with the Two-Party System"</a>. 9 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Partisan+Hostility+Grows%2C+Signs+of+Frustration+with+the+Two-Party+System&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F08%2F09%2Fas-partisan-hostility-grows-signs-of-frustration-with-the-two-party-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairvote.ca/factcheckstability/">"Political Stability"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Stability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.ca%2Ffactcheckstability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMstvPdf-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMstvPdf_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMstvPdf_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMstvPdf_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMstvPdf_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMstvPdf_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMstvPdf_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMstvPdf_39-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollison" class="citation web cs1">Mollison, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~denis/signif.pdf">"Fair votes in practice STV for Westminster"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Heriot_Watt_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Heriot Watt University">Heriot Watt University</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+votes+in+practice+STV+for+Westminster&rft.pub=Heriot+Watt+University&rft.aulast=Mollison&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macs.hw.ac.uk%2F~denis%2Fsignif.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928184320/http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/blog/democrats-edge-in-house-popular-vote-would-have-increased-if-all-seats-had-been-contested/">"Democrats' Edge in House Popular Vote Would Have Increased if All Seats Had Been Contested"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/blog/democrats-edge-in-house-popular-vote-would-have-increased-if-all-seats-had-been-contested/">the original</a> on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democrats%27+Edge+in+House+Popular+Vote+Would+Have+Increased+if+All+Seats+Had+Been+Contested&rft.pub=FairVote&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fresearch-and-analysis%2Fblog%2Fdemocrats-edge-in-house-popular-vote-would-have-increased-if-all-seats-had-been-contested%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoxContEffect-41"><a href="#cite_ref-CoxContEffect_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxFivaSmith2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Gary W.; Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jon.fiva.no/docs/Cox-Fiva-Smith-JoP-Final_Main.pdf">"The Contraction Effect: How Proportional Representation Affects Mobilization and Turnout"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics" title="The Journal of Politics">The Journal of Politics</a>. 78 (4): 1249–1263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F686804">10.1086/686804</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2429132">11250/2429132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55400647">55400647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Contraction+Effect%3A+How+Proportional+Representation+Affects+Mobilization+and+Turnout&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1249-1263&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2429132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55400647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F686804&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Fiva%2C+Jon+H.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jon.fiva.no%2Fdocs%2FCox-Fiva-Smith-JoP-Final_Main.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpBanducci2008" class="citation journal cs1">Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000161">"Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour"</a>. British Journal of Political Science. 38 (2): 311–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123408000161">10.1017/S0007123408000161</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10036%2F64393">10036/64393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55486399">55486399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Political+Efficacy+and+Participation+in+Twenty-Seven+Democracies%3A+How+Electoral+Systems+Shape+Political+Behaviour&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-334&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10036%2F64393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55486399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123408000161&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Banducci%2C+Susan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0007123408000161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/voters-dislike-disproportionality-in-electoral-systems/">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/voters-dislike-disproportionality-in-electoral-systems/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-amyRCNV-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amyRCNV_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amyRCNV_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amyRCNV_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amyRCNV_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy2002" class="citation book cs1">Amy, Douglas J (2002). Real Choices / New Voices, How Proportional Representation Elections Could Revitalize American Democracy. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231125499" title="Special:BookSources/9780231125499"><bdi>9780231125499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Choices+%2F+New+Voices%2C+How+Proportional+Representation+Elections+Could+Revitalize+American+Democracy&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780231125499&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMstvSite-45"><a href="#cite_ref-DMstvSite_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollison2010" class="citation web cs1">Mollison, Denis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~denis/stv4uk/">"Fair votes in practice: STV for Westminster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+votes+in+practice%3A+STV+for+Westminster&rft.pub=Heriot-Watt+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mollison&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macs.hw.ac.uk%2F~denis%2Fstv4uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheppele2014" class="citation web cs1">Scheppele, Kim Lane (13 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/legal-but-not-fair-hungary/">"Legal But Not Fair (Hungary)"</a>. The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times Co.">The New York Times Co.</a> Retrieved 12 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal%2C+Paul+Krugman+Blog&rft.atitle=Legal+But+Not+Fair+%28Hungary%29&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.aulast=Scheppele&rft.aufirst=Kim+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F13%2Flegal-but-not-fair-hungary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a> (11 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/hungary/121098">"Hungary, Parliamentary Elections, 6 April 2014: Final Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSCE&rft.atitle=Hungary%2C+Parliamentary+Elections%2C+6+April+2014%3A+Final+Report&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.au=Office+for+Democratic+Institutions+and+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2Felections%2Fhungary%2F121098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law_Commission_of_Canada-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Law_Commission_of_Canada_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/J31-61-2004E.pdf">"Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada"</a> (PDF). Law Commission of Canada. 2004. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voting+Counts%3A+Electoral+Reform+for+Canada&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Law+Commission+of+Canada&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2FCollection%2FJ31-61-2004E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ersSTV-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ersSTV_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ersSTV_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/single-transferable-vote/">"Single Transferable Vote"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society" title="Electoral Reform Society">Electoral Reform Society</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single+Transferable+Vote&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Electoral+Reform+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoral-reform.org.uk%2Fvoting-systems%2Ftypes-of-voting-system%2Fsingle-transferable-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-humphreys-50"><a href="#cite_ref-humphreys_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1911" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, John H (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proportionalrepr00humpuoft">Proportional Representation, A Study in Methods of Election</a>. London: Methuen & Co.Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation%2C+A+Study+in+Methods+of+Election&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.Ltd&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=John+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproportionalrepr00humpuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp1x0a/evenredige_vertegenwoordiging">"Evenredige vertegenwoordiging"</a>. www.parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parlement.com&rft.atitle=Evenredige+vertegenwoordiging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvh8lnhrp1x0a%2Fevenredige_vertegenwoordiging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21643216-new-voting-system-should-liven-up-politics-tie-breaker">"Electoral reform in Chile: Tie breaker"</a>. The Economist. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Electoral+reform+in+Chile%3A+Tie+breaker&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F21643216-new-voting-system-should-liven-up-politics-tie-breaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010019/http://www.fairvote.org/assets/UnitedStates2014.pdf">"National projections"</a> (PDF). Monopoly Politics 2014 and the Fair Voting Solution. <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/assets/UnitedStates2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monopoly+Politics+2014+and+the+Fair+Voting+Solution&rft.atitle=National+projections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fassets%2FUnitedStates2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laver-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laver_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laver_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaver1998" class="citation web cs1">Laver, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/policy-institute/assets/pdf/BP2_Laver_Electoral_System.pdf">"A new electoral system for Ireland?"</a> (PDF). The Policy Institute, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+electoral+system+for+Ireland%3F&rft.pub=The+Policy+Institute%2C+Trinity+College+Dublin&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Laver&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2Fpolicy-institute%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2FBP2_Laver_Electoral_System.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/Committees30thDail/J-Constitution/Report_2008/20100722.pdf">"Joint Committee on the Constitution"</a> (PDF). Dublin: Houses of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>. July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Committee+on+the+Constitution&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Houses+of+the+Oireachtas&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fviewdoc.asp%3Ffn%3D%2Fdocuments%2FCommittees30thDail%2FJ-Constitution%2FReport_2008%2F20100722.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/content/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/BR8391757/br-external/2PedenR-e.pdf">https://www.ourcommons.ca/content/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/BR8391757/br-external/2PedenR-e.pdf</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-parliament-approves-election-law-changes-172648">"Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent – Türkiye News"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. April 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+reduces+election+threshold+to+7+percent+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BT%C3%BCrkiye+News&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-parliament-approves-election-law-changes-172648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubell2014" class="citation news cs1">Lubell, Maayan (11 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-knesset-idUSBREA2A0MX20140311">"Israel ups threshold for Knesset seats despite opposition boycott"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>. Retrieved 10 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel+ups+threshold+for+Knesset+seats+despite+opposition+boycott&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.aulast=Lubell&rft.aufirst=Maayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-knesset-idUSBREA2A0MX20140311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Benoit, Kenneth. "Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional?" (PDF). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pan.a029822">10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029822</a>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/pc/pcc/pcc04/pcc04b">"Party magnitude and candidate selection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+magnitude+and+candidate+selection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Face-en%2Ftopics%2Fpc%2Fpcc%2Fpcc04%2Fpcc04b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/pc/pcc/pcc04/pcc04b">"Party Magnitude and Candidate Selection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ACE_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" title="ACE Electoral Knowledge Network">ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+Magnitude+and+Candidate+Selection&rft.pub=ACE+Electoral+Knowledge+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Face-en%2Ftopics%2Fpc%2Fpcc%2Fpcc04%2Fpcc04b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kelly" class="citation web cs1">O'Kelly, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140806103006/http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1048883/The-fall-of-Fianna-Fail-in-the-2011-Irish-general-election.html">"The fall of Fianna Fáil in the 2011 Irish general election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Significance_(magazine)" title="Significance (magazine)">Significance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1048883/The-fall-of-Fianna-Fail-in-the-2011-Irish-general-election.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Significance&rft.atitle=The+fall+of+Fianna+F%C3%A1il+in+the+2011+Irish+general+election&rft.aulast=O%27Kelly&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.significancemagazine.org%2Fdetails%2Fwebexclusive%2F1048883%2FThe-fall-of-Fianna-Fail-in-the-2011-Irish-general-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/observatoire/1194">"General Elections 2011 Ireland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Elections+2011+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robert-schuman.eu%2Fen%2Fobservatoire%2F1194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hoag and Hallett, Proportional Representation, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-karpov2008-65"><a href="#cite_ref-karpov2008_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpov2008" class="citation journal cs1">Karpov, Alexander (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcm.2008.05.027">"Measurement of disproportionality in proportional representation systems"</a>. Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 48 (9–10): 1421–1438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcm.2008.05.027">10.1016/j.mcm.2008.05.027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+and+Computer+Modelling&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+disproportionality+in+proportional+representation+systems&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=1421-1438&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcm.2008.05.027&rft.aulast=Karpov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.mcm.2008.05.027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-results-66"><a href="#cite_ref-results_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2020/statistics/index.html">"2020 GENERAL ELECTION – OFFICIAL RESULTS AND STATISTICS"</a>. ElectionResults.govt.nz. <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a>. 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElectionResults.govt.nz&rft.atitle=2020+GENERAL+ELECTION+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BOFFICIAL+RESULTS+AND+STATISTICS&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectionresults.govt.nz%2Felectionresults_2020%2Fstatistics%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wada2016-67"><a href="#cite_ref-wada2016_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWada2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wada, Junichiro (2016). "Apportionment behind the veil of uncertainty". The Japanese Economic Review. 67 (3): 348–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjere.12093">10.1111/jere.12093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156608434">156608434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japanese+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Apportionment+behind+the+veil+of+uncertainty&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=348-360&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjere.12093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156608434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wada&rft.aufirst=Junichiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349468714_New_indexes_for_measuring_electoral_disproportionality">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349468714_New_indexes_for_measuring_electoral_disproportionality</a>, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadaErreFinalReport-69"><a href="#cite_ref-CanadaErreFinalReport_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform</a> (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/ERRE/report-3">"Strengthening Democracy in Canada: Principles, Process and Public Engagement for Electoral Reform"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strengthening+Democracy+in+Canada%3A+Principles%2C+Process+and+Public+Engagement+for+Electoral+Reform&rft.date=2016-12&rft.au=Canadian+House+of+Commons+Special+Committee+on+Electoral+Reform&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2FDocumentViewer%2Fen%2F42-1%2FERRE%2Freport-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> As counted from the table in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wahlrecht.de/ausland/europa.htm">http://www.wahlrecht.de/ausland/europa.htm</a> [in German]; "Vorzugsstimme(n)" means "open list". </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/party-list">"Party List PR"</a>. Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+List+PR&rft.pub=Electoral+Reform+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoral-reform.org.uk%2Fparty-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2003" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Gordon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7hFz5GawkcC&q=closed+list+PR&pg=PA58">Fixing Canadian Democracy</a>. The Fraser Institute. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889752016" title="Special:BookSources/9780889752016"><bdi>9780889752016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fixing+Canadian+Democracy&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=The+Fraser+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780889752016&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7hFz5GawkcC%26q%3Dclosed%2Blist%2BPR%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMitchell2005" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (2005). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925756-0"><bdi>978-0-19-925756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Electoral+Systems&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925756-0&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmrek2023" class="citation journal cs1">Smrek, Michal (2023). "Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context". <a href="/wiki/Political_Research_Quarterly" title="Political Research Quarterly">Political Research Quarterly</a>. 76 (1): 323–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10659129221087961">10.1177/10659129221087961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mavericks+or+Loyalists%3F+Popular+Ballot+Jumpers+and+Party+Discipline+in+the+Flexible-List+PR+Context&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=323-336&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10659129221087961&rft.aulast=Smrek&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-denmark-75"><a href="#cite_ref-denmark_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123004726/http://www.thedanishparliament.dk/Publications/The%20Parliamentary%20Electoral%20System%20in%20DK.aspx">"The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark"</a>. Copenhagen: Ministry of the Interior and Health. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedanishparliament.dk/Publications/The%20Parliamentary%20Electoral%20System%20in%20DK.aspx">the original</a> on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parliamentary+Electoral+System+in+Denmark&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Ministry+of+the+Interior+and+Health&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedanishparliament.dk%2FPublications%2FThe%2520Parliamentary%2520Electoral%2520System%2520in%2520DK.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kmd/information-campaigns/election_portal/the-electoral-system/the-norwegian-electoral-system.html?id=456636">"The main features of the Norwegian electoral system"</a>. Oslo: Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+main+features+of+the+Norwegian+electoral+system&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Local+Government+and+Modernisation&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fen%2Fdep%2Fkmd%2Finformation-campaigns%2Felection_portal%2Fthe-electoral-system%2Fthe-norwegian-electoral-system.html%3Fid%3D456636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818233057/http://www.val.se/sprak/engelska/general_information/index.html">"The Swedish electoral system"</a>. Stockholm: Election Authority. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.val.se/sprak/engelska/general_information/index.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Swedish+electoral+system&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Election+Authority&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.val.se%2Fsprak%2Fengelska%2Fgeneral_information%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACEMixSys-78"><a href="#cite_ref-ACEMixSys_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACE_Project_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" class="citation web cs1">ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/default">"Mixed Systems"</a>. Retrieved 29 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixed+Systems&rft.au=ACE+Project+Electoral+Knowledge+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Face-en%2Ftopics%2Fes%2Fesd%2Fesd03%2Fdefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MassicotteSearch-79"><a href="#cite_ref-MassicotteSearch_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassicotte2004" class="citation report cs1">Massicotte, Louis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224070656/https://www.institutions-democratiques.gouv.qc.ca/publications/mode_scrutin_rapport_en.pdf">In Search of Compensatory Mixed Electoral System for Québec</a> (PDF) (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.institutions-democratiques.gouv.qc.ca/publications/mode_scrutin_rapport_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Compensatory+Mixed+Electoral+System+for+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Massicotte&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutions-democratiques.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fmode_scrutin_rapport_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BochslerTerritory-80"><a href="#cite_ref-BochslerTerritory_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochsler2010" class="citation book cs1">Bochsler, Daniel (13 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCBDAAAQBAJ">"Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems"</a>. Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230281424" title="Special:BookSources/9780230281424"><bdi>9780230281424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%2C+How+Party+Systems+Develop+in+Mixed+Electoral+Systems&rft.btitle=Territory+and+Electoral+Rules+in+Post-Communist+Democracies&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.isbn=9780230281424&rft.aulast=Bochsler&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkCBDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IfesElecSys-81"><a href="#cite_ref-IfesElecSys_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifes.org/publications/electoral-systems-and-delimitation-constituencies">"Electoral Systems and the Delimitation of Constituencies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems" title="International Foundation for Electoral Systems">International Foundation for Electoral Systems</a>. 2 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Systems+and+the+Delimitation+of+Constituencies&rft.pub=International+Foundation+for+Electoral+Systems&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifes.org%2Fpublications%2Felectoral-systems-and-delimitation-constituencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoserMixedElec-82"><a href="#cite_ref-MoserMixedElec_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2004" class="citation journal cs1">Moser, Robert G. (December 2004). "Mixed electoral systems and electoral system effects: controlled comparison and cross-national analysis". Electoral Studies. 23 (4): 575–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0261-3794%2803%2900056-8">10.1016/S0261-3794(03)00056-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=Mixed+electoral+systems+and+electoral+system+effects%3A+controlled+comparison+and+cross-national+analysis&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-599&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0261-3794%2803%2900056-8&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MassicotteMixedElecSys-83"><a href="#cite_ref-MassicotteMixedElecSys_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassicotte1999" class="citation journal cs1">Massicotte, Louis (September 1999). "Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey". Electoral Studies. 18 (3): 341–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0261-3794%2898%2900063-8">10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00063-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=Mixed+electoral+systems%3A+a+conceptual+and+empirical+survey&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-366&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0261-3794%2898%2900063-8&rft.aulast=Massicotte&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ersAMS-84"><a href="#cite_ref-ersAMS_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/additional-member-system">"Additional Member System"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society" title="Electoral Reform Society">Electoral Reform Society</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Additional+Member+System&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Electoral+Reform+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoral-reform.org.uk%2Fadditional-member-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/voting-system/mmp-voting-system">"MMP Voting System"</a>. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission New Zealand</a>. 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MMP+Voting+System&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Electoral+Commission+New+Zealand&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fvoting-system%2Fmmp-voting-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2013-02/bundestag-wahlrecht-beschluss">"Deutschland hat ein neues Wahlrecht"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Zeit_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeit Online">Zeit Online</a>. 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deutschland+hat+ein+neues+Wahlrecht&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F2013-02%2Fbundestag-wahlrecht-beschluss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ2012EC-87"><a href="#cite_ref-NZ2012EC_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707151142/http://www.elections.org.nz/events/past-events-0/2012-mmp-review/results-mmp-review">"Report of the Electoral Commission on the Review of the MMP Voting System"</a>. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission New Zealand</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/events/past-events-0/2012-mmp-review/results-mmp-review">the original</a> on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Electoral+Commission+on+the+Review+of+the+MMP+Voting+System&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Electoral+Commission+New+Zealand&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fevents%2Fpast-events-0%2F2012-mmp-review%2Fresults-mmp-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Graham, Sean (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/e3ab993a-d264-4d30-b819-290ab5fd6b62">Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada</a> (Thesis). University of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7939%2FR3-QPPP-B676">10.7939/R3-QPPP-B676</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Dual-Member+Mixed+Proportional%3A+A+New+Electoral+System+for+Canada&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7939%2FR3-QPPP-B676&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fera.library.ualberta.ca%2Fitems%2Fe3ab993a-d264-4d30-b819-290ab5fd6b62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2016" class="citation news cs1">Hodgson, Antony (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2016/01/21/Why-Referendum-on-Electoral-Reform-Undemocratic/">"Why a referendum on electoral reform would be undemocratic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tyee" title="The Tyee">The Tyee</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tyee&rft.atitle=Why+a+referendum+on+electoral+reform+would+be+undemocratic&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetyee.ca%2FOpinion%2F2016%2F01%2F21%2FWhy-Referendum-on-Electoral-Reform-Undemocratic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2016" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Kerry (15 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-electoral-reform-1.3537355">"P.E.I. electoral reform committee proposes ranked ballot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=P.E.I.+electoral+reform+committee+proposes+ranked+ballot&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Fpei-electoral-reform-1.3537355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElections_PEI2016" class="citation web cs1">Elections PEI (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108134958/http://www.electionspei.ca/plebisciteresults">"Plebiscite Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionspei.ca/plebisciteresults">the original</a> on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plebiscite+Results&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.au=Elections+PEI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionspei.ca%2Fplebisciteresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2016" class="citation news cs1">Bradley, Susan (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/mixed-member-proportional-representation-in-plebiscite-1.3840172">"P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=P.E.I.+plebiscite+favours+mixed+member+proportional+representation&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Fmixed-member-proportional-representation-in-plebiscite-1.3840172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEby2018" class="citation web cs1">Eby, David (30 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831060310/https://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/271/2018/05/How-We-Vote-2018-Electoral-Reform-Referendum-Report-and-Recommendations-of-the-Attorney-General.pdf">"How We Vote: 2018 Electoral Reform Referendum Report and Recommendations of the Attorney General"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/271/2018/05/How-We-Vote-2018-Electoral-Reform-Referendum-Report-and-Recommendations-of-the-Attorney-General.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+We+Vote%3A+2018+Electoral+Reform+Referendum+Report+and+Recommendations+of+the+Attorney+General&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft.aulast=Eby&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengage.gov.bc.ca%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F271%2F2018%2F05%2FHow-We-Vote-2018-Electoral-Reform-Referendum-Report-and-Recommendations-of-the-Attorney-General.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2018" class="citation news cs1">McElroy, Justin (2 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/pr-electoral-reform-questions-1.4688604?cmp=rss">"Know your voting systems: three types of electoral reform on B.C.'s ballot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Know+your+voting+systems%3A+three+types+of+electoral+reform+on+B.C.%27s+ballot&rft.date=2018-06-02&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fpr-electoral-reform-questions-1.4688604%3Fcmp%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.bc.ca/news/2018-referendum-on-electoral-reform-voting-results-available/">"2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform: Voting Results Available"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elections_BC" title="Elections BC">Elections BC</a>. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Referendum+on+Electoral+Reform%3A+Voting+Results+Available&rft.pub=Elections+BC&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.bc.ca%2Fnews%2F2018-referendum-on-electoral-reform-voting-results-available%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pukZna-96"><a href="#cite_ref-pukZna_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ZurichNA" class="citation journal cs1">Pukelsheim, Friedrich (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-augsburg.de/pukelsheim/2008e-en.pdf">"Zurich's New Apportionment"</a> (PDF). German Research. 31 (2): 10–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgerm.200990024">10.1002/germ.200990024</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Research&rft.atitle=Zurich%27s+New+Apportionment&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-12&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgerm.200990024&rft.aulast=Pukelsheim&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-augsburg.de%2Fpukelsheim%2F2008e-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-balinskiFMV-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balinskiFMV_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-balinskiFMV_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FMV" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Balinski" title="Michel Balinski">Balinski, Michel</a> (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/fair-majority-voting-or-how-to-eliminate-gerrymandering">"Fair Majority Voting (or How to Eliminate Gerrymandering)"</a>. The American Mathematical Monthly. 115 (2): 97–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.2008.11920503">10.1080/00029890.2008.11920503</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1139441">1139441</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=Fair+Majority+Voting+%28or+How+to+Eliminate+Gerrymandering%29&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-113&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029890.2008.11920503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1139441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Balinski&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maa.org%2Fprograms%2Fmaa-awards%2Fwriting-awards%2Ffair-majority-voting-or-how-to-eliminate-gerrymandering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkartunalıKnight2017" class="citation journal cs1">Akartunalı, Kerem; Knight, Philip A. (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10479-016-2323-0">"Network models and biproportional rounding for fair seat allocations in the UK elections"</a>. Annals of Operations Research. 253 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a>: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10479-016-2323-0">10.1007/s10479-016-2323-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-5330">0254-5330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30623821">30623821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Operations+Research&rft.atitle=Network+models+and+biproportional+rounding+for+fair+seat+allocations+in+the+UK+elections&rft.volume=253&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30623821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0254-5330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10479-016-2323-0&rft.aulast=Akartunal%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Kerem&rft.au=Knight%2C+Philip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10479-016-2323-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fairVoteFairRep-99"><a href="#cite_ref-fairVoteFairRep_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110830/http://www.fairvote.org/reforms/fair-representation-voting/">"Fair Voting/Proportional Representation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/reforms/fair-representation-voting/">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+Voting%2FProportional+Representation&rft.pub=FairVote&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Freforms%2Ffair-representation-voting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tidemanSTV-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tidemanSTV_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tidemanSTV_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tidemanSTV_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTideman1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Tideman" title="Nicolaus Tideman">Tideman, Nicolaus</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.9.1.27">"The Single Transferable Vote"</a>. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (1): 27–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.9.1.27">10.1257/jep.9.1.27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Single+Transferable+Vote&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.9.1.27&rft.aulast=Tideman&rft.aufirst=Nicolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.9.1.27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Neill2006" class="citation journal cs1">O’Neill, Jeffrey C. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.votingmatters.org.uk/ISSUE22/INDEX.HTM">"Comments on the STV Rules Proposed by British Columbia"</a>. Voting Matters (22). Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voting+Matters&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+STV+Rules+Proposed+by+British+Columbia&rft.issue=22&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Neill&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.votingmatters.org.uk%2FISSUE22%2FINDEX.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalcivicleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Model-City-Charter%E2%80%949th-Edition.pdf">Model City Charter</a> National Civic League. 9th edition. 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber" class="citation book cs1">Barber. Proportional Representation and Electoral Reform in Ohio. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation+and+Electoral+Reform+in+Ohio&rft.pages=191&rft.au=Barber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AusOVC-104"><a href="#cite_ref-AusOVC_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrellMcAllister2006" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, David M.; McAllister, Ian (2006). The Australian Electoral System: Origins, Variations, and Consequences. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/UNSW_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSW Press">UNSW Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0868408583" title="Special:BookSources/978-0868408583"><bdi>978-0868408583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Electoral+System%3A+Origins%2C+Variations%2C+and+Consequences&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0868408583&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=McAllister%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10762976">"Referendum 2011: A look at the STV system"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. Auckland: The New Zealand Herald. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Referendum+2011%3A+A+look+at+the+STV+system&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10762976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetyee.ca/Views/2009/04/30/STV2/">"Change the Way We Elect? Round Two of the Debate"</a>. The Tyee. Vancouver. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tyee&rft.atitle=Change+the+Way+We+Elect%3F+Round+Two+of+the+Debate&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetyee.ca%2FViews%2F2009%2F04%2F30%2FSTV2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> McLean, Iain, "Voting", in Robin Wilson, and Amirouche Moktefi (eds), "The Mathematical World of Charles L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll)” (Oxford, 2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 17 Apr. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Negotiated Consensus <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gregblonder.medium.com/negotiated-consensus-bfde8bde5a20">https://gregblonder.medium.com/negotiated-consensus-bfde8bde5a20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> C. L. Dodgson, "The Principles of Parliamentary Representation: Supplement" (Oxford 1885), p7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ia801308.us.archive.org/26/items/principlesofparl00carr/principlesofparl00carr_jpg.pdf">https://ia801308.us.archive.org/26/items/principlesofparl00carr/principlesofparl00carr_jpg.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Poundstone, William, "Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)", Hill and Wang, New York, 2008, ISBN 9780809048922 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrillLaslierSkowron2016" class="citation arxiv cs1">Brill, Markus; Laslier, Jean-François; Skowron, Piotr (2016). "Multiwinner Approval Rules as Apportionment Methods". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08691">1611.08691</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.GT">cs.GT</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Multiwinner+Approval+Rules+as+Apportionment+Methods&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1611.08691&rft.aulast=Brill&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Laslier%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Skowron%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AzizGaspers2014-112"><a href="#cite_ref-AzizGaspers2014_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzizGaspersGudmundssonMackenzie2014" class="citation book cs1">Aziz, Haris; Gaspers, Serge; Gudmundsson, Joachim; Mackenzie, Simon; Mattei, Nicholas; Walsh, Toby (2014). "Computational Aspects of Multi-Winner Approval Voting". Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. pp. 107–115. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.3247v1">1407.3247v1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-3413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-3413-6"><bdi>978-1-4503-3413-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Computational+Aspects+of+Multi-Winner+Approval+Voting&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2015+International+Conference+on+Autonomous+Agents+and+Multiagent+Systems&rft.pages=107-115&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1407.3247v1&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-3413-6&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Haris&rft.au=Gaspers%2C+Serge&rft.au=Gudmundsson%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+Simon&rft.au=Mattei%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaliszewskiSkowronSzufaTalmon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Faliszewski, Piotr; Skowron, Piotr; Szufa, Stanisław; Talmon, Nimrod (8 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3306127.3331972">"Proportional Representation in Elections: STV vs PAV"</a>. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems. AAMAS '19. Richland, SC: International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: 1946–1948. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-6309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-6309-9"><bdi>978-1-4503-6309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+18th+International+Conference+on+Autonomous+Agents+and+MultiAgent+Systems&rft.atitle=Proportional+Representation+in+Elections%3A+STV+vs+PAV&rft.pages=1946-1948&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-6309-9&rft.aulast=Faliszewski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Skowron%2C+Piotr&rft.au=Szufa%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Talmon%2C+Nimrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5555%2F3306127.3331972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacknerSkowron2023" class="citation book cs1">Lackner, Martin; Skowron, Piotr (2023). Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences. SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.01795">2007.01795</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-09016-5">10.1007/978-3-031-09016-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-09015-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-09015-8"><bdi>978-3-031-09015-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244921148">244921148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multi-Winner+Voting+with+Approval+Preferences&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+Intelligent+Systems&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2007.01795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244921148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-09016-5&rft.isbn=978-3-031-09015-8&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Skowron%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oscars2017Rules-115"><a href="#cite_ref-oscars2017Rules_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/89aa_rules.pdf">"89th Annual Academy Awards of Merit for Achievements during 2017"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 4 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=89th+Annual+Academy+Awards+of+Merit+for+Achievements+during+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Fsites%2Foscars%2Ffiles%2F89aa_rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oscars2012RulesRule22-116"><a href="#cite_ref-oscars2012RulesRule22_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914153856/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule22.html">"Rule Twenty-Two: Special Rules for the Visual Effects Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule22.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rule+Twenty-Two%3A+Special+Rules+for+the+Visual+Effects+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Fawards%2Facademyawards%2Frules%2Frule22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2019" class="citation web cs1">Sargent, Felix (19 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berkeleyside.org/2019/06/19/opinion-berkeleys-city-councils-switch-to-re-weighted-range-voting-adds-fairness-to-the-system">"Opinion: Berkeley's City Council's switch to 're-weighted range voting' adds fairness to the system"</a>. Berkeleyside. Retrieved 11 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkeleyside&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Berkeley%27s+City+Council%27s+switch+to+%27re-weighted+range+voting%27+adds+fairness+to+the+system&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeleyside.org%2F2019%2F06%2F19%2Fopinion-berkeleys-city-councils-switch-to-re-weighted-range-voting-adds-fairness-to-the-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1776" class="citation web cs1">Adams, John (1776). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?&id=PJA04d040">"Thoughts on Government"</a>. The Adams Papers Digital Edition. Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved 26 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Adams+Papers+Digital+Edition&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+Government&rft.date=1776&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fpublications%2Fapde%2Fportia.php%3F%26id%3DPJA04d040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoagHallett-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoagHallett_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoagHallett_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoagHallett_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoagHallett_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoagHallett_119-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoagHallett1926" class="citation book cs1">Hoag, Clarence; Hallett, George (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008357249;view=1up;seq=5">Proportional Representation</a>. New York: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Hoag&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft.au=Hallett%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015008357249%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison" class="citation web cs1">Madison, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0606-2/">"Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, Wednesday, June 6"</a>. TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved 5 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+of+Debates+in+the+Federal+Convention+of+1787%2C+Wednesday%2C+June+6&rft.pub=TeachingAmericanHistory.org&rft.aulast=Madison&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Fconvention%2Fdebates%2F0606-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1804" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/jwilson/jwilson2.htm">"Vol 2, Part II, Ch.1 Of the constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania – Of the legislative department, I, of the election of its members"</a>. The Works of the Honourable James Wilson. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Society" title="Constitution Society">Constitution Society</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vol+2%2C+Part+II%2C+Ch.1+Of+the+constitutions+of+the+United+States+and+of+Pennsylvania+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BOf+the+legislative+department%2C+I%2C+of+the+election+of+its+members&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+the+Honourable+James+Wilson&rft.pub=Constitution+Society&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fjwilson%2Fjwilson2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duq.edu/academics/gumberg-library/pa-constitution/texts-of-the-constitution/1790">"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania – 1790, art.I,§ VII, Of districts for electing Senators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>. Retrieved 9 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Pennsylvania+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B1790%2C+art.I%2C%C2%A7+VII%2C+Of+districts+for+electing+Senators&rft.pub=Duquesne+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duq.edu%2Facademics%2Fgumberg-library%2Fpa-constitution%2Ftexts-of-the-constitution%2F1790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_123-1">b</a> Swain, Civics for Montana Students, 1912, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Hoag, Effective Voting (1914), p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Humphreys, Proportional Representation (1911) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Newman, Hare-Clark in Tasmania, p. 7-10 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AceMalta-128"><a href="#cite_ref-AceMalta_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirczy_de_Miño1997" class="citation web cs1">Hirczy de Miño, Wolfgang (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/regions-en/countries-and-territories/MT/case-studies/malta-single-transferable-vote-with-some-twists-1997">"Malta: Single-Transferable Vote with Some Twists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ACE_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" title="ACE Electoral Knowledge Network">ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malta%3A+Single-Transferable+Vote+with+Some+Twists&rft.pub=ACE+Electoral+Knowledge+Network&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hirczy+de+Mi%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Fregions-en%2Fcountries-and-territories%2FMT%2Fcase-studies%2Fmalta-single-transferable-vote-with-some-twists-1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prsaHC-129"><a href="#cite_ref-prsaHC_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prsa.org.au/hareclar.htm">"The Hare-Clark System of Proportional Representation"</a>. Melbourne: Proportional Representation Society of Australia. Retrieved 21 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hare-Clark+System+of+Proportional+Representation&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Proportional+Representation+Society+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prsa.org.au%2Fhareclar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridgePlanE-130"><a href="#cite_ref-cambridgePlanE_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015655/http://www.cambridgema.gov/election/programsandservices/cambridgemunicipalelections/Cambridge-City-Charter/adoptionofplane.aspx">"Adoption of Plan E"</a>. Welcome to the City of Cambridge. City of Cambridge, MA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgema.gov/election/programsandservices/cambridgemunicipalelections/Cambridge-City-Charter/adoptionofplane.aspx">the original</a> on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+the+City+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Adoption+of+Plan+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgema.gov%2Felection%2Fprogramsandservices%2Fcambridgemunicipalelections%2FCambridge-City-Charter%2Fadoptionofplane.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Charles Harry John Phillips, Challenges to the Voting System in Canada 1874–1974, University of Western Ontario, PhD thesis, 1976 (available on-line <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1860&context=digitizedtheses">https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1860&context=digitizedtheses</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/digitizedtheses/861/">https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/digitizedtheses/861/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairvote.ca/introprsystems/">"Proportional representation systems for Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proportional+representation+systems+for+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.ca%2Fintroprsystems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/proportional_representation_in_most_robust_democracies">"Proportional Representation in Most Robust Democracies"</a>. Fair Vote: The Center for Voting And Democracy. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Vote%3A+The+Center+for+Voting+And+Democracy&rft.atitle=Proportional+Representation+in+Most+Robust+Democracies&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fproportional_representation_in_most_robust_democracies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aceproject.org/main/english/es/esy_in.htm">"India - First Past the Post on a Grand Scale —"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+-+First+Past+the+Post+on+a+Grand+Scale+%E2%80%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Fmain%2Fenglish%2Fes%2Fesy_in.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> 1969 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, p. 333-334 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen1998" class="citation web cs1">Jansen, Harold John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0004/NQ29051.pdf">"The Single Transferable Vote in Alberta and Manitoba"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. University of Alberta. Retrieved 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Single+Transferable+Vote+in+Alberta+and+Manitoba&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Harold+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fobj%2Fs4%2Ff2%2Fdsk2%2Ftape15%2FPQDD_0004%2FNQ29051.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantucci2016" class="citation journal cs1">Santucci, Jack (10 November 2016). "Party Splits, Not Progressives". American Politics Research. 45 (3): 494–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673x16674774">10.1177/1532673x16674774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-673X">1532-673X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157400899">157400899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Politics+Research&rft.atitle=Party+Splits%2C+Not+Progressives&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=494-526&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157400899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1532-673X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1532673x16674774&rft.aulast=Santucci&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fairvote.org/new_york_s_proportional_representation_experiment_demonstrates_potential_of_fair_representation/">"New York's proportional representation experiment demonstrates potential of fair representation"</a>. 18 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York%27s+proportional+representation+experiment+demonstrates+potential+of+fair+representation&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffairvote.org%2Fnew_york_s_proportional_representation_experiment_demonstrates_potential_of_fair_representation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1995" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Kathleen (1995). Proportional Representation and Election Reform in Ohio. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814206607" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814206607"><bdi>978-0814206607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation+and+Election+Reform+in+Ohio&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0814206607&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Newman, Brad (11 May 2008). "Two new faces join AC regents | Amarillo.com | Amarillo Globe-News". Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved 17 May 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fairvote.org/illinois-drives-to-revive-cumulative-voting/">"Illinois' Drive to Revive Cumulative Voting"</a>. FairVote. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FairVote&rft.atitle=Illinois%27+Drive+to+Revive+Cumulative+Voting&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffairvote.org%2Fillinois-drives-to-revive-cumulative-voting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDMap?question=ES005&set_language=en">"What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?"</a>. ACE Project. Retrieved 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACE+Project&rft.atitle=What+is+the+electoral+system+for+Chamber+1+of+the+national+legislature%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Fepic-en%2FCDMap%3Fquestion%3DES005%26set_language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?question=ES005&view=country&set_language=en">"What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?"</a>. ACE Project. Retrieved 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACE+Project&rft.atitle=What+is+the+electoral+system+for+Chamber+1+of+the+national+legislature%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Fepic-en%2FCDTable%3Fquestion%3DES005%26view%3Dcountry%26set_language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-algeriaACE-144"><a href="#cite_ref-algeriaACE_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/DZ/algeria-final-report-legislative-elections-ndi/at_download/file">"Final Report on Algeria's Legislative Elections"</a> (pdf). ACE Project. National Democratic Institute. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACE+Project&rft.atitle=Final+Report+on+Algeria%27s+Legislative+Elections&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Fero-en%2Fregions%2Fafrica%2FDZ%2Falgeria-final-report-legislative-elections-ndi%2Fat_download%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Following electoral system amendments introduced in April 2021, members of parliament are elected only through closed party lists by party list proportional representation method but with more seats added if leading party takes more than 2/3 of seats or after two-round of voting no party takes more than 54 percent of the seats </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/armenia/293546">"Armenia, Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017: Needs Assessment Mission Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osce.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Osce.org">osce.org</a>. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osce.org&rft.atitle=Armenia%2C+Parliamentary+Elections%2C+2+April+2017%3A+Needs+Assessment+Mission+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2Felections%2Farmenia%2F293546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=109081">"DocumentView"</a>. www.arlis.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arlis.am&rft.atitle=DocumentView&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlis.am%2FDocumentView.aspx%3FDocID%3D109081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmrek2023" class="citation journal cs1">Smrek, Michal (2023). "Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context". <a href="/wiki/Political_Research_Quarterly" title="Political Research Quarterly">Political Research Quarterly</a>. 76 (1): 323–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10659129221087961">10.1177/10659129221087961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mavericks+or+Loyalists%3F+Popular+Ballot+Jumpers+and+Party+Discipline+in+the+Flexible-List+PR+Context&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=323-336&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10659129221087961&rft.aulast=Smrek&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=35261">"Saeimas vēlēšanu likums"</a>. LIKUMI.LV (in Latvian). Section 7. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIKUMI.LV&rft.atitle=Saeimas+v%C4%93l%C4%93%C5%A1anu+likums&rft.pages=Section+7.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flikumi.lv%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3D35261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2293_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: SPAIN (Congreso de los Diputados), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+SPAIN+%28Congreso+de+los+Diputados%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2293_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3498/">"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sri Lanka Parliament 2020"</a>. www.electionguide.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electionguide.org&rft.atitle=IFES+Election+Guide+%26%23124%3B+Elections%3A+Sri+Lanka+Parliament+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Felections%2Fid%2F3498%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline/reports/2295_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: SRI LANKA (Parliament), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+SRI+LANKA+%28Parliament%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline%2Freports%2F2295_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232543/https://www.ndi.org/files/1198_lk_postelect122000.pdf">"Report of the Post-Election Assessment of Sri Lanka Mission: November 28 – December 2, 2000"</a> (PDF). www.ndi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndi.org/files/1198_lk_postelect122000.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ndi.org&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Post-Election+Assessment+of+Sri+Lanka+Mission%3A+November+28+%E2%80%93+December+2%2C+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndi.org%2Ffiles%2F1198_lk_postelect122000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-electors-can-vote-for-one-party-three-preferences-in-2020-general-elections-polls-chief-72625">"Sri Lanka electors can vote for one party, three preferences in 2020 general elections: polls chief"</a>. EconomyNext. 4 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconomyNext&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+electors+can+vote+for+one+party%2C+three+preferences+in+2020+general+elections%3A+polls+chief&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomynext.com%2Fsri-lanka-electors-can-vote-for-one-party-three-preferences-in-2020-general-elections-polls-chief-72625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: SURINAME (Nationale Assemblee), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+SURINAME+%28Nationale+Assemblee%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2299_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3066/">"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sweden Parliament 2018"</a>. www.electionguide.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electionguide.org&rft.atitle=IFES+Election+Guide+%26%23124%3B+Elections%3A+Sweden+Parliament+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Felections%2Fid%2F3066%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2303_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: SWEDEN (Riksdagen), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+SWEDEN+%28Riksdagen%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2303_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Swedish Election Authority: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf">Elections in Sweden: The way its done</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225072954/http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (page 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2305_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Nationalrat – Conseil national – Consiglio nazionale), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+SWITZERLAND+%28Nationalrat+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BConseil+national+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BConsiglio+nazionale%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2305_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a>. French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73642272">73642272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73642272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgie2016" class="citation journal cs1">Elgie, Robert (2016). "Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round". Insight Turkey. 18 (4): 79–92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1302-177X">1302-177X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26300453">26300453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+Turkey&rft.atitle=Government+Systems%2C+Party+Politics%2C+and+Institutional+Engineering+in+the+Round&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=79-92&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26300453%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1302-177X&rft.aulast=Elgie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3448/">"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Switzerland Council of States 2019"</a>. www.electionguide.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electionguide.org&rft.atitle=IFES+Election+Guide+%26%23124%3B+Elections%3A+Switzerland+Council+of+States+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Felections%2Fid%2F3448%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2306_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Ständerat – Conseil des Etats – Consiglio degli Stati), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+SWITZERLAND+%28St%C3%A4nderat+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BConseil+des+Etats+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BConsiglio+degli+Stati%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2306_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Thresholds moot due to these cantons only electing 2 Councillors </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> As these cantons only send two members to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a>, further subdividing these cantons into constituencies while retaining proportionality would be mathematically impossible) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives">"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives"</a>. Bangkok Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+New+rules+for+the+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F1605898%2Fexplainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2315_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: TOGO (Assemblée nationale), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+TOGO+%28Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2315_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3175/">"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Tunisia Parliament 2019"</a>. www.electionguide.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electionguide.org&rft.atitle=IFES+Election+Guide+%26%23124%3B+Elections%3A+Tunisia+Parliament+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Felections%2Fid%2F3175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3078/">"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Turkey Grand National Assembly 2018"</a>. www.electionguide.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electionguide.org&rft.atitle=IFES+Election+Guide+%26%23124%3B+Elections%3A+Turkey+Grand+National+Assembly+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Felections%2Fid%2F3078%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2341_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Representantes), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+URUGUAY+%28C%C3%A1mara+de+Representantes%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2341_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2342_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Senadores), Electoral system"</a>. archive.ipu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+URUGUAY+%28C%C3%A1mara+de+Senadores%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2342_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRokkan1970" class="citation book cs1">Rokkan, Stein (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenselection0000rokk">Citizens, elections, parties: approaches to the comparative study of the processes of development</a>. McKay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%2C+elections%2C+parties%3A+approaches+to+the+comparative+study+of+the+processes+of+development&rft.pub=McKay&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Rokkan&rft.aufirst=Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenselection0000rokk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoix1999" class="citation journal cs1">Boix, Carles (1999). "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies". The American Political Science Review. 93 (3): 609–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2585577">10.2307/2585577</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F307">10230/307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2585577">2585577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16429584">16429584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Setting+the+Rules+of+the+Game%3A+The+Choice+of+Electoral+Systems+in+Advanced+Democracies&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=609-624&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2585577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2585577&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16429584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boix&rft.aufirst=Carles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2012" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Amel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139382137">Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice: Engineering Electoral Dominance</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139382137">10.1017/cbo9781139382137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139382137" title="Special:BookSources/9781139382137"><bdi>9781139382137</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153171400">153171400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+Politics+of+Electoral+System+Choice%3A+Engineering+Electoral+Dominance&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153171400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139382137&rft.isbn=9781139382137&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Amel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.cambridge.org%2Fref%2Fid%2FCBO9781139382137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjerløwRasmussen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gjerløw, Haakon; Rasmussen, Magnus B. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/pre-prints/content-jcpo54403;jsessionid=7pajb124g6gjr.x-ic-live-02">"Revolution, Elite Fear, and Electoral Institutions"</a>. Comparative Politics. 54 (4): 595–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5129%2F001041522x16316387001621">10.5129/001041522x16316387001621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244107337">244107337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Revolution%2C+Elite+Fear%2C+and+Electoral+Institutions&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595-620&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5129%2F001041522x16316387001621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244107337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gjerl%C3%B8w&rft.aufirst=Haakon&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Magnus+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fcuny%2Fcp%2Fpre-prints%2Fcontent-jcpo54403%3Bjsessionid%3D7pajb124g6gjr.x-ic-live-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusackIversenSoskice2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cusack, Thomas R.; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2007). "Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems". The American Political Science Review. 101 (3): 373–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055407070384">10.1017/S0003055407070384</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F51231">10419/51231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644455">27644455</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2799521">2799521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Economic+Interests+and+the+Origins+of+Electoral+Systems&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-391&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F51231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27644455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055407070384&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2799521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.au=Iversen%2C+Torben&rft.au=Soskice%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Bowler and Grofman, Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abbott, Lewis F. British Democracy: Its Restoration and Extension. ISR/Kindle Books, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906321522" title="Special:BookSources/9780906321522">9780906321522</a>. Chapter 7, "Electoral System Reform: Increasing Competition and Voter Choice and Influence".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy1993" class="citation book cs1">Amy, Douglas J. (1993). Real Choices/new Voices. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08154-2"><bdi>978-0-231-08154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Choices%2Fnew+Voices&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-231-08154-2&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworthAshworth1900" class="citation book cs1">Ashworth, H.P.C.; Ashworth, T.R. (1900). Proportional Representation Applied to Party Government. Melbourne: Robertson and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation+Applied+to+Party+Government&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Robertson+and+Co&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=H.P.C.&rft.au=Ashworth%2C+T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattoHuangTanCox2016" class="citation book cs1">Batto, Nathan F.; Huang, Chi; Tan, Alexander C.; Cox, Gary W. (11 April 2016). Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11973-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11973-8"><bdi>978-0-472-11973-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed-Member+Electoral+Systems+in+Constitutional+Context&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11973-8&rft.aulast=Batto&rft.aufirst=Nathan+F.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Chi&rft.au=Tan%2C+Alexander+C.&rft.au=Cox%2C+Gary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep Maria</a> (2003). Political Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924184-2"><bdi>978-0-19-924184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Institutions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924184-2&rft.aulast=Colomer&rft.aufirst=Josep+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep</a> (17 December 2004). Handbook of Electoral System Choice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0454-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-0454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Electoral+System+Choice&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-0454-6&rft.aulast=Colomer&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForder2011" class="citation book cs1">Forder, James (2011). The case against voting reform. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-825-8"><bdi>978-1-85168-825-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+case+against+voting+reform&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-825-8&rft.aulast=Forder&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1992" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Jenifer (1992). Proportional Representation. Oxford [England] : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820136-6"><bdi>978-0-19-820136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D+%3A+New+York&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+%3B+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820136-6&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Jenifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintonSouthcott1998" class="citation book cs1">Linton, Martin; Southcott, Mary (1998). Making Votes Count. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-087-9"><bdi>978-1-86197-087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Votes+Count&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-087-9&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Southcott%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2009" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Floyd (31 July 2009). Thomas Hare and Political Representation in Victorian Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-22199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-22199-4"><bdi>978-0-230-22199-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hare+and+Political+Representation+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.isbn=978-0-230-22199-4&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilon2007" class="citation book cs1">Pilon, Dennis (2007). The Politics of Voting. Toronto, ON: Edmond Montgomery Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55239-236-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55239-236-2"><bdi>978-1-55239-236-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Voting&rft.place=Toronto%2C+ON&rft.pub=Edmond+Montgomery+Publ&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55239-236-2&rft.aulast=Pilon&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPukelsheim2014" class="citation book cs1">Pukelsheim, Friedrich (9 January 2014). Proportional Representation. Cham ; New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-03855-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-03855-1"><bdi>978-3-319-03855-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864498184">864498184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation&rft.place=Cham+%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864498184&rft.isbn=978-3-319-03855-1&rft.aulast=Pukelsheim&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawerMiskin1999" class="citation book cs1">Sawer, Marian & Miskin, Sarah (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/pubs/pops/pop34/pop34.pdf">Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate</a> (PDF). Department of the Senate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-71061-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-71061-9"><bdi>0-642-71061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Parliament+No.+34+Representation+and+Institutional+Change%3A+50+Years+of+Proportional+Representation+in+the+Senate&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Senate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-642-71061-9&rft.aulast=Sawer&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.au=Miskin%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fbinaries%2Fsenate%2Fpubs%2Fpops%2Fpop34%2Fpop34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmanLittle2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hickman, John; Little, Chris (November 2000). "Seat/vote proportionality in Romanian and Spanish parliamentary elections". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online. 2 (2): 197–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713683348">10.1080/713683348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153800069">153800069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+Europe+and+the+Balkans+Online&rft.atitle=Seat%2Fvote+proportionality+in+Romanian+and+Spanish+parliamentary+elections&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-212&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713683348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153800069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Little%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalassoNannicini2015" class="citation journal cs1">Galasso, Vincenzo; Nannicini, Tommaso (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:igi:igierp:526">"So closed: political selection in proportional systems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="European Journal of Political Economy">European Journal of Political Economy</a>. 40 (B): 260–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2015.04.008">10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.04.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55902803">55902803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=So+closed%3A+political+selection+in+proportional+systems&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=B&rft.pages=260-273&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2015.04.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55902803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Galasso&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rft.au=Nannicini%2C+Tommaso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconpapers.repec.org%2FRePEc%3Aigi%3Aigierp%3A526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolderStephensonVan_der_StraetenBlais2017" class="citation journal cs1">Golder, Sona N.; Stephenson, Laura B.; Van der Straeten, Karine; Blais, André; Bol, Damien; Harfst, Philipp; Laslier, Jean-François (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/894500">"Votes for women: electoral systems and support for female candidates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politics_%26_Gender" title="Politics & Gender">Politics & Gender</a>. 13 (1): 107–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743923X16000684">10.1017/S1743923X16000684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Gender&rft.atitle=Votes+for+women%3A+electoral+systems+and+support+for+female+candidates&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-131&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743923X16000684&rft.aulast=Golder&rft.aufirst=Sona+N.&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+Laura+B.&rft.au=Van+der+Straeten%2C+Karine&rft.au=Blais%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Bol%2C+Damien&rft.au=Harfst%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Laslier%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F894500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProportional+representation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deborda.org/">The De Borda Institute</a> A Northern Ireland-based organisation promoting inclusive voting procedures</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electiondistrictsvoting.com/">Election districts voting</a> improves PR with overlapping districts elections for first-past-the-post, alternative-vote and single-transferable-vote voters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824230201/http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/index.php">Electoral Reform Society</a> founded in England in 1884, the longest running PR organization. Contains good information about <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> – the Society's preferred form of PR</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electoralreformaustralia.org/">Electoral Reform Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prsa.org.au/">Proportional Representation Society of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairvote.ca/">Fair Vote Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/">FairVote, USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proportional-representation.org/">Why Not Proportional Representation?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawiscool.com/2007/07/29/vote-dilution-means-minorities-have-less-voice">Vote Dilution means Voters have Less Voice</a> Law is Cool site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theglottalstop.wordpress.com/debate/">Proportional Representation and British Democracy</a> Debate on British electoral system reform</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/australias-upper-houses/11038996">Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision</a> A podcast about the development of Australia's upper houses into STV proportional representation elected chambers.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13365595#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13365595#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13365595#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187753-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107542">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563247">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph210501&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541097705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026454">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&oldid=1260430581">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&oldid=1260430581</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proportional_representation_electoral_systems" title="Category:Proportional representation electoral systems">Proportional representation electoral systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)" title="Category:CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)">CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2024">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2024">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 18:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proportional_representation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-556c5f94cd-hxb8z","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.869","walltime":"2.573","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18655,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":367127,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12688,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":603204,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2205.876 1 -total"," 39.44% 869.908 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.29% 337.214 90 Template:Cite_web"," 9.78% 215.835 29 Template:Cite_book"," 6.43% 141.894 27 Template:Rp"," 6.27% 138.343 1 Template:Electoral_systems"," 6.12% 134.955 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.03% 132.935 4 Template:Legend"," 6.01% 132.655 26 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.98% 132.017 27 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.020","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9717441,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","160","13.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","13.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.1"],["date","40","3.4"],["format","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.4"],["ipairs","40","3.4"],["[others]","320","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-qt8fq","timestamp":"20241130183726","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Proportional representation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proportional_representation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13365595","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13365595","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-14T14:13:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T18:37:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Electoral-systems-gears.svg","headline":"voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals"}</script> </body> </html>