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battery</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg/450px-Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg/675px-Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg/900px-Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the divided zinc–cerium redox flow battery</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zinc–cerium batteries</b> are a type of <a href="/wiki/Redox_flow_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox flow battery">redox flow battery</a> first developed by Plurion Inc. (UK) during the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a>, both negative <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and positive <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> are circulated though an electrochemical flow reactor during the operation and stored in two separated reservoirs. Negative and positive electrolyte compartments in the electrochemical reactor are separated by a cation-exchange membrane, usually <a href="/wiki/Nafion" title="Nafion">Nafion</a> (<a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>). The Ce(III)/Ce(IV) and Zn(II)/Zn redox reactions take place at the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. Since zinc is <a href="/wiki/Electroplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroplate">electroplated</a> during charge at the negative electrode this system is classified as a hybrid flow battery. Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93bromine_battery" title="Zinc–bromine battery">zinc–bromine</a> and zinc–chlorine redox flow batteries, no condensation device is needed to dissolve halogen gases. The reagents used in the zinc-cerium system are considerably less expensive than those used in the vanadium flow battery. </p><p>Due to the high standard electrode potentials of both zinc and cerium redox reactions in aqueous media, the open-circuit cell voltage is as high as 2.43 V.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the other proposed rechargeable aqueous <a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">flow battery</a> systems, this system has the largest cell voltage and its power density per electrode area is second only to H2-Br2 flow battery.<sup id="cite_ref-Leung11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leung11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonic_acid" title="Methanesulfonic acid">Methanesulfonic acid</a> is used as supporting electrolyte, as it allows high concentrations of both zinc and cerium; the solubility of the corresponding methanesulfonates is 2.1 M for Zn,<sup id="cite_ref-Gernon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2.4 M for Ce(III) and up to 1.0 M for Ce(IV).<sup id="cite_ref-Kreh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methanesulfonic acid is particularly well suited for industrial electrochemical applications and is considered to be a green alternative to other support electrolytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gernon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zn-Ce flow battery is still in early stages of development. The main technological challenge is the control of the inefficiency and self discharge (Zn corrosion via hydrogen evolution) at the negative electrode. In commercial terms, the need for expensive Pt-Ti electrodes increases the capital cost of the system in comparison to other RFBs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cell_chemistry">Cell chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cell chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the negative electrode (anode), zinc is electroplated and stripped on the carbon polymer electrodes during charge and discharge, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Niki1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niki1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leung11B_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leung11B-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Zn<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 2e<sup>−</sup> ⇌ Zn<sub>(s)</sub> <dl><dd>(−0.76 V <i>vs.</i> SHE)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>At the positive electrode (cathode) (titanium based materials or carbon felt electrode), Ce(III) oxidation and Ce(IV) reduction take place during charge and discharge, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Xie116_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xie116-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niki2014b_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niki2014b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Ce<sup>4+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + e<sup>−</sup> ⇌ Ce<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> <dl><dd>(ca. +1.44 V <i>vs.</i> SHE)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Because of the large cell voltage, hydrogen (0 V <i>vs.</i> SHE) and oxygen (+1.23 V <i>vs.</i> SHE) could evolve theoretically as side reactions during battery operation (especially on charging).<sup id="cite_ref-Niki2013B_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niki2013B-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positive electrolyte is a solution of <a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_methanesulfonate" title="Cerium(III) methanesulfonate">cerium(III) methanesulfonate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The zinc–cerium redox flow battery was first proposed by Clarke and co-workers in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_a_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been the core technology of Plurion Inc. (UK). In 2008, Plurion Inc. suffered a liquidity crisis and was under liquidation in 2010 and the company was formally dissolved in 2012. However, the information of the experimental conditions and charge-discharge performance described in the early patents of Plurion Inc. are limited. Since the 2010s, the electrochemical properties and the characterisation of a zinc–cerium redox flow battery have been identified by the researchers of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">Southampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> Universities. During <a href="/wiki/Charge_cycle" title="Charge cycle">charge/discharge cycles</a> at 50 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, the coulombic and voltage efficiencies of the zinc–cerium redox flow battery were reported to be 92 and 68%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Leung_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leung-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a membraneless (undivided) zinc–cerium system based on low acid concentration electrolyte using compressed pieces of carbon felt positive electrode was proposed. Discharge cell voltage and energy efficiency were reported to be approximately 2.1 V and 75%, respectively. With such undivided configuration (single electrolyte compartment), self-discharge was relatively slow at low concentrations of cerium and acid.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leung2b_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leung2b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major installation of the zinc–cerium redox flow battery was the > 2 kW testing facility in <a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, installed by Plurion Inc. The use of mixed acid electrolytes for the positive half-cell has been investigated as a mean to increase the kinetics of the cerium redox reaction in State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and the Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, China.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xie1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xie1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Platinum-iridium coatings have shown the best performance as positive electrodes for the battery, while being less expensive than platinum electrodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Niki2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niki2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charge-discharge of the system has been preliminarily simulated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on mixed acids continues and it has been shown that low concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> can improve the electrochemical response of the cerium reaction, while nitric acid additions had negative results.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierarchical porous carbon as the positive electrode has yielded better performance than carbon felt in laboratory scale experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zinc electrodeposition on the negative electrode has been studied using a Hull cell.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon paper has also been studied as an alternative material for the positive electrode.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graphene oxide-graphite composites have shown some promise as a better catalytic electrode material for the reaction of cerium in the positive electrolyte.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar cerium-lead RFB has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indium-modified electrodes have been suggested as an alternative to conventional graphitised carbon as negative electrodes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zn-Ce system has introduced the use of this acid to other flow batteries as a better alternative to sulphuric acid. The relationship between cell potential and current density has been estimated for a Zn-Ce unit flow cell.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This permitted to rationalise the contribution of the thermodynamic, kinetic and ohmic components of the battery voltage and to assess the effect of increasing inter-electrode gap. </p><p>The development of the Zn-Ce battery has been reviewed,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the electrochemical technology of cerium conversion for industrial applications,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include energy storage, nuclear decontamination, indirect organic synthesis, destruction of hazardous organics and gas scrubbing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(electrical_power)" title="Load balancing (electrical power)">Load balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">Flow battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">Rechargeable battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">Battery (electricity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">Electrochemical cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_types" title="List of battery types">List of battery types</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.L. 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(2015). "The importance of cell geometry and electrolyte properties to the cell potential of Zn-Ce hybrid flow batteries". <i>Journal of the Electrochemical Society</i>. <b>163</b> (1): A5170–A5179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F2.0261601jes">10.1149/2.0261601jes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Electrochemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+cell+geometry+and+electrolyte+properties+to+the+cell+potential+of+Zn-Ce+hybrid+flow+batteries&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=A5170-A5179&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F2.0261601jes&rft.aulast=Arenas&rft.aufirst=L.F.&rft.au=Walsh%2C+F.C.&rft.au=de+Leon%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc%E2%80%93cerium+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshPonce_de_LéonBerlouisNikiforidis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, Frank C.; Ponce de Léon, Carlos; Berlouis, Len; Nikiforidis, George; Arenas-Martínez, Luis F.; Hodgson, David; Hall, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/373749/1/__soton.ac.uk_UDE_PersonalFiles_Users_capla_mydocuments_FC%2520Walsh_Zn%2520Cerium%2520paper_The%2520Development%2520of%2520Zn%25E2%2580%2593Ce%2520Hybrid%2520Redox%2520Flow%2520Batteries%2520for%2520Energy%2520Storage%2520and%2520Their%2520Continuing%2520Challenges.pdf">"The Development of Zn-Ce Hybrid Redox Flow Batteries for Energy Storage and Their Continuing Challenges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ChemPlusChem</i>. <b>80</b> (2): 288–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcplu.201402103">10.1002/cplu.201402103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ChemPlusChem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Zn-Ce+Hybrid+Redox+Flow+Batteries+for+Energy+Storage+and+Their+Continuing+Challenges&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=288-311&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcplu.201402103&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Frank+C.&rft.au=Ponce+de+L%C3%A9on%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Berlouis%2C+Len&rft.au=Nikiforidis%2C+George&rft.au=Arenas-Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Luis+F.&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+David&rft.au=Hall%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F373749%2F1%2F__soton.ac.uk_UDE_PersonalFiles_Users_capla_mydocuments_FC%252520Walsh_Zn%252520Cerium%252520paper_The%252520Development%252520of%252520Zn%2525E2%252580%252593Ce%252520Hybrid%252520Redox%252520Flow%252520Batteries%252520for%252520Energy%252520Storage%252520and%252520Their%252520Continuing%252520Challenges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc%E2%80%93cerium+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArenasPonce_de_LeónWalsh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Arenas, L.F.; Ponce de León, C.; Walsh, F.C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/393200/1/__filestore.soton.ac.uk_users_gos1g13_mydesktop_Revised%2520Cerium%2520Review%25202016%2520for%2520EA%2520final.pdf">"Electrochemical redox processes involving soluble cerium species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Electrochimica Acta</i>. <b>205</b>: 226–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electacta.2016.04.062">10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.062</a>.</cite><span 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cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">Flow battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_battery" title="Trough battery">Trough battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogalvanic_cell" title="Thermogalvanic cell">Thermogalvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galvanic_Cell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galvanic cell"><img alt="Galvanic cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/150px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/225px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/300px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_battery" title="Primary battery">Primary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(non-rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">Alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Aluminium–air battery">Aluminium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_cell" title="Bunsen cell">Bunsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid_cell" title="Chromic acid cell">Chromic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_cell" title="Clark cell">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_cell" title="Grove cell">Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9_cell" title="Leclanché cell">Leclanché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_metal_battery" title="Lithium metal battery">Lithium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_battery" title="Mercury battery">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxyhydroxide_battery" title="Nickel oxyhydroxide battery">Nickel oxyhydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Silicon–air battery">Silicon–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide_battery" title="Silver oxide battery">Silver oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_cell" title="Weston cell">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboni_pile" title="Zamboni pile">Zamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">Zinc–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">Zinc–carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">Secondary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">Lead–acid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VRLA_battery" title="VRLA battery">gel–VRLA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium ion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carbon_battery" title="Dual carbon battery">Dual carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Lithium–iron–phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">Lithium–polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">Lithium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-titanate_battery" title="Lithium-titanate battery">Lithium–titanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-salt_battery" title="Molten-salt battery">Molten salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopore_battery" title="Nanopore battery">Nanopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanowire_battery" title="Nanowire battery">Nanowire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">Nickel–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">Nickel–hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93lithium_battery" title="Nickel–lithium battery">Nickel–lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">Nickel–metal hydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93zinc_battery" title="Nickel–zinc battery">Nickel–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfide%E2%80%93bromide_battery" title="Polysulfide–bromide battery">Polysulfide–bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium-ion_battery" title="Potassium-ion battery">Potassium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_alkaline_battery" title="Rechargeable alkaline battery">Rechargeable alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Silver–cadmium battery">Silver–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_zinc_battery" title="Silver zinc battery">Silver–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" title="Sodium-ion battery">Sodium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Sodium–sulfur battery">Sodium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_battery" title="Solid-state battery">Solid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">Vanadium redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93bromine_battery" title="Zinc–bromine battery">Zinc–bromine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zinc–cerium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other cell</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">Atomic battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">Solar cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">Binder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">Cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">Electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-cell" title="Half-cell">Half-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_bridge" title="Salt bridge">Salt bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">Semipermeable membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc–cerium_battery&oldid=1183741955">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc–cerium_battery&oldid=1183741955</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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