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電子電路 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-關於不同時期的電子電路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#關於不同時期的電子電路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>關於不同時期的電子電路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-關於不同時期的電子電路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電子元件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電子元件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>電子元件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電子元件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電子電路的種類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電子電路的種類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>電子電路的種類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-電子電路的種類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关電子電路的種類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-電子電路的種類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-類比電路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#類比電路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>類比電路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-類比電路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-數位電路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數位電路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>數位電路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-數位電路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-混合型電路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#混合型電路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>混合型電路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-混合型電路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">電子電路</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。40种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دارة إلكترونية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دارة إلكترونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="الکترونیک مداری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترونیک مداری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Електронна схема – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронна схема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="ইলেকট্রনিক বর্তনী – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রনিক বর্তনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="خولگەی ئەلکترۆنیک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خولگەی ئەلکترۆنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronick%C3%BD_obvod" title="Elektronický obvod – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronický obvod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Elektronisk kredsløb – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronisk kredsløb" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronische_Schaltung" title="Elektronische Schaltung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronische Schaltung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρονικό κύκλωμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονικό κύκλωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electronic circuit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika_cirkvito" title="Elektronika cirkvito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronika cirkvito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonikal%C3%BClitus" title="Elektroonikalülitus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroonikalülitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="مدار الکترونیکی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدار الکترونیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroninen_piiri" title="Elektroninen piiri – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroninen piiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Circuit électronique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circuit électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5" title="इलेक्ट्रानिक परिपथ – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रानिक परिपथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikui_elektwonik" title="Sikui elektwonik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sikui elektwonik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Էլեկտրոնային միացում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնային միացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangkaian_elektronik" title="Rangkaian elektronik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rangkaian elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafr%C3%A1s" title="Rafrás – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafrás" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_elettronico" title="Circuito elettronico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circuito elettronico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF" title="電子回路 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子回路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="전자 회로 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 회로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitus_electronicus" title="Circuitus electronicus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circuitus electronicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olik%27aratra" title="Olik&#039;aratra – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olik&#039;aratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litar_elektronik" title="Litar elektronik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Litar elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် ဆားကစ် ပတ်လမ်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် ဆားကစ် ပတ်လမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schakeling" title="Schakeling – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schakeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_elektroniczny" title="Układ elektroniczny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ elektroniczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Circuito eletrônico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circuito eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Электронная схема – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная схема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronsko_kolo" title="Elektronsko kolo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronsko kolo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronick%C3%BD_obvod" title="Elektronický obvod – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronický obvod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarku_elektronik" title="Qarku elektronik – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qarku elektronik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikang_sirkito" title="Elektronikang sirkito – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektronikang sirkito" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik_devre" title="Elektronik devre – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronik devre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Електронна схема – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронна схема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_sxema" title="Elektron sxema – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektron sxema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Mạch điện tử – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạch điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="電子電路 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子電路" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>,請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="Talk:電子電路">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>没有列出任何<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">参考或来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年12月30日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>維基百科所有的內容都應該<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">可供查證</a>。请协助補充<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>,以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年12月30日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>,幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。(<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="Talk:電子電路">討論</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-8ed9371" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Electronics"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8742_153056995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Intel_8742_153056995.jpg/200px-Intel_8742_153056995.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Intel_8742_153056995.jpg/300px-Intel_8742_153056995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Intel_8742_153056995.jpg/400px-Intel_8742_153056995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>The integrated circuit from an <a href="/wiki/Intel" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel">Intel</a> 8742, an 8-bit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcontroller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Microcontroller(页面不存在)">microcontroller</a> that includes a <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>, 128 <a href="/wiki/Byte" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte">bytes</a> of <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="隨機存取記憶體">RAM</a>, 2048 bytes of <a href="/wiki/EPROM" class="mw-redirect" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Input/output&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Input/output(页面不存在)">I/O</a> in the same chip.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PExdcr01CJC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PExdcr01CJC.jpg/200px-PExdcr01CJC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PExdcr01CJC.jpg/300px-PExdcr01CJC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PExdcr01CJC.jpg/400px-PExdcr01CJC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption> 一個以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷電路板">印刷電路板</a> (PCB)所做的電路。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>電子電路</b>(英語:<span lang="en">electronic circuit</span>)是將各式各樣的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="電子元件">電子元件</a>,形成一能使電流流通的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="迴路">迴路</a>,進行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%A1%E8%99%9F" title="電信號">電信號</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97" title="运算">运算</a>;這些元件可以是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="主動元件">主動元件</a>(信號源、電壓源、電流源)或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="被動元件">被動元件</a>(電阻、電感、電容)或任何導體。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="關於不同時期的電子電路"><span id=".E9.97.9C.E6.96.BC.E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F.E7.9A.84.E9.9B.BB.E5.AD.90.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF"></span>關於不同時期的電子電路</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:關於不同時期的電子電路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>研發與測試時期,為了方便進行測試電路的可行性,常使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%8C%85%E6%9D%BF" title="面包板">麵包板</a>(Breadboard)、穿孔纤维板(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Perfboard" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Perfboard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfboard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfboard(页面不存在)">Perfboard</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfboard" class="extiw" title="en:Perfboard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Perfboard</span></a></span>)</span></span>)、条状铜箔面包板(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Stripboard" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stripboard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stripboard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stripboard(页面不存在)">Stripboard</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripboard" class="extiw" title="en:Stripboard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stripboard</span></a></span>)</span></span>),來進行電路的組裝。</li> <li>量產時期,常使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="生產線">生產線</a>用以大量製造<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷電路板">印刷電路板</a>的電路,來加速生產效能。</li> <li>改良製程時,常使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體</a>技術產生的IC(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a>),來大幅減少電路的體積,經由大幅減少所使用電子元件,通常亦可改善耗電與散熱問題。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電子元件"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.AD.90.E5.85.83.E4.BB.B6"></span>電子元件</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:電子元件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="電子元件">電子元件</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="被動元件">被動元件</a>,即<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="電阻">電阻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">電容</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電感">電感</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" title="二極體">二極體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="發光二極體">發光二極體</a>··等,為電子電路一般常用元件。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="主動元件">主動元件</a>,即<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電晶體">電晶體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a>(矽片)··等,為電子電路一般常用元件。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電子電路的種類"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.AD.90.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF.E7.9A.84.E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E"></span>電子電路的種類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:電子電路的種類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="類比電路"><span id=".E9.A1.9E.E6.AF.94.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF"></span>類比電路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:類比電路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="類比電路">類比電路</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Base_amplifier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Common_Base_amplifier.png/220px-Common_Base_amplifier.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Common_Base_amplifier.png/330px-Common_Base_amplifier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Common_Base_amplifier.png/440px-Common_Base_amplifier.png 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>一個A類放大器的類比電路的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%9C%96" title="電路圖">電路圖</a>。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_electrical_schematic_with_Ohms_law.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Simple_electrical_schematic_with_Ohms_law.png/220px-Simple_electrical_schematic_with_Ohms_law.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Simple_electrical_schematic_with_Ohms_law.png/330px-Simple_electrical_schematic_with_Ohms_law.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Simple_electrical_schematic_with_Ohms_law.png/440px-Simple_electrical_schematic_with_Ohms_law.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption> 一个展示着导线、电阻和电池的简单原理图</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="數位電路"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E4.BD.8D.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF"></span>數位電路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:數位電路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="數位電路">數位電路</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="混合型電路"><span id=".E6.B7.B7.E5.90.88.E5.9E.8B.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF"></span>混合型電路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:混合型電路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Circuits électroniques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944392z">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Circuits électroniques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944392z">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4113419-9">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007538457805171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Electronic circuits"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042279">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561433">日本</a></span></li> <li><span 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