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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=FlexRay" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=FlexRay" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consortium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consortium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consortium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consortium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Commercial deployment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_deployment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial deployment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Clock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bits_on_the_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bits_on_the_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bits on the bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bits_on_the_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampled_bits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampled_bits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sampled bits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampled_bits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clock_synchronization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock_synchronization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Clock synchronization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock_synchronization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_future_of_FlexRay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_future_of_FlexRay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The future of FlexRay</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="FlexRay" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/FlexRay" title="Special:EditPage/FlexRay">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FlexRay%22">"FlexRay"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FlexRay%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22FlexRay%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FlexRay%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FlexRay%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FlexRay%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>FlexRay</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_bus" title="Vehicle bus">automotive network communications protocol</a> developed by the <b>FlexRay Consortium</b> to govern on-board automotive computing. It is designed to be faster and more reliable than <a href="/wiki/Controller_Area_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller Area Network">CAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time-Triggered_Protocol" title="Time-Triggered Protocol">TTP</a>, but it is also more expensive. The FlexRay consortium disbanded in 2009, but the FlexRay standard is now a set of ISO standards, ISO 17458-1<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 17458-5.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FlexRay is a communication bus designed to ensure high data rates, fault tolerance, operating on a time cycle, split into static and dynamic segments for event-triggered and time-triggered communications. It is mainly used in aeronautic and automotive sectors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FlexRay supports data rates up to <span class="nowrap">10 <a href="/wiki/Megabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit">Mbit/s</a></span>, explicitly supports both star and bus physical topologies, and can have two independent data channels for fault-tolerance (communication can continue with reduced bandwidth if one channel is inoperative). The bus operates on a time cycle, divided into two parts: the static segment and the dynamic segment. The static segment is preallocated into slices for individual communication types, providing stronger determinism than its predecessor <a href="/wiki/Controller_Area_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller Area Network">CAN</a>. The dynamic segment operates more like CAN, with nodes taking control of the bus as available, allowing event-triggered behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consortium">Consortium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consortium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FlexRay Consortium was made up of the following core members: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></li></ul> <p>There were also Premium Associate and Associate members of FlexRay consortium. By September 2009, there were 28 premium associate members and more than 60 associate members. At the end of 2009, the consortium disbanded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_deployment">Commercial deployment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commercial deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first series production vehicle with FlexRay was at the end of 2006 in the <a href="/wiki/BMW_X5_(E70)" title="BMW X5 (E70)">BMW X5 (E70)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling a new and fast adaptive damping system. Full use of FlexRay was introduced in 2008 in the new <a href="/wiki/BMW_7_Series_(F01)" title="BMW 7 Series (F01)">BMW 7 Series (F01)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi_A4" title="Audi A4">Audi A4 (B9)</a> (2015–)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_A5" title="Audi A5">Audi A5 (F5)</a> (2016–)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_A6_C7" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi A6 C7">Audi A6 (C7)</a> (2011–2018)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_A7" title="Audi A7">Audi A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_A8_D4" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi A8 D4">Audi A8 (D4)</a> (2010–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_Q7#Second_generation_(Typ_4M;_2015)" title="Audi Q7">Audi Q7</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_TT_Mk3" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi TT Mk3">Audi TT Mk3</a> (2014–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_R8#Second_generation_(2015–present:_Type_4S)" title="Audi R8">Audi R8</a> (2015–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Flying_Spur_(2005)#Second_generation_(2013–2019)" title="Bentley Flying Spur (2005)">Bentley Flying Spur</a> (2013-2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Mulsanne_(2010)" title="Bentley Mulsanne (2010)">Bentley Mulsanne</a> (2010–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_X5" title="BMW X5">BMW X5 (E70)</a> (2006–2013)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_X6" title="BMW X6">BMW X6 (E71)</a> (2008–2014)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_F20" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW F20">BMW 1 Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_F30" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW F30">BMW 3 Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_5_Series_(F10)" title="BMW 5 Series (F10)">BMW 5 Series</a> (2009–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_6_Series" title="BMW 6 Series">BMW 6 Series</a> (2011–2018)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_F01" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW F01">BMW 7 Series</a> (2008–2015)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Hurac%C3%A1n" title="Lamborghini Huracán">Lamborghini Huracán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W222)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)</a> (2013–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(C217)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (C217)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (C217)</a> (2014–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(W213)" title="Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W213)">Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W213)</a> (2016–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W205)" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)">Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)</a> (2015-2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W206)" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)">Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)</a> (2021–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W223)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)</a> (2020–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ghost" title="Rolls-Royce Ghost">Rolls-Royce Ghost</a> (2009–)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvo_XC90" title="Volvo XC90">Volvo XC90</a> (2015–)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clock">Clock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FlexRay system consists of a bus and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">electronic control units</a> (ECUs). Each ECU has an independent clock. The <a href="/wiki/Clock_drift" title="Clock drift">clock drift</a> must be not more than 0.15% from the reference clock, so the difference between the slowest and the fastest clock in the system is no greater than 0.3%. </p><p>This means that, if ECU-s is a sender and ECU-r is a receiver, then for every 300 cycles of the sender there will be between 299 and 301 cycles of the receiver. The clocks are resynchronized frequently enough to assure that this causes no problems. The clock is sent in the static segment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bits_on_the_bus">Bits on the bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bits on the bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:auto"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1 </td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Correct averaging in case of no errors. The signal is merely delayed by 2 cycles. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:auto"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="color: red">0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Errors near the middle of 8-cycle region are canceled. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:auto"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="color: red">1</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="color: red">1</td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Errors near the boundary of 8-cycle region may affect the boundary bit. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At each time, only one ECU writes to the <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a>. Each bit to be sent is held on the bus for 8 sample clock cycles. The receiver keeps a buffer of the last 5 samples, and uses the majority of the last 5 samples as the input signal. </p><p>Single-cycle transmission errors may affect results near the boundary of the bits, but will not affect cycles in the middle of the 8-cycle region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampled_bits">Sampled bits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sampled bits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The value of the bit is sampled in the middle of the 8-bit region. The errors are moved to the extreme cycles, and the clock is synchronized frequently enough for the drift to be small. (Drift is smaller than 1 cycle per 300 cycles, and during transmission the clock is synchronized more than once every 300 cycles.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame">Frame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the communication is sent in the form of frames. The message consists of bytes <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{x_{0},x_{1},\dots ,x_{m-1}\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{x_{0},x_{1},\dots ,x_{m-1}\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a495df15bc784371c0f360956a2b11d2556141c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.41ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{x_{0},x_{1},\dots ,x_{m-1}\}}"></span>, packed in the following way: </p> <ul><li>Transmission Start Signal (TSS) – bit 0</li> <li>Frame Start Signal (FSS) – bit 1</li> <li><i>m</i> times: <ul><li>Byte Start Signal 0 (BSS0) – bit 1</li> <li>Byte Start Signal 1 (BSS1) – bit 0</li> <li>0th bit of <i>i</i>-th byte</li> <li>1st bit of <i>i</i>-th byte</li> <li>2nd bit of <i>i</i>-th byte</li> <li>...</li> <li>7th bit of <i>i</i>-th byte</li></ul></li> <li>Frame End Signal (FES) – bit 0</li> <li>Transmission End Signal (TES) – bit 1</li></ul> <p>If nothing is being communicated, the bus is held in state 1 (high voltage), so every receiver knows that the communication started when the voltage drops to 0. </p><p>The receiver knows when the message is complete by checking whether BSS0 (1) or FES (0) was received. </p><p>Note that 8-cycle per bit has nothing to do with bytes. Each byte takes 80 cycles to transfer. 16 for BSS0 and BSS1 and 64 for its bits. Also note that BSS0 has value 1, and BSS1 has value 0. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clock_synchronization">Clock synchronization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clock synchronization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clocks are resynchronized when the voted signal changes from 1 to 0, if the receiver was in either idle state or expecting BSS1. </p><p>As synchronization is done on the voted signal, small transmission errors during synchronization that affect the boundary bits may skew the synchronization no more than 1 cycle. As there are at most 88 cycles between synchronization (BSS1, 8 bits of the last byte, FES and TES - 11 bits of 8 cycles each), and the clock drift is no larger than 1 per 300 cycles, the drift may skew the clock no more than 1 cycle. Small transmission errors during the receiving may affect only the boundary bits. So in the worst case the two middle bits are correct, and thus the sampled value is correct. </p><p>Here's an example of a particularly bad case - error during synchronization, a lost cycle due to clock drift and error in transmission. </p><p>Errors that happened in the example: </p> <ul><li>Because of a single-bit error during synchronization, the synchronization was delayed by 1 cycle</li> <li>Receiver clock was slower than sender clock, so receiver missed one cycle (marked X). This will not happen again before the next synchronization due to limits on maximum allowable clock drift.</li> <li>Because of a single-bit error during transmission, a bit was voted wrongly near the result.</li></ul> <p>Despite so many errors, the communication was received correctly. </p><p>The green cells are sampling points. All except the first are synchronized by the 1->0 edge in the transmission fragment shown. </p> <table style="border-collapse: collapse"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <th>Signal to be sent </th> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: solid black 1px" colspan="8">1 </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: solid black 1px" colspan="8">0 </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: solid black 1px" colspan="8">1 </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: solid black 1px" colspan="8">0 </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-left: solid black 1px" colspan="2">1 </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <th>Signal sent </th> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <th>On the bus </th> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0 </td> <td style="color: red">1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="color: red">1</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <th>Received </th> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0 </td> <td style="color: red">1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color:gray">X</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="color: red">1</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: solid black 1px"> <th>5-maj voted </th> <td></td> <td style="border-left: solid black 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color: lime">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="color: red; border-left: solid red 1px">1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background-color: lime">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="border-left: solid red 1px">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color: lime">1</td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color: gray">X</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="border-left: solid red 1px">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background-color: lime">0 </td> <td style="color: red">1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_tools">Development tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When developing and/or troubleshooting the FlexRay bus, examination of hardware signals can be very important. <a href="/wiki/Logic_analyzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic analyzers">Logic analyzers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bus_analyzer" title="Bus analyzer">bus analyzers</a> are tools which collect, analyze, decode, store signals so people can view the high-speed waveforms at their leisure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_future_of_FlexRay">The future of FlexRay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The future of FlexRay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethernet may replace FlexRay for bandwidth intensive, non-safety critical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controller_Area_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller Area Network">Controller Area Network</a> (CAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-pair_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-pair Ethernet">Single-pair Ethernet</a> (SPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Interconnect_Network" title="Local Interconnect Network">Local Interconnect Network</a> (LIN) (ISO 17987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_Bus" title="MOST Bus">MOST</a> (ISO 21806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SENT_(protocol)" title="SENT (protocol)">SENT</a> (SAE J2716)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=59804">ISO 17458-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=59809">ISO 17458-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2010" class="citation web cs1">Lorenz, Steffen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216112537/http://www.hanser-automotive.de/fileadmin/heftarchiv/FLEX_10_ONL_NXP-Y.pdf">"The FlexRay Electrical Physical Layer Evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Automotive 2010</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanser-automotive.de/fileadmin/heftarchiv/FLEX_10_ONL_NXP-Y.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automotive+2010&rft.atitle=The+FlexRay+Electrical+Physical+Layer+Evolution&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanser-automotive.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fheftarchiv%2FFLEX_10_ONL_NXP-Y.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlexRay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223081221/http://cache.freescale.com/files/abstract/overview_applications/FRWORKS.html">"How FlexRay Works"</a>. Freescale Semiconductor. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+FlexRay+Works&rft.pub=Freescale+Semiconductor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcache.freescale.com%2Ffiles%2Fabstract%2Foverview_applications%2FFRWORKS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlexRay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrobel2013" class="citation book cs1">Strobel, Otto (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08ueBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Communication in Transportation Systems</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BMW+Press+Portal&rft.atitle=The+new+BMW+6+Series+Convertible&rft.pages=32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.bmwgroup.com%2Fglobal%2Farticle%2Fattachment%2FT0089173EN%2F182586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlexRay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/de/instance/print/2322446-83-Fahrwerk-S-Klasse-endoc.xhtml?oid=9259968">"2322446_83_Fahrwerk_S_Klasse_en.doc"</a>. <i>marsMediaSite</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marsMediaSite&rft.atitle=2480996_PI_Kurvenneigung_C217_ENG.docx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.daimler.com%2FmarsMediaSite%2Fde%2Finstance%2Fprint%2F2480996-PI-Kurvenneigung-C217-ENGdocx.xhtml%3Foid%3D9082160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlexRay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleissMüllerNilssonCarlsson2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fleiss, Michael; Müller, Thomas M.; Nilsson, Martin; Carlsson, Jonas (1 March 2016). "Fahrzeugintegration des Antriebsstrangs bei Volvo". <i>ATZ - Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift</i> (in German). <b>118</b> (3): 16–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs35148-015-0202-7">10.1007/s35148-015-0202-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-8800">2192-8800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183153508">183153508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ATZ+-+Automobiltechnische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Fahrzeugintegration+des+Antriebsstrangs+bei+Volvo&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-21&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A183153508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2192-8800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs35148-015-0202-7&rft.aulast=Fleiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Martin&rft.au=Carlsson%2C+Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlexRay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094353/https://www.star-cooperation.com/en/experts-in-automotive-electronics/glossary/flexray-bus.html">"Introduction to FlexRay"</a>. <i>www.star-cooperation.com</i>. STAR ELECTRONICS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.star-cooperation.com/en/experts-in-automotive-electronics/glossary/flexray-bus.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.star-cooperation.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+FlexRay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.star-cooperation.com%2Fen%2Fexperts-in-automotive-electronics%2Fglossary%2Fflexray-bus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlexRay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerschmidt2010" class="citation web cs1">Hammerschmidt, Christoph (18 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1256700">"Beyond FlexRay: BMW airs Ethernet plans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EE_Times" title="EE Times">EE Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EE+Times&rft.atitle=Beyond+FlexRay%3A+BMW+airs+Ethernet+plans&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft.aulast=Hammerschmidt&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Fdocument.asp%3Fdoc_id%3D1256700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlexRay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlexRay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3352">FlexRay Overview</a> Technical Overview of FlexRay by National Instruments</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.ipd.kit.edu/nlrp/public/FlexRay/FlexRay%E2%84%A2%20Protocol%20Specification%20Version%203.0.1.pdf">FlexRay Specification</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wired</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer buses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">System bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-side_bus" title="Back-side bus">Back-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_bus" title="Control bus">Control bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">Address bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_contention" title="Bus contention">Bus contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Computer_buses" title="List of interface bit rates">List of bus bandwidths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-50_bus" title="SS-50 bus">SS-50 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD_Bus" title="STD Bus">STD Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Card_Bus" title="Europe Card Bus">Europe Card Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control" title="Computer Automated Measurement and Control">CAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTBUS" title="FASTBUS">FASTBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">HP Precision Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="VME eXtensions for Instrumentation">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXS" title="VXS">VXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">MCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_bus" title="GSC bus">HP GSC bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">UPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI Extended (PCI-X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express (PCIe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">Compute Express Link (CXL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface" title="Direct Media Interface">Direct Media Interface (DMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">Intel QuickPath Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Fabric">Infinity Fabric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">Intel Ultra Path Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface" title="Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface">Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ST-506/ST-412" title="ST-506/ST-412">ST-506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Peripheral_Interface" title="Intelligent Peripheral Interface">IPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">SMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA (PATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_and_Tag" title="Bus and Tag">Bus and Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">Serial ATA (SATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Storage_Architecture" title="Serial Storage Architecture">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATAe</a></li> <li>PCI Express (via <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> or <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> logical device interface)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">Atari SIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Commodore bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-IL" title="HP-IL">HP-IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIL_bus" title="HIL bus">HIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-423" title="RS-423">RS-423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMX512#DMX512-A" title="DMX512">DMX512-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488 (GPIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE-1284 (parallel port)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE-1394 (FireWire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI/O" title="UNI/O">UNI/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACCESS.bus" title="ACCESS.bus">ACCESS.bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I3C_(bus)" title="I3C (bus)">I3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">D²B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profibus" title="Profibus">Profibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Link" title="Camera Link">Camera Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_External_Cabling" title="PCI Express">External PCIe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio" title="Intel High Definition Audio">Intel HD Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McASP" title="McASP">McASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multidrop_bus" title="Multidrop bus">Multidrop bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoreConnect" title="CoreConnect">CoreConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture" title="Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture">AMBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface" title="Advanced eXtensible Interface">AXI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_(computer_bus)" title="Wishbone (computer bus)">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIMbus" title="SLIMbus">SLIMbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.</small><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_buses" title="Category:Computer buses">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automation_protocols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automation_protocols" title="Template:Automation protocols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automation_protocols" title="Template talk:Automation protocols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automation_protocols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automation protocols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automation_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_automation_protocols" title="List of automation protocols">Automation protocols</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Process automation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-Interface" title="AS-Interface">AS-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Standard_Asynchronous_Protocol" title="Bristol Standard Asynchronous Protocol">BSAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CC-Link_Industrial_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="CC-Link Industrial Networks">CC-Link Industrial Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Industrial_Protocol" title="Common Industrial Protocol">CIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANopen" title="CANopen">CANopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeviceNet" title="DeviceNet">DeviceNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ControlNet" title="ControlNet">ControlNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DF-1_Protocol" title="DF-1 Protocol">DF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectNET_Protocol" title="DirectNET Protocol">DirectNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherCAT" title="EtherCAT">EtherCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Global_Data_Protocol" title="Ethernet Global Data Protocol">Ethernet Global Data (EGD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Powerlink" title="Ethernet Powerlink">Ethernet Powerlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherNet/IP" title="EtherNet/IP">EtherNet/IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">Factory Instrumentation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Interface_Network_Service" title="Factory Interface Network Service">FINS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOUNDATION_fieldbus" class="mw-redirect" title="FOUNDATION fieldbus">FOUNDATION fieldbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Fieldbus_H1" title="Foundation Fieldbus H1">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Speed_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Speed Ethernet">HSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Request_Transport_Protocol" title="Service Request Transport Protocol">GE SRTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Addressable_Remote_Transducer_Protocol" title="Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol">HART Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS_Protocol" title="SDS Protocol">Honeywell SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HostLink_Protocol" title="HostLink Protocol">HostLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTERBUS" title="INTERBUS">INTERBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">IO-Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MECHATROLINK" title="MECHATROLINK">MECHATROLINK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MelsecNet" title="MelsecNet">MelsecNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optomux" title="Optomux">Optomux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PieP" title="PieP">PieP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFIBUS" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFIBUS">PROFIBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFINET" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFINET">PROFINET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAPIEnet" title="RAPIEnet">RAPIEnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERCOS_interface" title="SERCOS interface">SERCOS interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERCOS_III" title="SERCOS III">SERCOS III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinec_H1" title="Sinec H1">Sinec H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SynqNet" title="SynqNet">SynqNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TTEthernet" title="TTEthernet">TTEthernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_control_system" title="Industrial control system">Industrial control system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTConnect" title="MTConnect">MTConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPC_Data_Access" title="OPC Data Access">OPC DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPC_Historical_Data_Access" title="OPC Historical Data Access">OPC HDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPC_Unified_Architecture" title="OPC Unified Architecture">OPC UA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BatiBUS" title="BatiBUS">BatiBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Bus_(protocol)" title="C-Bus (protocol)">C-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBus" title="CEBus">CEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">DALI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Serial_Interface" title="Digital Serial Interface">DSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DyNet" title="DyNet">DyNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Home_Systems_Protocol" title="European Home Systems Protocol">EHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Installation_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="European Installation Bus">EIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">FIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX" title="KNX">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonTalk" title="LonTalk">LonTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OBIX" title="OBIX">oBIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Simple_Control_Protocol" title="Very Simple Control Protocol">VSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAP_Home_Automation_protocol" title="XAP Home Automation protocol">xAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPL_Protocol" title="XPL Protocol">xPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power-system_automation" title="Power-system automation">Power-system automation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">IEC 60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">IEC 60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">IEC 60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">DNP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">Factory Instrumentation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">IEC 61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">IEC 62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFIBUS" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFIBUS">PROFIBUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading" title="Automatic meter reading">Automatic meter reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_meter#Protocols" title="Smart meter">ANSI C12.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_meter#Protocols" title="Smart meter">IEC 61107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">DLMS/IEC 62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meter-Bus" title="Meter-Bus">M-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Automobile / <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_bus" title="Vehicle bus">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet" title="Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet">AFDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_429" title="ARINC 429">ARINC 429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARINC_825&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARINC 825 (page does not exist)">ARINC 825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1939" title="SAE J1939">SAE J1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMEA_2000" title="NMEA 2000">NMEA 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Management_System" title="Fleet Management System">FMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">Factory Instrumentation Protocol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FlexRay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEBus" title="IEBus">IEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1587" title="SAE J1587">J1587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1708" title="SAE J1708">J1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyword_Protocol_2000" title="Keyword Protocol 2000">Keyword Protocol 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Diagnostic_Services" title="Unified Diagnostic Services">Unified Diagnostic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Interconnect_Network" title="Local Interconnect Network">LIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_Bus" title="MOST Bus">MOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SENT_(protocol)" title="SENT (protocol)">SENT</a> (SAE J2716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Area_Network" title="Vehicle Area Network">VAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphal" title="Cyphal">Cyphal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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