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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition and 19th century performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_and_19th_century_performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>20th-century performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Act_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Act 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Act 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Fidelio</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88" title="فيديليو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيديليو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фиделио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фиделио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φιντέλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιντέλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88" title="فیدلیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیدلیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%8D%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4" title="피델리오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피델리오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8" title="Ֆիդելիո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիդելիո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95" title="פידליו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פידליו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="ფიდელიო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიდელიო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фиделио – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фиделио" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88" title="فيديليو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيديليو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фиделио – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фиделио" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA" title="フィデリオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィデリオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фиделио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фиделио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фиделио – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фиделио" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="ฟีเดลีโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟีเดลีโอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Фіделіо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фіделіо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fidelio" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5" title="费德里奥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="费德里奥" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Only opera by Ludwig van Beethoven</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Beethoven's only opera. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fidelio_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fidelio (disambiguation)">Fidelio (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fidelio</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidelio18140523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fidelio18140523.jpg/260px-Fidelio18140523.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fidelio18140523.jpg/390px-Fidelio18140523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fidelio18140523.jpg/520px-Fidelio18140523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Fidelio</i>, playbill of the third and finalized premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_am_K%C3%A4rntnertor" title="Theater am Kärntnertor">Kärntnertortheater</a> in Vienna, 23 May 1814</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data">Originally prepared by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sonnleithner" title="Joseph Sonnleithner">Joseph Sonnleithner</a>, from the French of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Bouilly" title="Jean-Nicolas Bouilly">Jean-Nicolas Bouilly</a>. Later shortened by <a href="/wiki/Stephan_von_Breuning_(librettist)" title="Stephan von Breuning (librettist)">Stephan von Breuning</a> and edited by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Treitschke" title="Georg Friedrich Treitschke">Georg Friedrich Treitschke</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">Original premiere 20 November 1805<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1805-11-20</span>)</span>; reworked version 29 March 1806<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1806-3-29</span>)</span>; finalized version 23 May 1814<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1814-5-23</span>)</span>.<br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary">First two premieres at <a href="/wiki/Theater_an_der_Wien" title="Theater an der Wien">Theater an der Wien</a>, Vienna. Final version at <a href="/wiki/Theater_am_K%C3%A4rntnertor" title="Theater am Kärntnertor">Kärntnertortheater</a>, Vienna</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Fidelio</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[fiˈdeːlio]</a></span>), originally titled <i><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Leonore, oder Der Triumph der ehelichen Liebe</i></span></b></i> (<i>Leonore, or The Triumph of Marital Love</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998182_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998182-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op</a>. 72, is the sole <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> by German composer <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> was originally prepared by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sonnleithner" title="Joseph Sonnleithner">Joseph Sonnleithner</a> from the French of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Bouilly" title="Jean-Nicolas Bouilly">Jean-Nicolas Bouilly</a>. The opera premiered at Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Theater_an_der_Wien" title="Theater an der Wien">Theater an der Wien</a> on 20 November 1805. The following year, Beethoven's friend <a href="/wiki/Stephan_von_Breuning_(librettist)" title="Stephan von Breuning (librettist)">Stephan von Breuning</a> rewrote the libretto, shortening the work from three acts to two. After further work on the libretto by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Treitschke" title="Georg Friedrich Treitschke">Georg Friedrich Treitschke</a>, a final version was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_am_K%C3%A4rntnertor" title="Theater am Kärntnertor">Kärntnertortheater</a> on 23 May 1814. As these libretto revisions were going on, Beethoven was also revising some of the music. By convention, only the final version is called <i>Fidelio</i>, and the others are referred to as <i>Leonore</i>. </p><p>The libretto tells how Leonore, disguised as a prison guard named "Fidelio", <a href="/wiki/Rescue_opera" title="Rescue opera">rescues</a> her husband Florestan from death in a <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prison</a>. Bouilly's scenario fits Beethoven's aesthetic and political outlook: a story of personal sacrifice, heroism, and eventual triumph. With its underlying struggle for liberty and justice mirroring contemporary political movements in Europe, such topics are typical of Beethoven's "middle period". Notable moments in the opera include the "Prisoners' Chorus" (<i>O welche Lust</i>—"O what a joy"), an ode to freedom sung by a chorus of political prisoners, Florestan's vision of Leonore who comes as an angel to rescue him, and the scene in which the rescue finally takes place. The finale celebrates Leonore's bravery with alternating contributions of soloists and chorus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backdrop">Backdrop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Backdrop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its time, <i>Fidelio</i> was Beethoven's contribution to an ongoing and successful tradition of operatic composition; a tradition harder to discern today because none of the operas involved, other than Beethoven's, has survived into the modern repertory. The tradition was imported to Beethoven's Vienna from Revolutionary France and involved work of many composers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a>, whose work Beethoven (unusually) strongly admired. The new French school arrived in Vienna in 1802 with the performance of Cherubini's <a href="/wiki/Lodo%C3%AFska" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodoïska">Lodoïska</a>, and led, per Dean, to "an avalanche of French operas, many of which became more popular in Vienna than in Paris."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these operas were so-called "rescue operas", which Dean describes thus: </p> <blockquote> <p>The ... <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">singspiel</a> form, the background of domestic realism tinged with comedy, the superposition of a heroic or patriotic story involving violence and often a spectacular catastrophe, a happy end produced not by a <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">deus ex machina</a></i> but by an act of superhuman courage, a strong ethical content tending to divide the characters into <a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">sheep and goats</a>: this was the pattern of rescue opera ... Beethoven adopted it <a href="/wiki/Lock,_stock,_and_barrel" title="Lock, stock, and barrel">lock, stock, and barrel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This new kind of heroic opera appealed far more to Beethoven than the (to him) frivolous-seeming dramas of character that had impelled Mozart's earlier work. Beethoven, who heard Cherubini's work in Vienna, joined the new trend with enthusiasm; and indeed <i>Fidelio</i> borrows its plot, characters, and (according to Dean) even certain musical devices from the work of Beethoven's predecessors in the French rescue-opera tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaveaux" title="Pierre Gaveaux">Pierre Gaveaux</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onore,_ou_L%27amour_conjugal" title="Léonore, ou L'amour conjugal">Léonore, ou L'amour conjugal</a></i> (1798) and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Paer" title="Ferdinando Paer">Ferdinando Paer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Leonora_(opera)" title="Leonora (opera)">Leonora</a></i> (1804). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_19th_century_performance_history">Composition and 19th century performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition and 19th century performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fidelio" title="Special:EditPage/Fidelio">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fidelio%22">"Fidelio"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fidelio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fidelio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fidelio%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fidelio%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fidelio%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Fidelio</i> had a long and complicated history of composition. Beethoven revised <i>Fidelio</i> three times; the work caused Beethoven so much vexation that he vowed never to compose another opera.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distant origin of <i>Fidelio</i> dates from 1803, when the librettist and impresario <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schikaneder" title="Emanuel Schikaneder">Emanuel Schikaneder</a> worked out a contract with Beethoven to write an opera. The contract included free lodging for Beethoven in the apartment complex that was part of Schikaneder's large suburban theater, the <a href="/wiki/Theater_an_der_Wien" title="Theater an der Wien">Theater an der Wien</a>. Beethoven was to set a new libretto by Schikaneder, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Vestas_Feuer" title="Vestas Feuer">Vestas Feuer</a></i>; however, this libretto was not to Beethoven's liking. He spent about a month composing music for it, then abandoned it when the possibility presented itself of joining the new, to Beethoven more meaningful, French heroic tradition. </p><p>The time Beethoven spent on <i>Vestas Feuer</i> was not entirely wasted, as two important numbers from <i>Fidelio</i>, Pizarro's "'Ha! Welch' ein Augenblick!" and the duet "O namenlose Freude" for Leonore and Florestan, both originated as music for <i>Vestas Feuer</i>. Beethoven continued to live at the Theater an der Wien for some time after he had abandoned <i>Vestas Feuer</i> for <i>Fidelio</i>, and was eventually freed from his obligations to Schikaneder after the latter was fired from his post as theater director in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beethovenplatz_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Beethovenplatz_09.jpg/330px-Beethovenplatz_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Beethovenplatz_09.jpg/500px-Beethovenplatz_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Beethovenplatz_09.jpg/960px-Beethovenplatz_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>The theatrical mask contemplated by a <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putto</a> on the Beethoven monument by <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_von_Zumbusch" title="Kaspar von Zumbusch">Kaspar von Zumbusch</a> (Vienna, 1880) commemorates Beethoven's sole opera in the city where it made its debut.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Fidelio</i> itself, which Beethoven began in 1804 immediately after giving up on <i>Vestas Feuer</i>, was first performed in 1805 and was extensively revised by the composer for subsequent performances in 1806 and 1814. Although Beethoven used the title <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Leonore, oder Der Triumph der ehelichen Liebe</i></span></i> ("Leonore, or The Triumph of Married Love"), the 1805 performances were billed as <i>Fidelio</i> at the theatre's insistence, to avoid confusion with the operas by Gaveaux and Paer mentioned above. </p><p>Beethoven published the 1806 libretto and, in 1810, a vocal score under the title <i>Leonore</i>. The current convention is to use the name <i>Leonore</i> for both the 1805 (three-act) and 1806 (two-act) versions and <i>Fidelio</i> only for the final 1814 revision. </p><p>The first version, with a three-act German <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> adapted by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sonnleithner" title="Joseph Sonnleithner">Joseph Sonnleithner</a> from the French of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Bouilly" title="Jean-Nicolas Bouilly">Jean-Nicolas Bouilly</a>, premiered at the Theater an der Wien on 20 November 1805, with additional performances the following two nights. The success of these performances was hindered by the fact that Vienna was under French military occupation, and most of the audience were French military officers who had little interest in German opera. </p><p>After this premiere, Beethoven's friends suggested he revise and shorten the opera into just two acts, and he did so with the help of his close friend, Stephan von Breuning. The composer also wrote a new overture (now known as "Leonore No.3"; see below). In this form, the opera was first performed on 29 March and 10 April 1806, with greater success. Further performances were prevented by a disagreement between Beethoven and the theatre management. </p><p>In 1814, Beethoven revised his opera yet again, with additional work on the libretto by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Treitschke" title="Georg Friedrich Treitschke">Georg Friedrich Treitschke</a>. This version was first performed at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_am_K%C3%A4rntnertor" title="Theater am Kärntnertor">Kärntnertortheater</a> on 23 May 1814, again under the title <i>Fidelio</i>. The 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a> was in the audience, having sold his school books to obtain a ticket. The increasingly deaf Beethoven conducted the performance, "assisted" by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Umlauf" title="Michael Umlauf">Michael Umlauf</a>, who later performed the same task for Beethoven at the premiere of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a>. The role of Pizarro was taken by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Vogl" title="Johann Michael Vogl">Johann Michael Vogl</a>, who later became known for his collaborations with Schubert. This version of the opera was a great success, and <i>Fidelio</i> has been part of the operatic repertory ever since. </p><p>Although critics have noted the similarity in plot with <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice" title="Orfeo ed Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a></i> (1762) — another underground rescue mission in which the protagonist must control, or conceal, his emotions in order to retrieve his spouse<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — it is not known whether Beethoven or any of the librettists had this in mind while constructing the opera. </p><p>No other work of Beethoven's caused him so much frustration and disappointment. He found the difficulties posed by writing and producing an opera so disagreeable, he vowed never to compose another. In a letter to Treitschke he said, "I assure you, dear Treitschke, that this opera will win me a martyr's crown. You have by your co-operation saved what is best from the shipwreck. For all this I shall be eternally grateful to you."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlempererAnderson1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlempererAnderson1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full score was not published until 1826, and all three versions are known as Beethoven's Opus 72.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998183_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998183-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first performance outside Vienna took place in Prague on 21 November 1814, with a revival in Vienna on 3 November 1822. In its two-act version, the opera was staged in London on 18 May 1832 at the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Theatre">King's Theatre</a>, and in New York on 9 September 1839 at the <a href="/wiki/Park_Theatre_(Manhattan)" title="Park Theatre (Manhattan)">Park Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns200143_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns200143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th-century_performance_history">20th-century performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th-century performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_b_041_Szenenbilder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_b_041_Szenenbilder.jpg/170px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_b_041_Szenenbilder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_b_041_Szenenbilder.jpg/255px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_b_041_Szenenbilder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_b_041_Szenenbilder.jpg/340px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_b_041_Szenenbilder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">Florestan (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Treptow" title="Günther Treptow">Günther Treptow</a>) and Leonore (Karina Kutz); September 1945, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Fidelio</i> was <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>'s first complete opera performance given in the United States since 1915 and the first to be broadcast on radio, over the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> network, in December 1944. Toscanini conducted the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="NBC Symphony Orchestra">NBC Symphony Orchestra</a>, featuring soloists <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bampton" title="Rose Bampton">Rose Bampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Peerce" title="Jan Peerce">Jan Peerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Steber" title="Eleanor Steber">Eleanor Steber</a>, with the performance divided into two consecutive broadcasts. The recording of the opera was later issued by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Red Seal">RCA Victor</a> on LP and CD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Fidelio</i> was the first opera performed in Berlin after the end of World War II, with the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Oper">Deutsche Oper</a> staging it under the baton of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heger" title="Robert Heger">Robert Heger</a> at the only undamaged theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Theater_des_Westens" title="Theater des Westens">Theater des Westens</a>, in September 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> remarked: "What amount of apathy was needed [by musicians and audiences] to listen to <i>Fidelio</i> in <a href="/wiki/Himmler" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmler">Himmler</a>'s Germany without covering their faces and rushing out of the hall!"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not long after the end of World War II and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, conductor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> remarked in Salzburg in 1948: </p> <blockquote> <p>[T]he conjugal love of Leonore appears, to the modern individual armed with realism and psychology, irremediably abstract and theoretical.... Now that political events in Germany have restored to the concepts of human dignity and liberty their original significance, this is the opera which, thanks to the music of Beethoven, gives us comfort and courage.... Certainly, <i>Fidelio</i> is not an opera in the sense we are used to, nor is Beethoven a musician for the theater, or a dramaturgist. He is quite a bit more, a whole musician, and beyond that, a saint and a visionary. That which disturbs us is not a material effect, nor the fact of the 'imprisonment'; any film could create the same effect. No, it is the music, it is Beethoven himself. It is this 'nostalgia of liberty' he feels, or better, makes us feel; this is what moves us to tears. His <i>Fidelio</i> has more of the Mass than of the Opera to it; the sentiments it expresses come from the sphere of the sacred, and preach a 'religion of humanity' which we never found so beautiful or necessary as we do today, after all we have lived through. Herein lies the singular power of this unique opera.... Independent of any historical consideration ... the flaming message of <i>Fidelio</i> touches deeply. </p><p>We realize that for us Europeans, as for all men, this music will always represent an appeal to our conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>On 5 November 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a> was re-opened with <i>Fidelio</i>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a>. This performance was the first live television broadcast by <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> at a time when there were about 800 television sets in Austria. </p><p>The first night of <i>Fidelio</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a> in Dresden on 7 October 1989 on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the DDR (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>) coincided with violent <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">demonstrations</a> at the city's main train station. The applause after the "Prisoners' Chorus" interrupted the performance for considerable time, and the production by <a href="/wiki/Christine_Mielitz" title="Christine Mielitz">Christine Mielitz</a> had the chorus appear in normal street clothes at the end, signifying their role as representatives of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly five weeks later, on 9 November 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall#The_Fall" title="Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> signalled the end of East Germany's regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overtures">Overtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beethoven struggled to produce an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">overture</a> for <i>Fidelio</i>, and ultimately went through four versions. His first attempt, for the 1805 premiere, is believed to have been the overture now known as "Leonore No. 2" in <a href="/wiki/C_major" title="C major">C major</a>. Beethoven then focused this version for the performances of 1806, creating "Leonore No. 3", also in C major. The latter is considered by many listeners as the greatest of the four overtures, and indeed it is often performed outside the context of the opera, as a concert piece. But as an intensely dramatic, full-scale symphonic movement it had the effect of overwhelming the (rather light) initial scenes of the opera. Beethoven accordingly experimented with cutting it back somewhat, for a planned 1808 performance in Prague; this is believed to be the version now called "Leonore No. 1". Finally, for the 1814 revival Beethoven began anew, and with fresh musical material wrote what is now known as the <i>Fidelio</i> overture, in <a href="/wiki/E_major" title="E major">E major</a>. As this somewhat lighter overture seems to work best of the four as a start to the opera, Beethoven's final intentions are generally respected in contemporary productions. </p><p>The two scenes of the last act require a major scene change, and it has long been a temptation for conductors to integrate the acclaimed "Leonore No. 3" overture into the opera by performing it during this interval. According to <a href="/wiki/David_Cairns_(writer)" title="David Cairns (writer)">David Cairns</a>, the practice goes back to the middle of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns200145_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns200145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> is particularly remembered for adhering to this practice when he led a performance. When performed at this point in the opera, the overture acts as a kind of musical reprise of the rescue scene that has just taken place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere casts of three versions</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Premiere cast,<br />First version: 3 acts<sup id="cite_ref-TITLE_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TITLE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />20 November 1805<br /><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_Seyfried" title="Ignaz von Seyfried">Ignaz von Seyfried</a> </th> <th>Premiere cast,<br />Second version: 2 acts<sup id="cite_ref-TITLE_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TITLE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />29 March 1806<br />Conductor: Ignaz von Seyfried<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Premiere cast,<br />Final version: 2 acts<br />23 May 1814<br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Umlauf" title="Michael Umlauf">Michael Umlauf</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Florestan, <i>a prisoner</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Demmer" title="Carl Demmer">Carl Demmer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_August_R%C3%B6ckel" title="Joseph August Röckel">Joseph August Röckel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Radichi" title="Julius Radichi">Julius Radichi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leonore, <i>his wife, disguised as a man under the alias</i> Fidelio </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Milder" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Milder">Anna Milder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rocco, <i>gaoler</i> (guard) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rothe" title="Joseph Rothe">Joseph Rothe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Weinm%C3%BCller" title="Carl Weinmüller">Carl Weinmüller</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marzelline, <i>his daughter</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Louise_M%C3%BCller" title="Louise Müller">Louise Müller</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Bondra" title="Anna Bondra">Anna Bondra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaquino, <i>assistant to Rocco</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cach%C3%A9" title="Joseph Caché">Joseph Caché</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Fr%C3%BChwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Frühwald (page does not exist)">Joseph Frühwald</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don Pizarro, <i>governor of the prison</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Mayer" title="Sebastian Mayer">Sebastian Mayer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Vogl" title="Johann Michael Vogl">Johann Michael Vogl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don Fernando, <i>King's minister</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Weinkopf" title="Johann Michael Weinkopf">Johann Michael Weinkopf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Saal" title="Ignaz Saal">Ignaz Saal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two prisoners </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><i>Soldiers, prisoners, townspeople</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two years prior to the opening scene, the Spanish nobleman Florestan has exposed or attempted to expose certain crimes of a rival nobleman, Pizarro. In revenge, Pizarro has secretly imprisoned Florestan in the prison over which he is governor. Simultaneously, Pizarro has spread false rumors about Florestan's death. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotte_Lehmann_in_Beethoven%27s_Fidelio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lotte_Lehmann_in_Beethoven%27s_Fidelio.jpg/250px-Lotte_Lehmann_in_Beethoven%27s_Fidelio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lotte_Lehmann_in_Beethoven%27s_Fidelio.jpg/255px-Lotte_Lehmann_in_Beethoven%27s_Fidelio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Lotte_Lehmann_in_Beethoven%27s_Fidelio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Lehmann" title="Lotte Lehmann">Lotte Lehmann</a> as Leonore</figcaption></figure> <p>The warden of the prison, Rocco, has a daughter, Marzelline, and an assistant, Jaquino, who is in love with Marzelline. The faithful wife of Florestan, Leonore, suspects that her husband is still alive. Disguised as a boy, under the alias "Fidelio", she gains employment working for Rocco. As the boy Fidelio, she earns the favor of her employer, Rocco, and also the affections of his daughter Marzelline, much to Jaquino's chagrin. </p><p>On orders, Rocco has been giving the imprisoned Florestan diminishing rations until he is nearly starved to death. </p> <dl><dd>Place: A Spanish state prison, a few miles from <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></dd> <dd>Time: Late 17th century</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%BChnenbild_Fidelio_(Thiersch).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B%C3%BChnenbild_Fidelio_%28Thiersch%29.jpg/250px-B%C3%BChnenbild_Fidelio_%28Thiersch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B%C3%BChnenbild_Fidelio_%28Thiersch%29.jpg/330px-B%C3%BChnenbild_Fidelio_%28Thiersch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B%C3%BChnenbild_Fidelio_%28Thiersch%29.jpg/500px-B%C3%BChnenbild_Fidelio_%28Thiersch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Act 1, prison yard (<a href="/wiki/Halle_Opera_House" title="Halle Opera House">Halle</a>, 1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jaquino and Marzelline are alone in Rocco's house. Jaquino asks Marzelline when she will agree to marry him, but she says that she will never marry him now that she has fallen in love with Fidelio, unaware that Fidelio is actually Leonore in disguise (<i>Jetzt, Schätzchen, jetzt sind wir allein</i>—"Now, darling, now we are alone"). Jaquino leaves, and Marzelline expresses her desire to become Fidelio's wife (<i>O wär ich schon mit dir vereint</i>—"If only I were already united with thee"). Rocco enters, looking for Fidelio, who then enters carrying a heavy load of newly repaired chains. Rocco compliments Fidelio, and misinterprets her modest reply as hidden attraction to his daughter. Marzelline, Fidelio, Rocco, and Jaquino sing a quartet about the love Marzelline has for Fidelio (<i>Mir ist so wunderbar</i>—"A wondrous feeling fills me", also known as the <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">Canon</a> Quartet). </p><p>Rocco tells Fidelio that as soon as the governor has left for Seville, Marzelline and Fidelio can be married. He tells them, however, that unless they have money, they will not be happy (<i>Hat man nicht auch Gold beineben</i>—"If you don't have any money"). Fidelio demands to know why Rocco will not allow for help in the dungeons, especially as he always seems to return short of breath. Rocco says that there is a dungeon down there where he can never take Fidelio, which houses a man who has been wasting away for two years. Marzelline begs her father to keep Fidelio away from such a terrible sight, but Fidelio claims courage sufficient to cope with it. Rocco and Fidelio sing of courage (<i>Gut, Söhnchen, gut</i>—"All right, sonny, all right"), and Marzelline joins in their acclamations. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Komm%27_o_Hoffnung.ogg" title="File:Komm' o Hoffnung.ogg"><i>Komm, Hoffnung</i> ("Come, Hope")</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="226" data-mwtitle="Komm'_o_Hoffnung.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Komm%27_o_Hoffnung.ogg/Komm%27_o_Hoffnung.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Komm%27_o_Hoffnung.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">performed by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Guszalewicz" title="Alice Guszalewicz">Alice Guszalewicz</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>All but Rocco leave. A <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">march</a> is played as Pizarro enters with his guards. Rocco warns Pizarro that the minister plans a surprise visit tomorrow to investigate accusations of Pizarro's cruelty. Pizarro exclaims that he cannot let the minister discover the imprisoned Florestan, who has been thought dead. Instead, Pizarro will have Florestan murdered (<i>Ha, welch ein Augenblick</i>—"Hah! What a moment!"). As a signal, Pizarro orders that a trumpet be sounded at the minister's arrival. He offers Rocco money to kill Florestan, but Rocco refuses (<i>Jetzt, Alter, jetzt hat es Eile!</i>—"Now, old man, we must hurry!"). Pizarro says he will kill Florestan himself instead, and orders Rocco to dig a grave for him in the floor of the dungeon. Once the grave is ready, Rocco is to sound the alarm, upon which Pizarro will come into the dungeon and kill Florestan. Fidelio, hearing Pizarro's plot, is agitated, but hopes to rescue Florestan (<i>Abscheulicher! Wo eilst du hin?</i> and<i> Komm, Hoffnung, lass den letzten Stern</i>—"Monster! Where are you off to so fast?" and "Come, hope, let the last star"). </p><p>Jaquino once again begs Marzelline to marry him, but she continues to refuse. Fidelio, hoping to discover Florestan, asks Rocco to let the poor prisoners roam in the garden and enjoy the beautiful weather. Marzelline similarly begs him, and Rocco agrees to distract Pizarro while the prisoners are set free. The prisoners, ecstatic at their temporary freedom, sing joyfully (<i>O welche Lust</i>—"O what a joy"), but remembering that they might be caught by the prison's governor Pizarro, are soon quiet. </p><p>After meeting with Pizarro, Rocco reenters and tells Fidelio that Pizarro will allow the marriage, and Fidelio will also be permitted to join Rocco on his rounds in the dungeon (<i>Nun sprecht, wie ging's?</i>—"Speak, how did it go?"). Rocco and Fidelio prepare to go to Florestan's cell, with the knowledge that he must be killed and buried within the hour. Fidelio is shaken; Rocco tries to discourage Fidelio from coming, but Fidelio insists. As they prepare to leave, Jaquino and Marzelline rush in and tell Rocco to run, as Pizarro has learned that the prisoners have been allowed to roam, and is furious (<i>Ach, Vater, Vater, eilt!</i>—"O, father, father, hurry!"). </p><p>Before they can leave, Pizarro enters and demands an explanation. Rocco, thinking quickly, answers that the prisoners were given a little freedom in honor of the Spanish king's <a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">name day</a>, and quietly suggests that Pizarro should save his anger for the prisoner in the dungeon below. Pizarro tells him to hurry and dig the grave, and then announces that the prisoners will be locked up again. Rocco, Leonore, Jacquino, and Marzelline reluctantly usher the prisoners back to their cells (<i>Leb wohl, du warmes Sonnenlicht</i>—"Farewell, you warm sunshine"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_a_017_Szenenbilder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_a_017_Szenenbilder.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_a_017_Szenenbilder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_a_017_Szenenbilder.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_a_017_Szenenbilder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_a_017_Szenenbilder.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000016_a_017_Szenenbilder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Rocco (Wilhelm Schirp) and Marzelline (<a href="/wiki/Irma_Beilke" title="Irma Beilke">Irma Beilke</a>); September 1945, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Florestan is alone in his cell, deep inside the dungeons. He sings first of his trust in God, and then has a vision of his wife Leonore coming to save him (<i>Gott! Welch Dunkel hier!</i>—"God! What darkness here" and <i>In des Lebens Frühlingstagen</i>—"In the spring days of life"). Florestan collapses and falls asleep, while Rocco and Fidelio come to dig his grave. As they dig, Rocco urges Fidelio to hurry (<i>Wie kalt ist es in diesem unterirdischen Gewölbe!</i>—"How cold it is in this underground chamber" and <i>Nur hurtig fort, nur frisch gegraben</i>—"Come get to work and dig", the "Gravedigging Duet"). </p><p>Florestan awakes and Fidelio recognizes him. When Florestan learns that the prison he is in belongs to Pizarro, he asks that a message be sent to his wife, Leonore, but Rocco says that it is impossible. Florestan begs for a drop to drink, and Rocco tells Fidelio to give him one. Florestan does not recognize Fidelio, his wife Leonore in disguise, but tells Fidelio that there will be reward for the good deed in Heaven (<i>Euch werde Lohn in bessern Welten</i>—"You shall be rewarded in better worlds"). Fidelio further begs Rocco to be allowed to give Florestan a crust of bread, and Rocco consents. </p><p>Rocco obeys his orders and sounds the alarm for Pizarro, who appears and asks if all is ready. Rocco says that it is, and instructs Fidelio to leave the dungeon, but Fidelio hides instead. Pizarro reveals his identity to Florestan, who accuses him of murder (<i>Er sterbe! Doch er soll erst wissen</i>—"Let him die! But first he should know"). As Pizarro brandishes a dagger, Fidelio leaps between him and Florestan and reveals her identity as Leonore, the wife of Florestan. Pizarro raises his dagger to kill her, but she pulls a gun and threatens to shoot him. </p><p>Just then, the trumpet is heard, announcing the arrival of the minister. Jaquino enters, followed by soldiers, to announce that the minister is waiting at the gate. Rocco tells the soldiers to escort Governor Pizarro upstairs. Florestan and Leonore sing to their victory as Pizarro declares that he will have revenge, while Rocco expresses his fear of what is to come (<i>Es schlägt der Rache Stunde</i>—"Revenge's bell tolls"). Together, Florestan and Leonore sing a love duet (<i>O namenlose Freude!</i>—"O unnamed joy!"). </p><p>Here, the overture "Leonore No. 3" is sometimes played. </p><p>The prisoners and townsfolk sing to the day and hour of justice which has come (<i>Heil sei dem Tag!</i>—"Hail to the day!"). The minister, Don Fernando, announces that tyranny has ended. Rocco enters, with Leonore and Florestan, and he asks Don Fernando to help them (<i>Wohlan, so helfet! Helft den Armen!</i>—"So help! Help the poor ones!"). Rocco explains how Leonore disguised herself as Fidelio to save her husband. Previously in love with Fidelio, Marzelline is shocked. Rocco describes Pizarro's murder plot, and Pizarro is led away to prison. Florestan is released from his chains by Leonore, and the crowd sings the praises of Leonore, the loyal savior of her husband (<i>Wer ein holdes Weib errungen</i>—"Who has got a good wife"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The orchestra consists of 1 <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a>. There is also an <a href="/wiki/Offstage_trumpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Offstage trumpet">offstage trumpet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fidelio_discography" title="Fidelio discography"><i>Fidelio</i> discography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Fidelio">"Fidelio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fidelio&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FFidelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidelio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998182-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998182_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean (1971:333-334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean (1971:373-374)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For extensive discussion see Dean (1971:340-349, 373-378)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beethoven was, apparently, just expressing his sense of vexation. For the history of his extensive efforts to find a suitable libretto and compose a second opera, see Dean (1971:381-386). These efforts never succeeded.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Schikaneder episode see <a href="/wiki/Vestas_Feuer" title="Vestas Feuer">Vestas Feuer</a> and Dean (1971:335-337).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The New Orfeo: an Appreciation", in <i>The Nineteenth Century: a Monthly Review</i>, edited by James Knowles, Volume XXIX, 1891, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbwCAAAAIAAJ&q=Fidelio">p. 89 ff.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlempererAnderson1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlempererAnderson1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlempererAnderson1986">Klemperer & Anderson 1986</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998183-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998183_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns200143-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns200143_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns2001">Cairns 2001</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pristineclassical.com/paco077.html">"Toscanini conducts Beethoven's <i>Fidelio</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227234147/http://www.pristineclassical.com/paco077.html">Archived</a> 27 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, details and reviews.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conchological Miscellany</i>, Volume 4, p. 23; <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Opera Studies</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthold Hoeckner, <i>Programming the Absolute: Nineteenth-century German Music and the Hermeneutics of the Moment</i>, Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khpye, Eonikoe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenationalherald.com/content/pdf/inserts/2010/fidelio_2010.pdf">"Estate and Collection of George and Ursula Andreas"</a>, <i>The National Herald</i>, 13 November 2010, accessed 17 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1989/43/kurz-in-dresden">"Kurz in Dresden"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i>, 20 October 1989 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns200145-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns200145_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns2001">Cairns 2001</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opera-guide.ch/opera.php?uilang=en&id=29">Opera Guide</a>, synopsis, libretto, highlights.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TITLE-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TITLE_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TITLE_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 183: "The title <i>Leonore</i> is now commonly used to designate the first two versions of the opera"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 183: The only other performance of this version was on 10 April 1806.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCairns2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cairns_(writer)" title="David Cairns (writer)">Cairns, David</a> (2001). "<i>Fidelio, oder Die eheliche Liebe</i> (<i>Fidelio, or Married Love</i>)". In <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140514759"><i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i></a>. New York: Penguin Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4"><bdi>0-14-029312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fidelio%2C+oder+Die+eheliche+Liebe+%28Fidelio%2C+or+Married+Love%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Putnam&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-029312-4&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780140514759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidelio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Dean, Winton</a> (1971) "Beethoven and Opera," in Denis Arnold and Nigel Fortune, eds. <i>The Beethoven Companion</i>. London: Faber and Faber.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Douglas (1998). "<i>Fidelio</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7"><bdi>0-333-73432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fidelio&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-333-73432-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidelio" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5">1-56159-228-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlempererAnderson1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Klemperer, Otto</a>; Anderson, Martin J. (1986). <i>Klemperer on Music: Shavings from a Musician's Workbench</i>. Toccata Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907689133" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907689133"><bdi>978-0907689133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klemperer+on+Music%3A+Shavings+from+a+Musician%27s+Workbench&rft.pub=Toccata+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0907689133&rft.aulast=Klemperer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidelio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack, John</a>, and Ewan West (1992). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i>. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fidelio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fidelio">Fidelio</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Fidelio" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fidelio">Fidelio</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Fidelio,_Op.72_(Beethoven,_Ludwig_van)" class="extiw" title="scores:Fidelio, Op.72 (Beethoven, Ludwig van)"><i>Fidelio</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li>Ilias Chrissochoidis, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://symposium.music.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=17:dramatic-pairing-in-fidelio-a-structuralist-approach&Itemid=101">Dramatic pairing in <i>Fidelio</i>: A structuralist approach</a>," <i>College Music Symposium</i> 52 (2013).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.stanford.edu/Beethoven/Fidelio/main.html">Performance history</a>, from opera.stanford.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24546"><i>Léonore, ou l'amour conjugal; fait historique en deux actes et en prose mêlée de chantes</i></a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> (origin of <i>Fidelio'</i>s libretto)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630190615/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0163334/">Fidelio (character)</a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bropera.org/fidelio/">'Updated' synopsis</a>, Brooklyn Repertory Opera</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528052131/http://www.all-about-beethoven.com/fidelio.html">Description of Beethoven's <i>Fidelio</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> on all-about-beethoven.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operaphilly.com/08-09/production1.shtml"><i>Fidelio</i> at the Opera Company of Philadelphia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427135240/http://www.operaphilly.com/08-09/production1.shtml">Archived</a> 27 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Schmidt-Garre" title="Jan Schmidt-Garre">Jan Schmidt-Garre</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parsmedia.com/films/fidelio">2018 cinematic production 'Fidelio'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9l1wKCv9nE"><span class="plainlinks">"Mir ist so wunderbar"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Popp" title="Lucia Popp">Lucia Popp</a> (Marzelline), <a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a> (Leonore), <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Jungwirth" title="Manfred Jungwirth">Manfred Jungwirth</a> (Rocco), <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Dallapozza" title="Adolf Dallapozza">Adolf Dallapozza</a> (Jacquino); <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1978)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opera-inside.com/fidelio-by-ludwig-van-beethoven-opera-guide-and-synopsis/">Synopsis, details, libretto, sound clips</a>, opera-inside.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="Ludwig_van_Beethoven258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="List of compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_House" title="Beethoven House">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_and_his_contemporaries" title="Beethoven and his contemporaries">Relationship with contemporaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_and_Mozart" title="Beethoven and Mozart">Mozart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Death of Ludwig van Beethoven">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiligenstadt_Testament" title="Heiligenstadt Testament">Heiligenstadt Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortal_Beloved" title="Immortal Beloved">Immortal Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_concert_of_22_December_1808" title="Beethoven concert of 22 December 1808">Concert of 22 December 1808</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven"><img alt="A small marble bust of Beethoven by Hugo Hagen, with a black background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beethoven_bust_statue_by_Hagen.jpg/120px-Beethoven_bust_statue_by_Hagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beethoven_bust_statue_by_Hagen.jpg/250px-Beethoven_bust_statue_by_Hagen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_and_C_minor" title="Beethoven and C minor">Relationship with C minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Gesamtausgabe" title="Beethoven Gesamtausgabe">Collected edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_musical_style" title="Beethoven's musical style">Musical style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_compositional_method" title="Beethoven's compositional method">Compositional method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogues_of_Beethoven_compositions" title="Catalogues of Beethoven compositions">Works catalogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WoO" title="WoO">WoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biamonti_Catalogue" title="Biamonti Catalogue">Biamonti Catalogue</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Hall_(Boston)" title="Beethoven Hall (Boston)">Beethoven Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethovenhalle" title="Beethovenhalle">Beethovenhalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_House" title="Beethoven House">Beethoven House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="List of sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven">List of sculptures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%E2%80%93Haydn%E2%80%93Mozart_Memorial" title="Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Monument" title="Beethoven Monument">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Monument_(Mexico_City)" title="Beethoven Monument (Mexico City)">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_(Baerer)" title="Ludwig van Beethoven (Baerer)">New York and San Francisco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_(M%C3%A4hler)" title="Beethoven (Mähler)">Mähler's portraits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_with_the_Manuscript_of_the_Missa_Solemnis" title="Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis">Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eroica_(1949_film)" title="Eroica (1949 film)">Eroica</a></i> (1949 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortal_Beloved_(1994_film)" title="Immortal Beloved (1994 film)">Immortal Beloved</a></i> (1994 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eroica_(2003_film)" title="Eroica (2003 film)">Eroica</a></i> (2003 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copying_Beethoven" title="Copying Beethoven">Copying Beethoven</a></i> (2006 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_in_film" title="Beethoven in film">Other films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_van_Beethoven" title="Johann van Beethoven">Johann</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Magdalena_Keverich" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Magdalena Keverich">Maria</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Anton_Karl_van_Beethoven" title="Kaspar Anton Karl van Beethoven">Kaspar</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Johann_van_Beethoven" title="Nikolaus Johann van Beethoven">Johann</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_(1712%E2%80%931773)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig van Beethoven (1712–1773)">Ludwig</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_van_Beethoven" title="Johanna van Beethoven">Johanna</a> (sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_van_Beethoven" title="Karl van Beethoven">Karl</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1815_Beethoven" title="1815 Beethoven">1815 Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Beethoven%27s_mother" title="Birthplace of Beethoven's mother">Birthplace of Beethoven's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Peninsula" title="Beethoven Peninsula">Beethoven Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_quadrangle" title="Beethoven quadrangle">Beethoven quadrangle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Beethoven_(crater)" title="Beethoven (crater)">Beethoven crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Burst_(GRB_991216)" title="Beethoven Burst (GRB 991216)">Beethoven Burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Frieze" title="Beethoven Frieze">Beethoven Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Project_Trio" title="Beethoven Project Trio">Beethoven Project Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Quartet_Society" title="Beethoven Quartet Society">Beethoven Quartet Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_premi%C3%A8re_of_Beethoven%27s_Symphony_No._9" title="British première of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9">British première of Symphony No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroica_Peninsula" title="Eroica Peninsula">Eroica Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies" title="Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies">Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bs" title="Three Bs">Three Bs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Category:Ludwig van Beethoven">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193778#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata986" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193778#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata986" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193778#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/177579813">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/300015194">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139082416">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139082416">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007462157805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521401106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/af3cad37-3157-4752-af8e-9d413366dde4">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&oldid=1280806354">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidelio&oldid=1280806354</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1805_operas" title="Category:1805 operas">1805 operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German-language_operas" title="Category:German-language operas">German-language operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas" title="Category:Operas">Operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_by_Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Category:Operas by Ludwig van Beethoven">Operas by Ludwig van Beethoven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_set_in_Spain" title="Category:Operas set in Spain">Operas set in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rescue_operas" title="Category:Rescue operas">Rescue operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_adapted_into_films" title="Category:Operas adapted into films">Operas adapted into films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_set_in_Seville" title="Category:Operas set in Seville">Operas set in Seville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overtures_by_Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Category:Overtures by Ludwig van Beethoven">Overtures by Ludwig van Beethoven</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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