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id="toc-Categories_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discussing_specific_aspects_of_climate_change_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussing_specific_aspects_of_climate_change_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Discussing specific aspects of climate change science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussing_specific_aspects_of_climate_change_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Playing_up_the_potential_non-human_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_up_the_potential_non-human_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Playing up the potential non-human causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing_up_the_potential_non-human_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playing_up_flawed_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_up_flawed_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Playing up flawed studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing_up_flawed_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputing_IPCC_reports_and_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputing_IPCC_reports_and_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Disputing IPCC reports and processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputing_IPCC_reports_and_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_doubts_about_scientific_publishing_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_doubts_about_scientific_publishing_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Creating doubts about scientific publishing processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_doubts_about_scientific_publishing_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Being_"lukewarm"_or_"skeptical"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Being_"lukewarm"_or_"skeptical""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Being "lukewarm" or "skeptical" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Being_"lukewarm"_or_"skeptical"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pushing_for_adaptation_only" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pushing_for_adaptation_only"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pushing for adaptation only </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pushing_for_adaptation_only-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delaying_climate_change_mitigation_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delaying_climate_change_mitigation_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Delaying climate change mitigation measures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delaying_climate_change_mitigation_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promoting_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promoting_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Promoting conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promoting_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections_to_other_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections_to_other_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Connections to other debates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connections_to_other_debates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Connections to other debates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Connections_to_other_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Links_with_other_environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_other_environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Links with other environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_other_environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_with_nationalism_and_right-wing_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_nationalism_and_right-wing_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Links with nationalism and right-wing groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_nationalism_and_right-wing_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Conservative views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_tobacco_industry_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_tobacco_industry_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Similarities with tobacco industry tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_tobacco_industry_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_Party_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Party_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Republican Party in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Party_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Denial networks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denial_networks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Denial networks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Denial_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservative_and_libertarian_think_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_and_libertarian_think_tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Conservative and libertarian think tanks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_and_libertarian_think_tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishers,_websites_and_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishers,_websites_and_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Publishers, websites and networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishers,_websites_and_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publications_for_school_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_for_school_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Publications for school children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications_for_school_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_who_deny_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_who_deny_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable people who deny climate change </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people_who_deny_climate_change-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people who deny climate change subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_who_deny_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Politicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Scientists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_and_related_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_and_related_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Lobbying and related activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lobbying_and_related_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lobbying and related activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_and_related_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel_companies_and_other_private_sector_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel_companies_and_other_private_sector_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Fossil fuel companies and other private sector actors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel_companies_and_other_private_sector_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ExxonMobil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ExxonMobil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 ExxonMobil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ExxonMobil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_and_threats_towards_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_and_threats_towards_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Attacks and threats towards scientists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_and_threats_towards_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_for_deniers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_for_deniers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Funding for deniers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_for_deniers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Effects on public opinion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_public_opinion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on public opinion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_denialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_denialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Responses to denialism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses_to_denialism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Responses to denialism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_denialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_role_of_emotions_and_persuasive_argument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_emotions_and_persuasive_argument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 The role of emotions and persuasive argument </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_emotions_and_persuasive_argument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Following_people_who_have_changed_their_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Following_people_who_have_changed_their_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Following people who have changed their position </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Following_people_who_have_changed_their_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effective_approaches_to_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effective_approaches_to_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Effective approaches to dialogue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effective_approaches_to_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches_with_farmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_with_farmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Approaches with farmers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaches_with_farmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statements_of_well_known_people_calling_for_climate_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements_of_well_known_people_calling_for_climate_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Statements of well known people calling for climate action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statements_of_well_known_people_calling_for_climate_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Climate change denial</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontkenning_van_klimaatsverandering" title="Ontkenning van klimaatsverandering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontkenning van klimaatsverandering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="نكران التغير المناخي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نكران التغير المناخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionisme_del_canvi_clim%C3%A0tic" title="Negacionisme del canvi climàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Negacionisme del canvi climàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%C3%ADr%C3%A1n%C3%AD_klimatick%C3%A9_zm%C4%9Bny" title="Popírání klimatické změny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Popírání klimatické změny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaskepsis" title="Klimaskepsis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klimaskepsis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimawandelleugnung" title="Klimawandelleugnung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klimawandelleugnung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negaci%C3%B3n_del_cambio_clim%C3%A1tico" title="Negación del cambio climático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Negación del cambio climático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima_aldaketaren_ukapena" title="Klima aldaketaren ukapena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klima aldaketaren ukapena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="انکار تغییر اقلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انکار تغییر اقلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ni_du_changement_climatique" title="Déni du changement climatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déni du changement climatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%95" title="기후 변화 부정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기후 변화 부정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98in_canjin_yanayi" title="Ƙin canjin yanayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙin canjin yanayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyangkalan_perubahan_iklim" title="Penyangkalan perubahan iklim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyangkalan perubahan iklim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afneitun_%C3%A1_loftslagsbreytingum" title="Afneitun á loftslagsbreytingum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afneitun á loftslagsbreytingum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negazione_del_riscaldamento_globale" title="Negazione del riscaldamento globale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Negazione del riscaldamento globale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הכחשת שינוי האקלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכחשת שינוי האקלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negatio_calefactionis_globalis" title="Negatio calefactionis globalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Negatio calefactionis globalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Негирање на климатските промени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Негирање на климатските промени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaatontkenner" title="Klimaatontkenner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klimaatontkenner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhofe_holding_snowball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Inhofe_holding_snowball.jpg/300px-Inhofe_holding_snowball.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Inhofe_holding_snowball.jpg/450px-Inhofe_holding_snowball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Inhofe_holding_snowball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>On the floor of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a> displayed a snowball—on 26 February 2015, in winter—as evidence the globe was not warming,<a href="#cite_note-CNN_20150227-1">[1]</a> in a year that was found to be Earth's warmest on record at the time.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_re2015_20160120-2">[2]</a> The director of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> distinguished local weather in a single location in a single week from global climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20150226-3">[3]</a> </figcaption></figure> Climate change denial (also global warming denial) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Science_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Science denial">science denial</a> characterized by rejecting, refusing to acknowledge, disputing, or fighting the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>. Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Climate change denial includes unreasonable doubts about the extent to which climate change is <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">caused by humans</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects on nature and human society</a>, and the potential of <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptation to global warming">adaptation to global warming</a> by human actions.<a href="#cite_note-ncse-pillars-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCSE-why-denial-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a>: 170–173  To a lesser extent, climate change denial can also be implicit when people accept the science but <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">fail to reconcile it with their belief or action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCSE-why-denial-6">[6]</a> Several studies have analyzed these positions as forms of <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a>: 691–698  <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques2008-10">[10]</a>: 351  Many issues that are settled in the scientific community, such as human responsibility for climate change, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon academics and scientists call climate change denial. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported <a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science#Global_warming" title="Politicization of science">government and oil-industry pressure</a> to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject publicly. The <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">fossil fuels lobby</a> has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Stoddard-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidal-12">[12]</a> Industrial, political and ideological interests organize activity to undermine public trust in climate science.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a>: 691–698  Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby, the <a href="/wiki/Koch_network" title="Koch network">Koch brothers</a>, industry advocates, ultraconservative <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_(U.S._political_right)" title="Alternative media (U.S. political right)">ultraconservative alternative media</a>, often in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques2008-10">[10]</a>: 351 <a href="#cite_note-Hoggan-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> More than 90% of papers that are skeptical of climate change originate from right-wing think tanks.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Climate change denial is undermining efforts to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">act on or adapt to climate change</a>, and exerts a powerful influence on the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">politics of climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a>: 691–698  In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil companies</a> published research that broadly concurred with the scientific community's view on climate change. Since then, for several decades, oil companies have been organizing a widespread and systematic <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial" title="ExxonMobil climate change denial">climate change denial campaign</a> to seed public disinformation, a strategy that has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking</a>. Some of the campaigns are even carried out by the same people who previously spread the tobacco industry's denialist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151105-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-TG-20150708-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> Climate change denial refers to denial, dismissal, or doubt of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on the rate and extent of climate change</a>, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCSE-why-denial-6">[6]</a> Climate denial is a form of <a href="/wiki/Science_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Science denial">science denial</a>. It can also take <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> forms.<a href="#cite_note-NCSE-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrownM-22">[22]</a> The terms climate skeptics or contrarians are nowadays used with the same meaning as climate change deniers even though deniers usually prefer not to, in order to sow confusion as to their intentions.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> The terminology is debated: most of those actively rejecting the scientific consensus use the terms skeptic and climate change skepticism, and only a few have expressed preference for being described as deniers.<a href="#cite_note-NCSE-why-denial-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_p2-24">[24]</a>: 2  But the word "skepticism" is incorrectly used, as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">scientific skepticism</a> is an intrinsic part of scientific methodology.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neill_Boykoff_2010-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In fact, all scientists adhere to scientific skepticism as part of the scientific process that demands continuing questioning. Both options are problematic, but climate change denial has become more widely used than skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-:9-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCSE-why-denial-6">[6]</a> The term contrarian is more specific but less frequently used. In academic literature and journalism, the terms climate change denial and climate change deniers have well-established usage as descriptive terms without any <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> connotation.<a href="#cite_note-NCSE-why-denial-6">[6]</a> The terminology evolved and emerged in the 1990s. By 1995 the word "skeptic" was being used specifically for the minority who publicized views contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">scientific consensus</a>. This small group of scientists presented their views in public statements and the media rather than to the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a>: 9, 11 <a href="#cite_note-Gelbspan_1998-30">[30]</a>: 69–70, 246  Journalist <a href="/wiki/Ross_Gelbspan" title="Ross Gelbspan">Ross Gelbspan</a> said in 1995 that industry had engaged "a small band of skeptics" to confuse public opinion in a "persistent and well-funded campaign of denial".<a href="#cite_note-Gelbspan-31">[31]</a> His 1997 book The Heat is On may have been the first to concentrate specifically on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> In it, Gelbspan discusses a "pervasive denial of global warming" in a "persistent campaign of denial and suppression" involving "undisclosed funding of these 'greenhouse skeptics'" with "the climate skeptics" confusing the public and influencing decision makers.<a href="#cite_note-Gelbspan_1998-30">[30]</a>: 3, 33–35, 173  In December 2014, an open letter from the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> called on the media to stop using the term skepticism when referring to climate change denial. It contrasted scientific skepticism—which is "foundational to the scientific method"—with denial—"the a priori rejection of ideas without objective consideration"—and the behavior of those involved in political attempts to undermine climate science. It said: "Not all individuals who call themselves climate change skeptics are deniers. But virtually all deniers have falsely branded themselves as skeptics. By perpetrating this misnomer, journalists have granted undeserved credibility to those who reject science and scientific inquiry."<a href="#cite_note-VerbalWarming-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSI_open_letter-33">[33]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>'s public editor said that the Times was increasingly using denier when "someone is challenging established science", but assessing this on an individual basis with no fixed policy, and would not use the term when someone was "kind of wishy-washy on the subject or in the middle". The executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Environmental_Journalists" title="Society of Environmental Journalists">Society of Environmental Journalists</a> said that while there was reasonable skepticism about specific issues, she felt that "denier" was "the most accurate term when someone claims there is no such thing as global warming, or agrees that it exists but denies that it has any cause we could understand or any impact that could be measured".<a href="#cite_note-MMfA_20150622-34">[34]</a> A petition by climatetruth.org<a href="#cite_note-Petition-35">[35]</a> asked signers to "Tell the Associated Press: Establish a rule in the <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> ruling out the use of 'skeptic' to describe those who deny scientific facts". In September 2015, the Associated Press announced "an addition to AP Stylebook entry on global warming" that advised "to describe those who don't accept climate science or dispute the world is warming from human-made forces, use 'climate change doubters' or 'those who reject mainstream climate science'. Avoid use of 'skeptics' or 'deniers'".<a href="#cite_note-APStyleBook-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-RealSkeptics-37">[37]</a> In May 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> also rejected use of the term "climate skeptic" in favor of "climate science denier".<a href="#cite_note-GuardianDenier-38">[38]</a> In addition to explicit denial, people have also shown implicit denial by accepting the scientific consensus but failing to "translate their acceptance into action".<a href="#cite_note-NCSE-why-denial-6">[6]</a> This type of denial is also called <a href="/wiki/Soft_climate_change_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft climate change denial">soft climate change denial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories_and_tactics">Categories and tactics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_characteristics_of_science_denial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/5_characteristics_of_science_denial.svg/300px-5_characteristics_of_science_denial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/5_characteristics_of_science_denial.svg/450px-5_characteristics_of_science_denial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/5_characteristics_of_science_denial.svg/600px-5_characteristics_of_science_denial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Characteristics of science denial (including climate science denial)</figcaption></figure> In 2004, German climate scientist <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rahmstorf" title="Stefan Rahmstorf">Stefan Rahmstorf</a> described how the media give the misleading impression that climate change is still disputed within the scientific community, attributing this impression to climate change skeptics' PR efforts. He identified different positions that climate skeptics argue, which he used as a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> of climate change skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-Rahmstorf_2004-40">[40]</a> Later the model was also applied to denial:<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rahmstorf_2004-40">[40]</a> <ol><li>Trend skeptics or deniers (who claim that no significant warming is taking place): "Given that the warming is now evident even to laypeople, the trend skeptics are a gradually vanishing breed. They [...] claim that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (<a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect)."<a href="#cite_note-Rahmstorf_2004-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Attribution skeptics or deniers (who accept the climate change trends but claim there are natural causes for this, not human-made ones): "A few of them even deny that the rise in the atmospheric CO2 content is anthropogenic; they claim that the atmospheric CO2 is released from the ocean by natural processes."<a href="#cite_note-Rahmstorf_2004-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Impact skeptics or deniers (who think climate change is harmless or even beneficial, for example the "potential extension of agriculture into higher latitudes"<a href="#cite_note-Rahmstorf_2004-40">[40]</a>).</li> <li>Sometimes consensus denial is added, for people who question the existence of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[41]</a></li></ol> The National Center for Science Education describes climate change denial as disputing differing points in the scientific consensus, a sequential range of arguments from denying the occurrence of climate change, accepting that but denying any significant human contribution, accepting these but denying scientific findings on how this would affect nature and human society, to accepting all these but denying that humans can mitigate or reduce the problems.<a href="#cite_note-ncse-pillars-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_L._Powell" title="James L. Powell">James L. Powell</a> provides a more extended list,<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a>: 170–173  as does climatologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Mann" title="Michael E. Mann">Michael E. Mann</a> in "six stages of denial", a ladder model whereby deniers have over time conceded acceptance of points, while retreating to a position that still rejects the mainstream consensus:<a href="#cite_note-Mann2013p23-42">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>CO2 is not actually increasing.</li> <li>Even if it is, the increase has no impact on the climate since there is no convincing evidence of warming.</li> <li>Even if there is warming, it is due to natural causes.</li> <li>Even if the warming cannot be explained by natural causes, the human impact is small, and the impact of continued greenhouse gas emissions will be minor.</li> <li>Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.</li> <li>Whether or not the changes are going to be good for us, humans are very adept at adapting to changes; besides, it's too late to do anything about it, and/or a technological fix is bound to come along when we really need it.<a href="#cite_note-Mann2013p23-42">[42]</a> </li></ol></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif/300px-20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif/450px-20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif/600px-20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>One deceptive approach is <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">cherry picking</a> data from short time periods to assert that global average temperatures are not rising. Blue trendlines show short-term countertrends that mask longer-term warming trends that are shown by red trendlines.<a href="#cite_note-Grist_20111107-43">[43]</a> Such representations have been applied to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_hiatus" title="Global warming hiatus">global warming hiatus</a> (blue rectangle with blue dots, upper right).<a href="#cite_note-AtomicSci+2014-44">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> Climate change denial is a form of <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hoofnagle" title="Chris Hoofnagle">Chris and</a> Mark Hoofnagle have defined denialism in this context as the use of <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">rhetorical devices</a> "to give the appearance of legitimate debate where there is none, an approach that has the ultimate goal of rejecting a proposition on which a scientific consensus exists." This process characteristically uses one or more of the following tactics:<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Hoofnagle_Graun09-46">[46]</a> <ol><li>Allegations that scientific consensus involves conspiring to fake data or suppress the truth: a climate change conspiracy theory.</li> <li>Fake experts, or individuals with views at odds with established knowledge, at the same time marginalizing or denigrating published topic experts. Like the <a href="/wiki/Doubt_Is_Their_Product" title="Doubt Is Their Product">manufactured doubt over smoking and health</a>, a few contrarian scientists oppose the climate consensus, some of them <a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">the same people</a>.</li> <li>Selectivity, such as <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">cherry-picking</a> atypical or even obsolete papers, in the same way that the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="MMR vaccine controversy">MMR vaccine controversy</a> was based on one paper: examples include discredited ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_warm_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval warm period">medieval warm period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mark_Hoofnagle_Graun09-46">[46]</a></li> <li>Unworkable demands of research, claiming that any uncertainty invalidates the field or exaggerating uncertainty while rejecting probabilities and mathematical models.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_fallacy" title="Formal fallacy">Logical fallacies</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussing_specific_aspects_of_climate_change_science">Discussing specific aspects of climate change science</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3.png/300px-2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3.png/450px-2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3.png/600px-2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3.png 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Climate_Assessment" title="Fourth National Climate Assessment">Fourth National Climate Assessment</a> ("NCA4", U.S., 2017) includes charts<a href="#cite_note-4thNCA-47">[47]</a> illustrating how human factors—not various natural factors that have been investigated—are the predominant cause of observed global warming.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg/288px-20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg/432px-20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg/576px-20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Campaigns by climate change deniers portray scientists as disagreeing about global warming,<a href="#cite_note-Cook-48">[48]</a> but datasets from various scientific organizations show <a href="/wiki/File:20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg#Pairwise_correlation" title="File:20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg">pairwise correlations of 1850+/1880+ datasets exceeding 99.1%</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20211103_Academic_studies_of_scientific_consensus_-_global_warming,_climate_change_-_vertical_bar_chart_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/20211103_Academic_studies_of_scientific_consensus_-_global_warming%2C_climate_change_-_vertical_bar_chart_-_en.svg/288px-20211103_Academic_studies_of_scientific_consensus_-_global_warming%2C_climate_change_-_vertical_bar_chart_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/20211103_Academic_studies_of_scientific_consensus_-_global_warming%2C_climate_change_-_vertical_bar_chart_-_en.svg/432px-20211103_Academic_studies_of_scientific_consensus_-_global_warming%2C_climate_change_-_vertical_bar_chart_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/20211103_Academic_studies_of_scientific_consensus_-_global_warming%2C_climate_change_-_vertical_bar_chart_-_en.svg/576px-20211103_Academic_studies_of_scientific_consensus_-_global_warming%2C_climate_change_-_vertical_bar_chart_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Climate change denial opposes the results of academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused climate change. The level of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus</a> positively correlates with expertise in climate science.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2016-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell2019-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-EnvRschLtrs_20211019-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myers_2021-52">[52]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science#Discredited_theories_and_reconciled_apparent_discrepancies" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science § Discredited theories and reconciled apparent discrepancies</a></div> Some politicians<a href="#cite_note-USAtoday_20240221-53">[53]</a> and climate change denial groups say that because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (0.04%), it cannot cause climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20240104-54">[54]</a> But scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> Some groups allege that water vapor is a more significant greenhouse gas, and is left out of many climate models.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> But while water vapor is a greenhouse gas, its very short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days) compared to that of CO2 (hundreds of years) means that CO2 is the primary driver of increasing temperatures; water vapor acts as a feedback, not <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">a forcing</a>, mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Climate denial groups may also argue that global warming has stopped, that a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_hiatus" title="Global warming hiatus">global warming hiatus</a> is in effect, or that global temperatures are actually decreasing, leading to <a href="/wiki/Global_cooling" title="Global cooling">global cooling</a>. These arguments are based on short-term fluctuations and ignore the long-term pattern.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> Some groups and prominent deniers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Happer" title="William Happer">William Happer</a> argue that there is a greenhouse gas saturation effect that significantly decreases the warming potential of further gases released into the atmosphere. Such an effect does exist in some form, as Happer's research demonstrates,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> but is likely negligible with respect to net global warming.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Climate change denial literature often features the suggestion that we should wait for better technologies before addressing climate change, when they will be more affordable and effective.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Playing_up_the_potential_non-human_causes">Playing up the potential non-human causes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science#Solar_variation" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science § Solar variation</a></div> Climate denial groups often point to natural variability, such as <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a> and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> According to these groups, there is natural variability that will abate over time, and human influence has little to do with it. But climate models already take these factors into account. The scientific consensus is that they cannot explain the observed warming trend.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Playing_up_flawed_studies">Playing up flawed studies</h4></div> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a> published an article titled "500 Scientists Whose Research Contradicts Man-Made Global Warming Scares" by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_T._Avery" title="Dennis T. Avery">Dennis T. Avery</a>, a food policy analyst at the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Avery's list was immediately called into question for misunderstanding and distorting the conclusions of many of the named studies and citing outdated, flawed studies that had long been abandoned. Many of the scientists on the list demanded their names be removed.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-60">[60]</a> At least 45 of them had no idea they were included as "co-authors" and disagreed with the article's conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-Haldar-61">[61]</a> The Heartland Institute refused these requests, saying that the scientists "have no right—legally or ethically—to demand that their names be removed from a bibliography composed by researchers with whom they disagree".<a href="#cite_note-Haldar-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disputing_IPCC_reports_and_processes">Disputing IPCC reports and processes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change#Challenges_and_controversies" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change § Challenges and controversies</a></div>Deniers have generally attacked either the IPCC's processes, scientist or the synthesis and executive summaries; the full reports attract less attention. In 1996, climate change denier <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> criticized the 1995 <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report#Chapter_8:_Detection_of_Climate_Change_and_Attribution_of_Causes" title="IPCC Second Assessment Report">IPCC Second Assessment Report</a>, alleging corruption in the peer-review process. Scientists rejected his assertions; the presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_Corporation_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="University Corporation for Atmospheric Research">University Corporation for Atmospheric Research</a> described his claims as part of a "systematic effort by some individuals to undermine and discredit the scientific process".<a href="#cite_note-ucarquarterly-62">[62]</a> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> Economics Committee wrote, "We have some concerns about the objectivity of the IPCC process, with some of its emissions scenarios and summary documentation apparently influenced by political considerations." It doubted the high emission scenarios and said that the IPCC had "played-down" what the committee called "some positive aspects of global warming".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The main statements of the House of Lords Economics Committee were rejected in the response made by the United Kingdom government.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> On 10 December 2008, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Environment and Public Works">Committee on Environment and Public Works</a> minority members released a report under the leadership of the Senate's most vocal global warming denier, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a>. It says it summarizes scientific dissent from the IPCC.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Many of its statements about the numbers of people listed in the report, whether they are actually scientists, and whether they support the positions attributed to them, have been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Inhofe also said that "some parts of the IPCC process resembled a Soviet-style trial, in which the facts are predetermined, and ideological purity trumps technical and scientific rigor."<a href="#cite_note-Inhofe-FactsAndScience2-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creating_doubts_about_scientific_publishing_processes">Creating doubts about scientific publishing processes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest_in_academic_publishing" title="Conflicts of interest in academic publishing">Conflicts of interest in academic publishing</a>.</div> Some climate change deniers promote <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> alleging that the scientific consensus is illusory, or that climatologists are acting out of their own financial interests by causing undue alarm about a changing climate.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Some climate change deniers claim that there is no scientific consensus on climate change, that any evidence for a scientific consensus is faked,<a href="#cite_note-Uscinski200172-71">[71]</a> or that the peer-review process for climate science papers has become corrupted by scientists seeking to suppress dissent.<a href="#cite_note-Uscinski200172-71">[71]</a> No evidence of such conspiracies has been presented. In fact, much of the data used in climate science is publicly available, contradicting allegations that scientists are hiding data or stonewalling requests.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> Some climate change deniers assert that the scientific consensus on climate change is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent. It is one of a number of tactics used in climate change denial to attempt to <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_controversy" title="Manufactured controversy">manufacture political and public controversy</a> disputing this consensus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> These people typically allege that, through worldwide acts of professional and criminal misconduct, the science behind climate change has been invented or distorted for ideological or financial reasons.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Achenbach2-73">[73]</a> They promote harmful conspiracy theories alleging that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Global_Warming_Swindle" title="The Great Global Warming Swindle">The Great Global Warming Swindle</a> is a 2007 British <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Durkin_(director)" title="Martin Durkin (director)">Martin Durkin</a> that denies the scientific consensus about the reality and causes of climate change, justifying this by suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a> is influenced by funding and political factors. The film strongly opposes the scientific consensus on climate change. It argues that the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">consensus on climate change</a> is the product of "a multibillion-dollar worldwide industry: created by fanatically anti-industrial environmentalists; supported by scientists peddling scare stories to chase funding; and propped up by complicit politicians and the media".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Webb-76">[76]</a> The programme's publicity materials claim that man-made global warming is "a lie" and "the biggest scam of modern times."<a href="#cite_note-Al_Webb-76">[76]</a> The film received <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Global_Warming_Swindle#Reactions_from_scientists" title="The Great Global Warming Swindle">strong criticism from many scientists</a> and others. Journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> called it "the same old conspiracy theory that we've been hearing from the denial industry for the past ten years".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The climate deniers involved in the <a href="/wiki/Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy" title="Climatic Research Unit email controversy">Climatic Research Unit email controversy</a> ("Climategate") in 2009 claimed that researchers faked the data in their research publications and suppressed their critics in order to receive more funding (i.e. taxpayer money).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Eight committees investigated these allegations and published reports, each finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-6committees3-80">[80]</a> According to the Muir Russell report, the scientists' "rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt", the investigators "did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments", but there had been "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The scientific consensus that climate change is occurring as a result of <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human activity</a> remained unchanged at the end of the investigations.<a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican2-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Being_"lukewarm"_or_"skeptical"">Being "lukewarm" or "skeptical"</h3></div> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Hamilton" title="Clive Hamilton">Clive Hamilton</a> published the essay "Climate change and the soothing message of luke-warmism".<a href="#cite_note-Clive-84">[84]</a> He defined luke-warmists as "those who appear to accept the body of climate science but interpret it in a way that is least threatening: emphasising uncertainties, playing down dangers, and advocating a slow and cautious response. They are politically conservative and anxious about the threat to the social structure posed by the implications of climate science. Their 'pragmatic' approach is therefore alluring to political leaders looking for a justification for policy minimalism." He cited <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nordhaus" title="Ted Nordhaus">Ted Nordhaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shellenberger" title="Michael Shellenberger">Michael Shellenberger</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Institute" title="Breakthrough Institute">Breakthrough Institute</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Pielke_Jr." title="Roger A. Pielke Jr.">Roger A. Pielke Jr.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Sarewitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Sarewitz (page does not exist)">Daniel Sarewitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Rayner" title="Steve Rayner">Steve Rayner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Hulme" title="Mike Hulme">Mike Hulme</a> and "the pre-eminent luke-warmist" Danish economist <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Lomborg" title="Bjørn Lomborg">Bjørn Lomborg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clive-84">[84]</a> Climate change skepticism, while in some cases professing to do research on climate change, has focused instead on influencing the opinion of the public, legislators and the media, in contrast to legitimate science.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a>: 28  <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> groups together four types of respondents rejecting climate change: those who "deny, conceal, gloss over or relativize the issue".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pushing_for_adaptation_only">Pushing for adaptation only</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a>.</div> The conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Policy_Analysis" title="National Center for Policy Analysis">National Center for Policy Analysis</a>, whose "Environmental Task Force" contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denier" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change denier">climate change deniers</a>, including Sherwood Idso and S. Fred Singer,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> has said, "The growing consensus on climate change policies is that adaptation will protect present and future generations from climate-sensitive risks far more than efforts to restrict CO2 emissions."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The adaptation-only plan is also endorsed by oil companies like ExxonMobil. According to a Ceres report, "ExxonMobil's plan appears to be to stay the course and try to adjust when changes occur. The company's plan is one that involves adaptation, as opposed to leadership."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration also voiced support for an adaptation-only policy in 2002. "In a stark shift for the Bush administration, the United States has sent a climate report [U.S. Climate Action Report 2002] to the United Nations detailing specific and far-reaching effects it says global warming will inflict on the American environment. In the report, the administration also for the first time places most of the blame for recent global warming on human actions—mainly the burning of fossil fuels that send heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere." The report "does not propose any major shift in the administration's policy on greenhouse gases. Instead it recommends adapting to inevitable changes instead of making rapid and drastic reductions in greenhouse gases to limit warming."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This position apparently precipitated a similar shift in emphasis at the COP 8 climate talks in New Delhi several months later;<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> "The shift satisfies the Bush administration, which has fought to avoid mandatory cuts in emissions for fear it would harm the economy. 'We're welcoming a focus on more of a balance on adaptation versus mitigation', said a senior American negotiator in New Delhi. 'You don't have enough money to do everything.'"<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Some find this shift and attitude disingenuous and indicative of a bias against prevention (i.e. reducing emissions/consumption) and toward prolonging the oil industry's profits at the environment's expense. In an article addressing the supposed economic hazards of addressing climate change, writer and environmental activist <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> wrote: "Now that the dismissal of climate change is no longer fashionable, the professional deniers are trying another means of stopping us from taking action. It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change and then adapt to them".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delaying_climate_change_mitigation_measures">Delaying climate change mitigation measures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic analysis of climate change</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg/207px-20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg/311px-20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg/414px-20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 2022 study found that the public in many countries substantially underestimates the degree of scientific consensus that humans are causing climate change.<a href="#cite_note-KingsCollegeReport_20220629-95">[95]</a> Studies from 2019–2021<a href="#cite_note-Powell_2019-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-EnvRschLtrs_20211019-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myers_2021-52">[52]</a> found scientific consensus to range from 98.7–100%.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:279px;max-width:279px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg/277px-20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="277" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg/416px-20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg/554px-20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Research found that 80–90% of Americans underestimate the prevalence of support for major <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> policies and climate concern. While 66–80% Americans support these policies, Americans estimate the prevalence to be 37–43%. Researchers have called this misperception a false social reality, a form of <a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">pluralistic ignorance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20220823-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Climate change deniers often debate whether action (such as the restrictions on the use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions) should be taken now or in the near future. They fear the economic ramifications of such restrictions. For example, in a 1998 speech, a staff member of the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, argued that emission controls' negative economic effects outweighed their environmental benefits.<a href="#cite_note-taylorspeech-99">[99]</a> Climate change deniers tend to argue that even if global warming is caused solely by the burning of fossil fuels, restricting their use would damage the world economy more than the increases in global temperature.<a href="#cite_note-PBSpalmer-100">[100]</a> Conversely, the general consensus is that early action to reduce emissions would help avoid much greater economic costs later, and reduce the risk of catastrophic, irreversible change.<a href="#cite_note-SternCh7-101">[101]</a> Earlier, climate change deniers' online YouTube content focused on denying global warming, or saying such warming is not caused by humans burning fossil fuel.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20240116-102">[102]</a> As such denials became untenable, content shifted to asserting that climate solutions are unworkable, that global warming is harmless or even beneficial, and that the environmental movement is unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20240116-102">[102]</a> A 2016 article in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> made the case that opposition to climate policy was beginning to take a "rhetorical shift away from outright skepticism" and called this neoskepticism. Rather than denying the existence of global warming, neoskeptics instead "question the magnitude of the risks and assert that reducing them has more costs than benefits." According to the authors, the emergence of neoskepticism "heightens the need for science to inform decision making under uncertainty and to improve communication and education."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> There is a range of possible mitigation policies. Disagreement over the sufficiency, viability, or desirability of a given policy is not necessarily neoskepticism. But neoskepticism is marked by failure to appreciate the increased risks associated with delayed action.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Schmidt" title="Gavin Schmidt">Gavin Schmidt</a> has called neoskepticism a form of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a> and the tendency to always take "as gospel the lowest estimate of a plausible range".<a href="#cite_note-:23-105">[105]</a> Neoskeptics err on the side of the least disruptive projections and least active policies and, as such, neglect or misapprehend the full spectrum of risks associated with global warming.<a href="#cite_note-:23-105">[105]</a> In political terms, soft climate denial can stem from concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of global warming">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_impacts_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impacts of climate change">economic impacts of climate change</a>, particularly the concern that strong measures to combat global warming or mitigate its impacts will seriously inhibit <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>: 10  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promoting_conspiracy_theories">Promoting conspiracy theories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_climate_change_denial#Conspiratorial_beliefs" title="Psychology of climate change denial">Psychology of climate change denial § Conspiratorial beliefs</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg/300px-Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg/450px-Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg/600px-Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Climate change denial sign in Sudbury, Canada (2016)</figcaption></figure> Climate change denial is commonly rooted in a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a>, in which people misattribute events to a powerful group's secret plot or plan.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> People with certain cognitive tendencies are also more drawn than others to conspiracy theories about climate change. Conspiratorial beliefs are more predominantly found in <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissistic people</a> and those who consistently look for meanings or patterns in their world, including believers in <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Climate change conspiracy disbelief is also linked to lower levels of education and analytic thinking.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-110">[110]</a> Scientists are investigating which factors associated with conspiracy belief can be influenced and changed. They have identified "uncertainty, feelings of powerlessness, political cynicism, magical thinking, and errors in logical and probabilistic reasoning".<a href="#cite_note-douglas20152-111">[111]</a> In 2012, researchers found that belief in other conspiracy theories was associated with being more likely to endorse climate change denial.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Examples of science-related conspiracy theories that some people believe include that <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a> exist, <a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">childhood vaccines are linked to autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a> is real, the government "adds <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">fluoride to drinking water for 'sinister' purposes</a>", and the <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">moon landing was faked</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Examples of alleged climate change conspiracies include: <ul><li>Aiming at <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>: Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Inhofe" class="mw-redirect" title="James Inhofe">James Inhofe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (USA)">Republican</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, suggested in 2006 that supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> are aiming at global governance.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In his speech, Inhofe said: "So, I wonder: are the French going to be dictating U.S. policy?"<a href="#cite_note-Inhofe2-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_M._Gray" title="William M. Gray">William M. Gray</a> also claimed in 2006 that scientists support the scientific consensus on climate change because they were promoted by government leaders and environmentalists seeking <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tempest-116">[116]</a> He added that its purpose was to exercise political influence, to try to introduce world government, and to control people.<a href="#cite_note-tempest-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-douglas20152-111">[111]</a></li> <li>To promote other types of energy sources: Some have claimed that the "threat of global warming is an attempt to promote <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>".<a href="#cite_note-douglas20152-111">[111]</a> Another claim is that "because many people have invested in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> companies, they stand to lose a lot of money if global warming is shown to be a myth. According to this theory, environmental groups therefore bribe climate scientists to doctor their data so that they are able to secure their financial investment in green energy."<a href="#cite_note-douglas20152-111">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Effects of climate change on mental health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_psychology" title="Climate psychology">Climate psychology</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_climate_change_denial" title="Psychology of climate change denial">Psychology of climate change denial</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychology_of_climate_change_denial&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_climate_change_denial" title="Psychology of climate change denial">psychology of climate change denial</a> is the study of why people deny climate change, despite the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>. A study assessed public perception and action on climate change on grounds of belief systems, and identified seven psychological barriers affecting behavior that otherwise would facilitate <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">environmental stewardship</a>: cognition, ideological worldviews, comparisons to key people, costs and momentum, disbelief in experts and authorities, perceived risks of change, and inadequate behavioral changes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Psychology_of_climate_change_denial_:5-118">[118]</a> Other factors include distance in time, space, and influence. <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Reactions to climate change</a> may include anxiety, depression, despair, dissonance, uncertainty, insecurity, and distress, with one psychologist suggesting that "despair about our changing climate may get in the way of fixing it."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> has urged psychologists and other social scientists to work on psychological barriers to taking action on climate change.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The immediacy of a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events are thought to motivate people to deal with climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Psychology_of_climate_change_denial_NPR_20230104-121">[121]</a></div></div> A study published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS One</a> in 2024 found that even a single repetition of a claim was sufficient to increase the perceived truth of both climate science-aligned claims and climate change skeptic/denial claims—"highlighting the insidious effect of repetition".<a href="#cite_note-Jiang_PLOSONE_20240807-122">[122]</a> This effect was found even among climate science endorsers.<a href="#cite_note-Jiang_PLOSONE_20240807-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connections_to_other_debates">Connections to other debates</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_with_other_environmental_issues">Links with other environmental issues</h3></div> Many of the climate change deniers have disagreed, in whole or part, with the scientific consensus regarding other issues, particularly those relating to environmental risks, such as <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT#Environmental_impact" title="DDT">DDT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">passive smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In the 1990s, the Marshall Institute began campaigning against increased regulations on environmental issues such as <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, second-hand smoke, and the dangers of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-requiem-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-merchants_of_doubt-126">[126]</a>: 170  In each case their argument was that the science was too uncertain to justify any government intervention, a strategy it borrowed from earlier efforts to downplay the health effects of tobacco in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-merchants_of_doubt-126">[126]</a>: 170  This campaign would continue for the next two decades.<a href="#cite_note-merchants_of_doubt-126">[126]</a>: 105  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_with_nationalism_and_right-wing_groups">Links with nationalism and right-wing groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eco-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-fascism">Eco-fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism#Ethnic_Eco-nationalism_vs._Civic_Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism § Ethnic Eco-nationalism vs. Civic Eco-nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_antiscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing antiscience">Right-wing antiscience</a></div> In 2023, an increase in climate change denial was noted, particularly among supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PhysOrg_202305133-127">[127]</a> It has been suggested that climate change can conflict with a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> view because it is "unsolvable" at the national level and requires collective action between nations or between local communities, and that therefore populist nationalism tends to reject the science of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a>'s policy on climate change has been influenced by climate change denier <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Monckton" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Monckton">Christopher Monckton</a> and by its energy spokesman <a href="/wiki/Roger_Helmer" title="Roger Helmer">Roger Helmer</a>, who has said, "It is not clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is anthropogenic."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Jerry Taylor of the Niskanen Center posits that climate change denial is an important component of Trumpian historical consciousness, and "plays a significant role in the architecture of Trumpism as a developing philosophical system".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Though climate change denial was apparently waning circa 2021, some right-wing nationalist organizations have adopted a theory of "environmental populism" advocating that natural resources be preserved for a nation's existing residents, to the exclusion of immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20211121-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-rusi20220522-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-teenvogue202004-134">[134]</a> Other such right-wing organizations have contrived new "green wings" that falsely assert that refugees from poor nations cause environmental pollution and climate change and should therefore be excluded.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20211121-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-rusi20220522-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-teenvogue202004-134">[134]</a> A study published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS Climate</a> studied two forms of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>—defensive or "national narcissism" and "secure national identification"—for their correlation to support for policies to mitigate climate change and transition to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-135">[135]</a> The authors defined national narcissism as "a belief that one's national group is exceptional and deserves external recognition underlain by unsatisfied psychological needs". They defined secure national identification as "reflect[ing] feelings of strong bonds and solidarity with one's ingroup members, and sense of satisfaction in group membership". The researchers concluded that secure national identification tends to support policies promoting renewable energy, while national narcissism is inversely correlated with support for such policies—except to the extent that such policies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>, enhance the national image.<a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-135">[135]</a> Right-wing political orientation, which may indicate susceptibility to climate conspiracy beliefs, was also found to be negatively correlated with support for genuine climate mitigation policies.<a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_views">Conservative views</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg/300px-202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg/450px-202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg/600px-202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Degrees of concern about the effects of climate change can vary with political affiliation. This is very evident in the US, were voters of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> worry much more about climate change than voters of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup_20230420-136">[136]</a> The gap has been widening since the late 2010s<a href="#cite_note-PewSurvey_2020-137">[137]</a> </figcaption></figure> One worldview that often leads to climate change denial is belief in free enterprise <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:52-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-139">[139]</a> The "freedom of the commons" (<a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a>), or the freedom to use <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> as a public good as it is practiced in free enterprise capitalism, destroys important ecosystems and their functions, and so having a stake in this worldview does not correlate with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> behavior.<a href="#cite_note-:52-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-140">[140]</a> Political worldview plays an important role in environmental policy and action. Liberals tend to focus on environmental risks, while conservatives focus on the benefits of economic development.<a href="#cite_note-:6-141">[141]</a> Because of this difference, conflicting opinions on the acceptance of climate change arise.<a href="#cite_note-:6-141">[141]</a> A study of climate change denial indicators in public opinion data from ten Gallup surveys from 2001 to 2010 shows that conservative white men in the U.S. are significantly more likely to deny climate change than other Americans.<a href="#cite_note-:42-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-143">[143]</a> Conservative white men who report understanding climate change very well are even more likely to deny climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:42-142">[142]</a> Another reason for the discrepancy in climate change denial between liberals and conservatives is that "contemporary environmental discourse is based largely on moral concerns related to harm and care, which are more deeply held by liberals than by conservatives"; if the discourse is instead framed using moral concerns related to purity that are more deeply held by conservatives, the discrepancy is resolved.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the U.S., climate change denial largely correlates with <a href="/wiki/Political_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political affiliation">political affiliation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-145">[145]</a> This is partially because <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> focus more on tighter government regulations and taxation, which are the basis for most environmental policy.<a href="#cite_note-:02-146">[146]</a> Political affiliation also affects how different people interpret the same facts.<a href="#cite_note-:02-146">[146]</a> More highly educated people are less likely to rely on their own interpretation and political ideology rather than on scientists' opinions.<a href="#cite_note-:02-146">[146]</a> Therefore, political worldviews override expert opinion on the interpretation of climate facts and evidence of anthropogenic climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:02-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-143">[143]</a> Affiliation with a political group, especially in the U.S., is an important personal and social identity for many.<a href="#cite_note-:32-147">[147]</a> Because of this, many people hold the popular values of their political affiliation, regardless of their personal beliefs, so as not to be ostracized by the group.<a href="#cite_note-:32-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_denial&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change_denial" title="Talk:Climate change denial">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #202060;">Typical storyline of deniers</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      Since the late 1980s, this well-coordinated, well-funded campaign by contrarian scientists, free-market think tanks and industry has created a paralyzing fog of doubt around climate change. Through advertisements, op-eds, lobbying and media attention, greenhouse doubters (they hate being called deniers) argued first that the world is not warming; measurements indicating otherwise are flawed, they said. Then they claimed that any warming is natural, not caused by human activities. Now they contend that the looming warming will be minuscule and harmless. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Begley" title="Sharon Begley">Sharon Begley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, 2007<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></cite> </div> U.S. fossil fuel companies have known about global warming since at least the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 1966, a coal industry research organization, Bituminous Coal Research Inc., published its finding that if then prevailing trends of coal consumption continued, "the temperature of the earth's atmosphere will increase" and "vast changes in the climates of the earth will result. [...] Such changes in temperature will cause melting of the polar icecaps, which, in turn, would result in the inundation of many coastal cities, including New York and London."<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost_Coal_Knew_Too-150">[150]</a> In a discussion following this paper in the same publication, a combustion engineer for Peabody Coal, now <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Energy" title="Peabody Energy">Peabody Energy</a>, the world's largest coal supplier, added that the coal industry was merely "buying time" before additional government air pollution regulations would be promulgated to clean the air. Nevertheless, the coal industry publicly advocated for decades thereafter the position that increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is beneficial for the planet.<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost_Coal_Knew_Too-150">[150]</a> In response to increasing public awareness of the greenhouse effect in the 1970s, conservative reaction built up, denying environmental concerns that could lead to government regulation. In 1977, the first Secretary of Energy, <a href="/wiki/James_Schlesinger" class="mw-redirect" title="James Schlesinger">James Schlesinger</a>, suggested President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> take no action regarding a climate change memo, citing uncertainty.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">presidency of Ronald Reagan</a>, global warming became a political issue, with immediate plans to cut spending on environmental research, particularly climate-related, and stop funding for CO2 monitoring. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> was aware of the developing science: he joined others in arranging congressional hearings from 1981 onward, with testimony from scientists including Revelle, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schneider_(scientist)" title="Stephen Schneider (scientist)">Stephen Schneider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker">Wallace Smith Broecker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> An <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) report in 1983 said global warming was "not a theoretical problem but a threat whose effects will be felt within a few years", with potentially "catastrophic" consequences.<a href="#cite_note-:10-153">[153]</a> The Reagan administration called the report "alarmist" and the dispute was widely covered. Public attention turned to other issues, then the 1985 finding of a polar <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone hole</a> brought a swift international response. To the public, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion_and_climate_change" title="Ozone depletion and climate change">this was related to climate change</a> and the possibility of effective action, but news interest faded.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Public attention was renewed amid summer droughts and heat waves when <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a> testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988,<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_testimony-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> saying with high confidence that long-term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods. There was increasing media attention: the scientific community had reached a broad consensus that the climate was warming, human activity was very likely the primary cause, and there would be significant consequences if the trend was not curbed.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> These facts encouraged discussion about new environmental regulations, which the fossil fuel industry opposed.<a href="#cite_note-:10-153">[153]</a> From 1989 onward, industry-funded organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute">George C. Marshall Institute</a>, sought to spread doubt, in a strategy already developed by the tobacco industry.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-merchants_of_doubt-126">[126]</a> A small group of scientists opposed to the consensus on global warming became politically involved, and with support from conservative political interests, began publishing in books and the press rather than in scientific journals.<a href="#cite_note-:10-153">[153]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Weart" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Weart">Spencer Weart</a> identifies this period as the point where skepticism about basic aspects of climate science was no longer justified, and those spreading mistrust about these issues became deniers.<a href="#cite_note-Weart_2011-158">[158]</a>: 46  As the scientific community and new data increasingly refuted their arguments, deniers turned to political arguments, making personal attacks on scientists' reputations, and promoting ideas of global warming conspiracies.<a href="#cite_note-Weart_2011-158">[158]</a>: 47  With the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989 fall of communism</a>, the attention of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">U.S. conservative think tanks</a>, which had been organized in the 1970s as an intellectual counter-movement to socialism, turned from the "red scare" to the "green scare" tactic, which they saw as a threat to their aims of private property, free trade market economies, and global capitalism. They used <a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">environmental skepticism</a> to promote denial of environmental problems such as loss of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques2008-10">[10]</a> The campaign to spread doubt continued into the 1990s, including an advertising campaign funded by coal industry advocates intended to "reposition global warming as theory rather than fact".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a> There was also a 1998 proposal by the <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a> to recruit scientists to convince politicians, the media, and the public that climate science was too uncertain to warrant environmental regulation.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In 1998, journalists <a href="/wiki/Ross_Gelbspan" title="Ross Gelbspan">Ross Gelbspan</a> noted that his fellow journalists accepted that global warming was occurring, but were in "'stage-two' denial of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a>", unable to accept the feasibility of solutions to the problem.<a href="#cite_note-Gelbspan_1998-30">[30]</a>: 3, 35, 46, 197  His book, Boiling Point, published in 2004, detailed the fossil-fuel industry's campaign to deny climate change and undermine public confidence in climate science.<a href="#cite_note-Gelbspan_2004-161">[161]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>'s August 2007 cover story "The Truth About Denial", <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Begley" title="Sharon Begley">Sharon Begley</a> reported that "the denial machine is running at full throttle", and that this "well-coordinated, well-funded campaign" by contrarian scientists, free-market think tanks, and industry had "created a paralyzing fog of doubt around climate change."<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_with_tobacco_industry_tactics">Similarities with tobacco industry tactics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></div> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> published an article about similarities between the methods of groups funded by <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> and those of the tobacco giant <a href="/wiki/Altria_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Altria Group">Philip Morris</a>, including direct attacks on <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> science and attempts to create public controversy and doubt.<a href="#cite_note-denial_ind_guardian-162">[162]</a> The approach to downplay climate change's significance was copied from <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_lobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco lobbyists">tobacco lobbyists</a>, who attempted to prevent or delay the introduction of regulation in the face of scientific evidence linking tobacco to <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>. They attempted to discredit the research by creating doubt, manipulating debate, discrediting the scientists involved, disputing their findings, and creating and maintaining an apparent controversy by promoting claims that contradicted scientific research. Doubt shielded the tobacco industry from litigation and regulation for decades.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> For example, in 1992 an EPA report linked <a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">secondhand smoke</a> with lung cancer. In response, the tobacco industry engaged the <a href="/wiki/APCO_Worldwide" title="APCO Worldwide">APCO Worldwide</a> public relations company, which set out a strategy of <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfing</a> campaigns to cast doubt on the science by linking smoking anxieties with other issues, including global warming, in order to turn public opinion against calls for government intervention. The campaign depicted public concerns as "unfounded fears" supposedly based only on "junk science" in contrast to their "sound science", and operated through <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front groups</a>, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Center" title="Advancement of Sound Science Center">Advancement of Sound Science Center</a> (TASSC) and its Junk Science website, run by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Milloy" title="Steven Milloy">Steven Milloy</a>. A tobacco company memo read, "Doubt is our product since it is the best means of competing with the 'body of fact' that exists in the mind of the general public. It is also the means of establishing a controversy." During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies, including Exxon. Its website became central in distributing "almost every kind of climate-change denial that has found its way into the popular press."<a href="#cite_note-requiem-125">[125]</a>: 104–106  Monbiot wrote that TASSC "has done more damage to the campaign to halt [climate change] than any other body" by trying to manufacture the appearance of a grassroots movement against "unfounded fear" and "over-regulation".<a href="#cite_note-denial_ind_guardian-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_Party_in_the_United_States">Republican Party in the United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg/300px-202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg/450px-202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg/600px-202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Voters of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in the U.S. are more likely to (correctly) agree that global warming is due to human activity than voters of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. This gap widened in the late 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-PewSurvey_2020-137">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #202060;">During the <a href="/wiki/2020_California_wildfires" title="2020 California wildfires">2020 California wildfires</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> It'll start getting cooler, you just watch. [...] I don't think science knows, actually. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Then U.S. President Donald Trump, September 13, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Politico_20200917-164">[164]</a></cite> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party in the United States</a> is unique in denying <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">anthropogenic climate change</a> among conservative political parties in the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In 1994, according to a leaked memo, the Republican strategist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Luntz" title="Frank Luntz">Frank Luntz</a> advised members of the Republican Party, with regard to climate change, that "you need to continue to make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue" and "challenge the science" by "recruiting experts who are sympathetic to your view".<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a> (In 2006, Luntz said he still believes "back [in] '97, '98, the science was uncertain", but now agreed with the scientific consensus.)<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In 2011, "more than half of the Republicans in the House and three-quarters of Republican senators" said "that the threat of global warming, as a human-made and highly threatening phenomenon, is at best an exaggeration and at worst an utter 'hoax'".<a href="#cite_note-nyt20110227-169">[169]</a> In 2014, more than 55% of congressional Republicans were reported to be climate change deniers.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc20140512-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> in May 2014, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>'s statement that "virtually no Republican" in Washington accepts climate change science was "mostly true"; PolitiFact counted "eight out of 278, or about 3 percent" of Republican members of Congress who "accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that global warming is both real and man-made."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Philip_Cooney" title="Philip Cooney">Philip Cooney</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">fossil fuel lobbyist</a> and "climate team leader" at the American Petroleum Institute and President George W. Bush's chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a>, had "repeatedly edited government climate reports in ways that play down links between such emissions and global warming, according to internal documents".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Begley" title="Sharon Begley">Sharon Begley</a> reported in Newsweek that Cooney "edited a 2002 report on climate science by sprinkling it with phrases such as 'lack of understanding' and 'considerable uncertainty'." Cooney reportedly removed an entire section on climate in one report, whereupon another lobbyist sent him a fax saying "You are doing a great job."<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg/300px-2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg/450px-2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg/600px-2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The sharp divide over the existence of and responsibility for global warming and climate change falls largely along party lines in the US (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20211026-175">[175]</a> Overall, 60% of Americans surveyed in 2021 said oil and gas companies were "completely or mostly responsible" for climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20211026-175">[175]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 2016 U.S. election cycle, every <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> presidential candidate, and the Republican leader in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, questioned or denied climate change, and opposed U.S. government steps to address it.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In 2016, Aaron McCright argued that <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalism</a>—and climate change denial specifically—had expanded in the U.S. to become "a central tenet of the current conservative and Republican identity".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In a 2017 interview, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree that carbon dioxide was its primary driver, pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a> responded in a letter to Perry that it is "critically important that you understand that emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are the primary cause", pointing to conclusions of scientists worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Climate denial has started to decrease among the Republican Party leadership toward acknowledgment that "the climate is changing"; a 2019 study by several major think tanks called the climate right "fragmented and underfunded".<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Florida Republican <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lee_(Florida_politician)" title="Tom Lee (Florida politician)">Tom Lee</a> described people's emotional impact and reactions to climate change, saying: "I mean, you have to be the Grim Reaper of reality in a world that isn't real fond of the Grim Reaper. That's why I use the term 'emotionally shut down', because I think I think you lose people at hello a lot times in the Republican conversation over this."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> When a moderator at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">August 23, 2023, Republican presidential debate</a> asked the candidates to raise their hands if they believed human behavior is causing climate change, none did.<a href="#cite_note-APnews_20230824-182">[182]</a> Entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy" title="Vivek Ramaswamy">Vivek Ramaswamy</a> said, "the climate change agenda is a hoax" and that "more people are dying of climate change policies than they actually are of climate change"; none of his competitors challenged him directly on climate.<a href="#cite_note-APnews_20230824-182">[182]</a> After investigating Ramaswamy's latter claim, a Washington Post fact check found no supporting evidence.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20230825-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denial_networks">Denial networks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #202060;">The <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> of climate change deniers</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      The Paid Lobbyist (the <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry">coal industry</a>, among others, is fighting emission reductions), the <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> (emotionally committed laypeople, frequently pensioners, but also including a few journalists – many of them literally fighting windmills), and the Eccentric Scientist (they are few and far between). All three groups act like lobbyists: from a thousand research results, they cherry-pick and present the three that happen to support their own position – albeit only with a liberal interpretation." </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rahmstorf" title="Stefan Rahmstorf">Stefan Rahmstorf</a>, 2004<a href="#cite_note-Rahmstorf_2004-40">[40]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_and_libertarian_think_tanks">Conservative and libertarian think tanks</h3></div> A 2000 article explored the connection between conservative think tanks and climate change denial.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> Research found that specific groups were marshaling skepticism against climate change; a 2008 University of Central Florida study found that 92% of "environmentally skeptical" literature published in the U.S. was partly or wholly affiliated with self-proclaimed conservative think tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques2008-10">[10]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Media_and_Democracy" title="Center for Media and Democracy">Center for Media and Democracy</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">State Policy Network</a> (SPN), an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks, had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Conservative and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> think tanks in the U.S., such as <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>, Marshall Institute, <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, were significant participants in lobbying attempts seeking to halt or eliminate environmental regulations.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Between 2002 and 2010, the combined annual income of 91 climate change counter-movement organizations—think tanks, advocacy groups and industry associations—was roughly $900 million.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> During the same period, billionaires secretively donated nearly $120 million (£77 million) via the <a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donors_Capital_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Capital Fund">Donors Capital Fund</a> to more than 100 organizations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishers,_websites_and_networks">Publishers, websites and networks</h3></div> In November 2021, a study by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Countering_Digital_Hate" title="Center for Countering Digital Hate">Center for Countering Digital Hate</a> identified "ten fringe publishers" that together were responsible for nearly 70 percent of Facebook user interactions with content that denied climate change. Facebook said the percentage was overstated and called the study misleading.<a href="#cite_note-Porterfield_11/2/2021-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toxic_Ten_11/2/2021-192">[192]</a> The "toxic ten" publishers: <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsmax" title="Newsmax">Newsmax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">Media Research Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">The Daily Wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT (TV network)</a>, and The Patriot Post. <a href="/wiki/The_Rebel_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rebel Media">The Rebel Media</a> and its director, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Ezra Levant</a>, have promoted climate change denial and <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> extraction in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graves_Beard_2019_p._176-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Craig_10/31/2016-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rowell_6/24/2017-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kay_5/1/2017-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Watts_(blogger)" title="Anthony Watts (blogger)">Willard Anthony Watts</a> is an American blogger who runs <a href="/wiki/Watts_Up_With_That%3F" title="Watts Up With That?">Watts Up With That?</a>, a climate change denial blog.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> A piece of research from 2015 identified 4,556 people with overlapping network ties to 164 organizations that were responsible for most efforts to downplay the threat of climate change in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Eric_Roston-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Justin_Farrell-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publications_for_school_children">Publications for school children</h4></div> According to documents leaked in February 2012, <a href="/wiki/The_Heartland_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heartland Institute">The Heartland Institute</a> is developing a <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> for use in schools that frames climate change as a scientific controversy.<a href="#cite_note-NYTHeartland-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In 2017, deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a> (NCSE) <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Branch" title="Glenn Branch">Glenn Branch</a> wrote, "the Heartland Institute is continuing to inflict its climate change denial literature on science teachers across the country".<a href="#cite_note-NCSE_Branch_6/5/2017-203">[203]</a> Each significant claim was rated for accuracy by scientists who were experts on that topic. It was found that "the 'Key Findings' section are incorrect, misleading, based on flawed logic, or simply factually inaccurate".<a href="#cite_note-Climate_Feedback_2017-204">[204]</a> The NCSE has prepared Classroom Resources in response to Heartland and other anti-science threats.<a href="#cite_note-NCSE_Classroom_2017-205">[205]</a> In 2023, Republican politician and Baptist minister <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> published Kids Guide to the Truth About Climate Change, which acknowledges global warming but minimizes the influence of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">human emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InsideClimateNews_20230731-206">[206]</a> Marketed as an alternative to mainstream education, the publication does not attribute authorship or cite scientific credentials.<a href="#cite_note-InsideClimateNews_20230731-206">[206]</a> The NCSE's deputy director called the publication "propaganda" and "very unreliable as a guide to climate change for kids", saying it represented "present-day" <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide</a> as 280 parts per million (ppm), which was true in 391 BC but short of 2023's actual concentration of 420 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-NSCS_20230803-207">[207]</a> In 2023, the state of Florida approved a public school curriculum including videos produced by conservative advocacy group <a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a> that liken climate change skeptics to those who fought Communism and Nazism, imply renewable energy harms the environment, and say current global warming occurs naturally.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20230810-208">[208]</a> Texas, which has a large influence on school textbooks published nationwide, proposed textbooks in 2023 that included more information about the climate crisis than editions a decade earlier.<a href="#cite_note-SciAm_202310-209">[209]</a> But some books clouded the human causes of climate change and downplayed the role of fossil fuels, with Texas U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/August_Pfluger" title="August Pfluger">August Pfluger</a> emphasizing the importance of "secure, reliable energy" (oil and natural gas) produced in the <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SciAm_202310-209">[209]</a> In September 2023, Pfluger's Congressional website said, "we cannot allow the radical climate lobby to infiltrate Texas middle schools and brainwash our children", claiming that <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> is "not only...good for our economy, but it's good for the environment".<a href="#cite_note-SciAm_202310-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pfluger_20230922-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_who_deny_climate_change">Notable people who deny climate change</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #202060;">Donald Trump on sea level rise</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      When they say that the seas will rise over the next 400 years — one-eighth of an inch, you know. Which means, basically you have a little more beachfront property, OK. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Donald Trump, 2 June 2024<a href="#cite_note-EandEnews_20240603-211">[211]</a> (NOAA expected sea levels along U.S. coastlines to rise an average of 10 to 12 inches within three decades.<a href="#cite_note-EandEnews_20240603-211">[211]</a>)</cite> </div> Acknowledgment of climate change by politicians, while expressing uncertainty as to how much of it is due to human activity, has been described as a new form of climate denial, and "a reliable tool to manipulate public perception of climate change and stall political action".<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Former U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Tom Coburn</a> in 2017 discussed the <a href="/wiki/Paris_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris agreement">Paris agreement</a> and denied the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming. Coburn claimed that <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> had been no more than 5 mm in 25 years, and asserted there was now <a href="/wiki/Global_cooling" title="Global cooling">global cooling</a>. In 2013, he said, "I am a global warming denier. I don't deny that."<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2013-214">[214]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (who later became president of the United States from 2017 to 2021) said, "With the coldest winter ever recorded, with snow setting record levels up and down the coast, the Nobel committee should take the Nobel Prize back from Al Gore....Gore wants us to clean up our factories and plants in order to protect us from global warming, when China and other countries couldn't care less. It would make us totally noncompetitive in the manufacturing world, and China, Japan and India are laughing at America's stupidity." In 2012, Trump tweeted, "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Republican <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a>, the first elected politician to serve as <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> administrator, had previously said that global temperatures were not rising. But a month after the Senate confirmed his NASA position in April 2018, he acknowledged that human emissions of greenhouse gases are raising global temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> During a May 2018 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a>, Representative <a href="/wiki/Mo_Brooks" title="Mo Brooks">Mo Brooks</a> claimed that sea level rise is caused not by melting glaciers but rather by coastal erosion and silt that flows from rivers into the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Ernesto Araújo">Ernesto Araújo</a>, the minister of foreign affairs appointed by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s newly elected president <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, called global warming a plot by "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Marxists">cultural Marxists</a>"<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> and eliminated the ministry's climate change division.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <table role="presentation" style="line-height: normal; width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right: 5px; width: 28px;"> <div style="height: 28px; width: 28px; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; overflow: hidden;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_117th_Congress_portrait.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatar of Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene"><img alt="Avatar of Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_117th_Congress_portrait.jpeg/28px-Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_117th_Congress_portrait.jpeg" decoding="async" width="28" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_117th_Congress_portrait.jpeg/42px-Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_117th_Congress_portrait.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_117th_Congress_portrait.jpeg/56px-Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_117th_Congress_portrait.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>Avatar of Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene</figcaption></figure> </div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); white-space: nowrap;">@RepMTG</div></td> <td style="text-align: right; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"><img alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/27px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/36px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left"> We live on a spinning planet that rotates around a much bigger sun along with other planets and heavenly bodies rotating around the sun that all create gravitational pull on one another while our galaxy rotates and travels through the universe. Considering all of that, yes our climate will change, and it's totally normal! ... Don't fall for the scam, fossil fuels are natural and amazing. </div> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">Apr 15, 2023<a href="#cite_note-TweetRepMTG-222">[222]</a> </div> </blockquote> </div> An April 15, 2023, tweet by Republican U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> said climate change was a "scam", that "fossil fuels are natural and amazing", and that "there are some very powerful people that are getting rich beyond their wildest dreams convincing many that carbon is the enemy".<a href="#cite_note-MTG_tweet_20230415-223">[223]</a> Her tweet included a chart that omitted carbon dioxide and methane<a href="#cite_note-MTG_tweet_20230415-223">[223]</a>—the two most dominant greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_GHGs-224">[224]</a> A 2024 analysis found 100 U.S. representatives and 23 U.S. senators—23% of the 535 members of Congress—to be climate change deniers, all the deniers being Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-AmerProgress_20240718-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientists">Scientists</h3></div> American and New Zealand climate scientist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trenberth" title="Kevin Trenberth">Kevin Trenberth</a> has published widely on climate change science and fought back against climate change misinformation for decades.<a href="#cite_note-:022-226">[226]</a> He describes in his memoirs his "close encounters with deniers and skeptics"—with fellow <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologists</a> or climate change scientists. These included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lindzen" title="Richard Lindzen">Richard Lindzen</a> ("he is quite beguiling but is criticized as "intellectually dishonest" by his peers"; Lindzen was a professor of meteorology at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> and has been called a contrarian in relation to climate change and other issues.<a href="#cite_note-Achenbach2006-06-05-227">[227]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roy_Spencer_(meteorologist)" title="Roy Spencer (meteorologist)">Roy Spencer</a> (who has "repeatedly made errors that always resulted in lower temperature trends than were really present"), <a href="/wiki/John_Christy" title="John Christy">John Christy</a> ("his decisions on climate work and statements appear to be heavily colored by his religion"), <a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Pielke_Jr." title="Roger A. Pielke Jr.">Roger Pielke Jr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Landsea" title="Christopher Landsea">Christopher Landsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" title="Patrick Michaels">Pat Michaels</a> ("long associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, he changed his bombastic tune gradually over time as climate change became more evident").<a href="#cite_note-:022-226">[226]</a>: 95  <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_B._Idso" title="Sherwood B. Idso">Sherwood B. Idso</a> is a natural scientist and is the president of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Carbon_Dioxide_and_Global_Change" title="Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change">Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change</a>, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. In 1982 he published his book Carbon Dioxide: Friend or Foe?, which said increases in CO2 would not warm the planet, but would fertilize crops and were "something to be encouraged and not suppressed". <a href="/wiki/William_M._Gray" title="William M. Gray">William M. Gray</a> was a climate scientist (<a href="/wiki/Emeritus_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeritus professor">emeritus professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">atmospheric science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a>) who supported climate change denial: he agreed that global warming was taking place, but argued that humans were responsible for only a tiny portion of it and it was largely part of the Earth's natural cycle.<a href="#cite_note-chill-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-tempest-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-229">[229]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a>, an American physicist and former <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> president, wrote the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Petition" title="Oregon Petition">Oregon Petition</a>, a controversial document in opposition to the Kyoto Protocol. The petition and accompanying "Research Review of Global Warming Evidence" claimed that "We are living in an increasingly lush environment of plants and animals as a result of the carbon dioxide increase. [...] This is a wonderful and unexpected gift from the Industrial Revolution".<a href="#cite_note-denial_ind_guardian-162">[162]</a> In their book <a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a>, the authors write that Seitz and a group of other scientists fought the scientific evidence and spread confusion on many of the most important issues of our time, like the harmfulness of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFCs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merchants_of_doubt-126">[126]</a>: 25–29  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobbying_and_related_activities">Lobbying and related activities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_denial&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change_denial" title="Talk:Climate change denial">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (August 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Climate_Change_presented_as_real_and_human_caused_by_ExxonMobil,_1977-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Percentage_of_Climate_Change_presented_as_real_and_human_caused_by_ExxonMobil%2C_1977-2014.jpg/300px-Percentage_of_Climate_Change_presented_as_real_and_human_caused_by_ExxonMobil%2C_1977-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Percentage_of_Climate_Change_presented_as_real_and_human_caused_by_ExxonMobil%2C_1977-2014.jpg/450px-Percentage_of_Climate_Change_presented_as_real_and_human_caused_by_ExxonMobil%2C_1977-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Percentage_of_Climate_Change_presented_as_real_and_human_caused_by_ExxonMobil%2C_1977-2014.jpg/600px-Percentage_of_Climate_Change_presented_as_real_and_human_caused_by_ExxonMobil%2C_1977-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of documents taking each overall position on climate change as real and human-caused, 1977–2014.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Blue=acknowledge; blue with lines=acknowledge including reasonable doubt; black=acknowledge and doubt; gray=reasonable doubt; red=doubt.</figcaption></figure> Efforts to lobby against environmental regulation have included campaigns to manufacture doubt about the science behind climate change and to obscure the scientific consensus and data.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques2008-10">[10]</a>: 352  These have undermined public confidence in climate science.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques2008-10">[10]</a>: 351 <a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> As of 2015, the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-denial_industry-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-book_industry-232">[232]</a> Efforts by climate change denial groups played a significant role in the United States' rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel_companies_and_other_private_sector_actors">Fossil fuel companies and other private sector actors</h3></div> Research conducted at an <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> archival collection at the University of Texas and interviews with former Exxon employees indicate that the company's scientific opinion and its public posture toward climate change were contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> A systematic review of Exxon's climate modeling projections concluded that in private and academic circles since the late 1970s and early 1980s, ExxonMobil predicted global warming correctly and skillfully, correctly dismissed the possibility of a coming ice age in favor of a "carbon dioxide induced super-interglacial", and reasonably estimated how much CO2 would lead to dangerous warming.<a href="#cite_note-Science_30230112-234">[234]</a> Between 1989 and 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a>, a group of mainly U.S. businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and fight the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>. Large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries financed the coalition. The New York Times reported, "even as the coalition worked to sway opinion [toward skepticism], its own scientific and technical experts were advising that the science backing the role of greenhouse gases in global warming could not be refuted".<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In 2000, the Ford Motor Company was the first company to leave the coalition as a result of pressure from environmentalists.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Daimler-Chrysler, Texaco, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Company" title="Southern Company">Southern Company</a> and General Motors subsequently left the GCC.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> It closed in 2002. From January 2009 through June 2010, the oil, coal and utility industries spent $500 million in lobby expenditures in opposition to legislation to address climate change.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20101020-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-cap20100927-239">[239]</a> A study in 2022 traced the history of an influential group of economic consultants hired by the petroleum industry from the 1990s to the 2010s to estimate the costs of various proposed climate policies. The economists used models that inflated predicted costs while ignoring policy benefits, and their results were often portrayed to the public as independent rather than industry-sponsored. Their work played a key role in undermining numerous major climate policy initiatives in the US over a span of decades. This study illustrates how the fossil fuel industry has funded biased economic analyses to oppose climate policy.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial" title="ExxonMobil climate change denial">ExxonMobil climate change denial</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Exxon_Knew%22_sign_on_a_BLM_protest_in_Washington,_DC_(2015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%22Exxon_Knew%22_sign_on_a_BLM_protest_in_Washington%2C_DC_%282015%29.jpg/301px-%22Exxon_Knew%22_sign_on_a_BLM_protest_in_Washington%2C_DC_%282015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%22Exxon_Knew%22_sign_on_a_BLM_protest_in_Washington%2C_DC_%282015%29.jpg/452px-%22Exxon_Knew%22_sign_on_a_BLM_protest_in_Washington%2C_DC_%282015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%22Exxon_Knew%22_sign_on_a_BLM_protest_in_Washington%2C_DC_%282015%29.jpg/602px-%22Exxon_Knew%22_sign_on_a_BLM_protest_in_Washington%2C_DC_%282015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>A protestor demonstrating as part of the "Exxon knew" movement in Washington, DC in 2015</figcaption></figure> From the 1980s to mid 2000s, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> was a leader in climate change denial, opposing <a href="/wiki/Delegated_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegated legislation">regulations</a> to curtail global warming. For example, ExxonMobil was a significant influence in preventing ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_:6-241">[241]</a> ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is caused by the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. Of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">major oil corporations</a>, ExxonMobil has been the most active in the debate surrounding climate change.<a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_:6-241">[241]</a> According to a 2007 analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, the company used <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">many of the same strategies</a>, tactics, organizations, and personnel the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a> used in its denials of the link between lung <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco#Cancer" title="Health effects of tobacco">cancer and smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups, the <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute">George C. Marshall Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Policy_Network" title="International Policy Network">International Policy Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a>: 67 <a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_:3-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_:4-245">[245]</a> Between 1998 and 2004, ExxonMobil granted $16 million to advocacy organizations which disputed the impact of global warming.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> From 1989 till April 2010, ExxonMobil and its predecessor Mobil purchased regular Thursday advertorials in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> that said that the science of climate change was unsettled.<a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_:7-247">[247]</a> An analysis conducted by The Carbon Brief in 2011 found that 9 out of 10 of the most prolific authors who cast doubt on climate change or speak against it had ties to <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>. Greenpeace have said that <a href="/wiki/Koch_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch industries">Koch industries</a> invested more than US$50 million in the past 50 years on spreading doubts about climate change.<a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_ExxonMobil_and_Koch_Industries_denial_funding-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_CarbonBrief_Study:_9_out_of_top_10_authors_linked_to_ExxonMobil-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial_Greenpeace_Study:_Exposing_the_dirty_money_behind_fake_climate_science-250">[250]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_and_threats_towards_scientists">Attacks and threats towards scientists</h3></div> Climate change deniers attacked the work of climate scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Mann" title="Michael E. Mann">Michael E. Mann</a> for years. On 8 February 2024, Mann won a $1 million judgment for punitive damages in a defamation lawsuit filed in 2012 against bloggers who attacked his <a href="/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)" title="Hockey stick graph (global temperature)">hockey stick graph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> temperature rise. One of the bloggers had called Mann's work "fraudulent", contrary to numerous investigations that had already cleared Mann of any misconduct and supported the validity of his research.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_2024-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Science_re_Mann-252">[252]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>'s 2022 takeover of <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> (now X), key figures at the company who ensured trusted content was prioritized were removed, and climate scientists received a large increase in hostile, threatening, harassing, and personally abusive tweets from deniers.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_202305143-253">[253]</a> In 2023, increases in climate change denial were reported, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PhysOrg_202305133-127">[127]</a> Climate change deniers threatened <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologists</a>, accusing them of causing a drought, falsifying thermometer readings, and cherry-picking warmer weather stations to misrepresent global warming.<a href="#cite_note-PhysOrg_202305133-127">[127]</a> Also in 2023, CNN reported that meteorologists and climate communicators worldwide were receiving increased harassment and false accusations that they were lying about or controlling the weather, inflating temperature records to make climate change seem worse, and changing color palettes of weather maps to make them look more dramatic.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_202305272-254">[254]</a> The German television news service <a href="/wiki/Tagesschau_(German_TV_programme)" title="Tagesschau (German TV programme)">Tagesschau</a> called this a global phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2023_b8282-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_for_deniers">Funding for deniers</h3></div> Journalists reported in 2015 that oil companies had known since the 1970s that burning oil and gas could cause climate change but nonetheless funded deniers for years.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151105-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-TG-20150708-19">[19]</a> Several large fossil fuel corporations provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about climate science's trustworthiness.<a href="#cite_note-:8-256">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Koch_family_foundations" title="Koch family foundations">Koch family foundations</a> have been identified as especially influential funders of climate change contrarianism.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> The bankruptcy of the coal company <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Peak_Energy" title="Cloud Peak Energy">Cloud Peak Energy</a> revealed it funded the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Energy_Research" title="Institute for Energy Research">Institute for Energy Research</a>, a climate denial think tank, as well as several other policy influencers.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> After the IPCC released its <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">Fourth Assessment Report</a> in 2007, the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> (AEI) offered British, American, and other scientists $10,000 plus travel expenses to publish articles critical of the assessment. The institute had received more than $1.6 million from Exxon, and its vice-chairman of trustees was former Exxon head <a href="/wiki/Lee_Raymond" title="Lee Raymond">Lee Raymond</a>. Raymond sent letters that alleged the IPCC report was not "supported by the analytical work". More than 20 AEI employees worked as consultants to the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> The authors of the 2010 book <a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a> provide documentation for the assertion that professional deniers have tried to sow seeds of doubt in public opinion in order to halt any meaningful social or political action to reduce the impact of human carbon emissions. That only half of the American population believes global warming is caused by human activity could be seen as a victory for these deniers.<a href="#cite_note-merchants_of_doubt-126">[126]</a> One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have opposed the near-universal consensus are funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-merchants_of_doubt-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a> was an industry coalition that funded several scientists who expressed skepticism about global warming. In 2000, several members left the coalition when they became the target of a national divestiture campaign run by John Passacantando and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Radford" title="Phil Radford">Phil Radford</a> at Ozone Action. When <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> left the coalition, it was regarded as "the latest sign of divisions within heavy industry over how to respond to global warming".<a href="#cite_note-Canvassing_Works-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> After that, between December 1999 and early March 2000, the GCC was deserted by <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Chrysler" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Chrysler">Daimler-Chrysler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a>, energy firm the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Company" title="Southern Company">Southern Company</a> and General Motors.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a> closed in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-org-264">[264]</a> In early 2015, several media reports emerged saying that <a href="/wiki/Willie_Soon" title="Willie Soon">Willie Soon</a>, a popular scientist among climate change deniers, had failed to disclose conflicts of interest in at least 11 scientific papers published since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> They reported that he received a total of $1.25 million from ExxonMobil, Southern Company, the American Petroleum Institute, and a foundation run by the Koch brothers.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Documents obtained by <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> show that the <a href="/wiki/Koch_Family_Foundations" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Family Foundations">Charles G. Koch Foundation</a> gave Soon two grants totaling $175,000 in 2005/6 and again in 2010. Grants to Soon between 2001 and 2007 from the <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a> totaled $274,000, and between 2005 and 2010 from <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> totaled $335,000. The Mobil Foundation, the Texaco Foundation, and the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">Electric Power Research Institute</a> also funded Soon. Acknowledging that he received this money, Soon said that he had "never been motivated by financial reward in any of my scientific research".<a href="#cite_note-Vidal-12">[12]</a> In 2015, Greenpeace disclosed papers documenting that Soon failed to disclose to academic journals funding including more than $1.2 million from fossil fuel industry-related interests, including ExxonMobil, the American Petroleum Institute, the <a href="/wiki/Koch_family_foundations#Charles_G._Koch_Charitable_Foundation" title="Koch family foundations">Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation</a>, and the Southern Company.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-deeper-269">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Donald_Kennedy" title="Donald Kennedy">Donald Kennedy</a> has said that deniers such as Michaels are lobbyists more than researchers, and "I don't think it's unethical any more than most lobbying is unethical". He said donations to deniers amount to "trying to get a political message across".<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brulle" title="Robert Brulle">Robert Brulle</a> analyzed the funding of 91 organizations opposed to restrictions on carbon emissions, which he called the "climate change counter-movement". Between 2003 and 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Donor-advised_fund" title="Donor-advised fund">donor-advised funds</a> <a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donors_Capital_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Capital Fund">Donors Capital Fund</a>, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about a quarter of the funds, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> was the largest recipient, with 16% of the total funds. The study also found that the amount of money donated to these organizations by means of foundations whose funding sources cannot be traced had risen.<a href="#cite_note-brulle2013-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian20131220-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-frontline20121-23-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_public_opinion">Effects on public opinion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:False_balance_in_climate_science.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/False_balance_in_climate_science.png/300px-False_balance_in_climate_science.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/False_balance_in_climate_science.png/450px-False_balance_in_climate_science.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/False_balance_in_climate_science.png/600px-False_balance_in_climate_science.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>False balance in climate science: Representation of climate change skeptics among climate scientists (97% believing climate change to be real, 3% denying), and American <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> channel guests (31% real, 69% denying). Based on IPCC report coverage between August 1, 2013, and October 1, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion on climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage of climate change</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion on climate change</a> is significantly affected by <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">media coverage of climate change</a> and the effects of climate change denial campaigns. Campaigns to undermine public confidence in climate science have decreased public belief in climate change, which in turn has affected legislative efforts to curb CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">Climate change conspiracy theories</a> and denial have resulted in <a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">poor action or no action</a> at all to effectively <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate the damage done by global warming</a>. 40% of Americans believed (ca. 2017) that climate change is a hoax<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> even though 100% of climate scientists (as of 2019) believe it is real.<a href="#cite_note-Powell2019-50">[50]</a> A study in 2015 stated: "Exposure to conspiracy theories reduced people's intentions to reduce their carbon footprint, relative to people who were given refuting information."<a href="#cite_note-douglas20152-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_controversy" title="Manufactured controversy">Manufactured uncertainty</a> over climate change, the fundamental strategy of climate change denial, has been very effective, particularly in the U.S. It has contributed to low levels of public concern and to government inaction worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a>: 255  A 2010 Angus Reid poll found that global warming skepticism in the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising.<a href="#cite_note-CorcoranCoolDown-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> There may be multiple causes of this trend, including a focus on economic rather than environmental issues, and a negative perception of the United Nations and its role in discussing climate change.<a href="#cite_note-RasmussenPoll-279">[279]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wirth" title="Tim Wirth">Tim Wirth</a>, "They patterned what they did after the tobacco industry. ... Both figured, sow enough doubt, call the science uncertain and in dispute. That's had a huge impact on both the public and Congress."<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a> American media has propagated this approach, presenting a false balance between climate science and climate skeptics.<a href="#cite_note-:8-256">[256]</a> In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> reported that most Europeans and Japanese accepted the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans thought human activity plays a major role in climate change; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot".<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a> Deliberate attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Fuels_Association" title="Western Fuels Association">Western Fuels Association</a> "to confuse the public" have succeeded. This has been "exacerbated by media treatment of the climate issue". According to a 2012 Pew poll, 57% of Americans are unaware of, or outright reject, the scientific consensus on climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-48">[48]</a> Some organizations promoting climate change denial have asserted that scientists are increasingly rejecting climate change, but this is contradicted by research showing that 97% of published papers endorse the scientific consensus, and that percentage is increasing with time.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-48">[48]</a> On the other hand, global oil companies have begun to acknowledge the existence of climate change and its risks.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Still, top oil firms are spending millions lobbying to delay, weaken, or block policies to tackle climate change.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Manufactured climate change denial is also influencing how scientific knowledge is communicated to the public. According to climate scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Mann" title="Michael E. Mann">Michael E. Mann</a>, "universities and scientific societies and organizations, publishers, etc.—are too often risk averse when it comes to defending and communicating science that is perceived as threatening by powerful interests".<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:319px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Public_opinion_on_climate_change_-_Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2021_Public_opinion_on_climate_change_-_Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication.svg/229px-2021_Public_opinion_on_climate_change_-_Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication.svg.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2021_Public_opinion_on_climate_change_-_Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication.svg/344px-2021_Public_opinion_on_climate_change_-_Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2021_Public_opinion_on_climate_change_-_Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication.svg/458px-2021_Public_opinion_on_climate_change_-_Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Results of a survey in 31 countries of public opinion, specifically among <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> users, on the causes of climate change<a href="#cite_note-YaleCC_survey2021-284">[284]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:319px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20210126_Peoples%27_Climate_Vote_-_Public_belief_in_climate_emergency_-_United_Nations_Development_Programme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20210126_Peoples%27_Climate_Vote_-_Public_belief_in_climate_emergency_-_United_Nations_Development_Programme.svg/255px-20210126_Peoples%27_Climate_Vote_-_Public_belief_in_climate_emergency_-_United_Nations_Development_Programme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20210126_Peoples%27_Climate_Vote_-_Public_belief_in_climate_emergency_-_United_Nations_Development_Programme.svg/383px-20210126_Peoples%27_Climate_Vote_-_Public_belief_in_climate_emergency_-_United_Nations_Development_Programme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20210126_Peoples%27_Climate_Vote_-_Public_belief_in_climate_emergency_-_United_Nations_Development_Programme.svg/510px-20210126_Peoples%27_Climate_Vote_-_Public_belief_in_climate_emergency_-_United_Nations_Development_Programme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Results of a survey overseen by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> on belief in whether climate change presents a climate emergency<a href="#cite_note-UNsurvey_202101-285">[285]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States">Climate change policy of the United States</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/250px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/375px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/500px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among voters of the Democratic Party in the U.S., but not among voters of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220301-286">[286]</a> Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220301-286">[286]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg/234px-20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg/351px-20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg/468px-20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">National political divides on the seriousness of climate change consistently correlate with political ideology, with right-wing opinion being more negative (survey of 19 countries).<a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220831-287">[287]</a></div></div></div></div></div> A study found that public climate change policy support and behavior are significantly influenced by public beliefs, attitudes and risk perceptions.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> As of March 2018 the rate of acceptance among U.S. TV forecasters that the climate is changing has increased to 95 percent. The number of local TV stories about global warming has also increased, by a factor of 15. <a href="/wiki/Climate_Central" title="Climate Central">Climate Central</a> has received some credit for this, because it provides classes for meteorologists and graphics for TV stations.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Popular media in the U.S. gives greater attention[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] to climate change skeptics than the scientific community as a whole, and the level of agreement within the scientific community has not been accurately communicated.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> In some cases, news outlets have let climate change skeptics instead of experts in climatology explain the science of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:8-256">[256]</a> US and <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> media coverage differ from that in other countries, where reporting is more consistent with the scientific literature.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> Some journalists attribute the difference to climate change denial being propagated, mainly in the U.S., by business-centered organizations employing tactics worked out previously by the U.S. tobacco lobby.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_denial_machine-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Denial of climate change is most prevalent among white, politically conservative men in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2020-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the U.S., and the U.K., climate change skeptics' opinions appear much more frequently in conservative news outlets than others, and in many cases those opinions are left uncontested.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[15]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Teachers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Teachers Association">National Science Teachers Association</a> urged teachers to "emphasize to students that no scientific controversy exists regarding the basic facts of climate change".<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210824_Survey_-_climate_change_impact_on_daily_life_-_European_Investment_Bank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20210824_Survey_-_climate_change_impact_on_daily_life_-_European_Investment_Bank.svg/300px-20210824_Survey_-_climate_change_impact_on_daily_life_-_European_Investment_Bank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20210824_Survey_-_climate_change_impact_on_daily_life_-_European_Investment_Bank.svg/450px-20210824_Survey_-_climate_change_impact_on_daily_life_-_European_Investment_Bank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20210824_Survey_-_climate_change_impact_on_daily_life_-_European_Investment_Bank.svg/600px-20210824_Survey_-_climate_change_impact_on_daily_life_-_European_Investment_Bank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption> At least 72% of Chinese, American and European respondents to a 2020−2021 <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> climate survey stated that climate change had an impact on everyday life.</figcaption></figure> Climate change denial has been promoted by several far-right European parties, including Spain's <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a>, Finland's far-right <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>, Austria's far-right <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party</a>, and Germany's anti-immigration <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Deutschland</a> (AfD).<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> In April 2023, French political scientist Jean-Yves Dormagen said that the modest and conservative classes were the most skeptical about climate change.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> In a study by the Jean-Jaurès Foundation published the same month, climate skepticism was compared to a <a href="/wiki/New_populism" class="mw-redirect" title="New populism">new populism</a> whose representative and spokesman is <a href="/wiki/Steven_E._Koonin" title="Steven E. Koonin">Steven E. Koonin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_denialism">Responses to denialism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_denial&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg/238px-20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg/357px-20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg/476px-20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Temperature data: <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Global average temperature datasets</a> from various scientific organizations show substantial agreement concerning the progress and extent of global warming: pairwise correlations of 1850+/1880+ datasets exceed <a href="/wiki/File:20200324_Global_average_temperature_-_NASA-GISS_HadCrut_NOAA_Japan_BerkeleyE.svg#Pairwise_correlation" title="File:20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg">99.1%</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3_-_single-panel_version.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3_-_single-panel_version.svg/238px-2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3_-_single-panel_version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3_-_single-panel_version.svg/357px-2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3_-_single-panel_version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3_-_single-panel_version.svg/476px-2017_Global_warming_attribution_-_based_on_NCA4_Fig_3.3_-_single-panel_version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Causation: The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Climate_Assessment" title="Fourth National Climate Assessment">Fourth National Climate Assessment</a> ("NCA4", USGCRP, 2017) includes charts<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> illustrating how human factors, especially accumulation in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases, are the predominant cause of observed global warming.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_emotions_and_persuasive_argument">The role of emotions and persuasive argument</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg/255px-20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg/383px-20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg/510px-20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Presenting data and other facts is less effective in motivating people to act to mitigate climate change, than financial incentives and social pressure involved in showing people climate-related actions of other people.<a href="#cite_note-PNAS_20230321-302">[302]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg/179px-20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg/269px-20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg/358px-20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The strongest factors in self-reported changes in opinion about global warming in the United States were <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican party</a> identification, seeing others experience impacts of global warming, and learning more about global warming.<a href="#cite_note-ClimateComms_-303">[303]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Climate denial "is not simply overcome by reasoned argument", because it is not a rational response. Attempting to overcome denial using techniques of persuasive argument, such as supplying a missing piece of information, or providing general scientific education may be ineffective. A person who is in denial about climate is most likely taking a position based on their feelings, especially their feelings about things they fear.<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times-304">[304]</a> Academics have stated that "It is pretty clear that fear of the solutions drives much opposition to the science."<a href="#cite_note-phys.org-305">[305]</a> It can be useful to respond to emotions, including with the statement "It can be painful to realise that our own lifestyles are responsible", in order to help move "from denial to acceptance to constructive action."<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Following_people_who_have_changed_their_position">Following people who have changed their position</h3></div> Some climate change skeptics have changed their positions regarding global warming. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bailey" title="Ronald Bailey">Ronald Bailey</a>, author of Global Warming and Other Eco-Myths (published in 2002), stated in 2005, "Anyone still holding onto the idea that there is no global warming ought to hang it up."<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> By 2007, he wrote "Details like sea level rise will continue to be debated by researchers, but if the debate over whether or not humanity is contributing to global warming wasn't over before, it is now.... as the new IPCC Summary makes clear, climate change <a href="/wiki/Pollyanna_principle" title="Pollyanna principle">Pollyannaism</a> is no longer looking very tenable."<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Taylor" title="Jerry Taylor">Jerry Taylor</a> promoted climate denialism for 20 years as former staff director for the energy and environment task force at the <a href="/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> (ALEC) and former vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. Taylor began to change his mind after climate scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a> challenged him to reread some Senate testimony. He became President of the <a href="/wiki/Niskanen_Center" title="Niskanen Center">Niskanen Center</a> in 2014, where he is involved in turning climate skeptics into climate activists, and making the business case for climate action.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>, the publisher of <a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic</a> magazine, reached a tipping point in 2006 as a result of his increasing familiarity with scientific evidence, and decided there was "overwhelming evidence for anthropogenic global warming". Journalist <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Easterbrook" title="Gregg Easterbrook">Gregg Easterbrook</a>, an early skeptic of climate change who authored the influential book A Moment on the Earth, also changed his mind in 2006, and wrote an essay titled "Case Closed: The Debate About Global Warming is Over".<a href="#cite_note-The_Week-313">[313]</a> In 2006, he stated, "based on the data I'm now switching sides regarding global warming, from skeptic to convert."<a href="#cite_note-Easterbrook-314">[314]</a> In 2009, Russian president <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitri Medvedev</a> expressed his opinion that climate change was "some kind of tricky campaign made up by some commercial structures to promote their business projects". After the devastating <a href="/wiki/2010_Russian_wildfires" title="2010 Russian wildfires">2010 Russian wildfires</a> damaged agriculture and left Moscow choking in smoke, Medvedev commented, "Unfortunately, what is happening now in our central regions is evidence of this global climate change."<a href="#cite_note-The_Week-313">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Inglis" title="Bob Inglis">Bob Inglis</a>, a former US representative for South Carolina, changed his mind in around 2010 after appeals from his son on his environmental positions, and after spending time with climate scientist Scott Heron studying <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Muller" title="Richard A. Muller">Richard A. Muller</a>, professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and the co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Earth" title="Berkeley Earth">Berkeley Earth</a> Surface Temperature project, funded by <a href="/wiki/Koch_family_foundations" title="Koch family foundations">Charles Koch Charitable Foundation</a>, had been a prominent critic of prevailing climate science. In 2011, he stated that "following an intensive research effort involving a dozen scientists, I concluded that global warming was real and that the prior estimates of the rate of warming were correct. I'm now going a step further: Humans are almost entirely the cause."<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> "I used to be a climate-change skeptic", conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Max Boot</a> admitted in 2018, one who believed that "the science was inconclusive" and that worry was "overblown". Now, he says, referencing the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Climate_Assessment" title="Fourth National Climate Assessment">Fourth National Climate Assessment</a>, "the scientific consensus is so clear and convincing."<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effective_approaches_to_dialogue">Effective approaches to dialogue</h3></div> Explaining the techniques of science denial and misinformation, by presenting "examples of people using cherrypicking or fake experts or <a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">false balance</a> to mislead the public", has been shown to inoculate people somewhat against misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Dialogue focused on the question of how belief differs from scientific theory may provide useful insights into how the scientific method works, and how beliefs may have strong or minimal supporting evidence.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> Wong-Parodi's survey of the literature shows four effective approaches to dialogue, including "[encouraging] people to openly share their values and stance on climate change before introducing actual scientific climate information into the discussion."<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_with_farmers">Approaches with farmers</h3></div> One study of climate change denial among farmers in Australia found that farmers were less likely to take a position of climate denial if they had experienced improved production from climate-friendly practices, or identified a younger person as a successor for their farm.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Therefore, seeing positive economic results from efforts at climate-friendly agricultural practices, or becoming involved in intergenerational stewardship of a farm may play a role in turning farmers away from denial. In the United States, rural climate dialogues sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> have helped neighbors overcome their fears of political polarization and exclusion, and come together to address shared concerns about climate impacts in their communities. Some participants who start out with attitudes of anthropogenic climate change denial have shifted to identifying concerns which they would like to see addressed by local officials.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_of_well_known_people_calling_for_climate_action">Statements of well known people calling for climate action</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_statements_by_major_scientific_organizations_about_climate_change" title="List of statements by major scientific organizations about climate change">List of statements by major scientific organizations about climate change</a></div> In May 2013 <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> took a strong stance criticising both climate change deniers and corporate lobbyists by likening the Earth to a dying patient. "A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait. If a doctor sees a child with a fever, he can't wait for [endless] tests. He has to act on what is there."<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/30px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/44px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/59px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a> – Study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a> – Opposition to environmentalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> – Nongovernmental organizations engaged in climate activism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO2_Coalition" title="CO2 Coalition">CO2 Coalition</a> – Nonprofit conservative think tank and climate denial organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a> – Skepticism of environmentalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> – What everyone can do to limit climate change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivated_reasoning" title="Motivated reasoning">Motivated reasoning</a> – Using emotionally-biased reasoning to produce justifications or make decisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_antiscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing antiscience">Right-wing antiscience</a> – Attitudes that reject science and the scientific methodPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmelweis_reflex" title="Semmelweis reflex">Semmelweis reflex</a> – Cognitive bias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Science" title="Skeptical Science">Skeptical Science</a> – Climate science blog to counter arguments by climate change deniers</li> <li>Films: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Denial_Disorder" title="Climate Change Denial Disorder">Climate Change Denial Disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> film about a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional disease">fictional disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_the_Flood_(film)" title="Before the Flood (film)">Before the Flood</a>, documenting climate change denial and lobbying processes</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/32482">the original</a> on 21 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Denial&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft.aulast=Begley&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F32482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820002929/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20122975/site/newsweek/page/0/">MSNBC single page version, archived 20 August 2007</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainterAshe2012" class="citation journal cs1">Painter, James; Ashe, Teresa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F7%2F4%2F044005">"Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007–10"</a>. Environmental Research Letters. 7 (4): 044005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ERL.....7d4005P">2012ERL.....7d4005P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F7%2F4%2F044005">10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Cross-national+comparison+of+the+presence+of+climate+scepticism+in+the+print+media+in+six+countries%2C+2007%E2%80%9310&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=044005&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1748-9326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F7%2F4%2F044005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ERL.....7d4005P&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ashe%2C+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252F7%252F4%252F044005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoggan-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoggan_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogganLittlemore2009" class="citation book cs1">Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQYjQzOkYK0C&q=Climate+Cover-Up:+The+Crusade+to+Deny+Global+Warming">Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming</a>. Vancouver: Greystone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-485-8"><bdi>978-1-55365-485-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630123321/https://books.google.com/books?id=tQYjQzOkYK0C&q=Climate+Cover-Up:+The+Crusade+to+Deny+Global+Warming">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Cover-Up%3A+The+Crusade+to+Deny+Global+Warming&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Greystone+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-485-8&rft.aulast=Hoggan&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Littlemore%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQYjQzOkYK0C%26q%3DClimate%2BCover-Up%3A%2BThe%2BCrusade%2Bto%2BDeny%2BGlobal%2BWarming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> See, e.g., pp. 31 ff, describing industry-based advocacy strategies in the context of climate change denial, and p73 ff, describing involvement of free-market think tanks in climate-change denial. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXifra2016" class="citation journal cs1">Xifra, Jordi (2016). "Climate Change Deniers and Advocacy: A Situational Theory of Publics Approach". <a href="/wiki/American_Behavioral_Scientist" title="American Behavioral Scientist">American Behavioral Scientist</a>. 60 (3): 276–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764215613403">10.1177/0002764215613403</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F32970">10230/32970</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58914584">58914584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Deniers+and+Advocacy%3A+A+Situational+Theory+of+Publics+Approach&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=276-287&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F32970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58914584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764215613403&rft.aulast=Xifra&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20151105-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20151105_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20151105_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Egan" title="Timothy Egan">Egan, Timothy</a> (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/06/opinion/fossil-fools.html">"Exxon Mobil and the G.O.P.: Fossil Fools"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815075740/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/06/opinion/fossil-fools.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Exxon+Mobil+and+the+G.O.P.%3A+Fossil+Fools&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2Fopinion%2Ffossil-fools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG-20150708-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TG-20150708_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TG-20150708_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg2015" class="citation news cs1">Goldenberg, Suzanne (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/08/exxon-climate-change-1981-climate-denier-funding">"Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116155511/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/08/exxon-climate-change-1981-climate-denier-funding">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Exxon+knew+of+climate+change+in+1981%2C+email+says+%E2%80%93+but+it+funded+deniers+for+27+more+years&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2015%2Fjul%2F08%2Fexxon-climate-change-1981-climate-denier-funding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oil-giants-1991-film-warned-climate-change-danger">'Shell knew': oil giant's 1991 film warned of climate change danger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174806/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oil-giants-1991-film-warned-climate-change-danger">Archived</a> 24 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSE-21"><a href="#cite_ref-NCSE_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/climate-change-101/ncse-tackles-climate-change-denial">"NCSE Tackles Climate Change Denial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a>. 13 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424171330/http://ncse.com/climate-change-101/ncse-tackles-climate-change-denial">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCSE+Tackles+Climate+Change+Denial&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Science+Education&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fclimate-change-101%2Fncse-tackles-climate-change-denial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownM-22"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownM_22-0">^</a> Brown, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2013-09-adversaries-zombies-nipcc-climate-pseudoscience.html">Adversaries, zombies and NIPCC climate pseudoscience</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202203411/http://phys.org/news/2013-09-adversaries-zombies-nipcc-climate-pseudoscience.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phys.org" title="Phys.org">Phys.org</a>, 26 September 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennie2009" class="citation web cs1">Rennie, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/7-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense/">"7 Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=7+Answers+to+Climate+Contrarian+Nonsense&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2F7-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_p2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_p2_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington2013" class="citation book cs1">Washington, Haydn (2013). <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Denial:_Heads_in_the_Sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand">Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-53004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-53004-3"><bdi>978-1-136-53004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Denial%3A+Heads+in+the+Sand&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-53004-3&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Haydn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Neill_Boykoff_2010-25"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Neill_Boykoff_2010_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeillBoykoff2010" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, Saffron J.; Boykoff, Max (28 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947866">"Climate denier, skeptic, or contrarian?"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (39): E151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107E.151O">2010PNAS..107E.151O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1010507107">10.1073/pnas.1010507107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947866">2947866</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20807754">20807754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Climate+denier%2C+skeptic%2C+or+contrarian%3F&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=E151&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947866%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107E.151O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20807754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1010507107&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Saffron+J.&rft.au=Boykoff%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2013" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael E. 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Retrieved 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Energy+Secty+Rick+Perry%3A+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+is+not+the+main+driver+of+climate+change&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F06%2F19%2Fenergy-sec-rick-perry-says-co2-is-not-the-main-driver-of-climate-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitter" class="citation web cs1">Seitter, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/about-ams/ams-position-letters/letter-to-doe-secretary-perry-on-climate-change/">"AMS Letter to Perry"</a>. 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Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015134352/https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/4/26/18512213/climate-change-republicans-conservatives">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Don%27t+bother+waiting+for+conservatives+to+come+around+on+climate+change&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fenergy-and-environment%2F2019%2F4%2F26%2F18512213%2Fclimate-change-republicans-conservatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.wusf.usf.edu/post/florida-s-gop-has-change-heart-about-climate-change">"Florida's GOP Has A Change Of Heart About Climate Change"</a>. Health News Florida, WUSF. 21 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808174857/https://health.wusf.usf.edu/post/florida-s-gop-has-change-heart-about-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+News+Florida%2C+WUSF&rft.atitle=Florida%27s+GOP+Has+A+Change+Of+Heart+About+Climate+Change&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.wusf.usf.edu%2Fpost%2Fflorida-s-gop-has-change-heart-about-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APnews_20230824-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APnews_20230824_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APnews_20230824_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeoples2023" class="citation news cs1">Peoples, Ssteve (24 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/republican-debate-climate-change-election-2024-6d8ff0b9fd9a57cf0659a6f973a107ab">"Presidential debate shows how GOP candidates are struggling to address concerns about climate change"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404200048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/14/facebook-microsoft-rightwing-lobby-network-spn">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Facebook+and+Microsoft+help+fund+rightwing+lobby+network%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F14%2Ffacebook-microsoft-rightwing-lobby-network-spn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/climate-denial-machine-how-fossil-fuel-industry-blocks-climate-action">"The Climate Denial Machine: How the Fossil Fuel Industry Blocks Climate Action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Climate_Reality_Project" title="The Climate Reality Project">The Climate Reality Project</a>. 5 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104225444/https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/climate-denial-machine-how-fossil-fuel-industry-blocks-climate-action">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Climate+Reality+Project&rft.atitle=The+Climate+Denial+Machine%3A+How+the+Fossil+Fuel+Industry+Blocks+Climate+Action&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climaterealityproject.org%2Fblog%2Fclimate-denial-machine-how-fossil-fuel-industry-blocks-climate-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowy2014" class="citation book cs1">Borowy, Iris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=st9JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">Defining Sustainable Development for Our Common Future: A History of the World Commission on Environment and Development</a>. Routledge. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96122-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96122-0"><bdi>978-1-135-96122-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601200812/https://books.google.com/books?id=st9JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026160911/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/20/conservative-groups-1bn-against-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525121334/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/feb/14/funding-climate-change-denial-thinktanks-network">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019. 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Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400757578" title="Special:BookSources/9789400757578"><bdi>9789400757578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Science%3A+A+Modern+Synthesis%3A+Volume+1-The+Physical+Climate&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789400757578&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft.au=Cook%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbtEAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eric_Roston-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Roston_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Roston2015" class="citation web cs1">Eric Roston (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-30/unearthing-america-s-deep-network-of-climate-change-deniers">"Unearthing America's Deep Network of Climate Change Deniers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110011740/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-30/unearthing-america-s-deep-network-of-climate-change-deniers">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. 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Science Feedback. <a href="/wiki/Climate_Feedback" title="Climate Feedback">Climate Feedback</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916055748/https://science.feedback.org/report-heartland-institute-sent-to-influence-us-teachers-on-climate-change-earns-an-f-from-scientists/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024. 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Science | AAAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183232/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/brazil-s-new-president-has-scientists-worried-here-s-why">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%7C+AAAS&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+new+president+has+scientists+worried.+Here%27s+why&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.aulast=Escobar&rft.aufirst=Herton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fbrazil-s-new-president-has-scientists-worried-here-s-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TweetRepMTG-222"><a href="#cite_ref-TweetRepMTG_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRep._Marjorie_Taylor_Greene2023" class="citation web cs1">Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene [@RepMTG] (15 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/RepMTG/status/1647251668373839878">"We live on a spinning planet that rotates around a much bigger sun along with other planets and heavenly bodies rotating around the sun that all create gravitational pull on one another while our galaxy rotates and travels through the universe. Considering all of that, yes our climate will change, and it's totally normal! ... Don't fall for the scam, fossil fuels are natural and amazing"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+live+on+a+spinning+planet+that+rotates+around+a+much+bigger+sun+along+with+other+planets+and+heavenly+bodies+rotating+around+the+sun+that+all+create+gravitational+pull+on+one+another+while+our+galaxy+rotates+and+travels+through+the+universe.+Considering+all+of+that%2C+yes+our+climate+will+change%2C+and+it%27s+totally+normal%21+...+Don%27t+fall+for+the+scam%2C+fossil+fuels+are+natural+and+amazing.&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft.au=Rep.+Marjorie+Taylor+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FRepMTG%2Fstatus%2F1647251668373839878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTG_tweet_20230415-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MTG_tweet_20230415_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTG_tweet_20230415_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2023" class="citation web cs1">Greene, Marjorie Taylor [@RepMTG] (15 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/RepMTG/status/1647251668373839878">"Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene🇺🇸"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Hapeville, GA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418204120/https://twitter.com/RepMTG/status/1647251668373839878">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep.+Marjorie+Taylor+Greene%F0%9F%87%BA%F0%9F%87%B8&rft.place=Hapeville%2C+GA&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FRepMTG%2Fstatus%2F1647251668373839878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> described in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Arshani2023" class="citation news cs1">Al-Arshani, Sarah (16 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/marjorie-taylor-greene-fossil-fuels-amazing-climate-change-scam-2023-4">"Marjorie Taylor Greene says climate change is a 'scam' and that fossil fuels are 'amazing'"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418011925/https://www.businessinsider.com/marjorie-taylor-greene-fossil-fuels-amazing-climate-change-scam-2023-4">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Marjorie+Taylor+Greene+says+climate+change+is+a+%27scam%27+and+that+fossil+fuels+are+%27amazing%27&rft.date=2023-04-16&rft.aulast=Al-Arshani&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmarjorie-taylor-greene-fossil-fuels-amazing-climate-change-scam-2023-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_GHGs-224"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_GHGs_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases">"Overview of Greenhouse Gases"</a>. EPA.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417145459/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA.gov&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Greenhouse+Gases&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fghgemissions%2Foverview-greenhouse-gases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> See pie chart for carbon dioxide and methane emissions totalling more than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions. </li> <li id="cite_note-AmerProgress_20240718-225"><a href="#cite_ref-AmerProgress_20240718_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSo2024" class="citation web cs1">So, Kat (18 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/climate-deniers-of-the-118th-congress/">"Climate Deniers of the 118th Congress"</a>. American Progress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805204056/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/climate-deniers-of-the-118th-congress/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Deniers+of+the+118th+Congress&rft.pub=American+Progress&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.aulast=So&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Farticle%2Fclimate-deniers-of-the-118th-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenberth2023" class="citation book cs1">Trenberth, K. E. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7sf3160">A personal tale of the development of Climate Science. The life and times of Kevin Trenberth</a>. Kevin E. Trenberth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-68694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-68694-9"><bdi>978-0-473-68694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+personal+tale+of+the+development+of+Climate+Science.+The+life+and+times+of+Kevin+Trenberth&rft.pub=Kevin+E.+Trenberth&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-473-68694-9&rft.aulast=Trenberth&rft.aufirst=K.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fn2t.net%2Fark%3A%2F85065%2Fd7sf3160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Achenbach2006-06-05-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Achenbach2006-06-05_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2006" class="citation news cs1">Achenbach, Joel (June 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618014350/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html">"Global-warming skeptics continue to punch away"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html">the original</a> on June 18, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Global-warming+skeptics+continue+to+punch+away&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Achenbach&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Fnationworld%2F2003040068_warming05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chill-228"><a href="#cite_ref-chill_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarsanyi2006" class="citation web cs1">Harsanyi, David (5 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/harsanyi/ci_3899807">"Chill out over global warming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Chill+out+over+global+warming&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Harsanyi&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2Fharsanyi%2Fci_3899807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-229"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2000" class="citation web cs1">Gray, William M. (16 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/climate_change/1023334.stm">"Viewpoint: Get off warming bandwagon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viewpoint%3A+Get+off+warming+bandwagon&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2000-11-16&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fsci_tech%2F2000%2Fclimate_change%2F1023334.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupranOreskes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Supran, Geoffrey; Oreskes, Naomi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa815f">"Assessing ExxonMobil's climate change communications (1977–2014)"</a>. Environmental Research Letters. 12 (8): 084019. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12h4019S">2017ERL....12h4019S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa815f">10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Assessing+ExxonMobil%27s+climate+change+communications+%281977%E2%80%932014%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=084019&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1748-9326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa815f&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ERL....12h4019S&rft.aulast=Supran&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Oreskes%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252Faa815f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-denial_industry-231"><a href="#cite_ref-denial_industry_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadfearn2015" class="citation news cs1">Readfearn, Graham (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2015/mar/05/doubt-over-climate-science-is-a-product-with-an-industry-behind-it">"Doubt over climate science is a product with an industry behind it"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529163355/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2015/mar/05/doubt-over-climate-science-is-a-product-with-an-industry-behind-it">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Doubt+over+climate+science+is+a+product+with+an+industry+behind+it&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Readfearn&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fplanet-oz%2F2015%2Fmar%2F05%2Fdoubt-over-climate-science-is-a-product-with-an-industry-behind-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-book_industry-232"><a href="#cite_ref-book_industry_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashingtonCook2011" class="citation book cs1">Washington, Haydn; Cook, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbVcIc8w6w4C&q=climate+change+denial+industry&pg=PA108">Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand</a>. Earthscan. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84971-335-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84971-335-1"><bdi>978-1-84971-335-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110151048/https://books.google.com/books?id=qbVcIc8w6w4C&q=climate+change+denial+industry&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Denial%3A+Heads+in+the+Sand&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84971-335-1&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Haydn&rft.au=Cook%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbVcIc8w6w4C%26q%3Dclimate%2Bchange%2Bdenial%2Bindustry%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Jennings, Katie; Grandoni, Dino, & Rust, Susanne. (23 October 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-research/">"How Exxon went from leader to skeptic on climate change research"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108115302/https://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-research/">Archived</a> 8 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 October 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_30230112-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Science_30230112_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupranRahmstorfOreskes2023" class="citation journal cs1">Supran, G.; Rahmstorf, S.; Oreskes, N. (13 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abk0063">"Assessing ExxonMobil's global warming projections"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002122740/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/07/business/ford-announces-its-withdrawal-from-global-climate-coalition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. 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Retrieved 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+Skeptical+of+Science+Behind+Global+Warming&rft.pub=Rasmussen+Reports&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rasmussenreports.com%2Fpublic_content%2Fpolitics%2Fcurrent_events%2Fenvironment_energy%2Famericans_skeptical_of_science_behind_global_warming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwosh.edu/es/climate-change/oil-company-positions-on-the-reality-and-risk-of-climate-change">"Oil Company Positions on the Reality and Risk of Climate Change"</a>. Environmental Studies. University of Oshkosh—Wisconsin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416075908/http://www.uwosh.edu/es/climate-change/oil-company-positions-on-the-reality-and-risk-of-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Studies&rft.atitle=Oil+Company+Positions+on+the+Reality+and+Risk+of+Climate+Change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwosh.edu%2Fes%2Fclimate-change%2Foil-company-positions-on-the-reality-and-risk-of-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaville2019" class="citation news cs1">Laville, Sandra (22 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/top-oil-firms-spending-millions-lobbying-to-block-climate-change-policies-says-report">"Top oil firms spending millions lobbying to block climate change policies, says report"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322003134/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/top-oil-firms-spending-millions-lobbying-to-block-climate-change-policies-says-report">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+oil+firms+spending+millions+lobbying+to+block+climate+change+policies%2C+says+report&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Laville&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2Fmar%2F22%2Ftop-oil-firms-spending-millions-lobbying-to-block-climate-change-policies-says-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoslough2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boslough" title="Mark Boslough">Boslough, Mark</a> (20 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/an_interview_with_csicon_speaker_michael_mann">"An Interview with CSICon Speaker Michael Mann"</a>. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116110456/https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/an_interview_with_csicon_speaker_michael_mann">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+CSICon+Speaker+Michael+Mann&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Boslough&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fspecialarticles%2Fshow%2Fan_interview_with_csicon_speaker_michael_mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamiesonOppenheimerOreskes2019" class="citation news cs1">Jamieson, Dale; Oppenheimer, Michael; Oreskes, Naomi (25 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/25/the-real-reason-some-scientists-downplay-the-risks-of-climate-change">"The real reason scientists downplay the risks of climate change"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025205619/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/25/the-real-reason-some-scientists-downplay-the-risks-of-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+real+reason+scientists+downplay+the+risks+of+climate+change&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Oreskes%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Foct%2F25%2Fthe-real-reason-some-scientists-downplay-the-risks-of-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YaleCC_survey2021-284"><a href="#cite_ref-YaleCC_survey2021_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiserowitzCarmanButtermoreWang2021" class="citation book cs1">Leiserowitz, A.; Carman, J.; Buttermore, N.; Wang, X.; et al. (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/international-climate-opinion-february-2021d.pdf">International Public Opinion on Climate Change</a> (PDF). New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and Facebook Data for Good. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628140823/https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/international-climate-opinion-february-2021d.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Public+Opinion+on+Climate+Change&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Yale+Program+on+Climate+Change+Communication+and+Facebook+Data+for+Good&rft.date=2021-06&rft.aulast=Leiserowitz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Carman%2C+J.&rft.au=Buttermore%2C+N.&rft.au=Wang%2C+X.&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+S.&rft.au=Marlon%2C+J.&rft.au=Mulcahy%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecommunication.yale.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2Finternational-climate-opinion-february-2021d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNsurvey_202101-285"><a href="#cite_ref-UNsurvey_202101_285-0">^</a> ● Survey results from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/The-Peoples-Climate-Vote-Results.html">"The Peoples' Climate Vote"</a>. UNDP.org. United Nations Development Programme. 26 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128091326/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/The-Peoples-Climate-Vote-Results.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP.org&rft.atitle=The+Peoples%27+Climate+Vote&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fundp%2Fen%2Fhome%2Flibrarypage%2Fclimate-and-disaster-resilience-%2FThe-Peoples-Climate-Vote-Results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> Fig. 3. ● Data re top emitters from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?end_year=2018&start_year=1990">"Historical GHG Emissions / Global Historical Emissions"</a>. 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Pew Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418220503/https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=Americans+Largely+Favor+U.S.+Taking+Steps+To+Become+Carbon+Neutral+by+2050+%2F+Appendix+%28Detailed+charts+and+tables%29&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft.au=Funk%2C+Cary&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fscience%2F2022%2F03%2F01%2Fcarbon-neutral-2050-appendix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_20220831-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_20220831_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoushterFaganGubbala2022" class="citation web cs1">Poushter, Jacob; Fagan, Moira; Gubbala, Sneha (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/08/31/climate-change-remains-top-global-threat-across-19-country-survey/">"Climate Change Remains Top Global Threat Across 19-Country Survey"</a>. pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831225832/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/08/31/climate-change-remains-top-global-threat-across-19-country-survey/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2022. <q>Only statistically significant differences shown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pewresearch.org&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Remains+Top+Global+Threat+Across+19-Country+Survey&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Poushter&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Fagan%2C+Moira&rft.au=Gubbala%2C+Sneha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2022%2F08%2F31%2Fclimate-change-remains-top-global-threat-across-19-country-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweMildenbergerMarlonLeiserowitz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Howe, Peter D.; Mildenberger, Matto; Marlon, Jennifer R.; Leiserowitz, Anthony (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bz0416w">"Geographic variation in opinions on climate change at state and local scales in the USA"</a>. Nature Climate Change. 5 (6): 596–603. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCC...5..596H">2015NatCC...5..596H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate2583">10.1038/nclimate2583</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-678X">1758-678X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54549073">54549073</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110011216/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bz0416w">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Geographic+variation+in+opinions+on+climate+change+at+state+and+local+scales+in+the+USA&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=596-603&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnclimate2583&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54549073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-678X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCC...5..596H&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rft.au=Mildenberger%2C+Matto&rft.au=Marlon%2C+Jennifer+R.&rft.au=Leiserowitz%2C+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2bz0416w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Morrison_(astrophysicist)" title="David Morrison (astrophysicist)">Morrison, David</a> (2018). 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Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Point&rft.atitle=Steven+Koonin%2C+la+coqueluche+des+climatosceptiques&rft.date=2023-04-08&rft.aulast=Woessner&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9raldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Fenvironnement%2Fsteven-koonin-la-coqueluche-des-climatosceptiques-08-04-2023-2515425_1927.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/">"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change"</a>. science2017.globalchange.gov. U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP): 1–470. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923190450/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=science2017.globalchange.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Science+Special+Report%3A+Fourth+National+Climate+Assessment%2C+Volume+I+-+Chapter+3%3A+Detection+and+Attribution+of+Climate+Change&rft.pages=1-470&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience2017.globalchange.gov%2Fchapter%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> Adapted directly from Fig. 3.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS_20230321-302"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS_20230321_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergquistThielGoldbergvan_der_Linden2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bergquist, Magnus; Thiel, Maximilian; Goldberg, Matthew H.; van der Linden, Sander (21 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10068847">"Field interventions for climate change mitigation behaviors: A second-order meta-analysis"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (13): e2214851120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PNAS..12014851B">2023PNAS..12014851B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2214851120">10.1073/pnas.2214851120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10068847">10068847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36943888">36943888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Field+interventions+for+climate+change+mitigation+behaviors%3A+A+second-order+meta-analysis&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=e2214851120&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10068847%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36943888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2214851120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PNAS..12014851B&rft.aulast=Bergquist&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft.au=Thiel%2C+Maximilian&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Matthew+H.&rft.au=van+der+Linden%2C+Sander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10068847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> (Table 1) — Explained by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Thompson, Andrea (19 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-makes-people-act-on-climate-change-according-to-behavioral-science/">"What Makes People Act on Climate Change, according to Behavioral Science"</a>. Scientific American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421034858/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-makes-people-act-on-climate-change-according-to-behavioral-science/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=What+Makes+People+Act+on+Climate+Change%2C+according+to+Behavioral+Science&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fwhat-makes-people-act-on-climate-change-according-to-behavioral-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClimateComms_-303"><a href="#cite_ref-ClimateComms_303-0">^</a> Data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllewMarlonGoldbergMaibach2022" class="citation web cs1">Allew, Matthew; Marlon, Jennifer; Goldberg, Matthew; Maibach, Edward; et al. 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Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531182758/https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/experience-with-global-warming-is-changing-peoples-minds-about-it/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experience+with+global+warming+is+changing+people%27s+minds+about+it&rft.pub=Yale+Program+on+Climate+Change+Communication&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft.aulast=Allew&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Marlon%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Maibach%2C+Edward&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Seth&rft.au=Aiken%2C+Emily&rft.au=Leiserowitz%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecommunication.yale.edu%2Fpublications%2Fexperience-with-global-warming-is-changing-peoples-minds-about-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+denial" class="Z3988"> ● Full technical article (pay wall): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllewMarlonGoldbergMaibach2022" class="citation journal cs1">Allew, Matthew; Marlon, Jennifer; Goldberg, Matthew; Maibach, Edward; et al. 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disinformation_and_misinformation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Misinformation" title="Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Misinformation" title="Template talk:Misinformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disinformation_and_misinformation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_attack" title="Disinformation attack">Disinformation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemistic_misspeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemistic misspeaking">Euphemistic misspeaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">list of websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrication_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrication (science)">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books_and_documentaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books and documentaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_(book)" title="Disinformation (book)">Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)">Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation" title="The KGB and Soviet Disinformation">The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA" title="Who's Who in the CIA">Who's Who in the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News" title="After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News">After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Health" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_5G_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to 5G technology">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">by governments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations_and_events_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operations and events by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jihadunspun.com" title="Jihadunspun.com">Jihadunspun.com</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50 Cent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Water_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Water Army">Internet Water Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamouflage" title="Spamouflage">Spamouflage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechoslovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(espionage)" title="Operation Neptune (espionage)">Operation Neptune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkspiel" title="Funkspiel">Funkspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Godi-media">Godi-media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_news_in_India" title="Paid news in India">Paid news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Team_Jorge" title="Team Jorge">Team Jorge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network of Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuwait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fintas_Group" title="Fintas Group">Fintas Group</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot" title="Peñabot">Peñabots</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign" title="ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign">ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_Philippines" title="Fake news in the Philippines">Fake news in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russia</a> / Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_disinformation" title="Soviet disinformation">Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1000_battleship" title="K-1000 battleship">K-1000 battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toucan_(KGB)" title="Operation Toucan (KGB)">Operation Toucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_12" title="Seat 12">Seat 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">Useful idiot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation_in_the_post-Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era">Post-Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">on Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War">during the Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war against Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>On US elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Russian Institute for Strategic Studies">Russian Institute for Strategic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Trolls from Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Web brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_censorship_and_disinformation_during_the_Gezi_Park_protests" title="Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests">Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AK_Trolls" title="AK Trolls">AK Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal" title="Operation Mass Appeal">Operation Mass Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division" title="Psychological Warfare Division">Psychological Warfare Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy" title="1995 CIA disinformation controversy">1995 CIA disinformation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">Conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA Kennedy assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news in the United States">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Fighter%27s_Manual" title="The Freedom Fighter's Manual">The Freedom Fighter's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Operations_Roadmap" title="Information Operations Roadmap">Information Operations Roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Niger uranium forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Army_of_Trolls" title="Bolivarian Army of Trolls">Bolivarian Army of Trolls</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades" title="Public opinion brigades">Public opinion brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_47" class="mw-redirect" title="Force 47">Force 47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Opposition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Opposition</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact-checking website">Fact-checking website</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit" title="Counter disinformation unit">Counter disinformation unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Misinformation Team">Counter Misinformation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuard" title="NewsGuard">NewsGuard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopFake" title="StopFake">StopFake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFacts" title="USAFacts">USAFacts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template talk:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conspiracy_theories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Estimate of the Situation</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> / <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste">Mary Celeste</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS Titanic</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS Estonia</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> California drought manipulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS Liberty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas (outside the United States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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