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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nazwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nazwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budowa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budowa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Budowa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budowa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technika_gry_i_zastosowanie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technika_gry_i_zastosowanie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technika gry i zastosowanie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technika_gry_i_zastosowanie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Spis treści" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanpura</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 27 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তানপুৰা – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তানপুৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তানপুরা – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তানপুরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambura" title="Tambura – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tambura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampura" title="Tampura – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tampura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanpura" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tanpura" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura_(India)" title="Tanpura (India) – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tanpura (India)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तानपूरा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तानपूरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambura" title="Tambura – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tambura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0" title="ತಂಬೂರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಂಬೂರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamp%C5%ABra" title="Tampūra – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tampūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1np%C3%BAr%C3%A1" title="Tánpúrá – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tánpúrá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81" title="തംബുരു – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തംബുരു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तंबोरा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तंबोरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampura" title="Tampura – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tampura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tanpura" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੰਬੂਰਾ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੰਬੂਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambura" title="Tambura – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tambura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Танпура – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танпура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampura" title="Tampura – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Tampura" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="تنبورو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تنبورو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tanpura" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="தம்புரா – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தம்புரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Танпура – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Танпура" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0" title="తంబుర – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తంబుర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambura" title="Tambura – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tambura" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Тамбура (Індія) – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамбура (Індія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1164636#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami 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href="/wiki/Tanpura"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" 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title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Tanpura" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Tanpura" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&oldid=76298987" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Tanpura&id=76298987&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTanpura"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTanpura"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tanpura"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tanpura&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tambura" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1164636" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><div class="metadata plainlinks mbox mbox-notice" tabindex="0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75537638">.mw-parser-output .mbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-left:10px solid var(--color-progressive,#36c);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 10%0.5em 10%;display:grid;padding:.3em;gap:.3em;grid-template-columns:60px 1fr;align-items:center;word-break:break-word}.mw-parser-output .mbox.with-iconright{grid-template-columns:60px 1fr min-content}.mw-parser-output .mbox.without-icon{grid-template-columns:1fr}.mw-parser-output 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.mbox.mbox-serious{border-left-color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .mbox.mbox-content{border-left-color:#f28500}.mw-parser-output .mbox.mbox-notice{border-left-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}.mw-parser-output .mbox.mbox-merge{border-left-color:#9932cc}body.ns-6 .mw-parser-output .mbox{width:unset;max-width:unset;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}</style> <div class="mbox-icon"> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Propozycja_DA-pro1.svg/32px-Propozycja_DA-pro1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Propozycja_DA-pro1.svg/48px-Propozycja_DA-pro1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Propozycja_DA-pro1.svg/64px-Propozycja_DA-pro1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="642" /></span></span></div></div> <div class="mbox-text"> <p>Ten artykuł został nominowany do wyróżnienia <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dobre_Artyku%C5%82y" title="Wikipedia:Dobre Artykuły">„Dobry Artykuł”</a>.</b><br /><small>Weź udział <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Propozycje_do_Dobrych_Artyku%C5%82%C3%B3w/Tanpura" title="Wikipedia:Propozycje do Dobrych Artykułów/Tanpura">w dyskusji</a> na ten temat.</small> </p> </div> </div> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#66CDAA; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75562627">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Tanpura</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Pandit_Murli_Manohar_Shukla_%27MANHAR%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mężczyzna z tanpurą"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pandit_Murli_Manohar_Shukla_%27MANHAR%27.jpg/180px-Pandit_Murli_Manohar_Shukla_%27MANHAR%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pandit_Murli_Manohar_Shukla_%27MANHAR%27.jpg/270px-Pandit_Murli_Manohar_Shukla_%27MANHAR%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pandit_Murli_Manohar_Shukla_%27MANHAR%27.jpg/360px-Pandit_Murli_Manohar_Shukla_%27MANHAR%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span><br />Mężczyzna z tanpurą </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Klasyfikacja_Hornbostela-Sachsa" title="Klasyfikacja Hornbostela-Sachsa">Klasyfikacja naukowa</a> </th> <td> <p>321.321-5<br /><a href="/wiki/Chordofony" title="Chordofony">Chordofon złożony</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Klasyfikacja_praktyczna_instrument%C3%B3w_muzycznych" title="Klasyfikacja praktyczna instrumentów muzycznych">Klasyfikacja praktyczna</a> </th> <td> <p>instrument strunowy szarpany </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podobne instrumenty </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Wina_(instrument)" title="Wina (instrument)">vina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabaab" title="Rabaab">rabaab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tambura" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tambura" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tambura">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Tanpura</b> – indyjski <a href="/wiki/Chordofony" title="Chordofony">instrument strunowy</a> z grupy <a href="/wiki/Chordofony_szyjkowe" title="Chordofony szyjkowe">lutni</a>, bez <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3g_(chordofony)" title="Próg (chordofony)">progów</a>, gabarytami i kształtem przypominający <a href="/wiki/Wina_(instrument)" title="Wina (instrument)">vinę</a>. We wszystkich regionach Indii wykonuje się na nim <a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">burdonowy</a>, pozbawiony <a href="/wiki/Melodia" title="Melodia">melodii</a> <a href="/wiki/Akompaniament" title="Akompaniament">akompaniament</a> do <a href="/wiki/Muzyka_ludowa" title="Muzyka ludowa">muzyki ludowej</a> i <a href="/wiki/Klasyczna_muzyka_indyjska" title="Klasyczna muzyka indyjska">klasycznej</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Apiew" title="Śpiew">śpiewu</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/Raga_(muzyka)" title="Raga (muzyka)">ragi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazwa">Nazwa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Nazwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Nazwa"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="380" data-mwtitle="Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Plik:Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav/Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav/Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Śpiew z towarzyszeniem tanpury</figcaption></figure> <p>W publikacjach źródłowych i naukowych można spotkać się z różnymi nazwami tanpury. Brytyjski kapitan N. Augustus Willard w 1834, w swoim opracowaniu dotyczącym <a href="/wiki/Muzyka_hindusta%C5%84ska" title="Muzyka hindustańska">muzyki hindustańskiej</a> określił ją terminami <i>tumboora</i> i <i>tanpoora</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Miano <i>tamburi</i> pojawia się w opracowaniach brytyjskich <a href="/wiki/Muzykologia" title="Muzykologia">muzykologów</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Russell_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Russell Day (strona nie istnieje)">Charlesa Russella Daya</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20859433#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q20859433">(inne języki)</a></span> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_James_Hipkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred James Hipkins (strona nie istnieje)">Alfreda Jamesa Hipkinsa</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835181#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q2835181">(inne języki)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, holenderskiego <a href="/wiki/Etnografia_muzyczna" title="Etnografia muzyczna">etnomuzykologa</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Kunst" title="Jaap Kunst">Jaapa Kunsta</a> i niemieckiego muzykologa <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curta Sachsa</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <i>tambura</i> – u cejlońskiego <a href="/wiki/Historia_sztuki" title="Historia sztuki">historyka sztuki</a> <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Anandy Coomaraswamego</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, indyjskiego historyka i <a href="/wiki/Drawidologia" title="Drawidologia">drawidologa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakkottai_Krishnaswamy_Aiyangar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakkottai Krishnaswamy Aiyangar (strona nie istnieje)">Sakkottaiego Krishnaswamy Aiyangara</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7387621#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q7387621">(inne języki)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, indyjskiego etnomuzykologa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazir_Jairazbhoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazir Jairazbhoy (strona nie istnieje)">Nazira Jairazbhoya</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6983480#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q6983480">(inne języki)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198975_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198975-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oraz w słowniku <a href="/wiki/Muzyka_hindusta%C5%84ska" title="Muzyka hindustańska">hindustańskiej muzyki klasycznej</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Terminami <i>tamburi</i> i <i>tambura</i> opisana jest również w kompedium indyjskich instrumentów ludowych wydanym przez narodową akademię muzyczną <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangeet_Natak_Akademi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi (strona nie istnieje)">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606713#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q1606713">(inne języki)</a></span> w New Delhi<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Instrument występuje także pod hasłami <i>tumburu-vina</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192720-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i>tamburu vina</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i>chautara</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <i>tāmbur</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kunst, na którego prace powoływał się w swojej <i>Historii instrumentów muzycznych</i> Sachs<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005457_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005457-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, napisał w 1927, że obecnie instrument określa się najczęściej terminem <i>tanpura</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192720-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>W brytyjskim leksykonie muzycznym <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> instrument opisany jest nazwami <i>tambūrā</i>, <i>tambūrī</i>, <i>tampūrī</i> i <i>tānpūrā</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a polska etnomuzykolog <a href="/wiki/Anna_Czekanowska-Kukli%C5%84ska" title="Anna Czekanowska-Kuklińska">Anna Czekanowska-Kuklińska</a> użyła terminu <i>tanpura</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCzekanowska1981425_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCzekanowska1981425-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Według słownika hindustańskiej muzyki klasycznej nazwa instrumentu może pochodzić od <a href="/wiki/Tykwa" title="Tykwa">tykwy</a>, którą w <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hindi" title="Język hindi">hindi</a> określa słowo <i>tumbā</i>, lub od imienia jednego z <a href="/wiki/Gandharwa" title="Gandharwa">gandharwów</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tumburu" title="Tumburu">Tumburu</a>, któremu przypisywany jest wynalazek tanpury<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Historia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Shubha_Mudgal_in_playing_the_Tanpura_(2527339532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shubha_Mudgal_in_playing_the_Tanpura_%282527339532%29.jpg/250px-Shubha_Mudgal_in_playing_the_Tanpura_%282527339532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shubha_Mudgal_in_playing_the_Tanpura_%282527339532%29.jpg/330px-Shubha_Mudgal_in_playing_the_Tanpura_%282527339532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shubha_Mudgal_in_playing_the_Tanpura_%282527339532%29.jpg/500px-Shubha_Mudgal_in_playing_the_Tanpura_%282527339532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Indyjska pieśniarka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubha_Mudgal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubha Mudgal (strona nie istnieje)">Shubha Mudgal</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724342#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q2724342">(inne języki)</a></span> akompaniująca sobie na tanpurze</figcaption></figure> <p>Najstarsze <a href="/wiki/%C5%B9r%C3%B3d%C5%82a_historyczne" title="Źródła historyczne">źródła historyczne</a> pozwalające umiejscowić tanpurę w 2. połowie pierwszego tysiąclecia n.e. pochodzą z <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">płaskorzeźb</a> pokrywających zewnętrzne ściany świątyni <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005207_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005207-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nieco starsze są pochodzące z ok. 1260 reliefy na ścianach świątyni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Candi_Jago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candi Jago (strona nie istnieje)">Candi Jago</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12091291#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q12091291">(inne języki)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192720-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Według holenderskiego etnomuzykologa <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Kunst" title="Jaap Kunst">Jaapa Kunsta</a> tanpura wykształciła się bezpośrednio z grupy instrumentów nazywanych <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytra_sztabkowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytra sztabkowa (strona nie istnieje)">cytrami sztabkowymi</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30034751#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q30034751">(inne języki)</a></span> i jest formą pośrednią dwóch instrumentów: długoszyjkowej <a href="/wiki/Chordofony_szyjkowe" title="Chordofony szyjkowe">lutni</a> znanej w starożytności na <a href="/wiki/Bliski_Wsch%C3%B3d" title="Bliski Wschód">Bliskim Wschodzie</a> i w <a href="/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytny_Egipt" title="Starożytny Egipt">Egipcie</a> pod nazwą <a href="/wiki/Pandora_(instrument_muzyczny)" title="Pandora (instrument muzyczny)">pandora</a>, oraz południowoindyjskiej <a href="/wiki/Wina_(instrument)" title="Wina (instrument)">viny</a>, która posiada lutniowy, drewniany <a href="/wiki/Pud%C5%82o_rezonansowe" title="Pudło rezonansowe">korpus</a> i dodatkowy tykwowy <a href="/wiki/Rezonator_(muzyka)" title="Rezonator (muzyka)">rezonator</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192721_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192721-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Niemiecki muzykolog <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a> doszukał się w tanpurze powinowactwa z perskim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanbur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanbur (strona nie istnieje)">tanburem</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3424319#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q3424319">(inne języki)</a></span>, od którego indyjski instrument wziął swoją nazwę<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Brytyjski leksykon muzyczny <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> wskazuje również na możliwe powiązanie z <a href="/wiki/Rabaab" title="Rabaab">rabaabem</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jedna z publikacji traktujących o muzyce Indii wiąże powstanie tanbury (i ogólnie pierwotnych form <a href="/wiki/Wina_(instrument)" title="Wina (instrument)">viny</a>) z rozwojem konstrukcji <a href="/wiki/%C5%81uk_muzyczny" title="Łuk muzyczny">łuku muzycznego</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPrajnanananda196355–56_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPrajnanananda196355–56-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Od swoich początków do współczesności tanpura używana jest we wszystkich regionach Indii<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Wykonuje się na niej <a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">burdonowy</a>, pozbawiony <a href="/wiki/Melodia" title="Melodia">melodii</a> <a href="/wiki/Akompaniament" title="Akompaniament">akompaniament</a> (określany również terminem <a href="/wiki/Nuta_peda%C5%82owa" title="Nuta pedałowa">nuta pedałowa</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) do <a href="/wiki/Muzyka_ludowa" title="Muzyka ludowa">muzyki ludowej</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Klasyczna_muzyka_indyjska" title="Klasyczna muzyka indyjska">klasycznej</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Apiew" title="Śpiew">śpiewu</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oraz <a href="/wiki/Raga_(muzyka)" title="Raga (muzyka)">ragi</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCzekanowska2006381_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCzekanowska2006381-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Według Daya (1891), najlepsze jakościowo tanpury konstruowano w <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%84d%C5%BAawur" title="Tańdźawur">Tańdźawurze</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891130-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Podobnie recenzował <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Arthur_Popley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Arthur Popley (strona nie istnieje)">Herbert Arthur Popley</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30325102#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q30325102">(inne języki)</a></span>, dodając, że na północy w <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rampur_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)">Rampur</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Współcześnie, znanym ośrodkiem produkcji jest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miraj (strona nie istnieje)">Miraj</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q522760#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q522760">(inne języki)</a></span> w stanie <a href="/wiki/Maharasztra" title="Maharasztra">Maharasztra</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a tradycja <a href="/wiki/Lutnictwo" title="Lutnictwo">lutnicza</a> podtrzymywana jest w mniejszych ośrodkach, miasteczkach i wioskach, na zasadzie przekazywania wiedzy z pokolenia na pokolenie<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201834_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201834-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Współcześnie, krótka tanpura bywa wykorzystywana w <a href="/wiki/Muzyka_instrumentalna" title="Muzyka instrumentalna">muzyce instrumentalnej</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jej <a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">burdonową</a> funkcję zastępuje się czasami <a href="/wiki/Instrument_mechaniczny" title="Instrument mechaniczny">mechanicznymi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elektrofony" title="Elektrofony">elektronicznymi</a> instrumentami o nazwie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aruti-box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śruti-box (strona nie istnieje)">Śruti-box</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487818#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q487818">(inne języki)</a></span></i>. Te mechaniczne skonstruowane są na zasadzie <a href="/wiki/Organy" title="Organy">organów</a> wyposażonych w <a href="/wiki/Stroik_przelotowy" title="Stroik przelotowy">stroiki przelotowe</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Niektórzy lutnicy podejmują próby skonstruowania bardziej rozbudowanych wariantów tanpury. Jednym z nich jest <i>kinnar</i> – tanpura z dodatkowym, kulistym pudłem rezonansowym zamontowanym u góry szyjki, z pięcioma <a href="/wiki/Struna" title="Struna">strunami</a> głównymi i kilkoma rezonansowymi poprowadzonymi wewnątrz wydrążonej <a href="/wiki/Gryf_(chordofony)" title="Gryf (chordofony)">szyjki</a>. Tego typu innowacje nie znajdują jednak zainteresowania wśród <a href="/wiki/Muzyk" title="Muzyk">muzyków</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201833_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201833-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Produkuje się również tanpury elektryczne, przydatne podczas ćwiczeń<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budowa">Budowa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Budowa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Budowa"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Male_vocal_Tanpura,_Miraj_1963.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Male_vocal_Tanpura%2C_Miraj_1963.JPG/220px-Male_vocal_Tanpura%2C_Miraj_1963.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Male_vocal_Tanpura%2C_Miraj_1963.JPG/330px-Male_vocal_Tanpura%2C_Miraj_1963.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Male_vocal_Tanpura%2C_Miraj_1963.JPG/440px-Male_vocal_Tanpura%2C_Miraj_1963.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Tanpura XX-wieczna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Side_view_of_rosewood_tanpura_bridge_with_cotton_threads_(%27jiva%27)_properly_adjsted,_photo_by_Martin_Spaink.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Side_view_of_rosewood_tanpura_bridge_with_cotton_threads_%28%27jiva%27%29_properly_adjsted%2C_photo_by_Martin_Spaink.JPG/220px-Side_view_of_rosewood_tanpura_bridge_with_cotton_threads_%28%27jiva%27%29_properly_adjsted%2C_photo_by_Martin_Spaink.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Side_view_of_rosewood_tanpura_bridge_with_cotton_threads_%28%27jiva%27%29_properly_adjsted%2C_photo_by_Martin_Spaink.JPG/330px-Side_view_of_rosewood_tanpura_bridge_with_cotton_threads_%28%27jiva%27%29_properly_adjsted%2C_photo_by_Martin_Spaink.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Side_view_of_rosewood_tanpura_bridge_with_cotton_threads_%28%27jiva%27%29_properly_adjsted%2C_photo_by_Martin_Spaink.JPG/440px-Side_view_of_rosewood_tanpura_bridge_with_cotton_threads_%28%27jiva%27%29_properly_adjsted%2C_photo_by_Martin_Spaink.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Podstawek tanpury z nićmi intonacyjnymi</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65465977">.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid img{width:100%;height:100%!important;object-fit:cover}.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid.gridx3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid.gridx4{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr)}@media(max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .ramka-container.thumb .thumbinner{display:block}}</style><div class="ramka-container thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:320px"> <div style="border:1px solid #ccc;" class="ramka-content"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b258leo1h0qbkzqap9sle03frr8sbqw/b258leo1.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b258leo1h0qbkzqap9sle03frr8sbqw/b258leo1.png" width="205" height="59" alt="{\set Staff.midiInstrument = "sitar" \clef bass g,4 g4 g4 d4 <g, g g d>1\arpeggio}\addlyrics {G g g d}" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b258leo1h0qbkzqap9sle03frr8sbqw/b258leo1.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/2/b258leo1h0qbkzqap9sle03frr8sbqw/b258leo1.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption">Dominantowy <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B3j_instrumentu" title="Strój instrumentu">strój</a> jednego z eksponatów badanych przez C.R. Daya<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r65465977" /><div class="ramka-container thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:320px"> <div style="border:1px solid #ccc;" class="ramka-content"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/p/7/p7e3nf9s5m3b4t2lmy3uz17j7nvskhz/p7e3nf9s.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/p/7/p7e3nf9s5m3b4t2lmy3uz17j7nvskhz/p7e3nf9s.png" width="207" height="64" alt="{\set Staff.midiInstrument = "sitar" \clef bass g,4 g4 g4 c4 <g, g g c>1\arpeggio}\addlyrics {G g g c}" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/p/7/p7e3nf9s5m3b4t2lmy3uz17j7nvskhz/p7e3nf9s.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/p/7/p7e3nf9s5m3b4t2lmy3uz17j7nvskhz/p7e3nf9s.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption">Przykładowy strój subdominantowy</div> </div> </div> <p>Wygląd tanpury porównywany jest do innych typowych dla kultury południowo-azjatyckiej instrumentów: <a href="/wiki/Rabaab" title="Rabaab">rabaabu</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Wina_(instrument)" title="Wina (instrument)">viny</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192720-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanbur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanbur (strona nie istnieje)">tanburu</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3424319#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q3424319">(inne języki)</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitaru</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Pandora_(instrument_muzyczny)" title="Pandora (instrument muzyczny)">pandory</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192721_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192721-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W literaturze znaleźć można opisy regionalnych typów tanpury oraz ich pojedynczych egzemplarzy. Instrumenty te mają kilka cech wspólnych: półkuliste <a href="/wiki/Pud%C5%82o_rezonansowe" title="Pudło rezonansowe">pudło rezonansowe</a>, długą, pozbawioną <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3g_(chordofony)" title="Próg (chordofony)">progów</a> <a href="/wiki/Gryf_(chordofony)" title="Gryf (chordofony)">szyjkę</a>, oraz cztery metalowe <a href="/wiki/Struna" title="Struna">struny</a> rozciągnięte między przytwierdzonym do pudła <a href="/wiki/Mostek_(muzyka)" title="Mostek (muzyka)">mostkiem</a> a pokaźnymi <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82ek_(chordofony)" title="Kołek (chordofony)">kołkami</a> zamocowanymi u końca szyjki<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891127_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196878–80_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196878–80-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192712-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Korpus instrumentu – <a href="/wiki/Pud%C5%82o_rezonansowe" title="Pudło rezonansowe">pudło rezonansowe</a> – wykonany jest z drewna<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891127_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lub w tańszych instrumentach, z wydrążonego owocu <a href="/wiki/Tykwa" title="Tykwa">tykwy</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192721_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192721-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Średnica dochodzi do 40 cm, a we współcześnie budowanych instrumentach bywa większa<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Do budowy korpusów z tykwy wykorzystuje się m.in. owoce <a href="/wiki/Tykwa_pospolita" title="Tykwa pospolita">tykwy pospolitej</a><sup id="cite_ref-Crop_plant_anatomy-s236_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crop_plant_anatomy-s236-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; dla większych, współcześnie wytwarzanych instrumentów wykorzystuje się owoce tykwy sprowadzane z Zanzibaru<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Według Popleya najlepsze korpusy drewniane wytwarzano z <a href="/wiki/Chlebowiec" title="Chlebowiec">chlebowca</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Od wierzchniej strony pudło przykryte jest <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82yta_rezonansowa" title="Płyta rezonansowa">płytą rezonansową</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: płaską<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lekko<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lub mocno wypukłą<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Niektóre egzemplarze mają małej średnicy <a href="/wiki/Otw%C3%B3r_rezonansowy" title="Otwór rezonansowy">otwory rezonansowe</a>, które rozmieszczone są na płycie w <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(sztuka)" title="Ornament (sztuka)">ornamentalnych</a> seriach<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gryf_(chordofony)" title="Gryf (chordofony)">Szyjka</a> jest drewniana i pozbawiona <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3g_(chordofony)" title="Próg (chordofony)">progów</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192712-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W niektórych egzemplarzach jest wydrążona<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192712-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Czasami wykonana jest jako przedłużenie korpusu, z tego samego kawałka drewna<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKunst192712-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ale częściej jest osobnym elementem konstrukcyjnym, który trwale przytwierdzony jest do korpusu<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Przykryta jest <a href="/wiki/Podstrunnica" title="Podstrunnica">podstrunnicą</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W niektórych instrumentach na podstrunnicy umieszczony jest przypominający gitarowy <a href="/wiki/Kapodaster" title="Kapodaster">kapodaster</a> przyrząd, dzięki któremu muzyk może szybko zmodyfikować <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B3j_instrumentu" title="Strój instrumentu">strój instrumentu</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Przy końcu szyjki, czasami bezpośrednio w szyjce<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a czasami w wydzielonej <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wka_(chordofony)" title="Główka (chordofony)">komorze kołkowej</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zamocowane są <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82ek_(chordofony)" title="Kołek (chordofony)">kołki</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: dwa od przodu (prostopadle do szyjki, jak w <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> lub <a href="/wiki/Gitara" title="Gitara">gitarze</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) i po jednym z prawej i lewej strony (poprzecznie, jak w <a href="/wiki/Skrzypce" title="Skrzypce">skrzypcach</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gabaryty tanpury nie są ustalone. W zależności od regionu i przeznaczenia spotykane są egzemplarze o długości całkowitej od 84<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do 130 cm<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Współcześnie opisywane są egzemplarze o długości 145 cm<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Krótkie, <a href="/wiki/Sopran" title="Sopran">sopranowe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alt_(g%C5%82os)" title="Alt (głos)">altowe</a> instrumenty dobierane są do akompaniamentu śpiewom kobiet, długie – <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenorowe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bas_(g%C5%82os)" title="Bas (głos)">basowe</a> – dla mężczyzn<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Korpus, szyjka i komora kołkowa bywają zdobione <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(sztuka)" title="Ornament (sztuka)">ornamentami</a> roślinnymi, figuralnymi i geometrycznymi. W literaturze opisywane są m.in. instrumenty dekorowane postaciami mitycznego ptaka <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garudy</a>, węża <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aesza" title="Śesza">Śeszy</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i smoka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yali_(mitologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yali (mitologia) (strona nie istnieje)">Yali</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12073287#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q12073287">(inne języki)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, oraz <a href="/wiki/Snycerstwo" title="Snycerstwo">rzeźbione</a> i <a href="/wiki/Inkrustacja_(zdobnictwo)" title="Inkrustacja (zdobnictwo)">inkrustowane</a> <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9B%C4%87_s%C5%82oniowa" title="Kość słoniowa">kością słoniową</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891130-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Egzemplarze opisywane współcześnie są <a href="/wiki/Polerowanie" title="Polerowanie">polerowane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politura" title="Politura">politurowane</a> i dekorowane <a href="/wiki/Celuloid" title="Celuloid">celuloidem</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201826–27_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201826–27-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tanpura ma najczęściej cztery <a href="/wiki/Struna" title="Struna">struny</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ale współcześnie wytwarza się również instrumenty z pięcioma, sześcioma i większą liczbą<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Trzy wykonane są ze <a href="/wiki/Stal" title="Stal">stali</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a czwarta z <a href="/wiki/Mied%C5%BA" title="Miedź">miedzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfobr%C4%85z" title="Fosfobrąz">fosfobrązu</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%85zy" title="Brązy">brązu</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lub <a href="/wiki/Mosi%C4%85dz" title="Mosiądz">mosiądzu</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Według innych źródeł jedna struna jest stalowa a pozostałe trzy mosiężne<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Najczęstszymi <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B3j_instrumentu" title="Strój instrumentu">strojami</a> są dominantowy, zbudowany z <a href="/wiki/Tonika" title="Tonika">toniki</a> dolnej, dwóch górnych i <a href="/wiki/Dominanta_(muzyka)" title="Dominanta (muzyka)">dominanty</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPrajnanananda1963133_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPrajnanananda1963133-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (np. G, g, g, d <sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lub c, c<sup>1</sup>, c<sup>1</sup>, g<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) i subdominantowy<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198987_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198987-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Współcześnie stosowane są również inne<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tonikę i cały strój dostosowuje się do danego typu <a href="/wiki/Raga_(muzyka)" title="Raga (muzyka)">ragi</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198987_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198987-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pośrodku <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82yta_rezonansowa" title="Płyta rezonansowa">płyty rezonansowej</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> znajduje się wykonany z kości, drewna lub metalu <a href="/wiki/Mostek_(muzyka)" title="Mostek (muzyka)">podstawek</a> zwany <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joy%C4%81r%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joyārī (strona nie istnieje)">joyārī</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6203459#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q6203459">(inne języki)</a></span></i> lub <i>javārī</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri200751_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri200751-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W niektórych z opisywanych w literaturze źródłowej egzemplarzy umocowany jest do płyty trwale<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, w innych ruchomo, dając dodatkową możliwość <a href="/wiki/Strojenie_instrument%C3%B3w_muzycznych" title="Strojenie instrumentów muzycznych">strojenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jego konstrukcja różni się od mostków <a href="/wiki/Chordofony_szyjkowe" title="Chordofony szyjkowe">lutni</a> europejskich<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i jest głównym czynnikiem wpływającym na charakterystyczną, rozedrganą, migotliwą <a href="/wiki/Barwa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99ku" title="Barwa dźwięku">barwę dźwięku</a> strun tanpury<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W lutniach europejskich struna jest wyraźnie skrócona ostrą krawędzią mostka. W tanpurze, zamiast takiej krawędzi mostek ma obłą powierzchnię, po której struna „spływa” w kierunku szyjki<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Potrącona struna muska powierzchnię mostka w gasnących interwałach, co wywołuje zjawisko porównywane do jednoczesnych <a href="/wiki/Modulacja_cz%C4%99stotliwo%C5%9Bci" title="Modulacja częstotliwości">modulacji częstotliwości</a> i <a href="/wiki/Modulacja_amplitudy" title="Modulacja amplitudy">amplitudy</a> z dziedziny <a href="/wiki/Przetwarzanie_sygna%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Przetwarzanie sygnałów">przetwarzania sygnałów</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Modulacja taka skutkuje <a href="/wiki/Fale_akustyczne" title="Fale akustyczne">falą akustyczną</a> bogatą w <a href="/wiki/Harmoniczna" title="Harmoniczna">składowe harmoniczne</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Intonacja_(muzyka)" title="Intonacja (muzyka)">Intonację</a> strun wykonuje się za pomocą kilkucentymetrowej długości odcinków <a href="/wiki/We%C5%82na" title="Wełna">wełnianej</a> lub <a href="/wiki/Jedwab" title="Jedwab">jedwabnej</a> nici<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, które umieszcza się w poprzek, pod strunami, na obłym siodełku mostka<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nitki określane są terminami <i>jivala</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i>Javārī Sāph Karnā</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri200751_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri200751-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lub <i>jīva</i> (pol. życie)<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W niektórych egzemplarzach tanpur, zamiast nitek występowały <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B3ro#Budowa" title="Pióro">stosiny</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Intonowanie polega na przesuwaniu nici wzdłuż struny, w tę i z powrotem, do momentu uzyskania subiektywnie odpowiedniej barwy<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Niektóre rodzaje tanpury wyposażone są w <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrostroik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrostroik (strona nie istnieje)">mikrostroiki</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1402002#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q1402002">(inne języki)</a></span> (<i>pusalu</i><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891130-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) umieszczone między podstawkiem a prożkiem w dolnej części korpusu<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891130-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technika_gry_i_zastosowanie">Technika gry i zastosowanie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Technika gry i zastosowanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Technika gry i zastosowanie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Brahm_Sarup_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brahm_Sarup_Singh.jpg/220px-Brahm_Sarup_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brahm_Sarup_Singh.jpg/330px-Brahm_Sarup_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brahm_Sarup_Singh.jpg/440px-Brahm_Sarup_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahm_Sarup_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahm Sarup Singh (strona nie istnieje)">Brahm Sarup Singh</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21664949#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q21664949">(inne języki)</a></span> grający na vinie z akompaniamentem dwóch muzyków na tanpurach</figcaption></figure> <p>Podczas gry tanpura trzymana jest pionowo<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891130-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, wsparta na ramieniu, lub poziomo<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Muzyk" title="Muzyk">Instrumentalista</a> zarywa struny opuszkami palców w jednostajnym rytmie, jedną po drugiej<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zaczynając od najwyżej brzmiącej<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Strun nie skraca się<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Można je muskać spodnią stroną dłoni szarpiącej, główkami kości śródręcza palców wskazującego i środkowego, techniką podobną do <a href="/wiki/Fla%C5%BColet" title="Flażolet">flażoletowej</a>, która wykorzystywana jest podczas gry na skrzypcach czy gitarze<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tanpura używana jest we wszystkich regionach Indii<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Wykonuje się na niej <a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">burdonowy</a>, pozbawiony <a href="/wiki/Melodia" title="Melodia">melodii</a> <a href="/wiki/Akompaniament" title="Akompaniament">akompaniament</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do <a href="/wiki/Muzyka_ludowa" title="Muzyka ludowa">muzyki ludowej</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i klasycznej: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Apiew" title="Śpiew">śpiewu</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oraz <a href="/wiki/Raga_(muzyka)" title="Raga (muzyka)">ragi</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCzekanowska2006381_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCzekanowska2006381-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Na krótkich tanpurach przygrywają sobie <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C4%99drowni_%C5%BCebracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wędrowni żebracy (strona nie istnieje)">wędrowni żebracy</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q987168#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q987168">(inne języki)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDay1891130-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bywa ona wykorzystywana w muzyce czysto <a href="/wiki/Muzyka_instrumentalna" title="Muzyka instrumentalna">instrumentalnej</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, oraz podczas ćwiczeń głosu<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a> określił jej brzmienie jako pełne i delikatne, stwarzające idealne tło dla głosu śpiewaka<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFWillard183483-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFWillard183483_1-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFWillard1834">Willard 1834 ↓</a></span>, s. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFDay1891129-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-12">m</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-13">n</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-14">o</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-15">p</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891129_2-16">q</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFDay1891">Day 1891 ↓</a></span>, s. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005216-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-12">m</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-13">n</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005216_3-14">o</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSachs2005">Sachs 2005 ↓</a></span>, s. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917168_4-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917">Coomaraswamy 1917 ↓</a></span>, s. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKrishnaswamy197133_5-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnaswamy1971">Krishnaswamy 1971 ↓</a></span>, s. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198975-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198975_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy1989">Carterette, Vaughn i Jairazbhoy 1989 ↓</a></span>, s. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007182_7-9">j</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007">Roychaudhuri 2007 ↓</a></span>, s. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFKothari196880-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196880_8-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFKothari1968">Kothari 1968 ↓</a></span>, s. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFKunst192720-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192720_9-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFKunst1927">Kunst 1927 ↓</a></span>, s. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPopley1921110-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPopley1921110_10-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPopley1921">Popley 1921 ↓</a></span>, s. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005457-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005457_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSachs2005">Sachs 2005 ↓</a></span>, s. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFDick2001lead-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-12">m</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-13">n</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-14">o</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-15">p</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-16">q</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-17">r</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-18">s</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-19">t</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-20">u</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-21">v</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-22">w</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-23">x</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-24">y</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-25">z</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-26">aa</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-27">ab</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-28">ac</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-29">ad</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-30">ae</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-31">af</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-32">ag</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-33">ah</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-34">ai</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-35">aj</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-36">ak</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-37">al</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-38">am</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-39">an</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-40">ao</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-41">ap</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-42">aq</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-43">ar</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-44">as</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-45">at</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDick2001lead_12-46">au</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFDick2001">Dick 2001 ↓</a></span>, lead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFCzekanowska1981425-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCzekanowska1981425_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFCzekanowska1981">Czekanowska 1981 ↓</a></span>, s. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSachs2005207-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSachs2005207_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSachs2005">Sachs 2005 ↓</a></span>, s. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFKunst192721-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192721_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192721_15-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192721_15-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFKunst1927">Kunst 1927 ↓</a></span>, s. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPrajnanananda196355–56-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPrajnanananda196355–56_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPrajnanananda1963">Prajnanananda 1963 ↓</a></span>, s. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFCzekanowska2006381-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCzekanowska2006381_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCzekanowska2006381_17-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFCzekanowska2006">Czekanowska 2006 ↓</a></span>, s. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFDay1891130-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891130_18-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFDay1891">Day 1891 ↓</a></span>, s. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201834-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201834_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh2018">Datta i in. 2018 ↓</a></span>, s. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201833-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201833_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh2018">Datta i in. 2018 ↓</a></span>, s. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tosslevy.nl/tanpura/types-of-tanpura/types-of-tanpura-2/"><i>Types of tanpura 2 - Toss Levy</i></a> [online], www.tosslevy.nl<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2025-01-29]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Types+of+tanpura+2+-+Toss+Levy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tosslevy.nl%2Ftanpura%2Ftypes-of-tanpura%2Ftypes-of-tanpura-2%2F" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku niderlandzkim (Nederlands)">niderl.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFRaman1921469-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRaman1921469_22-6">g</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFRaman1921">Raman 1921 ↓</a></span>, s. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFDay1891127-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891127_23-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDay1891127_23-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFDay1891">Day 1891 ↓</a></span>, s. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFKothari196878–80-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKothari196878–80_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFKothari1968">Kothari 1968 ↓</a></span>, s. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFKunst192712-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFKunst192712_25-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFKunst1927">Kunst 1927 ↓</a></span>, s. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crop_plant_anatomy-s236-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Crop_plant_anatomy-s236_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.pl/books/edition/Crop_Plant_Anatomy/E4g9kgNSlOUC?hl=pl&gbpv=1&dq=tanpura+species+gourd&pg=PA236&printsec=frontcover"><i>Crop plant anatomy</i></a>, Wallingford: CABI, 2012, s. 236, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781780640198" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781780640198">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-1-78064-019-8</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Crop+plant+anatomy&rft.isbn=978-1-78064-019-8&rft.place=Wallingford&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.pl%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FCrop_Plant_Anatomy%2FE4g9kgNSlOUC%3Fhl%3Dpl%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dtanpura%2Bspecies%2Bgourd%26pg%3DPA236%26printsec%3Dfrontcover" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicwithaditi.com/taanpura/"><i>What is Taanpura (tanpura) – History, construction, tuning and electronic tanpura recommendation</i></a> [online], Learn Classical Singing Online, 23 czerwca 2016<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2025-01-29]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=What+is+Taanpura+%28tanpura%29+%E2%80%93+History%2C+construction%2C+tuning+and+electronic+tanpura+recommendation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicwithaditi.com%2Ftaanpura%2F" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201826–27-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh201826–27_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh2018">Datta i in. 2018 ↓</a></span>, s. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPrajnanananda1963133-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPrajnanananda1963133_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPrajnanananda1963">Prajnanananda 1963 ↓</a></span>, s. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198987-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198987_30-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198987_30-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy1989">Carterette, Vaughn i Jairazbhoy 1989 ↓</a></span>, s. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFRoychaudhuri200751-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri200751_31-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFRoychaudhuri200751_31-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007">Roychaudhuri 2007 ↓</a></span>, s. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983_32-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983_32-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy198983_32-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy1989">Carterette, Vaughn i Jairazbhoy 1989 ↓</a></span>, s. 83.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFCarteretteVaughnJairazbhoy1989">Edward C. Carterette, Kathryn Vaughn, Nazir A. Jairazbhoy. <em>Perceptual, Acoustical, and Musical Aspects of the Tambūrā Drone</em>. „Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal”. 7 (2), s. 75–108, 1989. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0730-7829">0730-7829</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40285453">40285453</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perceptual%2C+Acoustical%2C+and+Musical+Aspects+of+the+Tamb%C5%ABr%C4%81+Drone&rft.jtitle=Music+Perception%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Journal&rft.date=1989&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Carterette&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft.pages=75%E2%80%93108&rft.issn=0730-7829"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFCoomaraswamy1917"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a>. <em>Indian Music</em>. „The Musical Quarterly”. 3 (2), s. 163–172, 1917. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0027-4631">0027-4631</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/738082">738082</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+Music&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.date=1917&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Coomaraswamy&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft.pages=163%E2%80%93172&rft.issn=0027-4631"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFCzekanowska1981">Anna Czekanowska: <i>Mała encyklopedia muzyki</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stefan_%C5%9Aledzi%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Śledziński">Stefan Śledziński</a> (red.). Warszawa: PWN, 1981. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8301009586" title="Specjalna:Książki/8301009586">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-01-00958-6</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82a+encyklopedia+muzyki&rft.aulast=Czekanowska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.pub=PWN&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=83-01-00958-6"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFCzekanowska2006"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Czekanowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Czekanowska">Anna Czekanowska</a>: <i>Encyklopedia muzyki</i>. <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Chodkowski" title="Andrzej Chodkowski">Andrzej Chodkowski</a> (red.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8301134100" title="Specjalna:Książki/8301134100">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-01-13410-0</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+muzyki&rft.aulast=Czekanowska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=83-01-13410-0"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFDattaSenguptaBanerjeeGhosh2018">Asoke Kumar Datta, Ranjan Sengupta, Kaushik Banerjee, Dipak Ghosh: <i>Acoustical Analysis of the Tanpura - Indian Plucked String Instrument</i>. Singapur: Springer Singapore, 2018. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2610-3">10.1007/978-981-13-2610-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9789811326097" title="Specjalna:Książki/9789811326097">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-981-13-2609-7</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acoustical+Analysis+of+the+Tanpura+-+Indian+Plucked+String+Instrument&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Asoke+Kumar&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.place=Singapur&rft.isbn=978-981-13-2609-7&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-981-13-2610-3"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFDay1891">Charles Russell Day: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicmusicalinst00dayc">The music and musical instruments of southern India and the Deccan</a></i>. Alfred James Hipkins (red.). Londyn: Novello, Ewer & co., 1891. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/498099968">498099968</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+music+and+musical+instruments+of+southern+India+and+the+Deccan&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft.pub=Novello%2C+Ewer+%26+co.&rft.place=Londyn&rft_id=info:oclcnum/498099968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicmusicalinst00dayc"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation doi nourl" id="CITEREFDick2001"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Alastair</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alastair" style="display:none">A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Dick</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Alastair</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alastair">A.</span></span>, <i>Tambūrā</i>, [w:] Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2001, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27446">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27446</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2025-01-29]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Tamb%C5%ABr%C4%81&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dick&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27446" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.<span class="problemy problemy-w-cytuj" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">???</span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFKothari1968">K.S. Kothari: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25964">Indian folk musical instruments</a></i>. New Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1968. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/63982">63982</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+folk+musical+instruments&rft.aulast=Kothari&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft_id=info:oclcnum/63982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ministry.25964"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFKrishnaswamy1971">Sakkottai Krishnaswamy. <em>Musical Instruments of India</em>. „Asian Music”. 2 (2), s. 31–42, 1971. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0044-9202">0044-9202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/834150">834150</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Musical+Instruments+of+India&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.date=1971&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Krishnaswamy&rft.aufirst=Sakkottai&rft.pages=31%E2%80%9342&rft.issn=0044-9202"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFKunst1927"><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Kunst" title="Jaap Kunst">Jaap Kunst</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindujavanesemus0000jaap">Hindu-Javanese Musical Instruments</a></i>. Haga: Martinus Nijhoff, 1927. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/905626188">905626188</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Javanese+Musical+Instruments&rft.aulast=Kunst&rft.aufirst=Jaap&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.place=Haga&rft_id=info:oclcnum/905626188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindujavanesemus0000jaap"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFPrajnanananda1963">Swami Prajnanananda: <i>A history of Indian music</i>. Kalkuta: Ramakrishna Vedanta Math, 1963. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/452663624">452663624</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+music&rft.aulast=Prajnanananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft.pub=Ramakrishna+Vedanta+Math&rft.place=Kalkuta&rft_id=info:oclcnum/452663624"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFPopley1921">Herbert A. Popley: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofindia00popl">The music of India</a></i>. Kalkuta: Association Press, 1921. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/458041809">458041809</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+music+of+India&rft.aulast=Popley&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rft.pub=Association+Press&rft.place=Kalkuta&rft_id=info:oclcnum/458041809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofindia00popl"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFRaman1921">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/"><em>On some Indian stringed instruments</em></a>. „Indian journal of physics and proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science”. 7, s. 468–472, 1921. Kalkuta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0019-5480">0019-5480</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1087054407">1087054407</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+some+Indian+stringed+instruments&rft.jtitle=Indian+journal+of+physics+and+proceedings+of+the+Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&rft.date=1921&rft.volume=7&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=Chandrasekhara+Venkata&rft.pages=468%E2%80%93472&rft.issn=0019-5480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.ias.ac.in%2F69870%2F"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFRoychaudhuri2007">Bimalakanta Roychaudhuri: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-dictionary-of-hindustani-classical-music">The dictionary of Hindustani classical music</a></i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2007. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788120817081" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788120817081">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-81-208-1708-1</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dictionary+of+Hindustani+classical+music&rft.aulast=Roychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Bimalakanta&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.place=Delhi&rft.isbn=9788120817081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-dictionary-of-hindustani-classical-music"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFSachs2005"><a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Kurt Sachs</a>: <i>Historia instrumentów muzycznych</i>. Stanisław Olędzki (tłum.). Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Oficyna_Wydawnicza_Volumen" title="Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen">Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen</a>, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8372330360" title="Specjalna:Książki/8372330360">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">83-7233-036-0</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+instrument%C3%B3w+muzycznych&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.pub=%5B%5BOficyna+Wydawnicza+Volumen%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=8372330360"></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFWillard1834">N. Augustus Willard: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97565">A Treatise On The Music Of Hindoostan</a></i>. Kalkuta: The Baptist Mission Press, 1834.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+On+The+Music+Of+Hindoostan&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=N.+Augustus&rft.pub=The+Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.place=Kalkuta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.97565"></span></cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF7fYteo1ms">The correct use of the tanpura Jiva</a> w serwisie <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> – <a href="/wiki/Intonacja_(muzyka)" title="Intonacja (muzyka)">intonowanie</a> tanpury</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75562624">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">miskowe lutnie szyjkowe pobudzane palcami</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4424903-2">4424903-2</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&oldid=76298987">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanpura&oldid=76298987</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Chordofony_szyjkowe" title="Kategoria:Chordofony szyjkowe">Chordofony szyjkowe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Instrumenty_lutniowe" title="Kategoria:Instrumenty lutniowe">Instrumenty lutniowe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Muzyka_w_Indiach" title="Kategoria:Muzyka w Indiach">Muzyka w Indiach</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryte kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Strony_u%C5%BCywaj%C4%85ce_rozszerzenia_Score" title="Kategoria:Strony używające rozszerzenia Score">Strony używające rozszerzenia Score</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Artyku%C5%82y_zg%C5%82oszone_do_Dobrych_Artyku%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Kategoria:Artykuły zgłoszone do Dobrych Artykułów">Artykuły zgłoszone do Dobrych Artykułów</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Artyku%C5%82y_z_propozycjami_t%C5%82umacze%C5%84" title="Kategoria:Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń">Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_bez_okre%C5%9Blonego_trybu" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania bez określonego trybu">Szablon cytowania bez określonego trybu</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 24 mar 2025, 14:56.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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