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In most cases, the affected program does not even report an error, only generates an incorrect result. Integer overflow weaknesses are difficult to discover and exploit but can appear in most programming languages and most types of software.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cs.utexas.edu\/~shmat\/courses\/cs361s\/blexim.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Learn more about integer overflows from an extensive article in Phrack.<\/a><\/p>\n"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"How dangerous is integer overflow?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<p>The impact of integer overflow errors depends on how the resulting integer values are used. If they are used, for example, for financial operations, attackers may be able to tamper with balances or perform other types of fraud. 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menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10430"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56654" class="new-promotion menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-56654"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27789" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-27789"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/">Invicti Learn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/resources/">Resource Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37" class="partners-custom menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-37"><a href="#">Partners</a> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li id="menu-item-27215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27215"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/partners/">Channel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27218"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/clp/managed-security-service-provider/">MSSP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/">Support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <div class="container flex"> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-contents">Table of Contents</div> <div class="sidebar-menu"> <div class="menu-learn-sidebar-menu-container"><ul id="menu-learn-sidebar-menu" class="menu"><li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote code execution (RCE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote code execution (RCE)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='OS command injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS command injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-side request forgery (SSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-side request forgery (SSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='SQL injection (SQLi)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">SQL injection (SQLi)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-site scripting (XSS)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-site scripting (XSS)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure direct object references (IDOR)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure direct object references (IDOR)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open redirect'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open redirect</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory listing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory listing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='Integer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer overflow</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session fixation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">Session fixation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">Web shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie security flags'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-security-flags/">Cookie security flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Tools'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/tools/">Tools</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Dynamic application security testing (DAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">Dynamic application security testing (DAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Static application security testing (SAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/static-application-security-testing-sast/">Static application security testing (SAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Interactive application security testing (IAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/interactive-application-security-testing-iast/">Interactive application security testing (IAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Software composition analysis (SCA)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/">Software composition analysis (SCA)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web application firewall (WAF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-application-firewall-waf/">Web application firewall (WAF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web asset discovery'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-asset-discovery/">Web asset discovery</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability management'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-management/">Vulnerability management</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability assessment'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-assessment/">Vulnerability assessment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='About Invicti Learn'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">About Invicti Learn</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="sidebar-button"> </div> </aside> <main class="main entry-content col-span-9"> <h1 class="wp-block-heading">Integer overflow</h1> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner-1024x131.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner-300x38.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner-768x98.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner.webp 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner-1024x131.png" height="131" width="1024" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner-1024x131.png 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner-300x38.png 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner-768x98.png 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153936/Learn_07_banner.png 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" class="wp-image-37082 sp-no-webp" alt="" fetchpriority="high" > </picture></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is integer overflow?</h2> <p><em>Integer overflow</em> is a vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker trick the program into performing an integer operation whose result exceeds the allocated memory space. Apart from causing unexpected program behavior, this can also lead to the much more dangerous<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/"> buffer overflow</a>.</p> <p>The integer overflow vulnerability was listed by CWE (the Common Weakness Enumeration system) in 2022 at<a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/archive/2022/2022_cwe_top25.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> position 13</a>, outranking several major web vulnerabilities.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-default" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0px"> <table class="has-text-color" style="color:var(--color-nsdark)"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Severity:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">severe</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Prevalence:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">discovered rarely</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Scope:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">applications with direct memory allocation</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Technical impact:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">unexpected program behavior</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Worst-case consequences:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">buffer overflow</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Quick fix:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">examine the operands and results</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">How does integer overflow work?</h2> <p>In most programming languages, integer values are allocated a fixed number of bits in memory. For example, space reserved for a 32-bit integer data type may hold an unsigned integer between 0 and 4,294,967,295 or a signed integer between −2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647. For signed integers, the most significant (first) bit usually indicates whether the integer is a positive value or a negative value.</p> <p>But what happens when you perform a calculation like <em>4,294,967,295 + 1</em> and attempt to store the result as normal even though it exceeds the maximum value for the integer type? The behavior depends completely on the language and the compiler. <a href="https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Integer_overflow" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Most languages and compilers raise no error at all</a> – they might perform a modulo operation, wraparound, or truncation, or have other undefined behavior. In most cases, the result of the above increment operation will be 0.</p> <p>With signed integer overflows, the results can be even more unexpected than for unsigned int. When you go above the maximum value for a signed integer, the result usually becomes a negative number. For example, <em>2,147,483,647 +1</em> is usually <em>−2,147,483,648</em>. When you go below the minimum value of a negative number (integer underflow), the result usually becomes a positive number. For example, <em>−2,147,483,648</em> − 1 would give you <em>2,147,483,647.</em></p> <p>In addition to typical operations such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication, integer overflows may also happen due to typecasting. For example, one operation may treat the same integer as unsigned and another operation as signed, therefore interpreting the value incorrectly.</p> <p>If you want to know more about integer overflows, we recommend the extensive<a href="https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~shmat/courses/cs361s/blexim.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> Phrack article by blexim</a>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Example of an integer overflow attack</h2> <p>An excellent example of an integer overflow is a real-life vulnerability in an older version of OpenSSH (3.3). The following code snippet comes directly from this software:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-c"><code>nresp = packet_get_int(); if (nresp > 0) {  response = xmalloc(nresp*sizeof(char*));  for (i = 0; i < nresp; i++)   response[i] = packet_get_string(NULL); }</code></pre> <p>If <code>nresp</code> is <em>1073741824</em> and <code>sizeof(char*)</code> is <em>4</em> (which is the typical size of one character), then calculating the buffer size using <code>nresp*sizeof(char*)</code> gives a zero size, resulting in an overflow. Therefore, <code>xmalloc()</code> receives and allocates a 0-byte buffer. The subsequent loop causes a heap buffer overflow, which may, in turn, be used by an attacker to execute arbitrary code.</p> <p>Another example of a known, recent, and serious integer overflow vulnerability is<a href="https://infosecwriteups.com/cve-2022-36934-an-integer-overflow-in-whatsapp-leading-to-remote-code-execution-in-an-established-e0fc4e2cd900" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> CVE-2022-36934</a> in WhatsApp, which allows the attacker to follow up with<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/"> remote code execution</a> in an established video call.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Potential consequences of integer overflow attacks</h2> <p>Most integer overflow conditions lead to erroneous program behavior but do not cause vulnerabilities. However, for some applications and algorithms, integer overflows may have severe consequences:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If an integer overflow happens when you calculate the length of a buffer, you may end up with a buffer overflow. A buffer overflow lets the attacker gain shell access and attempt further<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/"> privilege escalation</a>.</li> <li>If an integer overflow happens during financial calculations, it may, for example, result in a customer receiving credit instead of paying for a purchase or may cause a negative account balance to become positive.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect integer overflows?</h2> <p>The best way to detect integer overflow vulnerabilities depends on whether they are already known or unknown.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If you do not develop software of your own, it may be enough to identify the exact version of the existing software you are using. If the identified version is susceptible to integer overflow, you can assume that your software is vulnerable. You can identify the version manually or use a suitable security tool, such as a<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/"> software composition analysis (SCA)</a> solution, a network scanner, or<a href="https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/nginx-range-filter-integer-overflow/"> Acunetix by Invicti</a>, which finds integer overflow vulnerabilities in web servers and more.</li> <li>If you develop your own software, you need to conduct a manual static analysis of the code and debug at runtime to find potential integer overflow vulnerabilities. However, this is not an easy process. The biggest issue with even the most basic integer overflows is that there is no error or warning, only an incorrect result for some operations. The only way to discover integer overflow is to examine the operands before the operation or examine the final result (for example, to check whether the sum of two positive number operands is smaller than the input values).</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="prevent">How to prevent integer overflows?</h2> <p>Depending on the language, you may be able to come across frameworks, libraries, or mechanisms that help you prevent integer overflows.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>The GCC compiler comes with<a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integer-Overflow-Builtins.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> built-in functions</a> that check for integer overflows.</li> <li>For C++ programs, there is a library called<a href="https://github.com/dcleblanc/SafeInt"> </a><a href="https://github.com/dcleblanc/SafeInt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sa</a><a href="https://github.com/dcleblanc/SafeInt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">feInt</a> that performs integer operations in a safe way. The downside, as with all external libraries, is that it’s not always possible to enforce its use in all your code and for all arithmetic operations.</li> </ul> <p>In languages that provide different integer types to allocate different amounts of memory based on the size of the integer, programmers can prevent integer overflows by taking care to always choose a type big enough to accommodate all potential results. Some programming languages, such as Python, make such allocations automatically, preventing most integer overflows by design.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_6742be49d2f6a"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What is integer overflow?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Integer overflow is a software weakness that causes a program to behave unexpectedly when it exceeds the maximum supported integer value. In most cases, the affected program does not even report an error, only generates an incorrect result. Integer overflow weaknesses are difficult to discover and exploit but can appear in most programming languages and most types of software.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~shmat/courses/cs361s/blexim.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Learn more about integer overflows from an extensive article in Phrack.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How dangerous is integer overflow?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>The impact of integer overflow errors depends on how the resulting integer values are used. If they are used, for example, for financial operations, attackers may be able to tamper with balances or perform other types of fraud. If they are used to allocate memory, the attacker may follow up with a buffer overflow attack.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow/">Find out more about buffer overflow, which may be the result of integer overflow.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to prevent integer overflow?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Integer overflow errors are very difficult to detect and prevent. The most serious problem is that there is no error or warning, and you simply get the incorrect result of the operation. The only way to detect and prevent integer overflow is the validation of the operands or the result. You may also be able to find frameworks, libraries, or other mechanisms for your programming language that help with such issues.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/integer-overflow-errors/">Read more about integer overflow errors on our blog.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes ccfg-unique-a73c4d-b2"><table><thead><tr><th>Classification</th><th>ID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CAPEC</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>CWE</td><td>190, 680</td></tr><tr><td>WASC</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>OWASP 2021</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Related blog posts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/buffer-overflow-attacks/"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/integer-overflow-errors/">Integer overflow errors</a></a></li> </ul> <p></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <p 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t=JSON.parse(n.data),r=t.language,i=t.code,l=t.immediateClose;e.postMessage(a.highlight(i,a.languages[r],r)),l&&e.close()}),!1),a):a;var g=a.util.currentScript();function f(){a.manual||a.highlightAll()}if(g&&(a.filename=g.src,g.hasAttribute("data-manual")&&(a.manual=!0)),!a.manual){var h=document.readyState;"loading"===h||"interactive"===h&&g&&g.defer?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",f):window.requestAnimationFrame?window.requestAnimationFrame(f):window.setTimeout(f,16)}return a}(_self);"undefined"!=typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=Prism),"undefined"!=typeof global&&(global.Prism=Prism); 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s={};s["language-"+e]={pattern:/(^<!\[CDATA\[)[\s\S]+?(?=\]\]>$)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages[e]},s.cdata=/^<!\[CDATA\[|\]\]>$/i;var t={"included-cdata":{pattern:/<!\[CDATA\[[\s\S]*?\]\]>/i,inside:s}};t["language-"+e]={pattern:/[\s\S]+/,inside:Prism.languages[e]};var n={};n[a]={pattern:RegExp("(<__[^>]*>)(?:<!\\[CDATA\\[(?:[^\\]]|\\](?!\\]>))*\\]\\]>|(?!<!\\[CDATA\\[)[^])*?(?=</__>)".replace(/__/g,(function(){return 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e=/(?:"(?:\$?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^"\\\r\n])*"|'(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^'\\\r\n])*')/;s.languages.css={comment:/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//,atrule:{pattern:RegExp("@[\\w-](?:[^;{\\s\"']|\\s+(?!\\s)|"+e.source+")*?(?:;|(?=\\s*\\{))"),inside:{rule:/^@[\w-]+/,"selector-function-argument":{pattern:/(\bselector\s*\(\s*(?![\s)]))(?:[^()\s]|\s+(?![\s)])|\((?:[^()]|\([^()]*$)*\))+(?=\s*\))/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"selector"},keyword:{pattern:/(^|[^\w-])(?:and|not|only|or)(?![\w-])/,lookbehind:!0}}},url:{pattern:RegExp("\\burl\$(?:"+e.source+"|(?:[^\\\\\r\n()\"']|\\\\[^])*)\$","i"),greedy:!0,inside:{function:/^url/i,punctuation:/^$|$$/,string:{pattern:RegExp("^"+e.source+"$"),alias:"url"}}},selector:{pattern:RegExp("(^|[{}\\s])[^{}\\s](?:[^{};\"'\\s]|\\s+(?![\\s{])|"+e.source+")*(?=\\s*\\{)"),lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:e,greedy:!0},property:{pattern:/(^|[^-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])(?!\s)[-_a-z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*:)/i,lookbehind:!0},important:/!important\b/i,function:{pattern:/(^|[^-a-z0-9])[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/i,lookbehind:!0},punctuation:/[(){};:,]/},s.languages.css.atrule.inside.rest=s.languages.css;var 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