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class="fl-rich-text"> <h1>IOC World Bird List</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5fedee15495cc fl-animation fl-fade-in" data-node="5fedee15495cc" data-animation-delay="0" data-animation-duration="1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <h3>v14.2</h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-color fl-node-600849cf13327 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="600849cf13327"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-600849cf1caf6" data-node="600849cf1caf6"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-600849cf1cbbc" data-node="600849cf1cbbc"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-5fedee15495cd" data-node="5fedee15495cd"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu 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menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/">IOC Lists</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/master-list-2/">Master Lists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/references/">References</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/crossref/">DOI</a></li> <li id="menu-item-441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/range-terminology/">Ranges</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-121 current_page_item menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/">Classification</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/orders-of-birds-draft/">Orders of Birds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/family-index-2/">Family Index</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8950" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/species/">Species</a></li> <li id="menu-item-191" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/subspecies/">Subspecies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-308" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/extinct-birds/">Extinct Birds</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-195" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/">Updates</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1422" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/update-diary/">Diary</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1601" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/">Species Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-335" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/english-names/">English Name Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8039" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/subspecies-2/">Subspecies Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-192" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/taxonomy/">Taxonomic Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/proposed-splits/">Proposed Splits/Lumps</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-7143" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/">BOW (Birds of the World)</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/ratites/">Ratites: Ostriches to tinamous</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9909" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/">Screamers, ducks, geese, swans</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/megapodes/">Megapodes, guans, guineafowl, New World quail</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pheasants/">Pheasants, partridges, francolins</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10047" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nightjars/">Nightjars, Oilbird, potoos, frogmouths</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10008" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/swifts/">Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts, swifts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10009" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds/">Hummingbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10010" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/turacos/">Turacos, bustards, cuckoos, mesites, sandgrouse</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10011" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pigeons/">Pigeons</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10012" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flufftails/">Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10013" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/grebes/">Grebes, flamingos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/buttonquail/">Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10014" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sandpipers/">Sandpipers, snipes, Crab-plover, coursers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10015" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/gulls/">Noddies, skimmers, gulls, terns, skuas, auks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10016" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/loons/">Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/petrels/">Petrels, albatrosses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10017" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/storks/">Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10018" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pelicans/">Ibises, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10019" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/raptors/">Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/owls/">Owls</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/mousebirds/">Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/rollers/">Rollers, ground rollers, kingfishers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10023" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/todies/">Todies, motmots, bee-eaters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10024" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/jacamars/">Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/woodpeckers/">Woodpeckers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/falcons/">Seriemas, falcons</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/parrots/">Parrots, cockatoos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10028" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nz_wrens/">NZ wrens, Sapayoa, asities, broadbills, pittas</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10029" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/ovenbirds/">Ovenbirds, woodcreepers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10030" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/antbirds/">Antbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10031" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/antthrushes/">Antthrushes, antpittas, gnateaters, tapaculos, crescentchests</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10032" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flycatchers/">Tyrant flycatchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10033" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/cotingas/">Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10034" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/lyrebirds/">Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds, Australasian treecreepers, Australasian wrens</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10035" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/honeyeaters/">Honeyeaters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10036" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/bristlebirds/">Bristlebirds, pardalotes, Australasian warblers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/au_babblers/">Australasian babblers, logrunners, satinbirds, berrypeckers, wattlebirds, whipbirds, jewel-babblers, quail-thrushes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10038" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/batises/">Batises, bushshrikes, boatbills, vangas (sensu lato)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10039" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/butcherbirds/">Bristlehead, butcherbirds, woodswallows, ioras, cuckooshrikes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10040" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/whistlers/">Whiteheads, sittellas, Ploughbill, Australo-Papuan bellbirds, Shriketit, whistlers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10041" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/shrikes/">Vireos, shrike-babblers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10042" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/orioles/">Orioles, drongos, fantails</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10043" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/monarchs/">Monarchs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10044" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/crows/">Jayshrike, shrikes, crows, mudnesters, melampittas, Ifrit, birds-of-paradise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10045" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/au_robins/">Australasian robins, rockfowl, rockjumpers, Rail-babbler</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10046" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waxwings/">Waxwings and allies, tits, penduline tits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/larks/">Nicators, Bearded Reedling, larks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10049" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/bulbuls/">Bulbuls</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10050" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/swallows/">Swallows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10051" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/crombecs/">Cupwings, crombecs, cettiid bush warblers, Streaked Scrub Warbler, yellow flycatchers, hylias</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10052" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/bushtits/">Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/grassbirds/">Grassbirds, Donacobius, tetrakas, cisticolas, allies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sylvias/">Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10054" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/babblers/">Babblers, scimitar babblers, ground babblers, Alcippe fulvettas</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10055" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/laughingthrushes/">Laughingthrushes and allies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10057" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sugarbirds/">Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, Elachura, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10058" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nuthatch/">Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, spotted creepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10059" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/thrushes/">Thrushes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10060" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/chats/">Chats, Old World flycatchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/dippers/">Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10062" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/weavers/">Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10063" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waxbills/">Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10064" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/finches/">Finches, euphonias, longspurs, Thrush-tanager</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/buntings/">Buntings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10066" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/sparrows/">New World sparrows, bush tanagers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10067" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/enigmas/">Caribbean “tanagers”, Wrenthrush, Yellow-breasted Chat</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10068" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/blackbirds/">Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10069" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/warblers/">New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10070" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/cardinals/">Cardinals, grosbeaks and “tanager” allies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10071" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/tanagers/">Tanagers and allies</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/">English Names</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-198" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/principles/">Principles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-199" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/">Spelling Rules</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-172" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/capitalization/">Capitalization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-184" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/patronyms-and-accents/">Patronyms & Accents</a></li> <li id="menu-item-171" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/british-vs-american/">British vs American</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1274" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/geographical-nouns-vs-adjectives/">Geographical Nouns vs Adjectives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/compound-names/">Compound Names</a></li> <li id="menu-item-409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/spelling-rules/hyphens/">Hyphens</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/the-project/">The Project</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-181" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-183" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/history/ioc-committee/">Original Participants</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="fl-main-content" class="fl-page-content" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" role="main"> <div class="fl-content-full container"> <div class="row"> <div class="fl-content col-md-12"> <article class="fl-post post-121 page type-page status-publish hentry" id="fl-post-121" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <header class="fl-post-header"> <h1 class="fl-post-title" itemprop="headline">Classification</h1> </header> <div class="fl-post-content clearfix" itemprop="text"> <p>Classifications are dynamic sets of hypotheses about population dynamics and evolutionary histories. They are subject to regular revision based on new published research, not static lists for implementation. The current revolutions in avian taxonomy challenge us to maintain an up-to-date classification of world birds. We are in a period of major transitions in the application of evolving species concepts and DNA-based phylogenies. Changes of classification and dramatic increases in the number of species recognized on major world lists are underway. We also are in an era of unprecedented participation, published productivity, and real time provisions of new information.</p> <p>We now have the ability to to distinguish taxa of similar rank that are reciprocally monophyletic. This lets us redefine some groups of species that in hindsight were paraphyletic. Changes in taxonomy follow, especially realigning of orders, families, and genera to define monophyletic taxa that can be reconnected to their closest relatives in the classification. Genera also change with corrections of nomenclature and the rules of priority. As a result, we can expect ongoing changes of working classifications for a decade or so. Continually improving sets of DNA sequences and analytical approaches will override previous conclusions, so cautious revisions of higher category taxonomy and new sequences of taxa will be prudent.</p> <p>Excellent resources on the higher classification of birds include Joel Cracraft’s (2013) <em>Avian higher level relationships and classification</em> in Howard & Moore 4, Jon Fjeldsa’s (2013) <em>Avian Classification in Flux</em> in HBW Special Volume and John Boyd’s website Taxonomy in Flux. For comprehensive views of the relationships among Orders, see Rick Prum et al’s (2015) <em>A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next generation DNA sequencing</em>, and Erich Jarvis et al’s (2014) <em>Whole genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds</em>.</p> </div> </article> <div class="fl-comments"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/new/classification/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel Reply</a></small></h3><p>You must be <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbirdnames.org%2Fnew%2Fclassification%2F">logged in</a> to post a comment.</p> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="fl-page-footer-wrap" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" role="contentinfo"> <div class="fl-page-footer"> <div class="fl-page-footer-container container"> <div class="fl-page-footer-row row"> <div class="col-lg-12 text-center clearfix"><div class="fl-page-footer-text fl-page-footer-text-1">© 2024 | Updated August 17, 2024 with version 14.2<br /> IOC World Bird List v14.2 by Frank Gill, David Donsker & Pamela Rasmussen (Eds) is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License</a>. </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a href="#" role="button" id="fl-to-top"><span class="sr-only">Scroll To Top</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="jquery-throttle-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/yui3.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="yui3-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/fl-slideshow.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="fl-slideshow-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.waypoints.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="jquery-waypoints-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/d87eb2715203c0ca3fef630798ee1c20-layout-bundle.js?ver=2.8.3.6-1.4.10" id="fl-builder-layout-bundle-d87eb2715203c0ca3fef630798ee1c20-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.magnificpopup.min.js?ver=2.8.3.6" id="jquery-magnificpopup-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js?ver=1.2" id="jquery-fitvids-js"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=164f298ac2e8ca1b06e7ea45035d7686" id="comment-reply-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/bootstrap-4.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="bootstrap-4-js"></script> <script id="fl-automator-js-extra"> var themeopts = {"medium_breakpoint":"992","mobile_breakpoint":"768","scrollTopPosition":"800"}; </script> <script src="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/theme.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="fl-automator-js"></script> </body> </html>