CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: effective dose</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: effective dose"> <meta name="keywords" content="effective dose"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="effective dose" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="effective dose"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 10646</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: effective dose</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10646</span> Human Absorbed Dose Assessment of 68Ga-Dotatoc Based on Biodistribution Data in Syrian Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zolghadri">S. Zolghadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Naderi"> M. Naderi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Yousefnia"> H. Yousefnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ramazani"> A. Ramazani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Jalilian"> A. R. Jalilian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this work was to evaluate the values of absorbed dose of 68Ga-DOTATOC in numerous human organs. 68Ga-DOTATOC was prepared with the radiochemical purity of higher than 98% and by specific activity of 39.6 MBq/nmol. The complex demonstrated great stability at room temperature and in human serum at 37° C at least 2 h after preparation. Significant uptake was observed in somatostatin receptor-positive tissues such as pancreas and adrenal. The absorbed dose received by human organs was evaluated based on biodistribution studies in Syrian rats by the radiation absorbed dose assessment resource (RADAR) method. Maximum absorbed dose was obtained in the pancreas, kidneys, and adrenal with 0.105, 0.074, and 0.010 mGy/MBq, respectively. The effective absorbed dose was 0.026 mSv/MBq for 68Ga-DOTATOC. The results showed that 68Ga-DOTATOC can be considered as a safe and effective agent for clinically PET imaging applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20absorbed%20dose" title="effective absorbed dose">effective absorbed dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ga-68" title=" Ga-68"> Ga-68</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=octreotide" title=" octreotide"> octreotide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIRD" title=" MIRD"> MIRD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32477/human-absorbed-dose-assessment-of-68ga-dotatoc-based-on-biodistribution-data-in-syrian-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">526</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10645</span> Comparison of Computed Tomography Dose Index, Dose Length Product and Effective Dose Among Male and Female Patients From Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography Pancreatitis Protocol</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babina%20Aryal">Babina Aryal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The diagnosis of pancreatitis is generally based on clinical and laboratory findings; however, Computed Tomography (CT) is an imaging technique of choice specially Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) shows morphological characteristic findings that allow for establishing the diagnosis of pancreatitis and determining the extent of disease severity which is done along with the administration of appropriate contrast medium. The purpose of this study was to compare Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI), Dose Length Product (DLP) and Effective Dose (ED) among male and female patients from Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) Pancreatitis Protocol. Methods: This retrospective study involved data collection based on clinical/laboratory/ultrasonography diagnosis of Pancreatitis and has undergone CECT Abdomen pancreatitis protocol. data collection involved detailed information about a patient's Age and Gender, Clinical history, Individual Computed Tomography Dose Index and Dose Length Product and effective dose. Results: We have retrospectively collected dose data from 150 among which 127 were males and 23 were females. The values obtained from the display of the CT screen were measured, calculated and compared to determine whether the CTDI, DLP and ED values were similar or not. CTDI for females was more as compared to males. The differences in CTDI values for females and males were 32.2087 and 37.1609 respectively. DLP values and Effective dose for both the genders did not show significant differences. Conclusion: This study concluded that there were no more significant changes in the DLP and ED values among both the genders however we noticed that female patients had more CTDI than males. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title="computed tomography">computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrast%20enhanced%20computed%20tomography" title=" contrast enhanced computed tomography"> contrast enhanced computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography%20dose%20index" title=" computed tomography dose index"> computed tomography dose index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20length%20product" title=" dose length product"> dose length product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title=" effective dose"> effective dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175402/comparison-of-computed-tomography-dose-index-dose-length-product-and-effective-dose-among-male-and-female-patients-from-contrast-enhanced-computed-tomography-pancreatitis-protocol" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175402.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10644</span> Estimation of Effective Radiation Dose Following Computed Tomography Urography at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Idris%20Garba">Idris Garba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Rabiu%20Abdullahi"> Aisha Rabiu Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansur%20Yahuza"> Mansur Yahuza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akintade%20Dare"> Akintade Dare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: CT urography (CTU) is efficient radiological examination for the evaluation of the urinary system disorders. However, patients are exposed to a significant radiation dose which is in a way associated with increased cancer risks. Objectives: To determine Computed Tomography Dose Index following CTU, and to evaluate organs equivalent doses. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried at a tertiary institution located in Kano northwestern. Ethical clearance was sought and obtained from the research ethics board of the institution. Demographic, scan parameters and CT radiation dose data were obtained from patients that had CTU procedure. Effective dose, organ equivalent doses, and cancer risks were estimated using SPSS statistical software version 16 and CT dose calculator software. Result: A total of 56 patients were included in the study, consisting of 29 males and 27 females. The common indication for CTU examination was found to be renal cyst seen commonly among young adults (15-44yrs). CT radiation dose values in DLP, CTDI and effective dose for CTU were 2320 mGy cm, CTDIw 9.67 mGy and 35.04 mSv respectively. The probability of cancer risks was estimated to be 600 per a million CTU examinations. Conclusion: In this study, the radiation dose for CTU is considered significantly high, with increase in cancer risks probability. Wide radiation dose variations between patient doses suggest that optimization is not fulfilled yet. Patient radiation dose estimate should be taken into consideration when imaging protocols are established for CT urography. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20urography" title="CT urography">CT urography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20risks" title=" cancer risks"> cancer risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title=" effective dose"> effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20exposure" title=" radiation exposure"> radiation exposure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61467/estimation-of-effective-radiation-dose-following-computed-tomography-urography-at-aminu-kano-teaching-hospital-kano-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61467.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10643</span> The Analysis of Personalized Low-Dose Computed Tomography Protocol Based on Cumulative Effective Radiation Dose and Cumulative Organ Dose for Patients with Breast Cancer with Regular Chest Computed Tomography Follow up</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okhee%20Woo">Okhee Woo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate 2-year cumulative effective radiation dose and cumulative organ dose on regular follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans in patients with breast cancer and to establish personalized low-dose CT protocol. Methods and Materials: A retrospective study was performed on the patients with breast cancer who were diagnosed and managed consistently on the basis of routine breast cancer follow-up protocol between 2012-01 and 2016-06. Based on ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) 103, the cumulative effective radiation doses of each patient for 2-year follow-up were analyzed using the commercial radiation management software (Radimetrics, Bayer healthcare). The personalized effective doses on each organ were analyzed in detail by the software-providing Monte Carlo simulation. Results: A total of 3822 CT scans on 490 patients was evaluated (age: 52.32±10.69). The mean scan number for each patient was 7.8±4.54. Each patient was exposed 95.54±63.24 mSv of radiation for 2 years. The cumulative CT radiation dose was significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.00). The HER-2 positive patients were more exposed to radiation compared to estrogen or progesterone receptor positive patient (p = 0.00). There was no difference in the cumulative effective radiation dose with different age groups. Conclusion: To acknowledge how much radiation exposed to a patient is a starting point of management of radiation exposure for patients with long-term CT follow-up. The precise and personalized protocol, as well as iterative reconstruction, may reduce hazard from unnecessary radiation exposure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title="computed tomography">computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer" title=" breast cancer"> breast cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20radiation%20dose" title=" effective radiation dose"> effective radiation dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20organ%20dose" title=" cumulative organ dose"> cumulative organ dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92617/the-analysis-of-personalized-low-dose-computed-tomography-protocol-based-on-cumulative-effective-radiation-dose-and-cumulative-organ-dose-for-patients-with-breast-cancer-with-regular-chest-computed-tomography-follow-up" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10642</span> Experimental and Analytical Dose Assessment of Patient's Family Members Treated with I-131</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzieh%20Ebrahimi">Marzieh Ebrahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vahid%20Changizi"> Vahid Changizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Kardan"> Mohammad Reza Kardan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Mahdi%20Hosseini%20Pooya"> Seyed Mahdi Hosseini Pooya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parham%20Geramifar"> Parham Geramifar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation exposure to the patient's family members is one of the major concerns during thyroid cancer radionuclide therapy. The aim of this study was to measure the total effective dose of the family members by means of thermoluminescence personal dosimeter, and compare with those calculated by analytical methods. Eighty-five adult family members of fifty-one patients volunteered to participate in this research study. Considering the minimum and maximum range of dose rate from 15 µsv/h to 120 µsv/h at patients' release time, the calculated mean and median dose values of family members were 0.45 mSv and 0.28 mSv, respectively. Moreover, almost all family members’ doses were measured to be less than the dose constraint of 5 mSv recommended by Basic Safety Standards. Considering the influence parameters such as patient dose rate and administrated activity, the total effective doses of family members were calculated by TEDE and NRC formulas and compared with those of experimental results. The results indicated that, it is fruitful to use the quantitative calculations for releasing patients treated with I-131 and correct estimation of patients' family doses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title="effective dose">effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoluminescence" title=" thermoluminescence"> thermoluminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-131" title=" I-131"> I-131</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thyroid%20cancer" title=" thyroid cancer"> thyroid cancer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50786/experimental-and-analytical-dose-assessment-of-patients-family-members-treated-with-i-131" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50786.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10641</span> Comparative Study between the Absorbed Dose of 67ga-Ecc and 68ga-Ecc</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Yousefnia">H. Yousefnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zolghadri"> S. Zolghadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shanesazzadeh"> S. Shanesazzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Lahooti"> A.Lahooti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Jalilian"> A. R. Jalilian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, 68Ga-ECC and 67Ga-ECC were both prepared with the radiochemical purity of higher than 97% in less than 30 min. The biodistribution data for 68Ga-ECC showed the extraction of the most of the activity from the urinary tract. The absorbed dose was estimated based on biodistribution data in mice by the medical internal radiation dose (MIRD) method. Comparison between human absorbed dose estimation for these two agents indicated the values of approximately ten-fold higher after injection of 67Ga-ECC than 68Ga-ECC in the most organs. The results showed that 68Ga-ECC can be considered as a more potential agent for renal imaging compared to 67Ga-ECC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20absorbed%20dose" title="effective absorbed dose">effective absorbed dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethylenecysteamine%20cysteine" title=" ethylenecysteamine cysteine"> ethylenecysteamine cysteine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ga-67" title=" Ga-67"> Ga-67</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ga-68" title=" Ga-68"> Ga-68</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32476/comparative-study-between-the-absorbed-dose-of-67ga-ecc-and-68ga-ecc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10640</span> The Effect of Varying Cone Beam Computed Tomography Image Resolution and Field-of-View Centralization on the Effective Radiation Dose</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20M.%20Jadu">Fatima M. Jadu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20A.%20Alzahrani"> Asmaa A. Alzahrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maha%20A.%20Almutairi"> Maha A. Almutairi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salma%20O.%20Al-Amoudi"> Salma O. Al-Amoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mawya%20A.%20Khafaji"> Mawya A. Khafaji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Estimating the potential radiation risk for a widely used imaging technique such as cone beam CT (CBCT) is crucial. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of varying two CBCT technical factors, the voxel size (VOX) and the Field-of-View (FOV) centralization, on the radiation dose. Methodology: The head and neck slices of a RANDO® man phantom (Alderson Research Laboratories) were used with nanoDot™ OSLD dosimeters to measure the absorbed radiation dose at 25 predetermined sites. Imaging was done using the i-CAT® (Imaging Science International, Hatfield, PA, USA) CBCT unit. The VOX was changed for every three cycles of exposures from 0.2mm to 0.3mm and then 0.4mm. Then the FOV was centered on the maxilla and mandible alternatively while holding all other factors constant. Finally, the effective radiation dose was calculated for each view and voxel setting. Results: The effective radiation dose was greatest when the smallest VOX was chosen. When the FOV was centered on the maxilla, the highest radiation doses were recorded in the eyes and parotid glands. While on the mandible, the highest radiation doses were recorded in the sublingual and submandibular glands. Conclusion: Minor variations in the CBCT exposure factors significantly affect the effective radiation dose and thus the radiation risk to the patient. Therefore, extreme care must be taken when choosing these parameters especially for vulnerable patients such as children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CBCT" title="CBCT">CBCT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cone%20beam%20CT" title=" cone beam CT"> cone beam CT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title=" effective dose"> effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20of%20view" title=" field of view"> field of view</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mandible" title=" mandible"> mandible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maxilla" title=" maxilla"> maxilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resolution" title=" resolution"> resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voxel" title=" voxel"> voxel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78167/the-effect-of-varying-cone-beam-computed-tomography-image-resolution-and-field-of-view-centralization-on-the-effective-radiation-dose" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10639</span> Effective Dose and Size Specific Dose Estimation with and without Tube Current Modulation for Thoracic Computed Tomography Examinations: A Phantom Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Gharbi">S. Gharbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Labidi"> S. Labidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mars"> M. Mars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Chelli"> M. Chelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Ladeb"> F. Ladeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to reduce radiation dose for chest CT examination by including Tube Current Modulation (TCM) to a standard CT protocol. A scan of an anthropomorphic male Alderson phantom was performed on a 128-slice scanner. The estimation of effective dose (ED) in both scans with and without mAs modulation was done via multiplication of Dose Length Product (DLP) to a conversion factor. Results were compared to those measured with a CT-Expo software. The size specific dose estimation (SSDE) values were obtained by multiplication of the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) with a conversion size factor related to the phantom’s effective diameter. Objective assessment of image quality was performed with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) measurements in phantom. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results showed including CARE Dose 4D; ED was lowered by 48.35% and 51.51% using DLP and CT-expo, respectively. In addition, ED ranges between 7.01 mSv and 6.6 mSv in case of standard protocol, while it ranges between 3.62 mSv and 3.2 mSv with TCM. Similar results are found for SSDE; dose was higher without TCM of 16.25 mGy and was lower by 48.8% including TCM. The SNR values calculated were significantly different (p=0.03<0.05). The highest one is measured on images acquired with TCM and reconstructed with Filtered back projection (FBP). In conclusion, this study proves the potential of TCM technique in SSDE and ED reduction and in conserving image quality with high diagnostic reference level for thoracic CT examinations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthropomorphic%20phantom" title="anthropomorphic phantom">anthropomorphic phantom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title=" computed tomography"> computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT-expo" title=" CT-expo"> CT-expo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20dose" title=" radiation dose"> radiation dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60056/effective-dose-and-size-specific-dose-estimation-with-and-without-tube-current-modulation-for-thoracic-computed-tomography-examinations-a-phantom-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60056.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10638</span> Comparison of the Response of TLD-100 and TLD-100H Dosimeters in Diagnostic Radiology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sina">S. Sina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Zeinali"> B. Zeinali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Karimipourfard"> M. Karimipourfard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Lotfalizadeh"> F. Lotfalizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sadeghi"> M. Sadeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Zamani"> E. Zamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zehtabian"> M. Zehtabian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Faghihi"> R. Faghihi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Proper dosimetery is very essential in diagnostic radiology. The goal of this study is to verify the application of LiF:Mg, Cu, P (TLD100H) in obtaining the entrance skin dose (ESD) of patients undergoing diagnostic radiology. The results of dosimetry performed by TLD-100H were compared with those obtained by TLD100, which is a common dosimeter in diagnostic radiology. The results show a close agreement between the dose measured by the two dosimeters. According to the results of this study, the TLD-100H dosimeters have higher sensitivities (i.e. signal(nc)/dose) than TLD-100. Therefore, it is suggested that the TLD-100H are effective dosimeters for dosimetry in low dose fields. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrance%20skin%20dose" title="entrance skin dose">entrance skin dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TLD" title=" TLD"> TLD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnostic%20radiology" title=" diagnostic radiology"> diagnostic radiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dosimeter" title=" dosimeter"> dosimeter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12974/comparison-of-the-response-of-tld-100-and-tld-100h-dosimeters-in-diagnostic-radiology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10637</span> Radiation Dose and Associated Exposure Parameters in Selected MDCT Scanners in Multiphase Scan of Abdomen-Pelvic Region: A Clinical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Sathyathas">P. Sathyathas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20I.%20S.%20W.%20Herath"> H. M. I. S. W. Herath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Amalraj"> T. Amalraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20J.%20M.%20A.%20L.%20Jayasinghe"> U. J. M. A. L. Jayasinghe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over two thirds of medical radiation can now be attributed to Computed Tomography (CT). There is little information on amount of radiation received from multiphase CT scan of abdomen- pelvic region in clinical practice. We sought to estimate the radiation dose and associated exposure parameters in the multiphase abdomen - pelvic scan of Multideteror Computed Tomography (MDCT) studies in clinical practice. This was a retrospective cross sectional studies describing radiation dose associated with main exposure parameters in diagnostic multiphase abdomen - pelvic scans performed on 152 consecutive patients by two different sixteen slice CT scanners. Patient information, exposure parameters of CTDI (volume), DLP, kVp, mAs and pitch were recorded for every phases of abdomen- a pelvic study from dose report of MDCT scanners (MDCTs). Age of patients range from 14 years to 87 years in both MDCT scanners. Overall CTDI (volume) median was 63.8 (±10.4) mGy for a multiphase abdominal-pelvic scan with scanner A while it was 35.4 (±15.6) mGy for scanner B. Patients' effective dose for multiphase abdomen - pelvic CT scan range from 8.2 mSv to 58 mSv. Median effective dose for patients, who underwent multiphase abdomen- pelvis scan with scanner A and B were 38.5 (± 8.2) mSv and 21.3 (± 8.6) mSv respectively. Median value of exposure parameters of mAs, kVp and pitch, were 150 (±29.7), 130 (±15.3) and 1.3 (±0.1) respectively in scanner A. In scanner B; they were 60 (±14.5), 120 and 1. The median effective dose for patients between multiphase abdomen-pelvic scan of both MDCT, a significant different (P<0.05) was observed. Multiphase abdomen – pelvic scan of clinical study shows significant different of effective dose with reference level of phantom studies (8-14mSv) and it depends on the type of vendors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abdomen-pelvic%20region" title="abdomen-pelvic region">abdomen-pelvic region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title=" computed tomography"> computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exposure%20parameters" title=" exposure parameters"> exposure parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20dose" title=" radiation dose"> radiation dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46083/radiation-dose-and-associated-exposure-parameters-in-selected-mdct-scanners-in-multiphase-scan-of-abdomen-pelvic-region-a-clinical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46083.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10636</span> The Use of the Matlab Software as the Best Way to Recognize Penumbra Region in Radiotherapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Shayegan">Alireza Shayegan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Amirabadi"> Morteza Amirabadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The y tool was developed to quantitatively compare dose distributions, either measured or calculated. Before computing ɣ, the dose and distance scales of the two distributions, referred to as evaluated and reference, are re-normalized by dose and distance criteria, respectively. The re-normalization allows the dose distribution comparison to be conducted simultaneously along dose and distance axes. Several two-dimensional images were acquired using a Scanning Liquid Ionization Chamber EPID and Extended Dose Range (EDR2) films for regular and irregular radiation fields. The raw images were then converted into two-dimensional dose maps. Transitional and rotational manipulations were performed for images using Matlab software. As evaluated dose distribution maps, they were then compared with the corresponding original dose maps as the reference dose maps. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energetic%20electron" title="energetic electron">energetic electron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20function" title=" gamma function"> gamma function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penumbra" title=" penumbra"> penumbra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matlab%20software" title=" Matlab software "> Matlab software </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1778/the-use-of-the-matlab-software-as-the-best-way-to-recognize-penumbra-region-in-radiotherapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1778.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10635</span> Estimation of Adult Patient Doses for Chest X-Ray Diagnostic Examinations in a Tertiary Institution Health Centre</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20E.%20Okungbowa">G. E. Okungbowa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20O.%20Adams"> H. O. Adams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20E.%20Eze"> S. E. Eze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is on the estimation of adult patient doses for Chest X-ray diagnostic examinations of new admitted undergraduate students attending a tertiary institution health centre as part of their routine clearance and check up on admitted into the institution. A total of 531 newly admitted undergraduate students were recruited for this survey in the first quarter of 2016 (January to March, 2016). CALDOSE_X 5.0 software was used to compute the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and Effective Dose (ED); while the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 was used to carry out the statistical analyses. The basic patients' data and exposure parameters required for the software are age, sex, examination type, projection posture, tube potential and current-time product. The mean Entrance Surface Dose and Effective Doses of the undergraduate students were calculated using the software, and the values were compared with existing literature and internationally established diagnostic reference levels. The mean ESD calculated is 0.29 mGy, and the mean effective dose is 0.04 mSv. The values of ESD and ED obtained are below the internationally established diagnostic reference levels, which could be attributed to good radiographic techniques employed during the chest X-ray procedure for these students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=x-ray" title="x-ray">x-ray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose" title=" dose"> dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=examination" title=" examination"> examination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chest" title=" chest"> chest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65198/estimation-of-adult-patient-doses-for-chest-x-ray-diagnostic-examinations-in-a-tertiary-institution-health-centre" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65198.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10634</span> Occupational Cumulative Effective Doses of Radiation Workers in Hamad Medical Corporation in Qatar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Bobes">Omar Bobes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abeer%20Al-Attar"> Abeer Al-Attar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hassan%20Kharita"> Mohammad Hassan Kharita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huda%20Al-Naemi"> Huda Al-Naemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The number of radiological examinations has increased steadily in recent years. As a result, the risk of possible radiation-induced consequential damage also increases through continuous, lifelong, and increasing exposure to ionizing radiation. Therefore, radiation dose monitoring in medicine became an essential element of medical practice. In this study, the occupational cumulative doses for radiation workers in Hamad medical corporation in Qatar have been assessed for a period of five years. The number of monitored workers selected for this study was 555 (out of a total of 1250 monitored workers) who have been working continuously -with no interruption- with ionizing radiation over the past five years from 2015 to 2019. The aim of this work is to examine the occupational groups and the activities where the higher radiation exposure occurred and in what order of magnitude. The most exposed group was the nuclear medicine technologist staff, with an average cumulative dose of 8.4 mSv. The highest individual cumulative dose was 9.8 mSv recorded for the PET-CT technologist category. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20dose" title="cumulative dose">cumulative dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title=" effective dose"> effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20exposure" title=" occupational exposure"> occupational exposure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dosimetry" title=" dosimetry"> dosimetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133495/occupational-cumulative-effective-doses-of-radiation-workers-in-hamad-medical-corporation-in-qatar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10633</span> Comparative Study of Dose Calculation Accuracy in Bone Marrow Using Monte Carlo Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzieh%20Jafarzadeh">Marzieh Jafarzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Rezaee"> Fatemeh Rezaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The effect of ionizing radiation on human health can be effective for genomic integrity and cell viability. It also increases the risk of cancer and malignancy. Therefore, X-ray behavior and absorption dose calculation are considered. One of the applicable tools for calculating and evaluating the absorption dose in human tissues is Monte Carlo simulation. Monte Carlo offers a straightforward way to simulate and integrate, and because it is simple and straightforward, Monte Carlo is easy to use. The Monte Carlo BEAMnrc code is one of the most common diagnostic X-ray simulation codes used in this study. Method: In one of the understudy hospitals, a certain number of CT scan images of patients who had previously been imaged were extracted from the hospital database. BEAMnrc software was used for simulation. The simulation of the head of the device with the energy of 0.09 MeV with 500 million particles was performed, and the output data obtained from the simulation was applied for phantom construction using CT CREATE software. The percentage of depth dose (PDD) was calculated using STATE DOSE was then compared with international standard values. Results and Discussion: The ratio of surface dose to depth dose (D/Ds) in the measured energy was estimated to be about 4% to 8% for bone and 3% to 7% for bone marrow. Conclusion: MC simulation is an efficient and accurate method for simulating bone marrow and calculating the absorbed dose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte%20Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20dose" title=" absorption dose"> absorption dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BEAMnrc" title=" BEAMnrc"> BEAMnrc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bone%20marrow" title=" bone marrow"> bone marrow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135306/comparative-study-of-dose-calculation-accuracy-in-bone-marrow-using-monte-carlo-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10632</span> Annual Effective Dose Associated with Radon in Groundwater Samples from Mining Communities Within the Ife-Ilesha Schist Belt, Southwestern Nigeria.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulinah%20Oyindamola%20%20Fasanmi">Paulinah Oyindamola Fasanmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Omoniyi%20Isinkaye"> Matthew Omoniyi Isinkaye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the activity concentration of ²²²Rn in groundwater samples collected from gold and kaolin mining communities within the Ife-Ilesha schist belt, southwestern Nigeria, with their corresponding annual effective doses have been determined using the Durridge RAD-7, radon-in-water detector. The mean concentration of ²²²Rn in all the groundwater samples was 13.83 Bql-¹. In borehole water, ²²²Rn had a mean value of 20.68 Bql-¹, while it had a mean value of 11.67 Bql-¹ in well water samples. The mean activity concentration of radon obtained from the gold mining communities ranged from 1.6 Bql-¹ from Igun town to 4.8 Bql-¹ from Ilesha town. A higher mean value of 41.8 Bql-¹ was, however, obtained from Ijero, which is the kaolin mining community. The mean annual effective dose due to ingestion and inhalation of radon from groundwater samples was obtained to be 35.35 μSvyr-¹ and 34.86 nSvyr-¹, respectively. The mean annual ingestion dose estimated for well water samples was 29.90 μSvyr-¹, while 52.85 μSvyr-¹ was obtained for borehole water samples. On the other hand, the mean annual inhalation dose for well water was 29.49 nSvyr-¹, while for borehole water, 52.13 nSvyr-¹ was obtained. The mean annual effective dose due to ingestion of radon in groundwater from the gold mining communities ranged from 4.10 μSvyr-¹ from Igun to 13.1 μSvyr-¹ from Ilesha, while a mean value of 106.7 μSvyr-¹ was obtained from Ijero kaolin mining community. For inhalation, the mean value varied from 4.0 nSvyr-¹ from Igun to 12.9 nSvyr-¹ from Ilesha, while 105.2 nSvyr-¹ was obtained from the kaolin mining community. The mean annual effective dose due to ingestion and inhalation is lower than the reference level of 100 μSvyr-¹ recommended by World Health Organization except for values obtained from Ijero kaolin mining community, which exceeded the reference levels. It has been concluded that as far as radon-related health risks are concerned, groundwater from gold mining communities is generally safe, while groundwater from kaolin mining communities needs mitigation and monitoring. It has been discovered that Kaolin mining impacts groundwater with ²²²Rn than gold mining. Also, the radon level in borehole water exceeds its level in well water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=222Rn" title="222Rn">222Rn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Groundwater" title=" Groundwater"> Groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radioactivity" title=" Radioactivity"> Radioactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annual%20Effective%20Dose" title=" Annual Effective Dose"> Annual Effective Dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mining." title=" Mining."> Mining.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170865/annual-effective-dose-associated-with-radon-in-groundwater-samples-from-mining-communities-within-the-ife-ilesha-schist-belt-southwestern-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10631</span> Evaluation of Dynamic Log Files for Different Dose Rates in IMRT Plans </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Bin%20Saeed">Saad Bin Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fayzan%20Ahmed"> Fayzan Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahbaz%20Ahmed"> Shahbaz Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amjad%20Hussain"> Amjad Hussain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to evaluate dynamic log files (Dynalogs) at different dose rates by dose-volume histograms (DVH) and used as a (QA) procedure of IMRT. Seven patients of phase one head and neck cancer with similar OAR`s are selected randomly. Reference plans of dose rate 300 and 600 MU/Min with prescribed dose of 50Gy in 25 fractions for each patient is made. Dynalogs produced by delivery of reference plans processed by in-house MATLAB program which produces new field files contain actual positions of multi-leaf collimators (MLC`s) instead of planned positions in reference plans. Copies of reference plans are used to import new field files generated by MATLAB program and renamed as Dyn.plan. After dose calculations of Dyn.plans for different dose rates, DVH, and multiple linear regression tools are used to evaluate reference and Dyn.plans. The results indicate good agreement of correlation between different dose rate plans. The maximum dose difference among PTV and OAR`s are found to be less than 5% and 9% respectively. The study indicates the potential of dynalogs to be used as patient-specific QA of IMRT at different dose rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMRT" title="IMRT">IMRT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynalogs" title=" dynalogs"> dynalogs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20rate" title=" dose rate"> dose rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DVH" title=" DVH"> DVH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24120/evaluation-of-dynamic-log-files-for-different-dose-rates-in-imrt-plans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24120.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">535</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10630</span> Reduction of Physician's Radiation Dose during Cardiac Catheterization Procedures Using Lead-Free Sterile Radiation Shields</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20O.%20Diab">Mohammad O. Diab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahera%20A.%20Saleh"> Sahera A. Saleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustapha%20M.%20Dichari"> Mustapha M. Dichari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nijez%20Aloulou"> Nijez Aloulou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Hamoui"> Omar Hamoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feras%20Chehade"> Feras Chehade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of lead-free sterile radiation shield (Radionex) in the reduction of physician's exposure dose during interventional cardiology procedures. Cardiac catheterization procedures are often associated with high radiation doses and high levels of secondary radiation emitted by the patient's body. This study compares physician exposure dose rate during cardiac catheterization procedures done through the femoral artery with sterile radiation shielding to same procedures made without the shielding. The mean operator radiation dose rate without using the shield was found to be 18.4µSv/min compared to a mean dose rate of 5.1 µSv/min when using the shield, rendering a reduction of 72.5% of radiation received by the physician. Sterile radiation shielding is consequently an effective addition to a cardiac catheterization lab radiation protection system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiac%20catheterization" title="cardiac catheterization">cardiac catheterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physician%20exposure%20dose" title=" physician exposure dose"> physician exposure dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sterile%20radiation%20shielding" title=" sterile radiation shielding"> sterile radiation shielding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead-free%20sterile%20radiation%20shields" title=" lead-free sterile radiation shields"> lead-free sterile radiation shields</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23700/reduction-of-physicians-radiation-dose-during-cardiac-catheterization-procedures-using-lead-free-sterile-radiation-shields" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10629</span> In vivo Anticandida Activity of Three Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants in East Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20P.%20Kisangau">Daniel P. Kisangau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ken%20M.%20Hosea"> Ken M. Hosea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Herbert%20V.%20M.%20Lyaruu"> Herbert V. M. Lyaruu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cosam%20C.%20Josep"> Cosam C. Josep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zakaria%20H.%20Mbwambo"> Zakaria H. Mbwambo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pax%20J.%20Masimba"> Pax J. Masimba </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Crude extracts of Dracaena steudneri bark (DSB), Sapium ellipticum bark (SEB) and Capparis erythrocarpos root (CER) were investigated for their antifungal activity in immunocompromised mice infected with Candida albicans in an in vivo mice infection model. The results revealed a substantial dose dependency in all treatments given, with mice survival to the end of the experiment correlating well to the dose levels. At a dose of 400 mg/kg, C. erythrocarpos was the most effective with mice survival of 60% and organ burden clearance ranging from 64.0%-99.9% (P<0.0001) in all treatments. At the same dose, the least effective plant was S. ellipticum which had a mice survival of 20% and organ burden clearance ranging from 78.0%-96.6 (P>0.05). Mice survival for D. steudneri was 30% with organ burden clearance ranging from 89.0%-99.9% (P<0.05). All mice receiving no active treatment died before ten days post infection. In all treatment groups, there was a steady decline in mean weights of mice immediately after immunosuppression followed by gradual recovery in some cases which appeared to be dose dependent a few days post infection. Thus, extracts of D. steudneri and C. erythrocarpos portrayed the most significant potential as sources of antifungal drugs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antifungal%20activity" title="antifungal activity">antifungal activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=candida%20albicans" title=" candida albicans"> candida albicans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=East%20Africa" title=" East Africa"> East Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14067/in-vivo-anticandida-activity-of-three-traditionally-used-medicinal-plants-in-east-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14067.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10628</span> Determining the Effectiveness of Radiation Shielding and Safe Time for Radiation Worker by Employing Monitoring of Accumulation Dose in the Operator Room of CT Scan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Risalatul%20Latifah">Risalatul Latifah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bunawas%20Bunawas"> Bunawas Bunawas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lailatul%20Muqmiroh"> Lailatul Muqmiroh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anggraini%20D.%20Sensusiati"> Anggraini D. Sensusiati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Along with the increasing frequency of the use of CT-Scan for radiodiagnostics purposes, it is necessary to study radiation protection. This study examined aspects of radiation protection of workers. This study tried using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) for evaluating radiation shielding and estimating safe time for workers during CT Scan examination. Six TLDs were placed on door, wall, and window inside and outside of the CT Scan room for 1 month. By using TLD monitoring, it could be seen how much radiation was exposed in the operator room. The results showed the effective dose at door, window, and wall was respectively 0.04 mSv, 0.05 mSv, and 0.04 mSv. With these values, it could be evaluated the effectiveness of radiation shielding on doors, glass and walls were respectively 90.6%, 95.5%, and 92.2%. By applying the dose constraint and the estimation of the accumulated dose for one month, radiation workers were still safe to perform the irradiation for 180 patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20scan%20room" title="CT scan room">CT scan room</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TLD" title=" TLD"> TLD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20worker" title=" radiation worker"> radiation worker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20constraint" title=" dose constraint"> dose constraint</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63239/determining-the-effectiveness-of-radiation-shielding-and-safe-time-for-radiation-worker-by-employing-monitoring-of-accumulation-dose-in-the-operator-room-of-ct-scan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10627</span> Comparison of Bismuth-Based Nanoparticles as Radiosensitization Agents for Radiotherapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Merfat%20Algethami">Merfat Algethami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anton%20Blencowe"> Anton Blencowe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bryce%20Feltis"> Bryce Feltis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Best"> Stephen Best</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moshi%20Geso"> Moshi Geso </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nano-materials with high atomic number atoms have been demonstrated to enhance the effective radiation dose and thus potentially could improve therapeutic efficacy in radiotherapy. The optimal nanoparticulate agents require high X-ray absorption coefficients, low toxicity, and should be cost effective. The focus of our research is the development of a nanoparticle therapeutic agent that can be used in radiotherapy to provide optimal enhancement of the radiation effects on the target. In this study, we used bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles coated with starch and bismuth sulphide nanoparticles (Bi2S3) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). These NPs are of low toxicity and are one of the least expensive heavy metal-based nanoparticles. The aims of this study were to synthesise Bi2S3 and Bi NPs, and examine their cytotoxicity to human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549). The dose enhancing effects of NPs on A549 cells were examined at both KV and MV energies. The preliminary results revealed that bismuth based nanoparticles show increased radio-sensitisation of cells, displaying dose enhancement with KV X-ray energies and to a lesser degree for the MV energies. We also observed that Bi NPs generated a greater dose enhancement effect than Bi2S3 NPs in irradiated A549 cells. The maximum Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) was obtained at lower energy KV range when cells treated with Bi NPs (1.5) compared to the DEF of 1.2 when cells treated with Bi2S3NPs. Less radiation dose enhancement was observed when using high energy MV beam with higher DEF value of Bi NPs treatment (1.26) as compared to 1.06 DEF value with Bi2S3 NPs. The greater dose enhancement was achieved at KV energy range, due the effect of the photoelectric effect which is the dominant process of interaction of X-ray. The cytotoxic effect of Bi NPs on enhancing the X-ray dose was higher due to the higher amount of elemental Bismuth present in Bi NPs compared to Bi2S3 NPs. The results suggest that Bismuth based NPs can be considered as valuable dose enhancing agents when used in clinical applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A549%20lung%20cancer%20cells" title="A549 lung cancer cells">A549 lung cancer cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bi2S3%20nanoparticles" title=" Bi2S3 nanoparticles"> Bi2S3 nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20enhancement%20effect" title=" dose enhancement effect"> dose enhancement effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radio-sensitising%20agents" title=" radio-sensitising agents"> radio-sensitising agents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65231/comparison-of-bismuth-based-nanoparticles-as-radiosensitization-agents-for-radiotherapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10626</span> Radon Concentration in the Water Samples of Hassan District, Karnataka, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20S.%20Shashikumar">T. S. Shashikumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radon is a radioactive gas emitted from radium, a daughter product of uranium that occurs naturally in rocks and soil. Radon, together with its decay products, emits alpha particles that can damage lung tissue. The activity concentration of <sup>222</sup>Ra has been analyzed in water samples collected from borewells and rivers in and around Hassan city, Karnataka State, India. The measurements were performed by Emanometry technique. The concentration of <sup>222</sup>Rn in borewell waters varies from 18.49±1.89 to 397.26±12.3 Bql<sup>-1</sup> with geometric mean 120.48±12.87 Bql<sup>-1</sup> and in river waters it varies from 92.63±9.31 to 93.98±9.51 Bql<sup>-1</sup> with geometric mean of 93.16±9.33 Bql<sup>-1</sup>. In the present study, the radon concentrations are higher in Adarshanagar and Viveka Nagar which are found to be 397.26±12.3 Bql<sup>-1</sup> and 325.78±32.56 Bql<sup>-1</sup>. Most of the analysed samples show a <sup>222</sup>Rn concentration more than 100 Bql<sup>-1</sup> and this can be attributed to the geology of the area where the ground waters are located, which is predominantly of granitic characteristic. The average inhalation dose and ingestion dose in the borewell water are found to be 0.405 and 0.033 µSvy<sup>-1</sup>; and in river water it is found to be 0.234 and 0.019 µSvy<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The average total effective dose rate in borewell waters and river waters are found to be 0.433 and 0.253 µSvy<sup>-1</sup>, which does not cause any health risk to the population of Hassan region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=borewell" title="borewell">borewell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title=" effective dose"> effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emanometry" title=" emanometry"> emanometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=222Rn" title=" 222Rn"> 222Rn</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50581/radon-concentration-in-the-water-samples-of-hassan-district-karnataka-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50581.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10625</span> Human Absorbed Dose Estimation of a New In-111 Imaging Agent Based on Rat Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Yousefnia">H. Yousefnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zolghadri"> S. Zolghadri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The measurement of organ radiation exposure dose is one of the most important steps to be taken initially, for developing a new radiopharmaceutical. In this study, the dosimetric studies of a novel agent for SPECT-imaging of the bone metastasis, 111In-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10 tetraethylene phosphonic acid (111In-DOTMP) complex, have been carried out to estimate the dose in human organs based on the data derived from rats. The radiolabeled complex was prepared with high radiochemical purity in the optimal conditions. Biodistribution studies of the complex was investigated in the male Syrian rats at selected times after injection (2, 4, 24 and 48 h). The human absorbed dose estimation of the complex was made based on data derived from the rats by the radiation absorbed dose assessment resource (RADAR) method. 111In-DOTMP complex was prepared with high radiochemical purity of >99% (ITLC). Total body effective absorbed dose for 111In-DOTMP was 0.061 mSv/MBq. This value is comparable to the other 111In clinically used complexes. The results show that the dose with respect to the critical organs is satisfactory within the acceptable range for diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures. Generally, 111In-DOTMP has interesting characteristics and can be considered as a viable agent for SPECT-imaging of the bone metastasis in the near future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In-111" title="In-111">In-111</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DOTMP" title=" DOTMP"> DOTMP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Internal%20Dosimetry" title=" Internal Dosimetry"> Internal Dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RADAR" title=" RADAR"> RADAR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34600/human-absorbed-dose-estimation-of-a-new-in-111-imaging-agent-based-on-rat-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10624</span> A Varicella Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated School Population in Voluntary 2-Dose Era in Beijing, China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chengbin%20Wang">Chengbin Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Lu"> Li Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luodan%20Suo"> Luodan Suo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qinghai%20Wang"> Qinghai Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fan%20Yang"> Fan Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xu%20Wang"> Xu Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Marin"> Mona Marin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Two-dose varicella vaccination has been recommended in Beijing since November 2012. We investigated a varicella outbreak in a highly vaccinated elementary school population to examine transmission patterns and risk factors for vaccine failure. Methods: A varicella case was defined as an acute generalized maculopapulovesicular rash without other apparent cause in a student attending the school from March 28 to May 17, 2015. Breakthrough varicella was defined as varicella >42 days after last vaccine dose. Vaccination information was collected from immunization records. Information on prior disease and clinical presentation was collected via survey of students’ parents. Results: Of the 1056 school students, 1028 (97.3%) reported no varicella history, of whom 364 (35.4%) had received 1-dose and 650 (63.2%) had received 2-dose varicella vaccine, for 98.6% school-wide vaccination coverage with ≥ 1 dose before the outbreak. A total of 20 cases were identified for an overall attack rate of 1.9%. The index case was in a 2-dose vaccinated student who was not isolated. The majority of cases were breakthrough (19/20, 95%) with attack rates of 7.1% (1/14), 1.6% (6/364) and 2.0% (13/650) among unvaccinated, 1-dose, and 2-dose students, respectively. Most cases had < 50 lesions (18/20, 90%). No difference was found between 1-dose and 2-dose breakthrough cases in disease severity or sociodemographic factors. Conclusion: Moderate 2-dose varicella vaccine coverage was insufficient to prevent a varicella outbreak. Two-dose breakthrough varicella is still contagious. High 2-dose varicella vaccine coverage and timely isolation of ill persons might be needed for varicella outbreak control in the 2-dose era. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=varicella" title="varicella">varicella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outbreak" title=" outbreak"> outbreak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breakthrough%20varicella" title=" breakthrough varicella"> breakthrough varicella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57932/a-varicella-outbreak-in-a-highly-vaccinated-school-population-in-voluntary-2-dose-era-in-beijing-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10623</span> Investigation of Factors Affecting the Total Ionizing Dose Threshold of Electrically Erasable Read Only Memories for Use in Dose Rate Measurement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liqian%20Li">Liqian Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Liu"> Yu Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20Colins"> Karen Colins</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The dose rate present in a seriously contaminated area can be indirectly determined by monitoring radiation damage to inexpensive commercial electronics, instead of deploying expensive radiation hardened sensors. EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Read Only Memories) are a good candidate for this purpose because they are inexpensive and are sensitive to radiation exposure. When the total ionizing dose threshold is reached, an EEPROM chip will show signs of damage that can be monitored and transmitted by less susceptible electronics. The dose rate can then be determined from the known threshold dose and the exposure time, assuming the radiation field remains constant with time. Therefore, the threshold dose needs to be well understood before this method can be used. There are many factors affecting the threshold dose, such as the gamma ray energy spectrum, the operating voltage, etc. The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine how the threshold dose depends on dose rate, temperature, voltage, and duty factor. It was found that the duty factor has the strongest effect on the total ionizing dose threshold, while the effect of the other three factors that were investigated is less significant. The effect of temperature was found to be opposite to that expected to result from annealing and is yet to be understood. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionizing%20radiation" title=" ionizing radiation"> ionizing radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20effects%20on%20electronics" title=" radiation effects on electronics"> radiation effects on electronics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20ionizing%20dose" title=" total ionizing dose"> total ionizing dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20sensor%20networks" title=" wireless sensor networks"> wireless sensor networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77107/investigation-of-factors-affecting-the-total-ionizing-dose-threshold-of-electrically-erasable-read-only-memories-for-use-in-dose-rate-measurement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10622</span> Measurement and Analysis of Radiation Doses to Radiosensitive Organs from CT Examination of the Cervical Spine Using Radiochromic Films and Monte Carlo Simulation Based Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Soliman">Khaled Soliman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Alrushoud"> Abdullah Alrushoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20Alkhalifah"> Abdulrahman Alkhalifah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raed%20Albathi"> Raed Albathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salman%20Altymiat"> Salman Altymiat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation dose received by patients undergoing Computed Tomography (CT) examination of the cervical spine was evaluated using Gafchromic XR-QA2 films and CT-EXPO software (ver. 2.3), in order to document our clinical dose values and to compare our results with other benchmarks reported in the current literature. Radiochromic films were recently used as practical dosimetry tool that provides dose profile information not available using the standard ionisation chamber routinely used in CT dosimetry. We have developed an in-house program to use the films in order to calculate the Entrance Dose Length Product (EDLP) in (mGy.cm) and to relate the EDLP to various organ doses calculated using the CT-EXPO software. We also calculated conversion factor in (mSv/mGy.cm) relating the EDLP to the effective dose (ED) from the examination using CT-EXPO software. Variability among different types of CT scanners and dose modulation methods are reported from at least three major CT brands available at our medical institution. Our work describes the dosimetry method and results are reported. The method can be used as in-vivo dosimetry method. But this work only reports results obtained from adult female anthropomorphic Phantom studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20dosimetry" title="CT dosimetry">CT dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gafchromic%20films" title=" gafchromic films"> gafchromic films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XR-QA2" title=" XR-QA2"> XR-QA2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT-Expo%20software" title=" CT-Expo software"> CT-Expo software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37882/measurement-and-analysis-of-radiation-doses-to-radiosensitive-organs-from-ct-examination-of-the-cervical-spine-using-radiochromic-films-and-monte-carlo-simulation-based-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">471</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10621</span> Estimated Human Absorbed Dose of 111 In-BPAMD as a New Bone-Seeking Spect-Imaging Agent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Yousefnia">H. Yousefnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zolghadri"> S. Zolghadri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An early diagnosis of bone metastases is very important for providing a profound decision on a subsequent therapy. A prerequisite for the clinical application of new diagnostic radiopharmaceutical is the measurement of organ radiation exposure dose from biodistribution data in animals. In this study, the dosimetric studies of a novel agent for SPECT-imaging of bone methastases, 111In-(4-{[(bis(phosphonomethyl))carbamoyl]methyl}-7,10-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl) acetic acid (111In-BPAMD) complex, have been estimated in human organs based on mice data. The radiolabeled complex was prepared with high radiochemical purity at the optimal conditions. Biodistribution studies of the complex were investigated in male Syrian mice at selected times after injection (2, 4, 24 and 48 h). The human absorbed dose estimation of the complex was performed based on mice data by the radiation absorbed dose assessment resource (RADAR) method. 111In-BPAMD complex was prepared with high radiochemical purity >95% (ITLC) and specific activities of 2.85 TBq/mmol. Total body effective absorbed dose for 111In-BPAMD was 0.205 mSv/MBq. This value is comparable to the other 111In clinically used complexes. The results show that the dose to critical organs the complex is well within the acceptable considered range for diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures. Generally, 111In-BPAMD has interesting characteristics and can be considered as a viable agent for SPECT-imaging of the bone metastases in the near future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In-111" title="In-111">In-111</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BPAMD" title=" BPAMD"> BPAMD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorbed%20dose" title=" absorbed dose"> absorbed dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RADAR" title=" RADAR"> RADAR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34599/estimated-human-absorbed-dose-of-111-in-bpamd-as-a-new-bone-seeking-spect-imaging-agent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34599.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10620</span> Comparison of Breast Surface Doses for Full-Field Digital Mammography and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Using Breast Phantoms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Hui%20Chen">Chia-Hui Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Kuo%20Wang"> Chien-Kuo Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Full field digital mammography (FFDM) is widely used in diagnosis of breast cancer. Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has recently been introduced into the clinic and is being used for screening for breast cancer in the general population. Hence, the radiation dose delivered to the patients involved in an imaging protocol is of utmost concern. Aim: To compare the surface radiation dose (ESD) of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM) by using breast phantoms. Method: We analyzed the average entrance surface dose (ESD) of FFDM and DBT by using breast phantoms. Optically Stimulated luminescent Dosimeters (OSLD) were placed in a tissue-equivalent Breast phantom at difference sites of interest. Absorbed dose measurements were obtained after digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM) exposures. Results: An automatic exposure control (AEC) is proposed for surface dose measurement during DBT and FFDM. The mean ESD values for DBT and FFDM were 6.37 mGy and 3.51mGy, respectively. Using of OSLD measured for surface dose during DBT and FFDM. There were 19.87 mGy and 11.36 mGy, respectively. The surface exposure dose of DBT could possibly be increased by two times with FFDM. Conclusion: The radiation dose from DBT was higher than that of FFDM and the difference in dose between AEC and OSLD measurements at phantom surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full-field%20digital%20mammography" title="full-field digital mammography">full-field digital mammography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20breast%20tomosynthesis" title=" digital breast tomosynthesis"> digital breast tomosynthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optically%20stimulated%20luminescent%20dosimeters" title=" optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters"> optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20dose" title=" surface dose"> surface dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73090/comparison-of-breast-surface-doses-for-full-field-digital-mammography-and-digital-breast-tomosynthesis-using-breast-phantoms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73090.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10619</span> The Study of γ- Radiolysis of 1.2.4-Trichlorobenzene in Methanol Solution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Karimov">Samir Karimov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elshad%20Abdullayev"> Elshad Abdullayev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muslum%20Gurbanov"> Muslum Gurbanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As one of the γ-radiolysis products of hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene, the study of 1.4 g/L concentrated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in methanol solution has been irradiated at 0-209.3 kGy dose of γ-radiation and the results have been studied via GC-MS. At maximum radiation dose of 209.3 kGy 91.38% of TCB has converted into different organic compounds, such as 1,4-, 1,3- and 1,2- dichlorobenzenes (DCB), chlorobenzene, toluene, benzene and other chlorinated and non-chlorinated compounds. The variation of compounds formed by γ-radiolysis depends on the nature of solvent and radiation dose. One of the frequently identified radiolysis products of TCB in different organic solvents - 1,4-DCB studied quantitatively with external standard. The concentration of DCB increases by increasing absorbed radiation dose to approximately 131.8 kGy, then at higher doses with its conversion into chlorobenzene, it decreases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B3-radiolysis" title="γ-radiolysis">γ-radiolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorinated%20pesticides" title=" chlorinated pesticides"> chlorinated pesticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20dose" title=" radiation dose"> radiation dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dechlorination" title=" dechlorination"> dechlorination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155160/the-study-of-gh-radiolysis-of-124-trichlorobenzene-in-methanol-solution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155160.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10618</span> Optical Properties of N-(Hydroxymethyl) Acrylamide Polymer Gel Dosimeters for Radiation Therapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20A.%20Rabaeh">Khalid A. Rabaeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belal%20Moftah"> Belal Moftah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Basfar"> Ahmed A. Basfar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akram%20A.%20Almousa"> Akram A. Almousa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymer gel dosimeters are tissue equivalent martial that fabricated from radiation sensitive chemicals which, upon irradiation, polymerize as a function of absorbed radiation dose. Polymer gel dosimeters can uniquely record the radiation dose distribution in three-dimensions (3D). A novel composition of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters based on radiation-induced polymerization of N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide (NHMA) is introduced in this study for radiotherapy treatment planning. The dosimeters were irradiated by 10 MV photon beam of a medical linear accelerator at a constant dose rate of 600 cGy/min with doses up to 30 Gy. The polymerization degree is directly proportional to absorbed dose received by the polymer gel. UV/Vis spectrophotometer was used to investigate the degree of white color of irradiated NHMA gel which is associated to the degree of polymerization of polymer gel dosimeters. The absorbance increases with absorbed dose for all gel dosimeters in the dose range between 0 and 30 Gy. Dose rate , energy of radiation and the stability of the polymerization after irradiation were investigated. No appreciable effects of these parameters on the performance of the novel gel dosimeters were observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dosimeter" title="dosimeter">dosimeter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gel" title=" gel"> gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrophotometer" title=" spectrophotometer"> spectrophotometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N-%28Hydroxymethyl%29acrylamide" title=" N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide "> N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34646/optical-properties-of-n-hydroxymethyl-acrylamide-polymer-gel-dosimeters-for-radiation-therapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34646.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10617</span> Development of R³ UV Exposure for the UV Dose-Insensitive and Cost-Effective Fabrication of Biodegradable Polymer Microneedles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungmin%20Park">Sungmin Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyungmok%20Nam"> Gyungmok Nam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seungpyo%20Woo"> Seungpyo Woo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%20Choi"> Young Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sangheon%20Park"> Sangheon Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Hee%20Yoon"> Sang-Hee Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Puncturing human skin with microneedles is critically important for microneedle-mediate drug delivery. Despite of extensive efforts in the past decades, the scale-up fabrication of sharp-tipped and high-aspect-ratio microneedles, especially made of biodegradable polymers, is still a long way off. Here, we present a UV dose insensitive and cost-effective microfabrication method for the biodegradable polymer microneedles with sharp tips and long lengths which can pierce human skin with low insertion force. The biodegradable polymer microneedles are fabricated with the polymer solution casting where a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA, 50:50) solution is coated onto a SU-8 mold prepared with a reverse, ramped, and rotational (R3) UV exposure. The R3 UV exposure is modified from the multidirectional UV exposure both to suppress UV reflection from the bottom surface without anti-reflection layers and to optimize solvent concentration in the SU-8 photoresist, therefore achieving robust (i.e., highly insensitive to UV dose) and cost-effective fabrication of biodegradable polymer microneedles. An optical model for describing the spatial distribution of UV irradiation dose of the R3 UV exposure is also developed to theoretically predict the microneedle geometry fabricated with the R3 UV exposure and also to demonstrate the insensitiveness of microneedle geometry to UV dose. In the experimental characterization, the microneedles fabricated with the R3 UV exposure are compared with those fabricated with a conventional method (i.e., multidirectional UV exposure). The R3 UV exposure-based microfabrication reduces the end-tip radius by a factor of 5.8 and the deviation from ideal aspect ratio by 74.8%, compared with conventional method-based microfabrication. The PLGA microneedles fabricated with the R3 UV exposure pierce full-thickness porcine skins successfully and are demonstrated to completely dissolve in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline). The findings of this study will lead to an explosive growth of the microneedle-mediated drug delivery market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R%C2%B3%20UV%20exposure" title="R³ UV exposure">R³ UV exposure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20model" title=" optical model"> optical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20dose" title=" UV dose"> UV dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflection" title=" reflection"> reflection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20concentration" title=" solvent concentration"> solvent concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradable%20polymer%20microneedle" title=" biodegradable polymer microneedle"> biodegradable polymer microneedle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88274/development-of-r3-uv-exposure-for-the-uv-dose-insensitive-and-cost-effective-fabrication-of-biodegradable-polymer-microneedles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=354">354</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=355">355</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>