CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="kk" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://kk.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ерітінді — Уикипедия</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )kkwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"ymd","wgMonthNames":["","қаңтар","ақпан","наурыз","сәуір","мамыр","маусым","шілде","тамыз","қыркүйек","қазан","қараша","желтоқсан"],"wgRequestId":"7d4ca53d-c811-43da-8215-61ed086926d7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ерітінді","wgTitle":"Ерітінді" ,"wgCurRevisionId":3341825,"wgRevisionId":3341825,"wgArticleId":82822,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"kk","wgPageContentLanguage":"kk","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ерітінді","wgRelevantArticleId":82822,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"kk","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"kk"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":8000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym": "ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky", "autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym": "isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw", "autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st" ,"autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt", "autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym": "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln", "lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q5447188","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":false,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.0"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.FreezeTopRow":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready", "skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.QuestionForm","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=kk&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=kk&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=kk&modules=ext.gadget.FreezeTopRow&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2276"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1518"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1214"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ерітінді — Уикипедия"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Өңдеу" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Уикипедия (kk)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//kk.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.kk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://kk.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://kk.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ерітінді rootpage-Ерітінді stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://kk.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="kk" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2596&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Басты</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Кездейсоқ</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Айналада</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96&returnto=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Кіру</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:MobileOptions&returnto=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Баптау</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source%3Ddonate%26wmf_medium%3Dsidebar%26wmf_campaign%3Dkk.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Dkk%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Демеу беру</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Уикипедия туралы</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Жауапкершіліктен бас тарту</span> </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-kk.svg" alt="Уикипедия" width="119" height="19" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.1875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Арнайы:Іздеу"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Уикипедия жобасынан іздеу" aria-label="Уикипедия жобасынан іздеу" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Уикипедия жобасында іздеу [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Іздеу</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Қатысушы шарлауы"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ерітінді</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Тіл" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Тіл</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96&returnto=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Бақылау</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Өңдеу</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Ерітінді</b> — бір заттың екінші бір заттық ортада біркелкі таралуы аркылы әзірленген <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Гомогендік жүйе">гомогендік жүйе</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; кем дегенде екі компоненттерден, бірі <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Еріткіш">еріткіш</a>, екіншісі еритін зат болатын айнымалы құрамның <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4i%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Химиялық тепе-теңдiк (мұндай бет жоқ)">химиялық тепе-теңдiк</a> күйі болатын жүйе. Ерітінділер <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Газ">газ</a> тәрізді, <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Сұйық">сұйық</a> және <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Қатты дене">қатты</a> болуы мүмкін (сондай-ақ <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Полимер">полимерлердің</a> ерітінділері ерітінділердің үлкен тобын құрайды). Олардың ішінде жан-жақты зерттеліп, жиі қолданылатыны сұйық ерітінді ол <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Су">сулы</a> ерітінділер. Сондықтан тұрмыс ерітінділері деп, көбінесе, сұйық күйдегі <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Молекула">молекула</a>-дисперстік жүйелерді айтады.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg/220px-SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg/330px-SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg/440px-SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="1013"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81_%D1%82%D2%B1%D0%B7%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ас тұзы">Ас тұзының</a> (<a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Натрий хлориді">NaCl</a>) <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Су">суда</a> еруі </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="kk" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Мазмұны</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ерітінділер концентрацияларының түрлері</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Электролиттер және бейэлектролиттер</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ерітінділердің теориялары</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Физикалық теориясы</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Химиялық теориясы</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Дереккөздер</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ерітінділер_концентрацияларының_түрлері"><span id=".D0.95.D1.80.D1.96.D1.82.D1.96.D0.BD.D0.B4.D1.96.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.8B.D2.A3_.D1.82.D2.AF.D1.80.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.96"></span>Ерітінділер концентрацияларының түрлері</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Ерітінділер концентрацияларының түрлері" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>өңдеу</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Ерітінділердің құрамы құрамдас бөліктердің <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Концентрация">концентрацияларымен</a> сипатталады. Ерітінділер қаныққан, қанықпаған және <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Аса қанық ерітінді">аса қаныққан</a> деп бөлінеді. Берілген температурада жақсы еритін заттардың ерігіштігінің де шегі бар. Еріген заттың концентрациясы белгілі бір мөлшерден асқанда, оның артығы ерімей, ерітіндінің түбіне шөгеді. Бұл кезде ерітінді мен еріген зат тепе-теңдік жағдайда болады. Мұндай ерітінділерді қаныққан ерітінділер, ал концентрациялары қаныққан ерітіндінің концентрациясына дейінгі барлық ерітінділерді қанықпаған ерітінділер деп атайды. Кейбір еріткіштің белгілі бір мөлшерінде еритін заттың ерігіштігіне сәйкес мөлшерінен де артық мөлшерін ерітуге болады. Мұндай ерітінділер аса қаныққан ерітінділер деп аталады. Аса қаныққан ерітінділердің тұрақтылығы нашар болады. Кез келген сыртқы әсерден еріген заттың артық мөлшері ерітіндіден бөлініп, <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Тұнба">тұнбаға</a> түседі. Сөйтіп аса қаныққан ерітінді жай қаныққан ерітіндіге айналады.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Электролиттер_және_бейэлектролиттер"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80_.D0.B6.D3.99.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.B1.D0.B5.D0.B9.D1.8D.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Электролиттер және бейэлектролиттер</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Электролиттер және бейэлектролиттер" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>өңдеу</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Кей заттар ерігенде олардың молекулалары <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ион">иондарға</a> ыдырайды, яғни <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Диссоциация">диссоциацияланады</a>. <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Электр тогы">Электр тогын</a> өткізетін болғандықтан, ондай заттардың ерітінділерін <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Электролит">электролит</a> ерітінділері деп атайды. Оған көптеген <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Қышқыл">қышқылдар</a> мен <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Негіздер">негіздердің</a>, әсіресе, <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Тұздар">тұздардың</a> ерітінділері жатады. Керісінше, ерігенде молекулалары иондарға ыдырамайтын, сондықтан электр тогын өткізбейтін заттардың ерітінділері <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бейэлектролиттер">бейэлектролиттердің</a> ерітінділері деп аталады.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ерітінділердің_теориялары"><span id=".D0.95.D1.80.D1.96.D1.82.D1.96.D0.BD.D0.B4.D1.96.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B4.D1.96.D2.A3_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Ерітінділердің теориялары</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Ерітінділердің теориялары" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>өңдеу</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Физикалық_теориясы"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.9B_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Физикалық теориясы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Физикалық теориясы" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>өңдеу</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Ерітінділердің бетіндегі <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бу">бу</a> қысымы және оның қату температурасы таза еріткіштікке қарағанда төмендеу, ал <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Қайнау температурасы">қайнау температурасы</a> жоғарылау болады. Сонымен қатар ерітінділерде <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Осмос">осмос</a> <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Қысым">қысымы</a> байқалады. Ерітінділердің бұл қасиеттерінің барлығы тек еріген заттың молекулалар санына ғана тәуелді. Олардың өзгерістері Вант-Гофф және <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Рауль заңы">Рауль</a> заңдарымен сипатталады. Мысалы, <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ацетон">ацетонның</a>, кез келген <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эфир (химия)">эфирдің</a> немесе <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Спирт">спирттің</a> судағы концентрациялары бірдей ерітінділерінің осмос және бу қысымдарының салыстырмалы төмендеулері, қату температураларының төмендеуі, ал қайнау температураларының жоғарылауы бірдей болады. Бұдан кейбір ғалымдар ерітінді түзілгенде еріткіш пен еріген зат арасында ешқандай әрекеттесулер болмайды, олар тек араласады деген қорытындыға келген. Сондықтан бұл қасиеттер ерітінділердің физикалық теориясына тәжірибелік негіз болған. Идеал газдар сияқты молекулаларының арасында ешқандай әсерлесулер болмайтын, дәлірек айтқанда, мейлінше аз болатын ерітінділер идеал ерітінділер, ал қалғандарын реал ерітінділер деп атайды.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Химиялық_теориясы"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.9B_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Химиялық теориясы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Химиялық теориясы" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>өңдеу</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Күшті электролиттердің ерітінділерінің кейбір қасиеттері сұйылтылған ерітінділердің қасиеттерін сипаттайтын заңдылықтарға бағынбайды. Олардың біраз қасиеттері Дебай мен Гюккельдің “күшті электролиттер теориясымен” сипатталады. Сонымен қатар ерітінділер түзілгенде жылу бөлінуі, жүйе түсінің құрамдас ебөліктер түсінен өзгешелігі және ерітінділер көлемінің құрамдас бөліктер көлемінің қосындысына қарағанда кемуі еріген зат пен еріткіш арасында химиялық әрекеттесулер болатынын көрсетеді. Кейде олардың арасындағы байланыстың беріктігі соншалық, ерітінділерді суытқанда еріткіштің біраз мөлшері еріген затпен бірге кристалданады. Оларды жалпы <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Сольваттар (мұндай бет жоқ)">сольваттар</a>, ал еріткіш су болғанда <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Кристаллогидраттар">кристаллогидраттар</a> деп атайды. Бұл қасиеттер ерітінділердің химиялық теориясына тәжірибелік негіз болды<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Дереккөздер"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BA.D3.A9.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Дереккөздер</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Дереккөздер" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>өңдеу</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Орысша-қазақша түсіндірме сөздік: Механика / Жалпы редакциясын басқарған э.ғ.д., профессор Е. Арын - Павлодар : «ЭКО»ҒӨФ. 2007.-29 1 б. <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965082340?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-08-234-0</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Қазақ энциклопедиясы">Қазақ энциклопедиясы</a>, III том, 12 тарау</span></li> </ol> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Бұл мақаланы Уикипедия <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Уикипедия:Уикидің негізгі синтаксисі">сапа талаптарына</a> лайықты болуы үшін <a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Уикипедия:Уикилендіру">уикилендіру</a> қажет.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%26oldid%3D3341825">https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ерітінді&oldid=3341825</a>» бетінен алынған </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Тапқыр" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1717136452"> <span>Соңғы рет 2024 ж. мамырдың 31, 11:20 бұрын өңделді</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Тілдер</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplossing_(chemie)" title="Oplossing (chemie) – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oplossing (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="محلول – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%25C3%25B3n" title="Disolución – астурия тілі" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusyon_(kimika)" title="Solusyon (kimika) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Solusyon (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Рашчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рашчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Разтвор – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разтвор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25A3" title="দ্রবণ – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রবণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastvor" title="Rastvor – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rastvor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluci%25C3%25B3_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Solució química – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solució química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25DB%2595" title="گیراوە – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیراوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztok" title="Roztok – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roztok" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25C4%2595%25D0%25BB%25D1%2587%25C4%2595%25D0%25BA" title="Ирĕлчĕк – чуваш тілі" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирĕлчĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opl%25C3%25B8sning_(kemi)" title="Opløsning (kemi) – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opløsning (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B6sung_(Chemie)" title="Lösung (Chemie) – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lösung (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CE%25B9%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BB%25CF%2585%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1" title="Διάλυμα – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάλυμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry) – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Solution (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solva%25C4%25B5o" title="Solvaĵo – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solvaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%25C3%25B3n" title="Disolución – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahus" title="Lahus – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lahus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluzio" title="Disoluzio – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disoluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="محلول – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuos" title="Liuos – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liuos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chimie)" title="Solution (chimie) – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solution (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaslag%25C3%25A1n" title="Tuaslagán – ирланд тілі" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuaslagán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%25C3%25B3n" title="Disolución – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%2594" title="תמיסה – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="विलयन – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलयन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otopine" title="Otopine – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otopine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solisyon" title="Solisyon – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldat" title="Oldat – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oldat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AE%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Լուծույթներ – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուծույթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Larutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausn" title="Lausn – исланд тілі" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lausn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluzione_(chimica)" title="Soluzione (chimica) – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soluzione (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25AE%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ხსნარები – грузин тілі" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხსნარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerway" title="Amerway – кабил тілі" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amerway" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259A%25A9%25EC%2595%25A1" title="용액 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutio_(chemia)" title="Solutio (chemia) – латын тілі" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solutio (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluzion" title="Soluzion – ломбард тілі" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Soluzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбард тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirpalas" title="Tirpalas – литва тілі" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tirpalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0%25C4%25B7%25C4%25ABdums" title="Šķīdums – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķīdums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="ലായനി – малаялам тілі" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലായനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Уусмал – моңғол тілі" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уусмал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="моңғол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="द्रावण – маратхи тілі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रावण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Larutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2598%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="घोल – непал тілі" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplossing_(scheikunde)" title="Oplossing (scheikunde) – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oplossing (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B8sning_(kjemi)" title="Løsning (kjemi) – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løsning (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solucion_(quimia)" title="Solucion (quimia) – окситан тілі" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solucion (quimia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbula" title="Bulbula – оромо тілі" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bulbula" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2598%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25B2" title="ਘੋਲ – пенджаб тілі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджаб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztw%25C3%25B3r" title="Roztwór – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roztwór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o" title="Solução – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chullusqa" title="Chullusqa – кечуа тілі" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chullusqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%25C8%259Bie_(chimie)" title="Soluție (chimie) – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soluție (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otopina" title="Otopina – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otopina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solution (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztok" title="Roztok – словак тілі" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roztok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raztopina" title="Raztopina – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raztopina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyungu" title="Munyungu – шона тілі" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munyungu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millan" title="Millan – сомали тілі" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Millan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tret%25C3%25ABsirat" title="Tretësirat – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tretësirat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B6sning_(kemi)" title="Lösning (kemi) – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lösning (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmumunyo" title="Mmumunyo – суахили тілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmumunyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D" title="கரைசல் – тамил тілі" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரைசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="สารละลาย – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารละลาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25C3%25B6zelti" title="Çözelti – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çözelti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Розчин – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розчин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="محلول – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritma" title="Eritma – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eritma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%25C5%2582usion" title="Sołusion – венеция тілі" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sołusion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="венеция тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_d%25E1%25BB%258Bch" title="Dung dịch – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dung dịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusyon" title="Solusyon – варай тілі" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solusyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-solution" title="I-solution – кхоса тілі" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-solution" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%25C3%25B4ng-e%25CC%258Dk" title="Iông-e̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-kk.svg" alt="Уикипедия" width="119" height="19" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.1875em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Бұл беттің соңғы рет өзгертілген кезі: 2024 ж. мамырдың 31, 11:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Мәлімет <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.kk">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> лицензиясы аясында қолжетімді (басқа шарттар көрсетілмеген жағдайда).</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Құпиялық саясаты</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Уикипедия туралы</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://kk-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Жауапкершіліктен бас тарту</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Тәртіп кодексі</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Әзірлеушілер</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/kk.wikipedia.org">Статистикалар</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie мәлімдемесі</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Қолдану шарты</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2596%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Компьютерлік нұсқа</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55fd9d4764-mb62z","wgBackendResponseTime":235,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.111","walltime":"0.214","ppvisitednodes":{"value":948,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":47531,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3019,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1084,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 66.382 1 -total"," 58.55% 38.868 1 Үлгі:Wikify"," 55.67% 36.954 1 Үлгі:Ambox"," 52.77% 35.029 3 Үлгі:Навигациялық_кесте"," 41.23% 27.371 1 Үлгі:Заттың_термодинамикалық_күйлері"," 23.15% 15.364 2 Үлгі:Navbox_subgroup"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.023","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1194114,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-74b99475c-6447g","timestamp":"20250120132013","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0415\u0440\u0456\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456","url":"https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5447188","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5447188","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-07-17T13:46:29Z","dateModified":"2024-05-31T06:20:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/89\/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('kk', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>