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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Pangea" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Pangea" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Pangea" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Pangea" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pangea_kontzeptuaren_jatorria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangea_kontzeptuaren_jatorria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pangea kontzeptuaren jatorria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangea_kontzeptuaren_jatorria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sorrera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Banaketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontinenteen_jitoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontinenteen_jitoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kontinenteen jitoa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kontinenteen_jitoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Kontinenteen jitoa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kontinenteen_jitoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Froga_geografikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Froga_geografikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Froga geografikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Froga_geografikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Froga_geologikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Froga_geologikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Froga geologikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Froga_geologikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Froga_paleoklimatikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Froga_paleoklimatikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Froga paleoklimatikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Froga_paleoklimatikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Froga_paleontologikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Froga_paleontologikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Froga paleontologikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Froga_paleontologikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wegenerren_teoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wegenerren_teoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Wegenerren teoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wegenerren_teoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pangea_eta_aldaketa_klimatikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangea_eta_aldaketa_klimatikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pangea eta aldaketa klimatikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangea_eta_aldaketa_klimatikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pangea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 101 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بانجيا – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panxea" title="Panxea – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Panxea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeya" title="Pangeya – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pangeya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="প্যানজিয়া – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যানজিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%C3%A6a" title="Pangæa – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pangæa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ޕަންގިއާ – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕަންގިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παγγαία – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγγαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeo" title="Pangeo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pangeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2" title="پانگه‌آ – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانگه‌آ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%C3%A9e" title="Pangée – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pangée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeea" title="Pangeea – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pangeea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panxea" title="Panxea – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Panxea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="פנגיאה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנגיאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पैंजिया – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैंजिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panje" title="Panje – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Panje" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Պանգեա – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանգեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="パンゲア大陸 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンゲア大陸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="პანგეა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანგეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeya" title="Pangeya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pangeya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EA%B2%8C%EC%95%84" title="판게아 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판게아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%C4%97ja" title="Pangėja – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pangėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeja" title="Pangeja – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pangeja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Пангеясь – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пангеясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пангеја – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пангеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="പാൻ‌ജിയ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാൻ‌ജിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86" title="पँजिआ – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पँजिआ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC" title="ပန်ဂေအာ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်ဂေအာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea_(Kontinent)" title="Pangaea (Kontinent) – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pangaea (Kontinent)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%C3%A8a" title="Pangèa – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pangèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਪੈਂਜੀਆ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਂਜੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پینجیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پینجیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeia" title="Pangeia – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pangeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeea" title="Pangeea – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pangeea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پينجيا – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پينجيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0" title="Пангеа – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пангеа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panga%C3%A9a" title="Pangaéa – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pangaéa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaia" title="Pangaia – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pangaia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="ஒருநிலக் கொள்கை – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒருநிலக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มหาทวีปแพนเจีย – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาทวีปแพนเจีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pangea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пангея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پینجیا – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینجیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeya" title="Pangeya – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pangeya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A0n_L%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Toàn Lục Địa – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toàn Lục Địa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandj%C3%AAye" title="Pandjêye – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pandjêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pangaea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%98%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="盘古大陆 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="盘古大陆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a 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style="width:22em;line-height:normal; width:23.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #e7dcc3; padding:3px;">Pangea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pangea_animation_03.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pangea_animation_03.gif" decoding="async" width="285" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Mota</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Superkontinente" title="Superkontinente">superkontinente</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleokontinente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleokontinente (sortu gabe)">paleokontinente</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geografia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pangaea_continents.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pangaea_continents.svg/285px-Pangaea_continents.svg.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pangaea_continents.svg/428px-Pangaea_continents.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pangaea_continents.svg/570px-Pangaea_continents.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Honen parte da</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Ur-gorputza</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Pantalasa" title="Pantalasa">Pantalasa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pangea</b> <a href="/wiki/Paleozoiko" title="Paleozoiko">Paleozoiko</a>aren amaieraren eta <a href="/wiki/Mesozoiko" title="Mesozoiko">Mesozoiko</a>aren hasieraren artean izan zen <a href="/wiki/Superkontinente" title="Superkontinente">superkontinentearen</a> izena da.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangea <a href="/wiki/Permiar" title="Permiar">Permiar</a> garaian sortu zen eta <a href="/wiki/Jurasiko" title="Jurasiko">Jurasikoan</a> hasi zen zatitzen. Zatitze hori <a href="/wiki/Tetis_itsasoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetis itsasoa">Tetis itsasotik</a> hasi zen, eta <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> izeneko bi kontinenteak sortu ziren. </p><p>Pangearen garaian itsaso bakarra zegoenː <a href="/wiki/Pantalasa" title="Pantalasa">Pantalasa</a>. Kontinentea bitan zatitzen zuen <a href="/wiki/Pangeako_Erdialdeko_Mendikatea" title="Pangeako Erdialdeko Mendikatea">Pangeako Erdialdeko Mendikateak</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pangea_kontzeptuaren_jatorria">Pangea kontzeptuaren jatorria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pangea kontzeptuaren jatorria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Pangea kontzeptuaren jatorria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Pangea" hitza antzinako grezieratik dator: <i>pan</i> (πᾶν: /pâːn/ → 'guztizko, erabateko, oro') eta <i>gaia</i> (Γαῖα: /ɡái̯.a/ → 'ama natura, landa')<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/220px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/330px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/440px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> (1924–1930)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Alfred_Wegener_-_Pangaea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Alfred_Wegener_-_Pangaea.jpg/220px-Alfred_Wegener_-_Pangaea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Alfred_Wegener_-_Pangaea.jpg/330px-Alfred_Wegener_-_Pangaea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Alfred_Wegener_-_Pangaea.jpg/440px-Alfred_Wegener_-_Pangaea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Wegener-rek sortutako mapa, </figcaption></figure> <p>Kontinenteak garai batean lur masa bakar bat osatu izanaren kontzeptua <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> meteorologo eta astronomo alemaniarrak proposatu zuen. Kontzeptua 1912ko argitalpen batean agertu zen lehen aldiz, Wegenerrek berak idatzitako <i>Kontinenteen jatorria</i> liburuan. 1915ean bere hipotesiak zabaldu zituen <i>Kontinenteen eta ozeanoen jatorria</i> liburuan. Bertan superkontinente baten existentzia aldarrikatu zuen, "Urkontinent" deiturikoa. Aurrerago, "Pangäa" alemanezko izena eman zion Wegenerrek eta, azkenik, hitza latinizatu egin zen, ezagutzen dugun "Pangea" kontzeptua finkatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sorrera">Sorrera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sorrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sorrera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dirudienez, superkontinenteen eraketak eta banaketak ziklikoak izan dira historian zehar; hau da, guk ezagutzen dugun Pangea superkontinentea baino lehen beste horrelako asko egon direla uste da, etengabe elkartzen eta apurtzen aritu direnak. Ezagutzen den laugarren kontinente zaharrena, esaterako, duela 2-1,8 milioi urte ingurukoa da, eta <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(superkontinentea)" title="Columbia (superkontinentea)">Columbia</a> izenez ezagutzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbiaren zatiketatik eta ondorengo elkarketatik <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a> superkontinentea eratu zen. Rodiniaren zatiketa duela 750 milioi urte gertatu bide zen eta amaieran <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a> superkontinentea osatu bide zen. Duela 540 milioi urtera arte iraun zuen superkontinente horrek, <a href="/wiki/Kanbriar" title="Kanbriar">Kanbriar</a> garaira arte. Pannotiaren Proto-Laurassia hiru kontinentetan sakabanatu zen: <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltika" title="Baltika">Baltika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(kontinentea)" title="Siberia (kontinentea)">Siberia</a>. Proto-Gondwanatik <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a> mikrokontinentea bereizi zen eta Laurentiaranzko norabidea hartu zen. Azkenean, Laurentia, Baltika, Siberia eta Avaloniak talka egin eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euramerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euramerika (sortu gabe)">Euramerika</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> deituriko kontinentea eratu zen. Honakoa Pangearen sorreraren lehenengo urratsa izan zen. Bigarren urratsa, berriz, Gondwana eta Laurassiaren elkarketa izan bide zen. </p><p>Era horretan, <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Proto-Gondwana</a> eta Proto-Laurasia kontinenteen arteko talkaren ondorioz sortua da Pangea. Bi superkontinente horiek <a href="/wiki/Ordoviziar" title="Ordoviziar">Ordoviziar</a> garaikoak direla kalkulatzen da, Paleozoikoaren bigarren aldikoak, hain zuzen ere. Esan bezala, Pangea Paleozoikoaren amaieran sortu zenez, esan daiteke Protogondwana eta Laurassia ia 3 milioi urtez aritu zirela mugitzen litosferan zehar, harik eta elkarrekin talka egin eta Pangea sortu zen arte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banaketa">Banaketa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Banaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Banaketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pangea_continents_and_oceans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pangea_continents_and_oceans.svg/377px-Pangea_continents_and_oceans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="377" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pangea_continents_and_oceans.svg/566px-Pangea_continents_and_oceans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pangea_continents_and_oceans.svg/754px-Pangea_continents_and_oceans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Pangearen mapa, gaur egungo kontinenteekin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pangearen desintegrazioa hiru aldi garrantzitsutan izan zen. Lehenengo aldia, garai <a href="/wiki/Jurasiko" title="Jurasiko">Jurasiko</a>aren hasiera-erdialdean hasi zen (duela 175 milioi urte), Pangea pitzatzen hasi baitzen Tetis itsasotik (ekialdean zegoena) <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Barea" title="Ozeano Barea">Ozeano Bare</a>ra (mendebaldean zegoena). Pitzadura <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Amerika" title="Ipar Amerika">Ipar Amerika</a>ren eta <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>ren artean gertatu zen, eta pitzadura ugari eragin zituen. Pitzadura horietako bat ozeano bilakatu zen, <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Atlantikoa" title="Ozeano Atlantikoa">Ozeano Atlantikoa</a> hain zuzen. Ozeano Atlantikoa ez zen modu uniformean ireki, pitzadura Atlantikoaren ipar-erdialdean hasi baitzen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hego Atlantikoa ez zen ireki <a href="/wiki/Kretazeoa" title="Kretazeoa">Kretazeo</a> garaiaren hasierara arte, <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> eskuinerantz biratzen hasi zenean, Ipar Amerikarekin batera iparralderantz mugituz, <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> hegoaldera mugitzen zen bitartean. Laurasiaren mugimenduak, gainera, geroago Tetis itsasoa itxiaraziko zuen, baita "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinus_Borealis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinus Borealis (sortu gabe)">Sinus Borealis</a>" zabalduko ere, honakoa beranduago <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoa</a> bilakatuz. Bitartean, Afrikaren bestaldean eta <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartika</a> eta Ekialdeko Afrikaren albo-ertzetan zehar pitzadura berriak eratzen zihoazen, Kretazeo garaian hego-ekialdeko <a href="/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa">Ozeano Indikoa</a> sorraraziko zutenak. </p><p>Pangearen banaketa-prozesuaren bigarren aldi garrantzitsua Kretazeo garaiaren hasieran kokatzen da (duela 150-140 milioi urte inguru), <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> superkontinentea lau kontinente txikiagotan zatitu zenean (Afrika, <a href="/wiki/Hego_Amerika" title="Hego Amerika">Hego Amerika</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> eta Antartika / <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>). Duela 200 bat milioi urte sortutako Tetis fosaren <a href="/wiki/Subdukzio" title="Subdukzio">subdukzio</a>ak Afrika, India eta Australia iparralderantz mugiarazi bide zituen. Kretazeoaren hasieran, azkenean, Atlantika, egungo Hego Amerika eta Afrika hartzen zituena, ekialdeko Gondwanatik (Antartika, India eta Australia) bereizi zen, eta horrela Hego Ozeano Indikoa sortu zen. Erdi Kretazeo garaian Gondwana zatitu egin zen, hego Ozeano Atlantikoa irekiz, Hego Amerika mendebalderantz mugitzen zihoan bitartean, eta Afrikatik urruntzen. Hego Atlantikoa ez zen modu uniformean garatuː aldiz, kremailera balitz bezala hegoaldetik iparralderantz ireki zen. </p><p>Halaber, Madagaskar eta India Antartikatik bereizten hasi ziren, iparranderantz mugituz, eta horrela ozeano Indikoa ireki zen. Madagaskar eta India elkarrengandik banatu ziren duela 100-90 milioi urte Kretazeo garaiaren amaieran. Indiak iparralderantz mugitzen jarraitu zuen Eurasiarantz, urteko 15 zentimetroko abiaduran, eta horrela Tetis itsasoa ixten joan zen. Madagaskar, berriz, gelditu egin zen, <a href="/wiki/Afrikako_plaka" title="Afrikako plaka">Afrikako plaka</a>n finkaturik. <a href="/wiki/Zeelanda_Berria" title="Zeelanda Berria">Zeelanda Berria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kaledonia_Berria" title="Kaledonia Berria">Kaledonia Berria</a> Australiatik ekialderantz mugitzen hasi ziren Ozeano Barerako norabidean, eta horrela <a href="/wiki/Koral_itsasoa" title="Koral itsasoa">Koral itsasoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Tasmaniako_itsasoa" title="Tasmaniako itsasoa">Tasmaniako itsasoa</a> zabaldu ziren. Ordutik, uharte independenteak izan dira. </p><p>Pangearen banaketaren hirugarren eta azken aldia garai <a href="/wiki/Zenozoiko" title="Zenozoiko">Zenozoiko</a>aren hasieran izan zen (<a href="/wiki/Paleozeno" title="Paleozeno">Paleozeno</a>tik <a href="/wiki/Oligozeno" title="Oligozeno">Oligozeno</a>ra). Laurasia zatikatu zenean, Ipar Amerika eta <a href="/wiki/Groenlandia" title="Groenlandia">Groenlandia</a> Eurasiatik aldendu ziren, <a href="/wiki/Norvegiako_itsasoa" title="Norvegiako itsasoa">Norvegiako itsasoa</a> irekiz, duela 60-55 milioi urte. Ozeano Indikoak eta Atlantikoak hedatzen jarraitu zuten, Tetis ozeanoa itxiz. </p><p>Bitartean, Australia Antartikatik bereizi zen iparralderantz azkar mugituz, Indiak 40 milioi urte lehenago egin zuen eran; gaur egun, <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Asia" title="Ekialdeko Asia">Ekialdeko Asia</a>rekin talka egiteko bidean dago. Australia eta India ipar-ekialdeko norabidean mugitzen ari dira egun, urteko 5-6 zentimetroko abiaduran. Antartika hego polotik oso gertu izan da Pangearen sorreratik (duela 280 milioi urte). India <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>rekin talka egiten hasi zen duela 35 milioi urte, eta horrek <a href="/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia">Himalaia</a> orogenia sorrarazi zuen eta azkenean Tetis itsasoa itxiarazi zuen; talka horrek oraindik jarraitzen du. Afrikar plaka bere norabidea aldatzen hasi zen, mendebaletik ipar-mendebalera <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>rantz. Aldi berean, Hego Amerikak iparralderanzko norabidea hartu zuen, Antartikatik bereizi zen eta, horrela, Antartikaren inguruko zirkulazio ozeaniko osoa bideratu zen. Horrek, atmosferako karbono dioxidoaren kontzentrazioaren jaitsierarekin batera, kontinentearen berehalako hozketa eta <a href="/wiki/Glaziar" title="Glaziar">glaziar</a>ren eraketa eragin zuen. </p><p>Zenozoiko garaian, beste gertaera garrantzitsu batzuk ere izan ziren, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniako_golkoa" title="Kaliforniako golkoa">Kaliforniako golkoa</a>ren irekiera, <a href="/wiki/Alpeak" title="Alpeak">Alpe</a>en altxatzea eta <a href="/wiki/Japoniako_itsasoa" title="Japoniako itsasoa">Japoniako itsasoa</a>ren irekiera. Pangearen banaketak egun jarraitzen du Afrikako ekialdeko pitzaduran; gainera, gertatzen ari diren talkek baliteke superkontinente berri baten eraketa adieraztea.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontinenteen_jitoa">Kontinenteen jitoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontinenteen jitoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kontinenteen jitoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> zientzialari alemaniarrak <a href="/wiki/Kontinenteen_jitoa" title="Kontinenteen jitoa">Kontinenteen jitoa</a>ren teoria proposatu zuen 1912an, eta historian zehar izan den eztabaida geologiko handienetako bat piztea lortu zuen teoria horrekin. Wegenerren behaketen arabera, gaur egungo kontinenteak garairen batean elkartuta egon bide ziren; eta guk ezagutzen dugun kontinenteen antolamendua hasierako plaka horren hausturaren ondorio bide da. </p><p>Hasierako ustezko superkontinente horri <b>Pangea</b> deitu zion, eta horren inguruan zegoen ozeano handiari, <b>Panthalasa</b>. Pangearen haustura eta ondorioz sortutako kontinenteen mugimendua azaltzen ere saiatu zen Wegener, baina garai hartan oso zaila zen ulertzea nola mugi zitezkeen hain masa zurrun eta handiak, eta oso kritikatua izan zen. Azkenik, teoria 60ko hamarkadan onartu zuten, Wegener hil eta hainbat urtetara. Dena den, bizirik iraun zuen bitartean kritikei entzungor egin eta bere teoriaren aldeko frogak bildu zituen, haren oinarriak zehaztearren: froga geografikoak, geologikoak, paleoklimatikoak eta paleontologikoak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Froga_geografikoak">Froga geografikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Froga geografikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Froga geografikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egungo kontinente ertzen arteko osagarritasunean oinarritzen da. Esaterako, Atlantikoko kostaldeen arteko osagarritasuna: Hego Amerikak eta Afrikak puzzle baten piezen antzera elkartu daitezke. Hala ere, froga hori ez zen onartua izan, zientzialari askok prozesu geologiko baten ondorioa izan beharrean, kasualitatea zela esan baitzuten (aipatutako osagarritasuna guztiz perfektua ez zela eta). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Froga_geologikoak">Froga geologikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Froga geologikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Froga geologikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kontinente ertzen osagarritasun fisikoaz gain, Wegenerrek froga geologikoak ere bildu zituen. Aipatutako kontinente osagarrietan, gaur egun elkarrengandik urrun egon arren, ezaugarri bereko harri formazioak zeudela jabetu zen: harri mota bera, antzeko egitura edo antzeko adina. Adibidez, Afrikako eta Brasilgo gneis plataformak bat etortzea; edo Hegoafrikako hainbat mendiren jarraipena Argentinan (Buenos Aires) egotea. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_mapa_es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_mapa_es.svg/373px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_mapa_es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="373" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_mapa_es.svg/560px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_mapa_es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_mapa_es.svg/746px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_mapa_es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Froga palontologikoak</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Froga_paleoklimatikoak">Froga paleoklimatikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Froga paleoklimatikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Froga paleoklimatikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harri jakin batzuek klima zehatz bat behar dute eratuak izateko. Beraz, eskualde batean dagoen harri batek behar duen klima ez dator bat gaur egungo kokapen geografikoarekin. Honen adibide izan daiteke Hegoafrikan tillitak (klima glaziarretan eratzen direnak) aurkitu izana. Honek adierazten du harria latitude ezberdin batean zegoela, bederen harria sortutako periodo geologikoan. Beraz, harri hori bere kabuz mugitu ez denez, dirudiena da kontinenteen desplazamendua gertatu izan dela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Froga_paleontologikoak">Froga paleontologikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Froga paleontologikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Froga paleontologikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kontinente ezberdinetan organismo berdinaren fosilak aurkitu izana ere froga garrantzitsua izan zen Wegenerren teoriarentzat. Izan ere, organismo jakin baten ezaugarriak zirela eta, ezinezkoa zen bi kontinente banatzen zituen ozeano handiak zeharkatu izana, ur azpitik zein airetik. Mesosaurus anfibioaren fosilak, besteak beste, Hegoafrikan eta Hegoamerikan aurkitu dira, baina espezie txiki honentzat ezinezkoa zen ozeano zabal horiek zeharkatzea, ez baitzuen hegan egiteko gaitasunik, ezta distantzia handietan igeri egiteko gaitasunik ere.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wegenerren_teoria">Wegenerren teoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Wegenerren teoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Wegenerren teoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wegenerrek postulatutako <i>kontinenteen jitoa</i> hainbat frogen bidez dago osatuta, non frogatu zuen litosfera kontinentala mugitu egiten dela, eta hasiera batean gaur ezagutzen ditugun kontinenteek bat egiten zutela, Pangea superkontinentea osatuz. Hala ere, Wegenerrek postulatutako teoria ez zen berea izan. Izan ere, teoria hau lehen aldiz 1908an postulatua izan zen, Frank Bursley Taylor izeneko geologo estatubatuarrak, hain zuzen.  </p><p>Taylor akademikoki oso ondo prestaturik zegoen, eta baliabide ugari zituen. Hori zela eta, ikerketa ugari egin ahal izan zituen. Taylorrek ikusi zuenean Afrikak eta Hego Amerikak antzeko forma zutela, eta elkartuz gero bat egiten zutela, deduzitu zuen beste garai batzuetan kontinenteak mugimenduan egon zirela. Horrez gain, azaldu zuen kontinenteen talkak planetako mendikateak sortu ahal izan zituela. Hala ere, Taylorrek ezin izan zituen gertaera hauek frogatu, eta ideia hau oso bitxia zela kontsideratu zen onartua izateko. </p><p>Honen ondoren, Alfred Wegener izeneko meteorologo alemanak Taylorren ideia hartu zuen, eta honetaz jabetu zen. Wegenerrek hainbat landare eta fosil aztertu zituen, eta ikusi zuen espezie berdinaren fosilak ozeanoen aurkako itsasertzetan agertzen zirela. Honela, teoria bat lantzen hasi zen, esaten zuena hasiera batean kontinente guztiek bat egiten zutela, superkontinente bat osatuz. Honi Pangea deitu zion. Teoria hau <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Entstehung_der_Kontinente_und_Ozeane" class="extiw" title="fr:Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane">Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane</a></i> (<i>The Origin of Continents and Oceans</i> ingelesez) liburuan jaso zuen, 1912an publikatu zena alemanieraz. </p><p>Beraz, kontinenteak mugitzen zirenaren ideia ez zen Wegenerrena izan, Taylorrena baizik. Wegenerrek mugitze horren frogak bakarrik eman zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pangea_eta_aldaketa_klimatikoa">Pangea eta aldaketa klimatikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pangea eta aldaketa klimatikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Pangea eta aldaketa klimatikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikerketa batean, jakin izan da Pangea superkontinentearen sorrerak eragina izan duela gaur egungo ingurugiroan. Izan ere, Pangearen sorrerak garai hartako uretako espezieen % 90-95 desagerrarazi zuela pentsatzen da, bai eta lurreko espezieen % 70 ere. Gertaera horren eragile nagusia aktibitate bolkaniko ikaragarria izan zen, kontinente guztiek bat egin zutenean izugarrizko aktibitate geologikoa eragin zuelako, eta horren ondorioz karbono dioxido kantitate handia askatu zen atmosferan, bai eta beste hainbat sustantzia ere. Askatutako karbono dioxido horrek berotegi efektua bultzatu zuen nabarmen, eta honek gaur egungo berotze globala sorrarazi zuen. </p><p>Pangearen garaian, litosfera kontinentalaren dentsitatea handiagoa zen kontinente bakoitzak bananduta zuena baino. Ondorioz, kontinente guztiak elkarrekin zeudenean, eta ozeanoa bakarra zenean (Panthalassa), diferentzia oso nabarmena zen ozeanoaren sakontasunaren eta kontinentearen altitudearen artean. Horrek eragin handia izan zuen Lurraren kliman.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEgoitz2007-02-01">Egoitz, Etxebeste Aduriz.  (2007-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aldizkaria.elhuyar.eus/erreportajeak/eta-plaka-tektonika-hasi-zen/">«...eta plaka-tektonika hasi zen»</a> <i>Elhuyar aldizkaria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-10-24)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZientzia2000-12-01">Zientzia, Elhuyar.  (2000-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aldizkaria.elhuyar.eus/albisteak/250-milio-urte-barru-berriz-oinez-europatik-amerik/">«250 milio urte barru berriz oinez Europatik Ameriketara»</a> <i>Elhuyar aldizkaria</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-10-24)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Pangaea">«Pangaea»</a> <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pang%C3%A9e&oldid=142856629"><i>Pangée. </i></a> 2017-11-23 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-11-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZhaoCawoodWildeSun">Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825202000739">«Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent»</a> <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i> 59 (1-4): 125–162.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0012-8252%2802%2900073-9">10.1016/s0012-8252(02)00073-9</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-11-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZeeya.2009">Zeeya., Merali,.  (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226361765"><i>Visualizing earth science. </i></a> John Wiley & Sons <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/047174705X" title="Berezi:BookSources/047174705X">047174705X</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDeContoPollard2003-01-16">DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David.  (2003-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12529638">«Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2»</a> <i>Nature</i> 421 (6920): 245–249.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01290">10.1038/nature01290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12529638">12529638</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-11-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864137099"><i>Biologia, geologia 1 : Batxilergoa. </i></a> Elkar D.L. 2013 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8483319721" title="Berezi:BookSources/8483319721">8483319721</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREF1951-2011">1951-, Bryson, Bill,.  (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913037457"><i>Una breve historia de casi todo. </i></a> (15ª ed. argitaraldia) RBA <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788498678024" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788498678024">9788498678024</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticiasdelaciencia.com/not/8792/relacion-entre-la-formacion-del-supercontinente-pangea-y-la-peor-extincion-masiva-en-la-tierra/">«Relación entre la formación del supercontinente Pangea y la peor extinción masiva en la Tierra — Noticias de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (Amazings® / NCYT®)»</a> <i>Noticias de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (Amazings® / NCYT®)</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-11-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaken_tektonika" title="Plaken tektonika">Plaken tektonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalasa" title="Pantalasa">Pantalasa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irutxulo.hitza.eus/2021/11/12/pangea-kantu-eta-bideoklipa-kaleratu-du-mugan-talde-donostiarrak/">'Pangea' kantu eta bideoklipa kaleratu du Mugan talde donostiarrak</a>» <i>Irutxuloko Hitza (2021-11-12).</i> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4398" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q4398">Q4398</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pangea">Pangea</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q4398%22">Q4398</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12500043k">12500043k</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12500043k">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89003758">sh89003758</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Lekuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Getty_Thesaurus_of_Geographic_Names" title="Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names">TGN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7025012">7025012</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4398" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q4398">Q4398</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pangea">Pangea</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q4398%22">Q4398</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><br style="clear: both;" /> </p> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; width:100%; margin:auto;"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#c8d8ff;"><b>Munduko <a href="/wiki/Kontinente" title="Kontinente">Kontinenteak</a></b></div> <div class="NavContent"> <table style="clear:both; background-color:transparent; margin:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afrika-Eurasia" title="Afrika-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LocationAfricaEurasia.png/75px-LocationAfricaEurasia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LocationAfricaEurasia.png/113px-LocationAfricaEurasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LocationAfricaEurasia.png/150px-LocationAfricaEurasia.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Afrika-Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika-Eurasia">Afrika-Eurasia</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/75px-LocationAmericas.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/113px-LocationAmericas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/150px-LocationAmericas.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LocationEurasia.png/75px-LocationEurasia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LocationEurasia.png/113px-LocationEurasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LocationEurasia.png/150px-LocationEurasia.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ozeania" title="Ozeania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/LocationOceania.png/75px-LocationOceania.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/LocationOceania.png/113px-LocationOceania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/LocationOceania.png/150px-LocationOceania.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ozeania" title="Ozeania">Ozeania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/75px-LocationAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/113px-LocationAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/150px-LocationAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LocationAntarctica.png/75px-LocationAntarctica.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LocationAntarctica.png/113px-LocationAntarctica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LocationAntarctica.png/150px-LocationAntarctica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartika</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/75px-LocationAsia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/113px-LocationAsia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/150px-LocationAsia.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ozeania" title="Ozeania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_of_Australia.svg/75px-Location_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_of_Australia.svg/113px-Location_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_of_Australia.svg/150px-Location_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="299" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ozeania" title="Ozeania">Ozeania</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/LocationEurope_transparent.png/75px-LocationEurope_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/LocationEurope_transparent.png/113px-LocationEurope_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/LocationEurope_transparent.png/150px-LocationEurope_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> </p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationNorthAmerica.png/75px-LocationNorthAmerica.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationNorthAmerica.png/113px-LocationNorthAmerica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/LocationNorthAmerica.png/150px-LocationNorthAmerica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ipar_Amerika" title="Ipar Amerika">Ipar Amerika</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hego_Amerika" title="Hego Amerika"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LocationSouthAmerica.png/75px-LocationSouthAmerica.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LocationSouthAmerica.png/113px-LocationSouthAmerica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LocationSouthAmerica.png/150px-LocationSouthAmerica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hego_Amerika" title="Hego Amerika">Hego Amerika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Superkontinente" title="Superkontinente">Superkontinente</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologikoak</a></b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pangea</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(superkontinentea)" title="Columbia (superkontinentea)">Columbia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenorland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenorland (sortu gabe)">Kenorland</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sclavia (sortu gabe)">Sclavia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur_(superkontinentea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur (superkontinentea) (sortu gabe)">Ur</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28" style="border-bottom: solid 1px #aaaaaa;"> <p><b>Beste kontinente prehistorikoak</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amazonia" title="Amazonia">Amazonia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arktika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arktika (sortu gabe)">Arktika</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiamerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiamerika (sortu gabe)">Asiamerika</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantika (sortu gabe)">Atlantika</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Baltika" title="Baltika">Baltika</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimmeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimmeria (sortu gabe)">Cimmeria</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Kongoko_kratoia" title="Kongoko kratoia">Kongoko kratoia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euramerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euramerika (sortu gabe)">Euramerika</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalaharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalaharia (sortu gabe)">Kalaharia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhstania (sortu gabe)">Kazakhstania</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipar_Txina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipar Txina (sortu gabe)">Ipar Txina</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(kontinentea)" title="Siberia (kontinentea)">Siberia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hego_Txina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hego Txina (sortu gabe)">Hego Txina</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Antartika" title="Ekialdeko Antartika">Ekialdeko Antartika</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pampia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pampia (sortu gabe)">Pampia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuyania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuyania (sortu gabe)">Cuyania</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilenia (sortu gabe)">Chilenia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28"> <p><b>Kontinente mitiko eta teorizatuak</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida">Atlantida</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumari_Kandam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumari Kandam (sortu gabe)">Kumari Kandam</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemuria_(kontinentea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemuria (kontinentea) (sortu gabe)">Lemuria</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meropis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meropis (sortu gabe)">Meropis</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(kontinente_galdua)" title="Mu (kontinente galdua)">Mu</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Hiperborea" title="Hiperborea">Hiperborea</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Zeelandia" title="Zeelandia">Zeelandia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28"> <p><b>Hondoraturiko kontinenteak</b> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerguelen_goi_ordokia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerguelen goi ordokia (sortu gabe)">Kerguelen goi ordokia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunda (sortu gabe)">Sunda</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28"> <p><b>Etorkizuneko kontinente posibleak</b> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopangea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopangea (sortu gabe)">Neopangea</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amasia (sortu gabe)">Amasia</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novopangaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novopangaea (sortu gabe)">Novopangaea</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurica (sortu gabe)">Aurica</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28"> <p><b>Azpikontinenteak</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia">Arabiar Penintsula</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar_plaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madagaskar plaka (sortu gabe)">Madagaskar plaka</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Indiako_azpikontinentea" title="Indiako azpikontinentea">Indiako azpikontinentea</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFIrutxuloko2021-11-12">Irutxuloko, Hitza(e)ko.  (2021-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irutxulo.hitza.eus/2021/11/12/pangea-kantu-eta-bideoklipa-kaleratu-du-mugan-talde-donostiarrak/">«'Pangea' kantu eta bideoklipa kaleratu du Mugan talde donostiarrak»</a> <i>Irutxuloko Hitza</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-10-24)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. 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