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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classes_of_metal_hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes_of_metal_hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classes of metal hydrides</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classes_of_metal_hydrides-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classes of metal hydrides subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classes_of_metal_hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_metal_hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_metal_hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Binary metal hydrides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_metal_hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ternary_metal_hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ternary_metal_hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ternary metal hydrides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ternary_metal_hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Coordination complexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cluster_hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cluster_hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cluster hydrides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cluster_hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydride_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydride_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hydride transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydride_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elimination reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxidative_additions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidative_additions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oxidative additions</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span>Toggle Thermodynamic considerations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thermodynamic_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hydricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinetics_and_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinetics_and_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kinetics and mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinetics_and_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_bonding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_bonding"> <div 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class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal hydrides">Transition metal hydrides</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compounds</div> <p><b>Transition metal hydrides</b> are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> containing a <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> bonded to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. Most transition metals form <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a> complexes and some are significant in various <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalytic</a> and synthetic reactions. The term "hydride" is used loosely: some of them are acidic (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Iron_tetracarbonyl_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron tetracarbonyl hydride">H<sub>2</sub>Fe(CO)<sub>4</sub></a>), whereas some others are hydridic, having H<sup>−</sup>-like character (e.g., ZnH<sub>2</sub>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classes_of_metal_hydrides">Classes of metal hydrides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classes of metal hydrides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_metal_hydrides">Binary metal hydrides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Binary metal hydrides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" title="Binary compounds of hydrogen">Binary compounds of hydrogen</a></div> <p>Many transition metals form compounds with hydrogen. These materials are called binary hydrides, because they contain only two elements. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenic">hydrogenic</a> ligand is assumed to have hydridic (H<sup>−</sup>-like) character. These compounds are invariably insoluble in all solvents, reflecting their polymeric structures. They often exhibit metal-like electrical conductivity. Many are <a href="/wiki/Nonstoichiometric_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstoichiometric compound">nonstoichiometric compounds</a>. Electropositive metals (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>) and some other metals form hydrides with the stoichiometry MH or sometimes MH<sub>2</sub> (M = <a href="/wiki/Titanium_hydride" title="Titanium hydride">Ti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">Zr</a>, Hf, V, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydride" title="Zinc hydride">Zn</a>). The best studied are the binary <a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">hydrides of palladium</a>, which readily forms a limiting monohydride. In fact, hydrogen gas diffuses through Pd windows via the intermediacy of PdH.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AX9E0-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AX9E0-3D-balls.png/220px-AX9E0-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AX9E0-3D-balls.png/330px-AX9E0-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AX9E0-3D-balls.png/440px-AX9E0-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the <span class="chemf nowrap">ReH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sub></span></span></span> anion in the salt <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nonahydridorhenate" title="Potassium nonahydridorhenate">K<sub>2</sub>ReH<sub>9</sub></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ternary_metal_hydrides">Ternary metal hydrides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ternary metal hydrides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ternary metal hydrides have the formula A<sub>x</sub>MH<sub>n</sub>, where A<sup>+</sup> is an alkali or alkaline earth metal cation, e.g. K<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>. A celebrated example is <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nonahydridorhenate" title="Potassium nonahydridorhenate">K<sub>2</sub>ReH<sub>9</sub></a>, a salt containing two K<sup>+</sup> ions and the ReH<sub>9</sub><sup>2−</sup> anion. Other homoleptic metal hydrides include the anions in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_iron_hexahydride" title="Magnesium iron hexahydride">Mg<sub>2</sub>FeH<sub>6</sub></a> and Mg<sub>2</sub>NiH<sub>4</sub>. Some of these anionic polyhydrides satisfy the <a href="/wiki/18-electron_rule" title="18-electron rule">18-electron rule</a>, many do not. Because of their high <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energy</a>, these salts are typically not soluble in any solvents, a well known exception being K<sub>2</sub>ReH<sub>9</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_complexes">Coordination complexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coordination complexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most prevalent hydrides of the transition metals are <a href="/wiki/Metal_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal complex">metal complexes</a> that contain a mix of ligands in addition to hydride. The range of coligands is large. Virtually all of the metals form such derivatives. The main exceptions include the late metals silver, gold, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydride" title="Cadmium hydride">cadmium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_hydride" title="Mercury hydride">mercury</a>, which form few or unstable complexes with direct M-H bonds. Examples of an industrially useful hydrides are HCo(CO)<sub>4</sub> and <a href="/wiki/Tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium_carbonyl_hydride" title="Tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl hydride">HRh(CO)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hydroformylation" title="Hydroformylation">hydroformylation</a>. </p> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HFeCl_dppe_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/HFeCl_dppe_2.svg/220px-HFeCl_dppe_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/HFeCl_dppe_2.svg/330px-HFeCl_dppe_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/HFeCl_dppe_2.svg/440px-HFeCl_dppe_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chlorobis(dppe)iron_hydride" title="Chlorobis(dppe)iron hydride">HFeCl(dppe)<sub>2</sub></a> is one of the most accessible transition metal hydrides.</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <p>The first molecular hydrides of the transition metals were first reported in the 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hieber" title="Walter Hieber">Walter Hieber</a> and coworkers. They described <a href="/wiki/Iron_tetracarbonyl_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron tetracarbonyl hydride">H<sub>2</sub>Fe(CO)<sub>4</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetracarbonyl_hydride" title="Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride">HCo(CO)<sub>4</sub></a>. After a hiatus of several years, and following the release of German war documents on the postulated role of HCo(CO)<sub>4</sub> in <a href="/wiki/Hydroformylation" title="Hydroformylation">hydroformylation</a>, several new hydrides were reported in the mid-1950s by three prominent groups in organometallic chemistry: HRe(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a>, HMo(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)(CO)<sub>3</sub> by <a href="/wiki/E._O._Fischer" class="mw-redirect" title="E. O. Fischer">E. O. Fischer</a>, and HPtCl(PEt<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chatt" title="Joseph Chatt">Joseph Chatt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaesz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaesz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of such compounds are now known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cluster_hydrides">Cluster hydrides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cluster hydrides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like hydrido coordination complexes, many clusters feature terminal (bound by one M–H bond) hydride ligands. Hydride ligands can also bridge pairs of metals, as illustrated by [HW<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>10</sub>]<sup>−</sup>. The cluster <a href="/wiki/Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium" title="Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium">H<sub>2</sub>Os<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>10</sub></a> features both terminal and doubly bridging hydride ligands. Hydrides can also span the triangular face of a cluster as in [Ag<sub>3</sub>{(PPh<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>}<sub>3</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-H)(μ<sub>3</sub>-Cl)]BF<sub>4</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cluster [Co<sub>6</sub>H(CO)<sub>15</sub>]<sup>−</sup>, the hydride is "interstitial", occupying a position at the center of the Co<sub>6</sub> octahedron. The assignment for cluster hydrides can be challenging as illustrated by studies on <a href="/wiki/Stryker%27s_reagent" title="Stryker's reagent">Stryker's reagent</a> [Cu<sub>6</sub>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>].<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydride_transfer">Hydride transfer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hydride transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nucleophilic main group hydrides convert many transition metal halides and cations into the corresponding hydrides: </p> <dl><dd>ML<sub>n</sub>X + LiBHEt<sub>3</sub> → HML<sub>n</sub> + BEt<sub>3</sub> + LiX</dd></dl> <p>These conversions are metathesis reactions, and the hydricity of the product is generally less than of the hydride donor. Classical (and relatively cheap) hydride donor reagents include <a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">sodium borohydride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">lithium aluminium hydride</a>. In the laboratory, more control is often offered by "mixed hydrides" such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium_triethylborohydride" title="Lithium triethylborohydride">lithium triethylborohydride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red-Al" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-Al">Red-Al</a>. Alkali metal hydrides, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">sodium hydride</a>, are not typically useful reagents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elimination_reactions">Elimination reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Elimination reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beta-hydride_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hydride elimination">Beta-hydride elimination</a> and alpha-hydride elimination are processes that afford hydrides. The former a common termination pathway in homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a>. It also allows some transition metal hydride complexes to be synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Organolithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organolithium">organolithium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a>: </p> <dl><dd>ML<sub>n</sub>X + LiC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub> → C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>ML<sub>n</sub> + LiX</dd> <dd>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>ML<sub>n</sub> → HML<sub>n</sub> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>C=CHC<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidative_additions">Oxidative additions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oxidative additions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_addition" title="Oxidative addition">Oxidative addition</a> of dihydrogen to a low valent transition metal center is common. Several metals react directly with H<sub>2</sub>, though usually heat to a few hundred degrees is required. One example is <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dihydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium dihydride">titanium dihydride</a>, which forms when titanium sponge is heated to 400-700 °C under an atmosphere of hydrogen. These reactions typically require high surface area metals. The direct reaction of metals with H<sub>2</sub> is a step in catalytic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a>. </p><p>For solutions, classic example involves <a href="/wiki/Vaska%27s_complex" title="Vaska's complex">Vaska's complex</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Ir<sup>I</sup>Cl(CO)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> ⇌ H<sub>2</sub>Ir<sup>III</sup>Cl(CO)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Oxidative addition also can occur to dimetallic complexes, e.g.: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Co<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(CO)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span> + H<sub>2</sub> ⇌ 2 HCo(CO)<sub>4</sub></dd></dl> <p>Many acids participate in oxidative additions, as illustrated by the addition of HCl to Vaska's complex: </p> <dl><dd>Ir<sup>I</sup>Cl(CO)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + HCl → HIr<sup>III</sup>Cl<sub>2</sub>(CO)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heterolytic_cleavage_of_dihydrogen">Heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some metal hydrides form when a metal complex is treated with hydrogen in the presence of a base. The reaction involves no changes in the oxidation state of the metal and can be viewed as splitting H<sub>2</sub> into hydride (which binds to the metal) and proton (which binds to the base). </p> <dl><dd>ML<sub>n</sub><sup>x+</sup> + base + H<sub>2</sub> ⇌ HML<sub>n</sub><sup>(x-1)+</sup> + Hbase<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p>Such reaction are assumed to involve the intermediacy of <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_complex" title="Dihydrogen complex">dihydrogen complexes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bifunctional_catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bifunctional catalyst">Bifunctional catalysts</a> activate H<sub>2</sub> in this way. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cp2MoH2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cp2MoH2.png/128px-Cp2MoH2.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cp2MoH2.png/192px-Cp2MoH2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cp2MoH2.png/256px-Cp2MoH2.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molybdocene_dihydride" title="Molybdocene dihydride">Molybdocene dihydride</a> is produced using NaBH<sub>4</sub> as the hydride source</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermodynamic_considerations">Thermodynamic considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thermodynamic considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some M-H Bond Dissociation Energies and pK<sub>a</sub>'s of 18e<sup>−</sup> Metal Hydrides(MeCN solution)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Metal hydride complex</th> <th>BDE (kJ/mol)</th> <th>pK<sub>a</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td>H-CpCr(CO)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>257 </td> <td>13.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H-CpMo(CO)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>290 </td> <td>13.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H-CpW(CO)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>303 </td> <td>16.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentacarbonylhydridomanganese" title="Pentacarbonylhydridomanganese">H-Mn(CO)<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td>285 </td> <td>14.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentacarbonylhydridorhenium" title="Pentacarbonylhydridorhenium">H-Re(CO)<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td>313 </td> <td>21.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_tetracarbonyl_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron tetracarbonyl hydride">H-FeH(CO)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>283 </td> <td>11.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H-CpFe(CO)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>239 </td> <td>19.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H-CpRu(CO)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>272 </td> <td>20.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetracarbonyl_hydride" title="Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride">H-Co(CO)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>278 </td> <td>8.3 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The values shift by <6 kJ/mol upon substitution of CO by a phosphine ligand. </p><p>The M-H bond can in principle cleave to produce a proton, hydrogen radical, or hydride.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>HML<sub>n</sub> ⇌ ML<sub>n</sub><sup>−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>HML<sub>n</sub> ⇌ ML<sub>n</sub> + H</dd></dl> <dl><dd>HML<sub>n</sub> ⇌ ML<sub>n</sub><sup>+</sup> + H<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Although these properties are interrelated, they are not interdependent. A metal hydride can be a thermodynamically a weak acid and a weak H<sup>−</sup> donor; it could also be strong in one category but not the other or strong in both. The H<sup>−</sup> strength of a hydride also known as its hydride donor ability or hydricity corresponds to the hydride's Lewis base strength. Not all hydrides are powerful Lewis bases. The base strength of hydrides vary as much as the pK<sub>a</sub> of protons. This hydricity can be measured by heterolytic cleaving hydrogen between a metal complex and base with a known pK<sub>a</sub> then measuring the resulting equilibrium. This presupposes that the hydride doesn't heterolytically or homolytically react with itself to reform hydrogen. A complex would homolytically react with itself if the homolytic M-H bond is worth less than half of the homolytic H-H bond. Even if the homolytic bond strength is above that threshold the complex is still susceptible to radical reaction pathways. </p> <dl><dd>2 HML<sub>n</sub><sup>z</sup> ⇌ 2 ML<sub>n</sub><sup>z</sup> + H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>A complex will heterolytically react with itself when its simultaneously a strong acid and a strong hydride. This conversion results in <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a> producing a pair of complexes with <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> that differ by two electrons. Further <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical reaction">electrochemical reactions</a> are possible. </p> <dl><dd>2HML<sub>n</sub><sup>z</sup> ⇌ ML<sub>n</sub><sup>z+1</sup> + ML<sub>n</sub><sup>z-1</sup> + H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>As noted some complexes heterolytically cleave dihydrogen in the presence of a base. A portion of these complexes result in hydride complexes acidic enough to be deprotonated a second time by the base. In this situation the starting complex can be reduced by two electrons with hydrogen and base. Even if the hydride is not acidic enough to be deprotonated it can homolytically react with itself as discussed above for an overall one electron reduction. </p> <dl><dd>Two deprotonations: ML<sub>n</sub><sup>z</sup> + H<sub>2</sub> + 2Base ⇌ ML<sub>n</sub><sup>z-2</sup> + 2H<sup>+</sup>base</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Deprotonation followed by homolysis: 2ML<sub>n</sub><sup>z</sup> + H<sub>2</sub> + 2base ⇌ 2ML<sub>n</sub><sup>z-1</sup> + 2H<sup>+</sup>Base</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydricity">Hydricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hydricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The affinity for a hydride ligand for a Lewis acid is called its hydricity: </p> <dl><dd>ML<sub>n</sub>H<sup>n−</sup> ⇌ ML<sub>n</sub><sup>(n+1)−</sup> + H<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Since hydride does not exist as a stable anion in solution, this equilibrium constant (and its associated free energy) are calculated from measurable equilibria. The reference point is the hydricity of a proton, which in acetonitrile solution is calculated at −76 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>H<sup>+</sup> + H<sup>−</sup> ⇌ H<sub>2</sub> ΔG<sub>298</sub> = −76 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup></dd></dl> <p>Relative to a proton, most cations exhibit a lower affinity for H<sup>−</sup>. Some examples include: </p> <dl><dd>[Ni(dppe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> + H<sup>−</sup> ⇌ [HNi(dppe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> ΔG<sub>298</sub> = −63 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup></dd> <dd>[Ni(dmpe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> + H<sup>−</sup> ⇌ [HNi(dmpe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> ΔG<sub>298</sub> = −50.7 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup></dd> <dd>[Pt(dppe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> + H<sup>−</sup> ⇌ [HPt(dppe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> ΔG<sub>298</sub> = −53 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup></dd> <dd>[Pt(dmpe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> + H<sup>−</sup> ⇌ [HPt(dmpe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> ΔG<sub>298</sub> = −42.6 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup></dd></dl> <p>These data suggest that [HPt(dmpe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> would be a strong hydride donor, reflecting the relatively high stability of [Pt(dmpe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinetics_and_mechanism">Kinetics and mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kinetics and mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rates of proton-transfer to and between metal complexes are often slow.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many hydrides are inaccessible to study through <a href="/wiki/Bordwell_thermodynamic_cycle" title="Bordwell thermodynamic cycle">Bordwell thermodynamic cycles</a>. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">kinetic studies</a> are employed to elucidate both the relevant thermodynamic parameters. Generally hydrides derived from first row transition metals display the most rapid kinetics followed by the second and third row metal complexes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_bonding">Structure and bonding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structure and bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The determination of structures of metal hydrides can be challenging since hydride ligands do not scatter X-ray well, especially in comparison to the attached metal. Consequently M-H distances are often underestimated, especially in early studies. Often the presence of a hydride ligand was deduced by the absence of a ligand at an apparent coordination site. Classically, the structures of metal hydrides was addressed by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a> since hydrogen strongly scatters neutrons.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metal complexes containing terminal hydrides are common. In bi- and polynuclear compounds, hydrides usually are <a href="/wiki/Bridging_ligand" title="Bridging ligand">bridging ligands</a>. Of these bridging hydrides many are oligomeric, such as <a href="/wiki/Stryker%27s_reagent" title="Stryker's reagent">Stryker's reagent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [(Ph<sub>3</sub>P)CuH]<sub>6</sub> and clusters such as [Rh<sub>6</sub>(PR<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final bonding motif is the <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_complex" title="Dihydrogen complex">non-classical dihydride</a> also known as sigma bond dihydrogen adducts or simply dihydrogen complexes. The [W(PR<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>)] complex was the first well characterized example of both a non-classical dihydride and sigma-bond complex in general.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> is generally insufficient to locate hydrides in crystal structures and thus their location must be assumed. It requires <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Neutron diffraction</a> to unambiguously locate a hydride near a heavy atom crystallographically. Non-classical hydrides have also been studied with a variety of variable temperature NMR techniques and HD Couplings. </p> <dl><dd>Classical terminal: M—H</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bridging_ligand" title="Bridging ligand">Classical bridging</a>: M—H—M</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_complex" title="Dihydrogen complex">nonclassical</a>: M—H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late transition metal hydrides characteristically show <a href="/wiki/Chemical_shift" title="Chemical shift">up-field shifts</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Proton_NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton NMR">proton NMR</a> spectra. It is common for the M-<i>H</i> signal to appear between δ-5 and -25 with many examples outside this range but generally all appear below 0 ppm. The large shifts arise from the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited states</a> and due to strong spin–orbit coupling <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in contrast, <sup>1</sup>H NMR shifts for organic compounds typically occur in the range δ12-1). At one extreme is the 16e complex IrHCl<sub>2</sub>(PMe(<i>t</i>-Bu)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> with a shift of -50.5. The signals often exhibit <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93spin_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin–spin coupling">spin–spin coupling</a> to other ligands, e.g. phosphines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metal hydrides exhibit IR bands near 2000 cm<sup>−1</sup> for ν<sub>M-H</sub>, although the intensities are variable.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaesz_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaesz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These signals can be identified by deuterium labeling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ill-defined copper hydride had been described in the 1844 as resulting from treatment of copper salts with <a href="/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acid" title="Hypophosphorous acid">hypophosphorous acid</a>. It was subsequently found that hydrogen gas was absorbed by mixtures of transition metal salts and <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first well defined metal hydrido complex was <a href="/wiki/Iron_tetracarbonyl_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron tetracarbonyl hydride">H<sub>2</sub>Fe(CO)<sub>4</sub></a>, obtained by the low temperature protonation of an iron carbonyl anion. The next reported hydride complex was (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>ReH. The latter complex was characterized by <a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a>, which demonstrated the utility of this technique in the study of metal hydride complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatt_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, Joseph Chatt, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_L._Shaw" title="Bernard L. Shaw">Bernard L. Shaw</a>, and L. A. Duncanson described <i>trans</i>-PtHCl(PEt<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> the first non-organometallic hydride (i.e., lacking a metal-carbon bond). It was shown to be air-stable, correcting long-held prejudice that metal hydrides would be unstable.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_metal_hydride&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransition+metal+hydride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamsGinsbergKnox1964" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahams, S. C.; Ginsberg, A. P.; Knox, K. (1964). "Transition Metal-Hydrogen Compounds. II. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Potassium Rhenium Hydride, K<sub>2</sub>ReH<sub>9</sub>". <i>Inorg. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46465-2"><bdi>978-0-306-46465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metal+Dihydrogen+and+-Bond+Complexes+-+Structure%2C+Theory%2C+and+Reactivity&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46465-2&rft.aulast=Kubas&rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransition+metal+hydride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHrobarikHrobarikova,_V.Meier,_F.Repisky,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hrobarik, P.; Hrobarikova, V.; Meier, F.; Repisky, M.; Komorovsky, S.; Kaupp, M. (2011). "Relativistic Four-Component DFT Calculations of 1H NMR Chemical Shifts in Transition-Metal Hydride Complexes: Unusual High-Field Shifts Beyond the Buckingham–Stephens Model". <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i>. <b>115</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">5654–</span>5659. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPCA..115.5654H">2011JPCA..115.5654H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp202327z">10.1021/jp202327z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21591659">21591659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Relativistic+Four-Component+DFT+Calculations+of+1H+NMR+Chemical+Shifts+in+Transition-Metal+Hydride+Complexes%3A+Unusual+High-Field+Shifts+Beyond+the+Buckingham%E2%80%93Stephens+Model&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5654-%3C%2Fspan%3E5659&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21591659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp202327z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JPCA..115.5654H&rft.aulast=Hrobarik&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Hrobarikova%2C+V.&rft.au=Meier%2C+F.&rft.au=Repisky%2C+M.&rft.au=Komorovsky%2C+S.&rft.au=Kaupp%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransition+metal+hydride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Akitt in "Multinuclear NMR" Joan Mason (Editor), 1987, Plenum Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-42153-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-42153-4">0-306-42153-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chatt_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatt_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Chatt1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chatt" title="Joseph Chatt">Joseph Chatt</a> (1968). "Hydride Complexes". <i>Science</i>. <b>160</b> (3829): <span class="nowrap">723–</span>729. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...160..723C">1968Sci...160..723C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.160.3829.723">10.1126/science.160.3829.723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17784306">17784306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22350909">22350909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Hydride+Complexes&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=3829&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E723-%3C%2Fspan%3E729&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.160.3829.723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22350909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17784306&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Sci...160..723C&rft.au=Joseph+Chatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransition+metal+hydride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._ChattL._A._DuncansonB._L._Shaw1957" class="citation journal cs1">J. Chatt; L. A. Duncanson; B. L. Shaw (1957). "A Volatile Chlorohydride of Platinum". <i>Proc. Chem. Soc.</i>: <span class="nowrap">329–</span>368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FPS9570000329">10.1039/PS9570000329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=A+Volatile+Chlorohydride+of+Platinum&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FPS9570000329&rft.au=J.+Chatt&rft.au=L.+A.+Duncanson&rft.au=B.+L.+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransition+metal+hydride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Coordination_complexes" title="Template:Coordination complexes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coordination_complexes" title="Template talk:Coordination complexes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coordination_complexes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coordination complexes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coordination_complexes113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination complexes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_complex" title="Dihydrogen complex">H<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_boryl_complex" title="Transition metal boryl complex">BR<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallaborane" title="Metallaborane">B<sub>m</sub>H<sub>n</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_alkyl_complexes" title="Transition metal alkyl complexes">R<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_acyl_complexes" title="Transition metal acyl complexes">RC(O)<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_formyl_complex" title="Transition metal formyl complex">HC(O)<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition-metal_allyl_complex" title="Transition-metal allyl complex">CH<sub>2</sub>＝CH-CH<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylenemethane_complexes" title="Trimethylenemethane complexes">C(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_alkene_complex" title="Transition metal alkene complex">CH<sub>2</sub>＝CH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_alkyne_complex" title="Transition metal alkyne complex">RC<sub>2</sub>R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_benzyne_complex" title="Transition metal benzyne complex">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanometalate" title="Cyanometalate">CN<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbon_dioxide_complex" title="Metal carbon dioxide complex">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal carbide">C<sup>4-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_arene_complex" title="Transition metal arene complex">C<sub>6</sub>R<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_fullerene_complex" title="Transition metal fullerene complex">C<sub>60</sub> & C<sub>70</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_isocyanide_complexes" title="Transition metal isocyanide complexes">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbene_complex" title="Transition metal carbene complex">=CR<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbyne_complex" title="Transition metal carbyne complex">≡CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_indenyl_complex" title="Transition metal indenyl complex">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>7</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_silane_complexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal silane complexes">H<sub>n</sub>SiR<sub>4−n</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_silyl_complexes" title="Transition metal silyl complexes">R<sub>3</sub>Si<sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_ammine_complex" title="Metal ammine complex">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_azide_complex" title="Transition metal azide complex">N<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_imidazole_complex" title="Transition metal imidazole complex">imidazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_nitrosyl_complex" title="Metal nitrosyl complex">NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitroso_complexes" title="Transition metal nitroso complexes">RNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrite_complex#Bonding_modes" title="Transition metal nitrite complex">NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_pyridine_complexes" title="Transition metal pyridine complexes">py</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_amino_acid_complexes" title="Transition metal amino acid complexes">amino acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_nitrido_complex" title="Metal nitrido complex">N<sup>3-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_imido_complex" title="Transition metal imido complex">RN<sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrile_complexes" title="Transition metal nitrile complexes">RCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_2,2%27-bipyridine" title="Transition metal complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine">bipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_1,10-phenanthroline" title="Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline">phen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_porphyrin_complexes" title="Transition metal porphyrin complexes">porphyrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_bis(trimethylsilyl)amides" title="Metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides">(Me<sub>3</sub>Si)<sub>2</sub>N<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dinitrogen_complex" title="Transition metal dinitrogen complex">N<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_thiocyanate" title="Transition metal complexes of thiocyanate"><i>N</i>CS<sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_phosphine_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal phosphine complex">PR<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_phosphido_complexes" title="Transition metal phosphido complexes">PR<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_phosphine_oxides#Secondary_phosphine_oxides_as_ligands" title="Transition metal complexes of phosphine oxides">PR<sub>2</sub>OH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_hydroxide_complexes" title="Transition metal hydroxide complexes">OH<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_ether_complex" title="Transition metal ether complex">R<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_alkoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal alkoxide">RO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_oxo_complex" title="Transition metal oxo complex">O<sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dioxygen_complex" title="Transition metal dioxygen complex">O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbonate_and_bicarbonate_complexes" title="Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>/HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_oxalate_complex" title="Transition metal oxalate complex">C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carboxylate_complex" title="Transition metal carboxylate complex">RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_acetylacetonates" title="Metal acetylacetonates">acac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_aldehydes_and_ketones" title="Transition metal complexes of aldehydes and ketones">R<sub>2</sub>CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrite_complex" title="Transition metal nitrite complex">ONO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrate_complex" title="Transition metal nitrate complex">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_perchlorate_complexes" title="Transition metal perchlorate complexes">ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_pyridine-N-oxides" title="Transition metal complexes of pyridine-N-oxides">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfoxide_complex" title="Transition metal sulfoxide complex">OSR<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfate_complex" title="Transition metal sulfate complex">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_phosphate_complex" title="Transition metal phosphate complex">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_phosphine_oxides" title="Transition metal complexes of phosphine oxides">OPR<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dithiocarbamate_complexes" title="Transition metal dithiocarbamate complexes">R<sub>2</sub>NCS<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_thiolate_complex" title="Transition metal thiolate complex">RS<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_thioether_complex" title="Transition metal thioether complex">R<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_dithiolene_complex" title="Metal dithiolene complex">R<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_sulfur_dioxide_complex" title="Metal sulfur dioxide complex">SO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfito_complex" title="Transition metal sulfito complex">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_thiosulfate_complex" title="Transition metal thiosulfate complex">S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfoxide_complex" title="Transition metal sulfoxide complex">SR<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_thiocyanate" title="Transition metal complexes of thiocyanate">NC<i>S</i><sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halide donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoro_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoro complex (page does not exist)">F<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluorine_complex" title="Difluorine complex">F<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_chloride_complex" title="Transition metal chloride complex">Cl<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromo_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromo complex (page does not exist)">Br<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodo_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodo complex (page does not exist)">I<sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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