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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":2148339,"created_at":"2012-11-17T16:06:42.178-08:00","from_world_paper_id":116445572,"updated_at":"2024-11-30T07:28:39.627-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Wiley Online Library","ai_title_tag":"Ancient Childhood Leprosy in Roman and Byzantine Empires","grobid_abstract":"This study is based on the paleaopathology of leprosy on human skeletal remains and the detection of ancient Mycobacterium leprae DNA. Two cases of childhood leprosy were recognized. The first case was in a Roman necropolis at Martellona (Rome, Central Italy), dated to the 2nd to 3rd centuries CE. The skeleton of a child aged 4-5 years, from tomb 162, is the youngest individual in Italy from this time period, with the clear rhino-maxillary syndrome and other bony changes indicative of leprosy. The second case from a burial at Kovuklukaya, in the Sinop region of Northern Turkey, was from the 8th to the 10th centuries, during the Byzantine era. The endocranium of a 4-5-month-old infant with new bone formation-an indication of chronic inflammation-was positive for M. leprae DNA. Infant and childhood leprosy is uncommon today, and there is a scarcity of information in the osteoarchaeological literature of leprosy in the past, especially in children. The significance of these cases is that it adds to an understanding of the history of the disease in the former Roman Empire. It is hoped that over time sufficient data can be obtained to understand the epidemiological dynamics and clinical evolution of leprosy from the ancient period until today.","publication_date":"2012,1,1","publication_name":"International Journal …","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"50733894"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Paleopathological and molecular study on two cases of ancient childhood leprosy from the Roman and Byzantine Empires","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2777695]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":50733894,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Paleopathological and molecular study on two cases of ancient childhood leprosy from the Roman and Byzantine Empires”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50733894/mini_magick20190127-7121-1mn9ot1.png?1548647764" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Paleopathological and molecular study on two cases of ancient childhood leprosy from the Roman and Byzantine Empires</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2777695" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkSpigelman"><img alt="Profile image of Mark Spigelman" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Mark Spigelman</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2012, International Journal …</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">14 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 2148339; 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Two cases of childhood leprosy were recognized. The first case was in a Roman necropolis at Martellona (Rome, Central Italy), dated to the 2nd to 3rd centuries CE. The skeleton of a child aged 4-5 years, from tomb 162, is the youngest individual in Italy from this time period, with the clear rhino-maxillary syndrome and other bony changes indicative of leprosy. The second case from a burial at Kovuklukaya, in the Sinop region of Northern Turkey, was from the 8th to the 10th centuries, during the Byzantine era. The endocranium of a 4-5-month-old infant with new bone formation-an indication of chronic inflammation-was positive for M. leprae DNA. Infant and childhood leprosy is uncommon today, and there is a scarcity of information in the osteoarchaeological literature of leprosy in the past, especially in children. The significance of these cases is that it adds to an understanding of the history of the disease in the former Roman Empire. It is hoped that over time sufficient data can be obtained to understand the epidemiological dynamics and clinical evolution of leprosy from the ancient period until today.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":50733894,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2148339/Paleopathological_and_molecular_study_on_two_cases_of_ancient_childhood_leprosy_from_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empires"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":50733894,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2148339/Paleopathological_and_molecular_study_on_two_cases_of_ancient_childhood_leprosy_from_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empires"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="2148339" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright a b s t r a c t The aim of this study is to investigate and discuss the cases of leprosy diagnosed on two skeletal individuals from an early mediaeval necropolis at Morrione (Campochiaro, Molise, Central Italy), dated to the 6th–8th century AD. At present only two inhumation areas have been found in Campochiaro: one at Morrione and the other at Vicenne. Since no signs of a stable settlement or built-up area have been found, it seems the cemeteries can be attributed to a semi-nomadic Lombard-Avar group. This site may have represented a military outpost to control the area against Byzantine invasions. The skeletons of a female (40–46 years) and a male (50–55 years), from tombs 68 and 108, revealed several bony changes indicative of leprosy with clear rhino-maxillary syndrome in both specimens. There is a scarcity of information in the osteoarchaeological literature of leprosy in ancient Italy. The significance of these cases is that they add to an understanding of the history of the disease in Italy and to the data set necessary to understand the epidemiological dynamics in the Mediterranean basin during the ancient period.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Lepromatous leprosy in an early mediaeval cemetery in Central Italy (Morrione, Campochiaro, Molise, 6th–8th century AD)","attachmentId":49234813,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28814790/Lepromatous_leprosy_in_an_early_mediaeval_cemetery_in_Central_Italy_Morrione_Campochiaro_Molise_6th_8th_century_AD_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28814790/Lepromatous_leprosy_in_an_early_mediaeval_cemetery_in_Central_Italy_Morrione_Campochiaro_Molise_6th_8th_century_AD_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="80818871" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80818871/Leprosy_in_a_Lombard_Avar_cemetery_in_central_Italy_Campochiaro_Molise_6th_8th_century_AD_ancient_DNA_evidence_and_demography">Leprosy in a Lombard-Avar cemetery in central Italy (Campochiaro, Molise, 6th–8th century AD): ancient DNA evidence and demography</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="140231748" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/HDonoghue">Helen Donoghue</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of Human Biology, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: The study of past infectious diseases increases knowledge of the presence, impact and spread of pathogens within ancient populations. Aim: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine bones for the presence of Mycobacterium leprae ancient DNA (aDNA) as, even when leprosy is present, bony changes are not always pathognomonic of the disease. This study also examined the demographic profile of this population and compared it with two other populations to investigate any changes in mortality trends between different infectious diseases and between the pre-antibiotic and antibiotic eras. Subjects and methods: The individuals were from a site in Central Italy (6th-8th CE) and were examined for the presence of Mycobacterium leprae aDNA. In addition, an abridged life mortality table was constructed. Results: Two individuals had typical leprosy palaeopathology, and one was positive for Mycobacterium leprae aDNA. However, the demographic profile shows a mortality curve similar to that of the standard, in contrast to a population that had been subjected to bubonic plague. Conclusions: This study shows that, in the historical population with leprosy, the risk factors for health seem to be constant and distributed across all age classes, similar to what is found today in the antibiotic era. There were no peaks of mortality equivalent to those found in fatal diseases such as the plague, probably due to the long clinical course of leprosy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leprosy in a Lombard-Avar cemetery in central Italy (Campochiaro, Molise, 6th–8th century AD): ancient DNA evidence and demography","attachmentId":87073586,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80818871/Leprosy_in_a_Lombard_Avar_cemetery_in_central_Italy_Campochiaro_Molise_6th_8th_century_AD_ancient_DNA_evidence_and_demography","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80818871/Leprosy_in_a_Lombard_Avar_cemetery_in_central_Italy_Campochiaro_Molise_6th_8th_century_AD_ancient_DNA_evidence_and_demography"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="71579274" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71579274/Chapter_2_The_Distribution_and_Origins_of_Ancient_Leprosy">Chapter 2 The Distribution and Origins of Ancient Leprosy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32353386" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DonoghueHelen">Helen Donoghue</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human leprosy is primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae, but also by the related ‘M. lepromatosis’. Ancient leprosy can be recognised in archaeological materials by the paleopathology associated with multi-bacillary or lepromatous forms of the disease. Whole M. leprae genomes have been obtained from human skeletons, and diagnostic aDNA fragments have been recovered. The derived M. leprae phylogenies, based on single nucleotide polymorphisms, mirror past human migrations, as M. leprae is usually an obligate pathogen. The detection of M. leprae in historical leprosy cases is assisted by the hydrophobic M. leprae cell envelope, which is composed of unusual lipids that can be used as specific biomarkers. Lipid biomarkers are more stable than aDNA and can be detected directly without amplification. Indigenous human leprosy is extinct in Western Europe, but recently, both M. leprae and ‘M. lepromatosis’ were found in British red squirrels. Leprosy may also be found in ninebanded armadil...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chapter 2 The Distribution and Origins of Ancient Leprosy","attachmentId":80862292,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71579274/Chapter_2_The_Distribution_and_Origins_of_Ancient_Leprosy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71579274/Chapter_2_The_Distribution_and_Origins_of_Ancient_Leprosy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="18583370" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18583370/Two_cases_of_leprosy_from_%C5%BDatec_Bohemia_dated_to_the_turn_of_the_12th_century_and_confirmed_by_DNA_analysis_for_Mycobacterium_leprae">Two cases of leprosy from Žatec (Bohemia), dated to the turn of the 12th century and confirmed by DNA analysis for Mycobacterium leprae</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38621225" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ViktorCern%C3%BD">Viktor Cerný</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The leprosy known today primarily from tropical areas was a relatively common disease in European Middle Ages. This article describes two skeletons bearing palaeopathological indications of leprosy from a cemetery at Zatec in North-West Bohemia (Czech Republic). The archaeological context clearly shows that these individuals were buried prior to the second decade of the 12th century, and most probably in the second half of 11th century. This rules out the possibility that these individuals might have contracted the disease in connection with the Crusades, in which a Bohemian contingent under Prince Vladislav II participated from 1141 to 1142. Molecular genetic methods were applied to detect specific DNA fragments of the causative agent of leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae. The nasal concha of one individual yielded DNA that could be directly sequenced after isolation and amplification. The vertebral body of the second individual, on the other hand, did not provide DNA of sufficient quality for direct sequencing and only weak amplification was detectable. The morphological and genetic analyses both indicate that leprosy existed prior to the Crusades in medieval Bohemia, albeit that its prevalence was probably not as great as in northern or western Europe.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Two cases of leprosy from Žatec (Bohemia), dated to the turn of the 12th century and confirmed by DNA analysis for Mycobacterium leprae","attachmentId":40141438,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18583370/Two_cases_of_leprosy_from_%C5%BDatec_Bohemia_dated_to_the_turn_of_the_12th_century_and_confirmed_by_DNA_analysis_for_Mycobacterium_leprae","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18583370/Two_cases_of_leprosy_from_%C5%BDatec_Bohemia_dated_to_the_turn_of_the_12th_century_and_confirmed_by_DNA_analysis_for_Mycobacterium_leprae"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="50248395" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50248395/Leprosy_in_the_10_13TH_Century_Ad_in_Eastern_Hungary">Leprosy in the 10–13TH Century Ad in Eastern Hungary</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32353386" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DonoghueHelen">Helen Donoghue</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the examination of the skeletons of past human populations, the various aspects of the pathological changes provide useful information about their living circumstances and may be indicators of their health conditions. The purpose of this study is two-fold: firstly, to review the published cases of the osseous leprosy in Eastern Hungary, and secondly, to present a new case dated to the 10–13th century of a region of present-day Eastern Hungary. In this region 8 cases have already been published from the 10–12th centuries. The new case of osseous leprosy (Hajdúdorog-Szállásföldek) – from the 12–13th centuries – is housed at the Jósa András Múzeum in Nyíregyháza. The paleopathological investigation was carried out using macroscopic observation and the isolation and analysis of DNA for the detection of Mycobacterium leprae was carried out in London. The bone changes were manifested in the skull.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leprosy in the 10–13TH Century Ad in Eastern Hungary","attachmentId":68304923,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50248395/Leprosy_in_the_10_13TH_Century_Ad_in_Eastern_Hungary","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50248395/Leprosy_in_the_10_13TH_Century_Ad_in_Eastern_Hungary"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="80818877" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80818877/The_Distribution_and_Origins_of_Ancient_Leprosy">The Distribution and Origins of Ancient Leprosy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="140231748" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/HDonoghue">Helen Donoghue</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hansen's Disease - The Forgotten and Neglected Disease, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human leprosy is primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae, but also by the related 'M. lepromatosis'. Ancient leprosy can be recognised in archaeological materials by the paleopathology associated with multi-bacillary or lepromatous forms of the disease. Whole M. leprae genomes have been obtained from human skeletons, and diagnostic aDNA fragments have been recovered. The derived M. leprae phylogenies, based on single nucleotide polymorphisms, mirror past human migrations, as M. leprae is usually an obligate pathogen. The detection of M. leprae in historical leprosy cases is assisted by the hydrophobic M. leprae cell envelope, which is composed of unusual lipids that can be used as specific biomarkers. Lipid biomarkers are more stable than aDNA and can be detected directly without amplification. Indigenous human leprosy is extinct in Western Europe, but recently, both M. leprae and 'M. lepromatosis' were found in British red squirrels. Leprosy may also be found in ninebanded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) where it can cause a zoonotic human infection. Certain leprosy-like diseases, caused by uncultivable species in cats, for example, may be related to M. leprae. The closest extant relatives of leprosy bacilli are probably members of the M. haemophilum taxon, emerging pathogens with genomic and lipid biomarker similarities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Distribution and Origins of Ancient Leprosy","attachmentId":87073449,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80818877/The_Distribution_and_Origins_of_Ancient_Leprosy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80818877/The_Distribution_and_Origins_of_Ancient_Leprosy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="73488390" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73488390/Paleomicrobiology_of_Leprosy">Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30813935" href="https://beniculturali.academia.edu/MauroRubini">Mauro Rubini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Microbiology spectrum, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The use of paleomicrobiological techniques in leprosy has the potential to assist paleopathologists in many important aspects of their studies on the bones of victims, solving at times diagnostic problems. With Mycobacterium leprae, because of the unique nature of the organism, these techniques can help solve problems of differential diagnosis. In cases of co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, they can also suggest a cause of death and possibly even trace the migratory patterns of people in antiquity, as well as explain changes in the rates and level of infection within populations in antiquity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy","attachmentId":81992200,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73488390/Paleomicrobiology_of_Leprosy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73488390/Paleomicrobiology_of_Leprosy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="59289776" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59289776/Osteological_Biomolecular_and_Geochemical_Examination_of_an_Early_Anglo_Saxon_Case_of_Lepromatous_Leprosy">Osteological, Biomolecular and Geochemical Examination of an Early Anglo-Saxon Case of Lepromatous Leprosy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16340290" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HoudiniWu">Houdini Wu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We have examined a 5th to 6th century inhumation from Great Chesterford, Essex, UK. The incomplete remains are those of a young male, aged around 21-35 years at death. The remains show osteological evidence of lepromatous leprosy (LL) and this was confirmed by lipid biomarker analysis and ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis, which provided evidence for both multi-copy and single copy loci from the Mycobacterium leprae genome. Genotyping showed the strain belonged to the 3I lineage, but the Great Chesterford isolate appeared to be ancestral to 3I strains found in later medieval cases in southern Britain and also continental Europe. While a number of contemporaneous cases exist, at present, this case of leprosy is the earliest radiocarbon dated case in Britain confirmed by both aDNA and lipid biomarkers. Importantly, Strontium and Oxygen isotope analysis suggest that the individual is likely to have originated from outside Britain. This potentially sheds light on the origins of the strain in Britain and its subsequent spread to other parts of the world, including the Americas where the 3I lineage of M. leprae is still found in some southern states of America.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Osteological, Biomolecular and Geochemical Examination of an Early Anglo-Saxon Case of Lepromatous Leprosy","attachmentId":73289631,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59289776/Osteological_Biomolecular_and_Geochemical_Examination_of_an_Early_Anglo_Saxon_Case_of_Lepromatous_Leprosy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59289776/Osteological_Biomolecular_and_Geochemical_Examination_of_an_Early_Anglo_Saxon_Case_of_Lepromatous_Leprosy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="12261990" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12261990/Detection_and_Strain_Typing_of_Ancient_Mycobacterium_leprae_from_a_Medieval_Leprosy_Hospital">Detection and Strain Typing of Ancient Mycobacterium leprae from a Medieval Leprosy Hospital</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30813571" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WuHoudini">Houdini Wu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Nine burials excavated from the Magdalen Hill Archaeological Research Project (MHARP) in Winchester, UK, showing skeletal signs of lepromatous leprosy (LL) have been studied using a multidisciplinary approach including osteological, geochemical and biomolecular techniques. DNA from Mycobacterium leprae was amplified from all nine skeletons but not from control skeletons devoid of indicative pathology. In several specimens we corroborated the identification of M. leprae with detection of mycolic acids specific to the cell wall of M. leprae and persistent in the skeletal samples. In five cases, the preservation of the material allowed detailed genotyping using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Three of the five cases proved to be infected with SNP type 3I-1, ancestral to contemporary M. leprae isolates found in southern states of America and likely carried by European migrants. From the remaining two burials we identified, for the first time in the British Isles, the occurrence of SNP type 2F. Stable isotope analysis conducted on tooth enamel taken from two of the type 3I-1 and one of the type 2F remains revealed that all three individuals had probably spent their formative years in the Winchester area. Previously, type 2F has been implicated as the precursor strain that migrated from the Middle East to India and South-East Asia, subsequently evolving to type 1 strains. Thus we show that type 2F had also spread westwards to Britain by the early medieval period.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Detection and Strain Typing of Ancient Mycobacterium leprae from a Medieval Leprosy Hospital","attachmentId":46272804,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12261990/Detection_and_Strain_Typing_of_Ancient_Mycobacterium_leprae_from_a_Medieval_Leprosy_Hospital","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12261990/Detection_and_Strain_Typing_of_Ancient_Mycobacterium_leprae_from_a_Medieval_Leprosy_Hospital"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":50733894,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":50733894,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_50733894" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="5793085" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5793085/Mauro_Rubini_Valentina_dell_Anno_Pasquale_Favia_Roberta_Giuliani_Paola_Zaio_The_First_Probable_Case_of_Leprosy_in_Southeast_Italy_13th_14th_Centuries_AD_Montecorvino_Puglia_in_Journal_of_Anthropology_2012_pp_1_7">Mauro Rubini, Valentina dell’Anno, Pasquale Favia, Roberta Giuliani, Paola Zaio, The First Probable Case of Leprosy in Southeast Italy (13th-14th Centuries AD, Montecorvino, Puglia), in “Journal of Anthropology” 2012, pp. 1-7.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7389076" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ValentinaDellAnno">Valentina Dell'Anno</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3257737" href="https://uniba-it.academia.edu/RobertaGiuliani">Roberta Giuliani</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30813935" href="https://beniculturali.academia.edu/MauroRubini">Mauro Rubini</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1999164" href="https://unifg.academia.edu/PasqualeFavia">Pasquale Favia</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mauro Rubini, Valentina dell’Anno, Pasquale Favia, Roberta Giuliani, Paola Zaio, The First Probable Case of Leprosy in Southeast Italy (13th-14th Centuries AD, Montecorvino, Puglia), in “Journal of Anthropology” 2012, pp. 1-7.","attachmentId":33242645,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5793085/Mauro_Rubini_Valentina_dell_Anno_Pasquale_Favia_Roberta_Giuliani_Paola_Zaio_The_First_Probable_Case_of_Leprosy_in_Southeast_Italy_13th_14th_Centuries_AD_Montecorvino_Puglia_in_Journal_of_Anthropology_2012_pp_1_7","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5793085/Mauro_Rubini_Valentina_dell_Anno_Pasquale_Favia_Roberta_Giuliani_Paola_Zaio_The_First_Probable_Case_of_Leprosy_in_Southeast_Italy_13th_14th_Centuries_AD_Montecorvino_Puglia_in_Journal_of_Anthropology_2012_pp_1_7"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="49283925" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49283925/The_probable_evidence_of_leprosy_in_a_male_individual_unearthed_in_medieval_Armenia_Angeghakot_Bulletin_of_the_International_Association_for_Paleontology_2021_Vol_15_1_P_24_37">The probable evidence of leprosy in a male individual unearthed in medieval Armenia (Angeghakot) //Bulletin of the International Association for Paleontology. 2021. Vol. 15(1). P. 24-37.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58305575" href="https://archaeologyethnographynationalacademysciencesarmenia.academia.edu/AnahitKhudaverdyan">Anahit Khudaverdyan</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The probable evidence of leprosy in a male individual unearthed in medieval Armenia (Angeghakot) //Bulletin of the International Association for Paleontology. 2021. Vol. 15(1). 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