CINXE.COM
Licence fee and funding - About the BBC
<!DOCTYPE html><html class="b-reith-sans-font b-pw-1280 no-touch reith-sans-font reith-serif-font" lang="en"><head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/licencefee","20190610121516","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1560168916"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><title>Licence fee and funding - About the BBC</title><meta name="title" content="Licence fee and funding"><meta name="description" content="The BBC is primarily funded by the licence fee, supplemented by income from our commercial subsidiaries"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:url" content="bbc.com/aboutthebbc//governance/licencefee"><meta property="og:title" content="Licence fee and funding"><meta property="og:description" content="The BBC is primarily funded by the licence fee, supplemented by income from our commercial subsidiaries"><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta property="twitter:title" content="Licence fee and funding"><meta property="twitter:description" content="The BBC is primarily funded by the licence fee, supplemented by income from our commercial subsidiaries"><meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p06tqgkh.jpg"><meta property="twitter:image" content="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p06tqgkh.jpg"><script>document.write('<link rel="stylesheet" href="/aboutthebbc/static/2.4.5/enhanced.css" />');</script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20190610121516cs_/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/static/2.4.5/base.css"/></noscript><script> var startsWithPolyfill = document.createElement('script'); startsWithPolyfill.src="/aboutthebbc/static/polyfills/startsWith.js"; if (!String.prototype.startsWith) {document.write(startsWithPolyfill.outerHTML);} var includesPolyfill = document.createElement('script'); includesPolyfill.src="/aboutthebbc/static/polyfills/includes.js"; if ((!String.prototype.includes || !Array.prototype.includes)) {document.write(includesPolyfill.outerHTML);} var picturefillPolyfill = document.createElement('script'); picturefillPolyfill.src="/aboutthebbc/static/polyfills/picturefill.js"; if (!window.HTMLPictureElement) {document.write(picturefillPolyfill.outerHTML);} var objectFitPolyfill = document.createElement('script'); objectFitPolyfill.src="/aboutthebbc/static/polyfills/objectFit.js"; if ('objectFit' in document.documentElement.style === false) {document.write(objectFitPolyfill.outerHTML);} var arrayFromPolyfill = document.createElement('script'); arrayFromPolyfill.src="/aboutthebbc/static/polyfills/arrayFrom.js"; if (!Array.from) {document.write(arrayFromPolyfill.outerHTML);}</script><meta charset="utf-8" class="next-head"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1" class="next-head"><link rel="preload" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/_riJbV8cRHxmPRlOzN5Yr/pages/index.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/_riJbV8cRHxmPRlOzN5Yr/pages/_app.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/runtime/webpack-a79426b5e11f0ba5879d.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/chunks/commons.36b6f03856886fa76a4d.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/runtime/main-dd406cb59386d7851950.js" as="script"><!-- Nav Env: live --> <!-- Analytics Web Module: 0.0.1-283.cbf4965 --> <!-- NavID Web Module: 0.2.0-46.cd5363e --> <!-- Searchbox Web Module: 2.0.0-17.7e7753b --> <!-- Promo Web Module: 2.0.0-105.e37c4ea --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a/css/orb-ltr.min.css"><!--[if (lt IE 9) & (!IEMobile)]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a/css/orb-ie-ltr.min.css"> <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ window.orb = { lang: 'en', bbcBaseUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk', bbcUrlPrefix: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.', staticHost: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a', figUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://fig.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/fig/2/fig.js', partialCookieOvenUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://cookie-oven.api.bbc' }; document.documentElement.className += (document.documentElement.className? ' ' : '') + 'orb-js'; window.orb.worldwideNavlinks = '<li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-shop"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://shop.bbc.com/">Shop</a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/reel/">Reel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/travel/">Travel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-capital"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/capital/">Capital</a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/culture/">Culture</a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/future/">Future</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/food/">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-makeitdigital"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/makeitdigital">Make It Digital</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-nature"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/nature/">Nature</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/tv/">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-radio"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/">Radio</a></li>'; /*]]>*/</script><script>// Promise polyfill from https://github.com/bramstein/promis (function(){'use strict';var f,g=[];function l(a){g.push(a);1==g.length&&f()}function m(){for(;g.length;)g[0](),g.shift()}f=function(){setTimeout(m)};function n(a){this.a=p;this.b=void 0;this.f=[];var b=this;try{a(function(a){q(b,a)},function(a){r(b,a)})}catch(c){r(b,c)}}var p=2;function t(a){return new n(function(b,c){c(a)})}function u(a){return new n(function(b){b(a)})}function q(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;var c=!1;try{var d=b&&b.then;if(null!=b&&"object"==typeof b&&"function"==typeof d){d.call(b,function(b){c||q(a,b);c=!0},function(b){c||r(a,b);c=!0});return}}catch(e){c||r(a,e);return}a.a=0;a.b=b;v(a)}} function r(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;a.a=1;a.b=b;v(a)}}function v(a){l(function(){if(a.a!=p)for(;a.f.length;){var b=a.f.shift(),c=b[0],d=b[1],e=b[2],b=b[3];try{0==a.a?"function"==typeof c?e(c.call(void 0,a.b)):e(a.b):1==a.a&&("function"==typeof d?e(d.call(void 0,a.b)):b(a.b))}catch(h){b(h)}}})}n.prototype.g=function(a){return this.c(void 0,a)};n.prototype.c=function(a,b){var c=this;return new n(function(d,e){c.f.push([a,b,d,e]);v(c)})}; function w(a){return new n(function(b,c){function d(c){return function(d){h[c]=d;e+=1;e==a.length&&b(h)}}var e=0,h=[];0==a.length&&b(h);for(var k=0;k<a.length;k+=1)u(a[k]).c(d(k),c)})}function x(a){return new n(function(b,c){for(var d=0;d<a.length;d+=1)u(a[d]).c(b,c)})};window.Promise||(window.Promise=n,window.Promise.resolve=u,window.Promise.reject=t,window.Promise.race=x,window.Promise.all=w,window.Promise.prototype.then=n.prototype.c,window.Promise.prototype["catch"]=n.prototype.g);}()); // Polyfill Event constructor for IE browser version less than 11 ref: https://jira.dev.bbc.co.uk/browse/ORBITEN-919 // see: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26596123 (function () { if (typeof window.CustomEvent === "function") { return false; } function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: undefined }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.Event = CustomEvent; })(); //Element.prototype.matches polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/matches#Polyfill if (!Element.prototype.matches) { Element.prototype.matches = Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector || Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector; } //NodeList.forEach Polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NodeList/forEach#Polyfill if (window.NodeList && !NodeList.prototype.forEach) { NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; } // Object.assign polyfill from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign#Polyfill if (typeof Object.assign != 'function') { // Must be writable: true, enumerable: false, configurable: true Object.defineProperty(Object, "assign", { value: function assign(target, varArgs) { // .length of function is 2 'use strict'; if (target == null) { // TypeError if undefined or null throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object'); } var to = Object(target); for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) { var nextSource = arguments[index]; if (nextSource != null) { // Skip over if undefined or null for (var nextKey in nextSource) { // Avoid bugs when hasOwnProperty is shadowed if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(nextSource, nextKey)) { to[nextKey] = nextSource[nextKey]; } } } } return to; }, writable: true, configurable: true }); } if (typeof window.CustomEvent !== 'function') { function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; } (function() { var language = 'en'; language = 'en'; var modal = false; var istatsLabels = {name: '' || undefined}; istatsLabels['bbc_site'] = 'aboutthebbc'; function getMetaValue(propertyName) { var metaTag = document.querySelector( "meta[property='" + propertyName + "'], " + "meta[name='" + propertyName + "']"); if (metaTag) { return metaTag.getAttribute("content"); } else { throw new Error('No meta tag called: ' + propertyName) } } function generateCountername() { var pathName = window.location.pathname .replace(/\/$/, "") .replace(/^\//, "") .replace(/\//g, '.'); return pathName + '.page'; } var additionalPageProperties = {}; additionalPageProperties['app_name'] = 'About the BBC'; var page = { name: 'aboutthebbc.governance.licencefee' || istatsLabels.name || generateCountername(), destination: 'BBC_CORPORATE_PS' || null, producer: '' || null, section: '' || null, site: '' || istatsLabels.bbc_site || istatsLabels.app_name || istatsLabels.prod_name || null, contentId: '' || null, contentType: 'article' || null, edition: '' || null, additionalProperties: additionalPageProperties }; function updatePageData(newData) { page = Object.assign(page, newData); } document.addEventListener('bbc-page-reset', function(event) { if (event.detail && event.detail.page) { updatePageData(event.detail.page); } document.dispatchEvent(new Event('bbc-page-updated')); }); window.bbcpage = { loadModule: function(deps) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { window.require(deps, function () { resolve.apply(this, arguments); }, function (error) { reject(error); }); }) }, loadCSS: function (url, timeout) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/lib/_$']) .then(function($) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { var stylesheet = loadCSS(url); $.onloadCSS(stylesheet, function() { resolve(); }); if (timeout) { setTimeout(function () { reject(); }, timeout); } }); }); }, isModal: function () { return modal; }, getLanguage: function () { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { resolve(language); }); }, trackRegion: function (region, labels) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { var trackLabels = { region: region }; for (var label in labels) { trackLabels[label] = labels[label]; } var linkType = labels.linkType || 'internal'; istats.track(linkType, trackLabels); }); }, getName: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.name); }, getDestination: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.destination); }, getProducer: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.producer); }, getSite: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.site); }, getSection: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.section); }, getContentType: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentType); }, getContentId: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentId); }, getEdition: function() { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { if (page.edition) { resolve(page.edition); return; } try { resolve(getMetaValue('x-audience').toLowerCase()); } catch (err){ // This property is related to Chartbeat; see http://support.chartbeat.com/docs/ if (window._sf_async_config) { resolve(window._sf_async_config.region || null); } } resolve(null); }); }, getAdditionalProperties: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.additionalProperties); } }; var country; var sanitiseCountry = function(country) { return country ? country.replace(/ /g, '') : undefined; } window.bbcuser = { getHashedId: function() { if (modal) { return undefined; } return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return idcta.getCookieInstance().getHidFromCookie(); }); }, getCountry: function() { if (country) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { resolve(sanitiseCountry(country)); }) } else { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/fig']) .then(function(orbFig) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { orbFig.load(function (fig) { if (fig.geo.isUK()) { resolve('GB'); } else if (fig.geo.isEU()) { resolve('EU'); } else { resolve(undefined); } }, function () { reject('Error determining country. Timeout?'); }); }); }); } }, isUKCombined: function(inputCountry) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/bbcuser']) .then(function(service) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { if (inputCountry) { resolve(service.isUKCombined(sanitiseCountry(inputCountry))); } else { window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(fetchedCountry){ resolve(service.isUKCombined(fetchedCountry)); }) } }); }); }, isEU: function(inputCountry) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/bbcuser']) .then(function(service) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { if (inputCountry) { resolve(service.isEU(sanitiseCountry(inputCountry))); } else { window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(fetchedCountry){ resolve(service.isEU(fetchedCountry)); }) } }); }); }, isSignedIn: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return (idcta && idcta.getCookieInstance().hasCookie()); }); }, allowsPerformanceCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('performance'); }); }, allowsFunctionalCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('personalisation'); }); }, getCookieValue: function(cookieName) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return bbccookies.get(cookieName); }); }, resetCookiesPreferences: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { bbccookies.setDefaultCookiesSingleDomain(); }); }, hasCookiesEnabled: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled(); }); }, hasSeenCookieBanner: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function (bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.isCookiePolicySet(); }); }, logEvent: function (verb, noun, extraLabels) { return window.bbcuser.hasCookiesEnabled() .then(function(allowsCookies) { if (allowsCookies) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { istats.log(verb, noun, extraLabels); }); } else { throw new Error('User cannot be tracked due to cookies preferences.'); } }); }, }; }());</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a/js/require.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.1-283.cbf4965/cookie-banner/cookie-library.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">define('orb/cookies', function() { return window.bbccookies; });</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a/js/api.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">window.bbcFlagpoles_istats="ON",require.config({paths:{"istats-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.1-283.cbf4965/istats/istats-1"}}),require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(t,a){if(a.isAllowed("s1")){var e=(o=document.location.href.match(/^(?:https|http):\/\/\w*\.(?:(int|test|stage|live|)\.)?bbc\.(?:co\.uk|com)/))?void 0===o[1]||""===o[1]||"live"===o[1]?"//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/"+o[1]+"/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/test/s";t.addCollector({name:"default",url:e,separator:"&"});var s="unknown";t.setCountername(s),window.istats_countername&&t.setCountername(window.istats_countername),t.addLabels("ml_name=webmodule&ml_version=0.0.1-283.cbf4965&blq_e=orbit&blq_r=orbit&blq_s=orbit&blq_v=default&language=en&bbc_site=aboutthebbc")}var o});</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516cs_/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/s/id/account-idcta/1.10.0/style/id-cta.css"><!--[if IE 8]><link href="https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/s/id/account-idcta/1.10.0/style/ie8.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript">(function() {if (!window.require) {throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module');}if (typeof(map) == 'undefined') {var map = {};}if (!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg').createSVGRect) {document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg';}var ptrt = new RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&]*)").exec(document.location.href);var ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://idcta.api.bbc.co.uk';var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback=&ptrt=' + encodeURIComponent((ptrt ? ptrt[1] : document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&');var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback=';function hasPromise() {var P = window.Promise;var promiseToString = null;if (P) {try {promiseToString = Object.prototype.toString.call(P.resolve());} catch(e) {/*silently ignored*/}}return (promiseToString === '[object Promise]' && !P.cast);}if (hasPromise()) {define('idcta/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});define('idcta-v2/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});}map['idcta-v2'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/s/id/account-idcta/1.10.0/modules/idcta-v2';map['idcta-v2/config'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG;map['idcta-v2/translations'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS;map['idcta'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/s/id/account-idcta/1.8.2/modules/idcta';map['idcta-v2/idcta-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/s/id/account-idcta/1.10.0/modules/idcta-v2/dist/idcta-1.min';const idctaShim = {deps: ['idcta-v2/idcta-1'],};require({shim: {'idcta-v2/statusbar': idctaShim,'idcta-v2/id-config': idctaShim},map: {'*': {'idcta/idcta-1': 'idcta-v2/idcta-1','idcta': 'idcta-v2',}},paths: map});window.idctaBaseUrl = ENDPOINT_URL;define('idcta/config', ['idcta-v2/config'], function(data) {return data;});define('idcta/translations', ['idcta-v2/translations'], function(data) {return data;});})();</script> <!-- BBCDOTCOM head --><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var _sf_startpt = (new Date()).getTime(); /*]]>*/</script><style type="text/css">.bbccom_display_none{display:none;}</style><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcomConfig, googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [], bbcdotcomScripts = [], tp = window.tp || []; var bbcdotcom = false; (function(){ if(typeof require !== 'undefined') { require({ paths:{ "bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/2.2.0/script" } }); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcom = { adverts: { keyValues: { set: function() {} } }, advert: { write: function () {}, show: function () {}, isActive: function () { return false; }, layout: function() { return { reset: function() {} } } }, config: { init: function() {}, isActive: function() {}, setSections: function() {}, isAdsEnabled: function() {}, setAdsEnabled: function() {}, isAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAssetPrefix: function() {}, setVersion: function () {}, setJsPrefix: function() {}, setSwfPrefix: function() {}, setCssPrefix: function() {}, setConfig: function() {}, getAssetPrefix: function() {}, getJsPrefix: function () {}, getSwfPrefix: function () {}, getCssPrefix: function () {}, isOptimizelyEnabled: function() {} }, survey: { init: function(){ return false; } }, data: {}, init: function() {}, objects: function(str) { return false; }, locale: { set: function() {}, get: function() {} }, setAdKeyValue: function() {}, utils: { addEvent: function() {}, addHtmlTagClass: function() {}, log: function () {} }, addLoadEvent: function() {} }; /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb !== 'undefined' && typeof orb.fig === 'function') { if (orb.fig('ad') && orb.fig('uk') == 0) { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: (orb.fig('ad') ? 1 : 0), stats: (orb.fig('uk') == 0 ? 1 : 0), statsProvider: orb.fig('ap') }; } } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/data">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb === 'undefined' || typeof orb.fig !== 'function') { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: bbcdotcom.data.a, stats: bbcdotcom.data.b, statsProvider: bbcdotcom.data.c }; } if (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/flag">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (window.bbcdotcom && (typeof bbcdotcom.flag == 'undefined' || (typeof bbcdotcom.data.ads !== 'undefined' && bbcdotcom.flag.a != 1))) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 0; } if (/[?|&]ads/.test(window.location.href) || /(^|; )ads=on; /.test(document.cookie) || /; ads=on(; |$)/.test(document.cookie)) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 1; bbcdotcom.data.stats = 1; } if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcom.assetPrefix = "https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/2.2.0/"; if (/(sandbox|int)(.dev)*.bbc.co*/.test(window.location.href) || /[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ads-debug=') !== -1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/2.2.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.dev.js">\x3C/script>'); } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/2.2.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.js">\x3C/script>'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://me-cdn.effectivemeasure.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/">'); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.googletagservices.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/">'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<meta name="google-site-verification" content="auTeTTwSt_KBY_4iDoR00Lwb7-qzx1IgzJy6ztaWgEI" />'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcomConfig = {"adFormat":"standard","adKeyword":"","adMode":"smart","adsEnabled":true,"appAnalyticsSections":"","asyncEnabled":true,"disableInitialLoad":false,"advertInfoPageUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190610121516\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/privacy\/cookies\/international\/","advertisementText":"Advertisement","analyticsEnabled":true,"sherlockEnabled":false,"appName":"","assetPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190610121516\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/2.2.0\/","customAdParams":[],"customStatsParams":[],"headline":"","id":"","inAssociationWithText":"in association with","keywords":"","language":"","orbTransitional":false,"lotameWSEnabled":false,"optimizelyEnabled":true,"palEnv":"live","productName":"","sections":[],"comScoreEnabled":true,"comscoreSite":"bbc","comscoreID":"19293874","comscorePageName":"","slots":"","sponsoredByText":"is sponsored by","adsByGoogleText":"Ads by Google","summary":"","type":"","features":{"testfeature":{"name":"testfeature","envs":["sandbox","int","test"],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null},"lxadverts":{"name":"lxadverts","envs":[],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null}},"staticBase":"\/bbcdotcom","staticHost":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190610121516\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk","staticVersion":"2.2.0","staticPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190610121516\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/2.2.0","dataHttp":"tps.bbc.com","dataHttps":"www.bbc.com","flagHttp":"www.bbc.co.uk","flagHttps":"www.bbc.co.uk","analyticsHttp":"sa.bbc.com","analyticsHttps":"ssa.bbc.com"}; bbcdotcom.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig, bbcdotcom.data, window.location, window.document); bbcdotcom.config.setFlagpoles(bbcdotcom.flag || {}); bbcdotcom.config.setAssetPrefix("https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/2.2.0/"); bbcdotcom.config.setVersion("2.2.0"); document.write('<!--[if IE 7]><script type="text/javascript">bbcdotcom.config.setIE7(true);\x3C/script><![endif]-->'); document.write('<!--[if IE 8]><script type="text/javascript">bbcdotcom.config.setIE8(true);\x3C/script><![endif]-->'); document.write('<!--[if IE 9]><script type="text/javascript">bbcdotcom.config.setIE9(true);\x3C/script><![endif]-->'); if (/[?|&]ex-dp/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ex-dp=') !== -1) { bbcdotcom.utils.addHtmlTagClass('bbcdotcom-ex-dp'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">var initOptimizely = (function(isEnabled){ if(!isEnabled) return; var logger = window.bbcdotcom.Logger('bbcdotcom:head:optimizely'); /* Allow Optimizely in these paths */ var allowPaths = ['/', '/wwhp']; /* Only run on optimizely on homepage */ if (bbcdotcom.utils && allowPaths.indexOf(window.location.pathname) !== -1 && window.bbccookies && bbccookies.readPolicy('performance') ){ /* set correct OptimizelyURL for prod or sandbox */ var optimizelyURL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/bbccom_sandbox.js"; if(window.location.hostname === 'www.bbc.com') { optimizelyURL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/bbccom_prod.js"; } /* Set cookie to 1 year */ window['optimizely'] = window['optimizely'] || []; window['optimizely'].push({ "type": "cookieExpiration", "cookieExpirationDays": 365 }); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="'+optimizelyURL+'">\x3C/script>'); } })( bbcdotcom.config.isOptimizelyEnabled() );</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled() && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && !bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService() ) { var gs_channels="DEFAULT"; (function () { var gsurl = window.location.href.split("?")[0]; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/?url='+encodeURIComponent(gsurl)}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.stats && bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled()){ (function () { var clientId, lotameUrl, lotameAudienceUrl; clientId = (bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService()) ? '10826' : '10816'; lotameUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/c/'+clientId+'/cc.js?ns='+clientId; lotameAudienceUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/5/c=10815/pe=y/var=ccauds'; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameUrl,id:"LOTCC"+clientId}); bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameAudienceUrl}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /** * ASYNC waits to make any gpt requests until the bottom of the page */ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync() ) { (function () { bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /* Load Lotame, Grapeshot and GPT without blocking rendering but executing in order */ if ( bbcdotcomScripts && bbcdotcomScripts.length > 0 ) { (function () { bbcdotcomScripts.forEach(function(item) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = false; if(item.id) script.id = item.id; script.src = item.src; document.head.appendChild(script); }); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript" async="true">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.stats && bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled() && bbcdotcom.lotame){ (function () { bbcdotcom.lotame.callback(); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.head = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">// Globally available search context window.SEARCHBOX={"variant":"default","locale":"en","navSearchboxStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/2.0.0-17.7e7753b","searchboxAppStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/2.0.0-17.7e7753b/drawer","searchFormHtml":"<div tabindex=\"-1\" data-reactroot=\"\" data-reactid=\"1\" data-react-checksum=\"729995048\"><div data-reactid=\"2\"><section class=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-reactid=\"3\"><div class=\"se-g-wrap\" data-reactid=\"4\"><div class=\"se-g-layout\" data-reactid=\"5\"><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox-title\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-reactid=\"6\">search</div><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox\" data-reactid=\"7\"><form accept-charset=\"utf-8\" id=\"searchboxDrawerForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"https://search.bbc.co.uk/search\" data-reactid=\"8\"><label class=\"se-searchbox__input\" for=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" data-reactid=\"9\"><span class=\"se-sr-only\" data-reactid=\"10\">Search Term</span><input type=\"text\" name=\"q\" value=\"\" id=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" class=\"se-searchbox__input__field\" maxlength=\"512\" autocomplete=\"off\" autocorrect=\"off\" autocapitalize=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-reactid=\"11\"/></label><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" value=\"\" data-reactid=\"12\"/><button type=\"submit\" class=\"se-searchbox__submit\" tabindex=\"0\" data-reactid=\"13\">Search</button><button type=\"button\" class=\"se-searchbox__clear se-searchbox__clear--visible\" tabindex=\"0\" data-reactid=\"14\">Close</button></form></div></div></div></section><div aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" class=\"se-suggestions-container\" data-reactid=\"15\"><section class=\"se-g-wrap\" data-reactid=\"16\"></section></div></div></div>","searchScopePlaceholder":"","searchScopeParam":"","searchScopeTemplate":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperStart":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperEnd":""}; window.SEARCHBOX.suppress = false; window.SEARCHBOX.searchScope = SEARCHBOX.searchScopeTemplate.split('-')[0];</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/2.0.0-17.7e7753b/css/main.css"><!--[if IE 8]> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/2.0.0-17.7e7753b/script/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window['searchboxIEVersion'] = 8;</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/2.0.0-17.7e7753b/css/ie8.css"> <![endif]--><!--[if IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript">window['searchboxIEVersion'] = 9;</script> <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript">require.config({ "paths": { "orb/async/_footerpromo": 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/navpromo/2.0.0-105.e37c4ea/js/async/_footerpromo' } });</script> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";require.config({paths:{reverb:"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/reverb-0.8.0"}}),function(){var e=function(a){require(["reverb"],function(e){if(a&&a.detail){var t=a.detail.label,i=a.detail.type,n=a.detail.elem,r=a.detail.originalEvent,c=a.detail.isClick;e.invoke().then(function(){e.userActionEvent(i,t,a.detail,n,r,c)})}})};document.addEventListener("bbc-user-event",e),document.addEventListener("bbc-user-click",e),document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",function(){require(["reverb"],function(e){e.invoke().then(function(){e.trackPage()})})})}();</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516js_/https://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/requirejs/0.13.0/sharedmodules/require.js"></script><script>window.require({ baseUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://static.bbci.co.uk/', paths: { 'bump-4': '//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://emp.bbci.co.uk/emp/bump-4/bump-4' }, waitSeconds: 30, })</script></head><body> <!-- BBCDOTCOM bodyFirst --><div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('ads')) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_interstitial'); }); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { var wallpaper; if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('ads')) { if (bbcdotcom.config.isAsync()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_wallpaper'); }); } else if (typeof googletag !== "undefined" && typeof googletag.display === "function") { googletag.display("wallpaper"); } wallpaper = bbcdotcom.adverts.adRegister.getAd('wallpaper'); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('ads')) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAdsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('analytics')) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAnalyticsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } }()); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyFirst = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <!--[if (gt IE 8) | (IEMobile)]><!--><header id="orb-banner" role="banner" aria-label="BBC"><!--<![endif]--><!--[if (lt IE 9) & (!IEMobile)]> <![if (IE 8)]> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" class="orb-old-ie orb-ie8" aria-label="BBC"> <![endif]> <![if (IE 7)]> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" class="orb-old-ie orb-ie7" aria-label="BBC"> <![endif]> <![if (IE 6)]> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" class="orb-old-ie orb-ie6" aria-label="BBC"> <![endif]> <![endif]--><div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-white orb-nav-empty" dir="ltr"><div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Homepage</a></div><section><div class="orb-skip-links"><h2>Accessibility links</h2><ul><li><a href="#orb-modules">Skip to content</a></li><li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li></ul></div></section><div id="mybbc-wrapper" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-id orb-nav-focus orb-nav-id-default"><div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-focus"><a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://account.bbc.com/account"><span id="idcta-username">BBC Account</span></a></div><script type="text/javascript">require(['idcta/statusbar'], function (statusbar) {new statusbar.Statusbar({id: 'idcta-statusbar', publiclyCacheable: true});});</script><!-- Because we are now loading the notification bell CSS asynchronously, we need this inline style hack to ensure that the notification div is hidden by default, and shown only if and when the bell code is loaded from notification-ui --><a id="notification-link" class="js-notification-link animated three" href="#" style="display: none"><span class="hidden-span">Notifications</span><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><span id="not-num"></span></a></div><nav role="navigation" aria-label="BBC" class="orb-nav"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-links orb-nav-focus" id="orb-nav-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-earth"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/earth">Earth</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-digital"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/makeitdigital">Make It Digital</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tomorrowsworld"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/tomorrowsworld">Tomorrow's World</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/tv">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-radio"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio">Radio</a></li><li id="orb-nav-more" style="width: 88px" aria-controls="orb-panel-more"><a href="#orb-footer" data-alt="More" class="istats-notrack">Menu<span class="orb-icon orb-icon-arrow"></span></a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search"><a class="orb-search__button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" title="Search the BBC">Search</a><form class="b-f" id="orb-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"><div><label for="orb-search-q">Search the BBC</label><input id="orb-search-q" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" name="q" placeholder="Search"><button id="orb-search-button" class="orb-search__button">Search the BBC</button><input type="hidden" name="suggid" id="orb-search-suggid"></div></form></div></div><div id="orb-panels"></div></div></header> <!-- Styling hook for shared modules only --> <div id="orb-modules"> </div><div id="__next"><div class="ise-t-blue"><div class="main-page ise-l-body"><header class="ise-c-header"><div><div class="ise-c-header__top"><div class="gel-wrap"><div class="ise-c-header__top-content gel-layout"><a class="ise-c-header__title gel-layout__item gel-3/4 gel-4/5@s" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc"><h1 id="aboutthebbc" class="gel-trafalgar-bold">About the BBC</h1></a><button class="ise-c-btn ise-c-header__nav-button ise-c-btn--primary ise-c-btn--no-hover"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-pica-bold">Menu</span></div></button></div></div></div><nav class="ise-c-header__nav"><div class="ise-c-navbar ise-c-navbar--primary"><div class="ise-c-navbar__row"><div class="gel-wrap"><ul class="ise-c-navbar__items"><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--prime"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Home</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--prime"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/whatwedo"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">What we do</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--prime"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/whoweare"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Who we are</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--prime ise-c-navbar__item--active"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Governance and regulation</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--prime"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/reports"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Reports and policies</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--prime"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/aboutthebbc"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Blog</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--prime"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Media Centre</span></div></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="ise-c-navbar ise-c-navbar--sub"><div class="ise-c-navbar__row"><div class="gel-wrap"><ul class="ise-c-navbar__items"><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--sub"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/charter"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Charter and agreement</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--sub"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/mission"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Mission, values and public purposes</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--sub ise-c-navbar__item--active"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/licencefee"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Licence fee and funding</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--sub"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/regulation"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Regulation</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--sub"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/audit"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Audit arrangements</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--sub"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/s4c"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">BBC/S4C strategic agreement</span></div></a></li><li class="ise-c-navbar__item ise-c-navbar__item--sub"><a class="ise-c-btn ise-c-navbar__link btn--no-hover" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/complaints/"><div class="ise-c-btn__inner"><span class="ise-c-btn__content gel-long-primer">Complaints</span></div></a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div></header><section class="ise-c-hero"><div class="ise-c-hero-content ise-c-hero-content--image" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16xn/p06tqgkh.jpg)"><figure class="ise-c-img"><img class="ise-c-img--responsive ise-c-hero-content__image" alt="" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p06tqgkh.jpg" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/384xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 384w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/416xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 416w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/720xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 720w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/752xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 752w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/832xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 832w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1088xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 1088w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1136xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 1136w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1248xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 1248w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1280xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p06tqgkh.jpg 1920w"></figure><div class="ise-c-hero-content__wrapper"><div class="ise-c-hero-content__layout"><div class="ise-c-hero-content__content"><h2 id="licencefeeandfunding" class="gel-canon-bold ise-c-hero-content__title ise-u-m__b--0">Licence fee and funding</h2><span class="ise-c-hero-content__synopsis gel-double-pica">The BBC is primarily funded by the licence fee, supplemented by income from our commercial subsidiaries</span></div></div></div></div></section><main class="ise-c-main"><div class="gel-wrap"><div class="gel-layout"><aside class="ise-c-sidenav"><ul class="ise-c-sidenav__body"></ul></aside><article class="ise-l-section gel-layout__item gel-3/4@l"><h2 id="fundingthroughthetvlicence" class="gel-trafalgar-bold ise-l-section-title">Funding through the TV licence</h2><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">A standard TV licence is currently 拢154.50</p><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">A TV licence is required if you:</p><ul class="ise-c-text__list ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy"><li>watch or record live TV programmes on any channel</li><li>download or watch any BBC programmes on iPlayer - live, catch up or on demand</li></ul><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">This applies to any provider you use and any device, including a TV, desktop computer, laptop, mobile phone, tablet, games console, digital box or DVD/VHS recorder.</p><ul class="ise-c-list"><li class="ise-c-list-item"><span class="ise-c-list-item__icon"><svg class="ise-c-icon" alt="test" viewbox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><path d="M18.5 4.6l-1.7-1.7A9.8 9.8 0 0 0 2.9 16.8l3.4 3.4a9.9 9.9 0 0 0 13.9 0l-3.5-3.5a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-7 0l-3.3-3.4a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 7-7L15.1 8z"></path><path d="M13.4 27.4l1.7 1.7a9.9 9.9 0 0 0 13.9 0 9.7 9.7 0 0 0 .1-13.8l-3.5-3.5a9.9 9.9 0 0 0-13.9 0l3.5 3.5a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 7 0l3.4 3.4a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-7 7L16.9 24z"></path></svg></span><div class="ise-c-list-item__content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/" class="ise-c-list-item__title gel-pica-bold">TV Licensing</a><span class="gel-long-primer">Read more about the TV licence</span></div></li></ul><h2 id="whatthelicencefeepaysfor" class="gel-trafalgar-bold ise-l-section-title">What the licence fee pays for</h2><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">The licence fee allows us to provide a wide range of TV, radio and online content, as well as developing new ways to deliver it to you. In addition to funding BBC programmes and services, a proportion of the licence fee contributes to the costs of rolling out broadband to the UK population and funding Welsh Language TV channel S4C and local TV channels.</p><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">The licence fee allows the BBC's UK services to remain free of advertisements and independent of shareholder and political interest.</p><h2 id="commercialincome" class="gel-trafalgar-bold ise-l-section-title">Commercial income</h2><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">The licence fee is supplemented by income from the activities of our three commercial subsidiaries - BBC Studios, BBC Global News and BBC Studioworks.</p><div class="ise-c-promo-wrapper"><ul class="ise-c-promo-wrapper__body"><li class="ise-c-promo ise-c-promo--wide"><div class="ise-c-promo__content"><a href="/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/whatwedo/commercialservices" class="ise-c-promo__link"><h3 id="commercialservices" class="gel-pica-bold ise-c-promo__title">Commercial services</h3></a><p class="ise-c-promo__summary">Our commercial operations generate income to invest in new programmes and content</p><span class="ise-c-promo__tags">Corporate information</span></div><div class="ise-c-promo__image"><figure class="ise-c-img"><img class="ise-c-img--responsive" alt="" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p02kc19q.jpg" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p02kc19q.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/384x216/p02kc19q.jpg 384w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/416x234/p02kc19q.jpg 416w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p02kc19q.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/720x405/p02kc19q.jpg 720w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/752x423/p02kc19q.jpg 752w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/832x468/p02kc19q.jpg 832w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1088x612/p02kc19q.jpg 1088w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1136x639/p02kc19q.jpg 1136w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1248x702/p02kc19q.jpg 1248w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1280x720/p02kc19q.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p02kc19q.jpg 1920w"></figure></div><div class="ise-c-promo__inner"></div></li></ul></div><h2 id="ensuringvalueformoney" class="gel-trafalgar-bold ise-l-section-title">Ensuring value for money</h2><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">The way in which we are funded means that we need to ensure that the BBC offers value for money for those who pay for it. This means investing as much money as possible on providing the content and services which you want.</p><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">We do this by:</p><ul class="ise-c-text__list ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy"><li><strong>Reduction in overheads</strong><br>94% of the BBC鈥檚 controllable spend this year was focused on content and delivery, just 6% was spent on running the organisation</li><li><strong>Talent spend reduction</strong><br>Our total spend on on-screen and on-air talent has been reduced to 11.1% of our internal spend on content</li><li><strong>Reducing the senior manager paybill</strong><br>The ratio of senior managers to total public service employees is now 1.5% and the paybill for senior managers has reduced by over 拢36 million since 2009</li><li><strong>Making overall cost savings</strong><br>拢160 million of annual savings were delivered during the year 2017-18, taking the cumulative savings to 拢244 million.</li></ul><p class="ise-c-text__content gel-body-copy">In 2017/18 this is how your monthly licence fee was spent:</p><figure class="ise-c-img"><img class="ise-c-img--responsive gel-3/4@l" alt="Graph to show how the monthly licence fee is spent in 2017/18. The monthly licence fee is 拢12.25 per household. Of this the following sums were spent: 拢6.40 on television, 拢2.06 on radio, 拢1.06 on BBC World Service, 拢0.67 on other services and production costs, 拢0.91 on BBC online and 拢1.15 on licence fee collection and pension deficit costs" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180_b/p0749pbz.jpg" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180_b/p0749pbz.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/384x216_b/p0749pbz.jpg 384w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/416x234_b/p0749pbz.jpg 416w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360_b/p0749pbz.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/720x405_b/p0749pbz.jpg 720w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/752x423_b/p0749pbz.jpg 752w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/832x468_b/p0749pbz.jpg 832w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1088x612_b/p0749pbz.jpg 1088w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1136x639_b/p0749pbz.jpg 1136w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1248x702_b/p0749pbz.jpg 1248w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1280x720_b/p0749pbz.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080_b/p0749pbz.jpg 1920w"><figcaption class="ise-c-img__caption">How your monthly licence fee is spent</figcaption></figure></article></div></div></main></div></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"dataManager":"[]","props":{"pageProps":{"page":{"metadata":{"control-22":"","metadataTitle":"Licence fee and funding","metadataUrl":"/governance/licencefee","metadataId":"licence-fee","shortSynopsis":"The BBC is primarily funded by the licence fee, supplemented by income from our commercial subsidiaries","siteMetadata":"","isiteSectionDescription":"","showHeaderText":true,"baseUrl":"aboutthebbc","isiteId":"ipages-inside-the-bbc","enableContentList":true,"pageType":"page-standard"},"topImage":{"image":"p06tqgkh","imageType":"","imageUrl":"ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p06tqgkh.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"content":{"articleBody":"","contentItem":[{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-04-01T09:00:34.226251Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-licence-fee-funding-text-050219103851","guid":"6f99760b-38c2-4a0a-97fb-40012a8b4965"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-licence-fee-funding-text-050219103851"},"content":{"name":"Licence fee funding text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding through the TV licence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA standard TV licence is currently \u0026pound;154.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA TV licence is required if you:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewatch or record live TV programmes on any channel\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edownload or watch any BBC programmes on iPlayer - live, catch up or on demand\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis applies to any provider you use and any device, including a TV, desktop computer, laptop, mobile phone, tablet, games console, digital box or DVD/VHS recorder.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-links","fileId":"links-tv-licensing-website050219104008","guid":"89bf2310-0c7a-4b60-b256-c38909924ebd"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-links"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"links-tv-licensing-website050219104008"},"content":{"title":"TV Licensing website","itemsArray":{"item":{"name":"TV Licensing","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.tvlicensing.co.uk","description":"Read more about the TV licence","icon":"link"}},"hideTitle":true}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-what-the-licence-fee-pays-for-text-050219104118","guid":"4c757df5-6286-4abe-97e6-5d9f287511e5"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-what-the-licence-fee-pays-for-text-050219104118"},"content":{"name":"What the licence fee pays for text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eWhat the licence fee pays for\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe licence fee allows us to provide a wide range of TV, radio and online content, as well as developing new ways to deliver it to you. In addition to funding BBC programmes and services, a proportion of the licence fee contributes to the costs of rolling out broadband to the UK population and funding Welsh Language TV channel S4C and local TV channels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe licence fee allows the BBC's UK services to remain free of advertisements and independent of shareholder and political interest.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-commercial-income-text-050219104251","guid":"1cb1a063-b548-4595-9fb9-b7614b540e06"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-commercial-income-text-050219104251"},"content":{"name":"Commercial income text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eCommercial income\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe licence fee is supplemented by income from the activities of our three commercial subsidiaries - BBC Studios, BBC Global News and BBC Studioworks.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-promo","fileId":"promo-050219104433","guid":"96cbb519-ed5d-4124-b6d2-eb1e76c9bbd3"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-promo"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"promo-050219104433"},"content":{"title":"Further information on commercial services","itemsArray":{"iSiteFormDescription":"","item":{"name":"Commercial services","url":"/whatwedo/commercialservices","type":"wide","pid":"p02kc19q","imageUrl":"ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p02kc19q.jpg","description":"Our commercial operations generate income to invest in new programmes and content","tag":"Corporate information","mimeType":"image/jpeg"}},"hideTitle":true}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-value-for-money-text-050219105130","guid":"9b4a1f40-8b6d-4b97-8d7b-f3207ab2d012"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-value-for-money-text-050219105130"},"content":{"name":"Value for money text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eEnsuring value for money\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe way in which we are funded means that we need to ensure that the BBC offers value for money for those who pay for it. This means investing as much money as possible on providing the content and services which you want.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe do this by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduction in overheads\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e94% of the BBC\u0026rsquo;s controllable spend this year was focused on content and delivery, just 6% was spent on running the organisation\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTalent spend reduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eOur total spend on on-screen and on-air talent has been reduced to 11.1% of our internal spend on content\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing the senior manager paybill\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eThe ratio of senior managers to total public service employees is now 1.5% and the paybill for senior managers has reduced by over \u0026pound;36 million since 2009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking overall cost savings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026pound;160 million of annual savings were delivered during the year 2017-18, taking the cumulative savings to \u0026pound;244 million.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2017/18 this is how your monthly licence fee was spent:\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-image","fileId":"image-how-your-monthly-licence-fee-is-spent-201718220319114616","guid":"f1578223-a07c-415d-8c8c-6874eae26712"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-image"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"image-how-your-monthly-licence-fee-is-spent-201718220319114616"},"content":{"name":"How your monthly licence fee is spent 2017/18","pid":"p0749pbz","alt":"Graph to show how the monthly licence fee is spent in 2017/18. The monthly licence fee is 拢12.25 per household. Of this the following sums were spent: 拢6.40 on television, 拢2.06 on radio, 拢1.06 on BBC World Service, 拢0.67 on other services and production costs, 拢0.91 on BBC online and 拢1.15 on licence fee collection and pension deficit costs","description":"How your monthly licence fee is spent","url":"ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0749pbz.jpg","mimeType":""}}}}}}]},"sidenav":{"control-23":"","sidenavBar":""},"footer":{"footerContent":{"footerComponent":""}},"topVideo":{"explanation":"","video":"","videoId":"","videoDuration":""}},"navbar":{"itemsArray":{"item":[{"name":"Home","url":"/","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"inside-the-bbc"},{"name":"What we do","url":"/whatwedo","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"UK public services","url":"/whatwedo/publicservices","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"at-a-glance"},{"name":"Global news services","url":"/whatwedo/worldservice","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-bbc-world-service050219095409"},{"name":"Commercial services","url":"/whatwedo/commercialservices","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"commercial"}],"id":"what-we-do"},{"name":"Who we are","url":"/whoweare","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"BBC Board","url":"/whoweare/bbcboard","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"bbc-board"},{"name":"Executive Committee","url":"/whoweare/exco","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"executive-committee"},{"name":"Commercial Holdings Board","url":"/whoweare/commercial","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-commercial-holdings-board040219161130"},{"name":"Senior Staff","url":"/whoweare/staff","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"salaries-and-expenses"}],"id":"who-we-are"},{"name":"Governance and regulation","url":"/governance","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"Charter and agreement","url":"/governance/charter","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"bbc-charter-and-agreement"},{"name":"Mission, values and public purposes","url":"/governance/mission","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-public-purposes021018162727"},{"name":"Licence fee and funding","url":"/governance/licencefee","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"licence-fee"},{"name":"Regulation","url":"/governance/regulation","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-regulation110319171816"},{"name":"Audit arrangements","url":"/governance/audit","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-audit-arrangements110319173048"},{"name":"BBC/S4C strategic agreement","url":"/governance/s4c","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-bbcs4c-strategic-agreement130319104217"},{"name":"Complaints","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/complaints/","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"Complaints"}],"id":"page-standard-policies061218100746"},{"name":"Reports and policies","url":"/reports","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"Annual report and accounts","url":"/reports/annualreport","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-annual-report-and-accounts050219111502"},{"name":"Annual plan","url":"/reports/annualplan","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-annual-plan050219120115"},{"name":"Policies and guidelines","url":"/reports/policies","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-policies-and-guidelines021018163902"},{"name":"Reports","url":"/reports/reports","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-reports031018135414"},{"name":"Consultations","url":"/reports/consultation","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-consultations031018131336"}],"id":"structure-and-governance"},{"name":"Blog","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/aboutthebbc","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"Blog"},{"name":"Media Centre","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"Media-Centre"}]}},"sitedata":{"metadataId":"metadata","siteBaseUrl":"aboutthebbc","homePage":"urn:isite:ipages-inside-the-bbc:inside-the-bbc","metadataTheme":"blue","metadataSiteTitle":"About the BBC","showFooterPromo":true,"isiteId":"ipages-inside-the-bbc"},"nodeEnv":"production"}},"page":"/","query":{"page":{"metadata":{"control-22":"","metadataTitle":"Licence fee and funding","metadataUrl":"/governance/licencefee","metadataId":"licence-fee","shortSynopsis":"The BBC is primarily funded by the licence fee, supplemented by income from our commercial subsidiaries","siteMetadata":"","isiteSectionDescription":"","showHeaderText":true,"baseUrl":"aboutthebbc","isiteId":"ipages-inside-the-bbc","enableContentList":true,"pageType":"page-standard"},"topImage":{"image":"p06tqgkh","imageType":"","imageUrl":"ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p06tqgkh.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"content":{"articleBody":"","contentItem":[{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-04-01T09:00:34.226251Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-licence-fee-funding-text-050219103851","guid":"6f99760b-38c2-4a0a-97fb-40012a8b4965"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-licence-fee-funding-text-050219103851"},"content":{"name":"Licence fee funding text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding through the TV licence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA standard TV licence is currently \u0026pound;154.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA TV licence is required if you:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewatch or record live TV programmes on any channel\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edownload or watch any BBC programmes on iPlayer - live, catch up or on demand\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis applies to any provider you use and any device, including a TV, desktop computer, laptop, mobile phone, tablet, games console, digital box or DVD/VHS recorder.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-links","fileId":"links-tv-licensing-website050219104008","guid":"89bf2310-0c7a-4b60-b256-c38909924ebd"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-links"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"links-tv-licensing-website050219104008"},"content":{"title":"TV Licensing website","itemsArray":{"item":{"name":"TV Licensing","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.tvlicensing.co.uk","description":"Read more about the TV licence","icon":"link"}},"hideTitle":true}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-what-the-licence-fee-pays-for-text-050219104118","guid":"4c757df5-6286-4abe-97e6-5d9f287511e5"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-what-the-licence-fee-pays-for-text-050219104118"},"content":{"name":"What the licence fee pays for text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eWhat the licence fee pays for\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe licence fee allows us to provide a wide range of TV, radio and online content, as well as developing new ways to deliver it to you. In addition to funding BBC programmes and services, a proportion of the licence fee contributes to the costs of rolling out broadband to the UK population and funding Welsh Language TV channel S4C and local TV channels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe licence fee allows the BBC's UK services to remain free of advertisements and independent of shareholder and political interest.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-commercial-income-text-050219104251","guid":"1cb1a063-b548-4595-9fb9-b7614b540e06"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-commercial-income-text-050219104251"},"content":{"name":"Commercial income text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eCommercial income\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe licence fee is supplemented by income from the activities of our three commercial subsidiaries - BBC Studios, BBC Global News and BBC Studioworks.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-promo","fileId":"promo-050219104433","guid":"96cbb519-ed5d-4124-b6d2-eb1e76c9bbd3"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-promo"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"promo-050219104433"},"content":{"title":"Further information on commercial services","itemsArray":{"iSiteFormDescription":"","item":{"name":"Commercial services","url":"/whatwedo/commercialservices","type":"wide","pid":"p02kc19q","imageUrl":"ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p02kc19q.jpg","description":"Our commercial operations generate income to invest in new programmes and content","tag":"Corporate information","mimeType":"image/jpeg"}},"hideTitle":true}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-text","fileId":"article-value-for-money-text-050219105130","guid":"9b4a1f40-8b6d-4b97-8d7b-f3207ab2d012"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-text"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"article-value-for-money-text-050219105130"},"content":{"name":"Value for money text","body":"\u003ch2\u003eEnsuring value for money\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe way in which we are funded means that we need to ensure that the BBC offers value for money for those who pay for it. This means investing as much money as possible on providing the content and services which you want.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe do this by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduction in overheads\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e94% of the BBC\u0026rsquo;s controllable spend this year was focused on content and delivery, just 6% was spent on running the organisation\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTalent spend reduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eOur total spend on on-screen and on-air talent has been reduced to 11.1% of our internal spend on content\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing the senior manager paybill\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eThe ratio of senior managers to total public service employees is now 1.5% and the paybill for senior managers has reduced by over \u0026pound;36 million since 2009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking overall cost savings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026pound;160 million of annual savings were delivered during the year 2017-18, taking the cumulative savings to \u0026pound;244 million.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2017/18 this is how your monthly licence fee was spent:\u003c/p\u003e"}}}}}},{"contentComponent":{"result":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/contentreader/xml/result"},"metadata":{"modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","creationDateTime":"2019-03-27T13:35:56.420947Z","type":"component-image","fileId":"image-how-your-monthly-licence-fee-is-spent-201718220319114616","guid":"f1578223-a07c-415d-8c8c-6874eae26712"},"document":{"form":{"$":{"xmlns":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://production.bbc.co.uk/isite2/project/ipages-inside-the-bbc/component-image"},"metadata":{"metadataId":"image-how-your-monthly-licence-fee-is-spent-201718220319114616"},"content":{"name":"How your monthly licence fee is spent 2017/18","pid":"p0749pbz","alt":"Graph to show how the monthly licence fee is spent in 2017/18. The monthly licence fee is 拢12.25 per household. Of this the following sums were spent: 拢6.40 on television, 拢2.06 on radio, 拢1.06 on BBC World Service, 拢0.67 on other services and production costs, 拢0.91 on BBC online and 拢1.15 on licence fee collection and pension deficit costs","description":"How your monthly licence fee is spent","url":"ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0749pbz.jpg","mimeType":""}}}}}}]},"sidenav":{"control-23":"","sidenavBar":""},"footer":{"footerContent":{"footerComponent":""}},"topVideo":{"explanation":"","video":"","videoId":"","videoDuration":""}},"navbar":{"itemsArray":{"item":[{"name":"Home","url":"/","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"inside-the-bbc"},{"name":"What we do","url":"/whatwedo","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"UK public services","url":"/whatwedo/publicservices","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"at-a-glance"},{"name":"Global news services","url":"/whatwedo/worldservice","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-bbc-world-service050219095409"},{"name":"Commercial services","url":"/whatwedo/commercialservices","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"commercial"}],"id":"what-we-do"},{"name":"Who we are","url":"/whoweare","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"BBC Board","url":"/whoweare/bbcboard","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"bbc-board"},{"name":"Executive Committee","url":"/whoweare/exco","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"executive-committee"},{"name":"Commercial Holdings Board","url":"/whoweare/commercial","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-commercial-holdings-board040219161130"},{"name":"Senior Staff","url":"/whoweare/staff","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"salaries-and-expenses"}],"id":"who-we-are"},{"name":"Governance and regulation","url":"/governance","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"Charter and agreement","url":"/governance/charter","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"bbc-charter-and-agreement"},{"name":"Mission, values and public purposes","url":"/governance/mission","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-public-purposes021018162727"},{"name":"Licence fee and funding","url":"/governance/licencefee","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"licence-fee"},{"name":"Regulation","url":"/governance/regulation","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-regulation110319171816"},{"name":"Audit arrangements","url":"/governance/audit","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-audit-arrangements110319173048"},{"name":"BBC/S4C strategic agreement","url":"/governance/s4c","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-bbcs4c-strategic-agreement130319104217"},{"name":"Complaints","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/complaints/","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"Complaints"}],"id":"page-standard-policies061218100746"},{"name":"Reports and policies","url":"/reports","includeSubnav":true,"childItemArray":[{"name":"Annual report and accounts","url":"/reports/annualreport","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-annual-report-and-accounts050219111502"},{"name":"Annual plan","url":"/reports/annualplan","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-annual-plan050219120115"},{"name":"Policies and guidelines","url":"/reports/policies","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-policies-and-guidelines021018163902"},{"name":"Reports","url":"/reports/reports","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-reports031018135414"},{"name":"Consultations","url":"/reports/consultation","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"page-standard-consultations031018131336"}],"id":"structure-and-governance"},{"name":"Blog","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/aboutthebbc","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"Blog"},{"name":"Media Centre","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/","includeSubnav":false,"childItemArray":[],"id":"Media-Centre"}]}},"sitedata":{"metadataId":"metadata","siteBaseUrl":"aboutthebbc","homePage":"urn:isite:ipages-inside-the-bbc:inside-the-bbc","metadataTheme":"blue","metadataSiteTitle":"About the BBC","showFooterPromo":true,"isiteId":"ipages-inside-the-bbc"}},"buildId":"_riJbV8cRHxmPRlOzN5Yr","dynamicBuildId":false,"assetPrefix":"/aboutthebbc","nextExport":true}</script><script async="" id="__NEXT_PAGE__/" src="/web/20190610121516js_/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/_riJbV8cRHxmPRlOzN5Yr/pages/index.js"></script><script async="" id="__NEXT_PAGE__/_app" src="/web/20190610121516js_/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/_riJbV8cRHxmPRlOzN5Yr/pages/_app.js"></script><script src="/web/20190610121516js_/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/runtime/webpack-a79426b5e11f0ba5879d.js" async=""></script><script src="/web/20190610121516js_/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/chunks/commons.36b6f03856886fa76a4d.js" async=""></script><script src="/web/20190610121516js_/https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/_next/static/runtime/main-dd406cb59386d7851950.js" async=""></script> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer" dir="ltr"><div id="navp-orb-footer-promo"></div><aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation" aria-label="BBC"><h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2><div class="orb-footer-primary-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-earth"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/earth">Earth</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-digital"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/makeitdigital">Make It Digital</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tomorrowsworld"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/tomorrowsworld">Tomorrow's World</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/tv">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-radio"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio">Radio</a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><footer role="contentinfo"><div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><script>window.orb.worldwideFooterlinks = '<li class="orb-footer-ads"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/">Advertise with us<'+'/a><'+'/li><li class="orb-footer-adchoices"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies/how-does-the-bbc-use-cookies-for-advertising/">Ad choices<'+'/a><'+'/li>';</script><div class="orb-footer-inner"> <ul><li class="orb-footer-terms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="orb-footer-about"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc">About the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-privacy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="orb-footer-cookies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/cookies/">Cookies</a></li><li class="orb-footer-accessibility"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li><li class="orb-footer-parental"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance">Parental Guidance</a></li><li class="orb-footer-contact"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact">Contact the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li></ul><small><em class="orb-hilight">Copyright 漏 2019 BBC.</em> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <span class="orb-footer-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/help/web/links/" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></span></small></div></div></footer></div><script id="orb-js-script" data-assetpath="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a/" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a/js/orb.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">require(['orb/lib/_$'], function($) { $.ready(function() { initialiseFooter(); }); var scrollCheckTimer; var didScroll; var previousPosition = 0; var delta = 5; var PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT = 1500; var pageLength = 0; function initialiseFooter() { // Suppress this feature on browsers we no longer test var myNav = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); var oldIE = (myNav.indexOf('msie') !== -1) && parseInt(myNav.split('msie')[1], 10) <= 10; if (!oldIE) { require(['orb/cookies'], function (bbccookies) { var disabledByCookie = (parseInt(bbccookies.get('ckns_nav_promofail')) || 0) >= 3; if (!disabledByCookie) { require(['orb/fig'], function (orbFig) { orbFig.load(function (fig) { if (fig.geo.isUK()) { setUpLazyLoading(); } }); }); } }); } } function setUpLazyLoading() { // offsetHeight is expensive to calculate, only do it once. pageLength = Math.abs(document.body.offsetHeight); if (pageLength < getViewportHeight() + 300 || pageLength - getCurrentPosition() < PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } else { window.onscroll = function () { didScroll = true; }; scrollCheckTimer = setInterval(function () { if (didScroll) { hasScrolled(); didScroll = false; } }, 250); } } function loadPromo() { clearInterval(scrollCheckTimer); require(['orb/async/_footerpromo'], function(promo) { promo.init('https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://navpromo.api.bbci.co.uk', ''); }); } function getViewportHeight() { return window.innerHeight; } function getCurrentPosition() { return Math.abs(window.scrollY || document.body.scrollTop || document.documentElement.scrollTop); } function hasScrolled() { var currentPosition = getCurrentPosition(); if (Math.abs(previousPosition - currentPosition) <= delta) { return; } if (currentPosition > previousPosition) { if ((pageLength - currentPosition) <= PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } } previousPosition = currentPosition; } })</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ require(['orb/fig', 'orb/nav'], function(fig, nav) { fig.load(function(fig) { if (fig.geo.isUK()) { nav.loadJs('https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/2.0.0-553.a5d9130a/js/edr.min.js'); } }); }); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">require.config({ paths: { "mybbc/templates": '//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.9.9/templates', "mybbc/notifications": '//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.9.9/js' } }); require(['mybbc/notifications/NotificationsMain', 'idcta/idcta-1'], function (NotificationsMain, idcta) { var loadNotifications = function (isUK) { if (isUK) { window.bbcpage.loadCSS('//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.9.9/css/main.min.css').then(function() { NotificationsMain.run(idcta, '//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.9.9/'); }); } }; if (window.bbcuser && window.bbcuser.isUKCombined && typeof(window.bbcuser.isUKCombined) === 'function') { // Use new API from Orbit if available window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { loadNotifications(isUK); }); } else { // Fallback to fig (ORB support) var orbFig = window.orb.fig; loadNotifications(orbFig.geo.isUK()); } });</script><!-- BBCDOTCOM bodyLast --><div class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && window.bbcdotcom.analytics && bbcdotcom.config && !bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp() && !bbcdotcom.config.isReel()) { bbcdotcom.analytics.page(); } /*]]>*/</script><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516im_/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/?c1=2&c2=19293874&ns_site=bbc&name=" height="1" width="1" alt=""></noscript><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.write(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.postWrite(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.stats && bbcdotcom.data.stats === 1 && bbcdotcom.utils && window.location.pathname === '/' && window.bbccookies && bbccookies.readPolicy('performance') ) { var wwhpEdition = bbcdotcom.utils.getMetaPropertyContent('wwhp-edition'); var _sf_async_config={}; /** CONFIGURATION START **/ _sf_async_config.uid = 50924; _sf_async_config.domain = "bbc.co.uk"; _sf_async_config.title = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ' - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.sections = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ', Homepage - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.region = wwhpEdition; _sf_async_config.path = "/"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? '?'+wwhpEdition : ''); /** CONFIGURATION END **/ (function(){ function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt=(new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement("script"); e.setAttribute("language", "javascript"); e.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript"); e.setAttribute('src', '//web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != "function") ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyLast = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><!-- BBCDOTCOM all code in page --><script type="text/javascript">if (window.SEARCHBOX.suppress === false && window.SEARCHBOX.locale && /^en-?.*?/.test(window.SEARCHBOX.locale)) { require.config({ paths: { "search/searchbox": window.SEARCHBOX.searchboxAppStaticPrefix, } }); if (bbcuser && bbcuser.isUKCombined) { bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function (isUK) { if (isUK) { require(['search/searchbox/searchboxDrawer'], function (SearchboxDrawer) { SearchboxDrawer.run(window.SEARCHBOX); }); } }); } }</script> <script>"use strict";define("orb/cookies-adapter",["orb/cookies"],function(c){function e(e){return c._setPolicy("ads",e),c._setPolicy("personalisation",e),c._setPolicy("performance",e),c._setPolicy("necessary",e)}return{isOrbitEnvironment:function(){return"object"==typeof bbccookies&&"function"!=typeof bbccookies._getCookieName},set:function(e,n){var o=new Date;if(o.setYear(o.getFullYear()+1),this.isOrbitEnvironment())return c.set(e,n,{domain:c._getCurrentDomain(),path:"/",expires:o});var i=window.location.host.match(/(.bbc(?:\.co\.uk))(:\d+)?(\/.*)?$/i),t=e+"="+n+";domain="+(i&&".bbc.co.uk"===i[1]?".bbc.co.uk":".bbc.com")+";path=/;expires="+o.toUTCString()+";";return c.set(t)},get:function(e){return this.isOrbitEnvironment()?c.get(e):c.getCrumb(e)},copyPolicyCookiesCrossDomain:function(e){if(this.isOrbitEnvironment())return c.copyPolicyCookiesCrossDomain(e);e()},setDefaultCookiesSingleDomain:function(){return this.isOrbitEnvironment()?c.setDefaultCookiesSingleDomain():e(!1)},setDefaultCookiesCrossDomain:function(){return this.isOrbitEnvironment()?c.setDefaultCookiesCrossDomain():e(!1)},optInToAllCookiesCrossDomain:function(){if(this.isOrbitEnvironment()){return c.setCookiePolicyCrossDomain({ads:!0,personalisation:!0,performance:!0,necessary:!0})}return e(!0)},isCookiePolicySet:function(){return this.isOrbitEnvironment()?c.isCookiePolicySet():null!==this.get("ckns_policy")}}}),require(["orb/lib/_script","orb/cookies-adapter"],function(s,r){var a="ckns_privacy",b="ckns_explicit",l="1";function t(){var e=r.get(b);return null!==e&&e===l}function u(e,n){e.style.display="none",n.style.display="none"}function k(e,n){t()||(e.style.display="none",n.style.display="block",window.bbcpage.trackRegion(n,{linkLocation:"nav-banner-cookies"}),window.bbcuser.logEvent("view","nav-banner-cookies"))}function c(){var e=document.getElementById("bbcprivacy"),n=document.getElementById("bbccookies");document.getElementById("bbcprivacy-continue-button").addEventListener("click",function(){u(e,n),k(e,n),window.bbcuser.logEvent("click-cta","nav-banner-privacy")}),document.getElementById("bbccookies-continue-button").addEventListener("click",function(){u(e,n),window.bbcuser.logEvent("click-continue","nav-banner-cookies"),r.optInToAllCookiesCrossDomain(),r.set(b,l)});var o,i,t,c=document.getElementById("bbccookies-settings").getElementsByTagName("a")[0];c.addEventListener("click",(o=!1,function(e){o||(r.copyPolicyCookiesCrossDomain(function(){o=!0,c.click()}),r.set(b,l),e.preventDefault())})),null!==r.get(a)?k(e,n):(t=n,(i=e).style.display="block",t.style.display="none",window.bbcpage.trackRegion(i,{linkLocation:"nav-banner-privacy"}),window.bbcuser.logEvent("view","nav-banner-privacy"),r.set(a,"1"))}function m(e,c,r){var n,o,i="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.1-283.cbf4965/cookie-banner//cookie-prompt/",t=i+(o="en","string"==typeof(n=e)&&2<=n.length&&(o=n.trim().substring(0,2).toLowerCase()),-1!==["en","cy","gd","ga"].indexOf(o)?o:"en")+".min.js";window.bbcpage.loadCSS("https://web.archive.org/web/20190610121516/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.1-283.cbf4965/cookie-banner//cookie-prompt/bbccookies.min.css").then(function(){s.jsonp(t,function(e){var n=e.replace(/<<bbcUrlPrefix>>/g,function(){if(window.orb.bbcUrlPrefix){var e=window.orb.bbcUrlPrefix+"bbc.com",n=window.location.host.match(/(bbc(?:\.co\.uk))(:\d+)?(\/.*)?$/i);return n&&"bbc.co.uk"===n[1]&&(e=e.replace("bbc.com","bbc.co.uk")),e}return""}());document.getElementById("cookiePrompt").innerHTML=n;for(var o=document.querySelectorAll("[data-region-filter]"),i=0;i<o.length;i++){var t=o[i];t.getAttribute("data-region-filter")!==r&&(t.style.display="none")}c()},{callbackName:"cookiePrompt"})})}Promise.all([window.bbcuser.isUKCombined(),window.bbcuser.isEU(),window.bbcpage.getLanguage()]).then(function(e){var n=e[0];if(e[1]||n){var o=null!==r.get(a);if(!(r.isCookiePolicySet()&&t()&&o)){t()||r.set(b,"0"),r.isCookiePolicySet()||r.setDefaultCookiesSingleDomain();var i=n?"gb":"eu";m(e[2],c,i)}}}).catch(function(){m("en",c,"gb")})});</script><script type="text/javascript">require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(o,t){if(t.isAllowed("s1"))try{if(!require.s.contexts._.config.paths.idcta)return void i();require(["idcta/idcta-1"],function(t){t&&"function"==typeof t.getIStatsLabels&&o.addLabels(t.getIStatsLabels()),i()},function(t){throw t})}catch(t){console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&console.log("an exception occurred while adding idcta labels to istats, invoking istats without them",t),i()}function i(){o.invoke()}});</script><script type="text/javascript">"use strict";require(["reverb"],function(e){return e.invoke()});</script><script>if("function"!=typeof window.CustomEvent){function CustomEvent(t,e){e=e||{bubbles:!1,cancelable:!1,detail:null};var n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent");return n.initCustomEvent(t,e.bubbles,e.cancelable,e.detail),n}CustomEvent.prototype=window.Event.prototype,window.CustomEvent=CustomEvent}require(["detectview","parseContentForEvent"],function(t,n){window.addEventListener("pageshow",function(t){var e=navigator.vendor&&-1<navigator.vendor.indexOf("Apple");t.persisted&&e&&document.location.reload()}),t(["[data-bbc-context]","[data-bbc-container]"],function(t){if(!t.hasAttribute("data-bbc-ignore-views")){var e=new CustomEvent("bbc-user-event",{bubbles:!0,detail:n(t)});t.dispatchEvent(e)}})}),require(["parseContentForEvent","getParentWithSelector"],function(l,d){document.body.addEventListener("click",function(t){var e,n,r,i,a=d(t.target,"[data-bbc-container]"),o=d(t.target,"a");if(a&&o){n=o,r=1500,(e=t).altKey||e.ctrlKey||e.metaKey||e.shiftKey||(null===(i=e).which?4===i.button:1===i.button)||n.target&&!n.target.match(/^_(self|parent|top)$/i)||(e.preventDefault(),setTimeout(function(){window.location.href=n.href},r));var u=l(a);u.elem=o,u.originalEvent=t;var c=new CustomEvent("bbc-user-click",{bubbles:!0,detail:u});o.dispatchEvent(c)}})}),define("getParentWithSelector",function(){return Element.prototype.matches||(Element.prototype.matches=Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector||Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector),function t(e,n){return e.matches(n)?e:!!e.parentElement&&t(e.parentElement,n)}}),define("getParentChildPosition",["getParentWithSelector"],function(a){function o(t){var e=a(t,"[data-stats]");return JSON.parse(e.getAttribute("data-stats")).link_location}return function(t){var e,n=a(t,"[data-stats]"),r=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll("[data-stats]")).indexOf(n)+1,i=Array.prototype.slice.call(t.parentElement.children).indexOf(t)+1;return{PAR:o(t)+"::"+r,CHD:(e=t,(-1<["message-banner","message-banner-signed-in"].indexOf(o(e))?"button":"card")+"::"+i)}}}),define("parseContentForEvent",["getParentWithSelector","getParentChildPosition"],function(a,o){function u(t){return t.hasAttribute("data-bbc-result")?t.getAttribute("data-bbc-result"):function t(e){if(e.hasAttribute("href"))return encodeURIComponent(e.getAttribute("href"));for(var n=e.children,r=0;r<n.length;r++){var i=t(n[r]);if(null!==i)return i}return null}(t)}return function(t){return{container:t.getAttribute("data-bbc-container")||t.getAttribute("data-bbc-context"),label:(i=t,encodeURIComponent(i.getAttribute("data-bbc-title")||i.getAttribute("data-bbc-content-label")||i.innerText.split("\n")[0])),source:(r=t,r.getAttribute("data-bbc-source")),personalisation:function(t){var e=a(t,"[data-bbc-personalisation]");if(e)return JSON.parse(e.getAttribute("data-bbc-personalisation"));var n=a(t,"[data-stats]");if(!n)return{};var r=JSON.parse(n.getAttribute("data-stats"));return r.hp_sgm_id||r.hp_sgm_user_score?{SEG:r.hp_sgm_id+"::"+r.hp_sgm_user_score}:{}}(t),metadata:(e=t,n=a(e,"[data-bbc-metadata]"),n?JSON.parse(n.getAttribute("data-bbc-metadata")):a(e,"[data-bbc-track-position]")?o(e):{}),result:u(t)};var e,n,r,i}}),define("detectview",["throttle"],function(b){return function(t,i,e){var a=[],n=(e=e||{}).throttleWaitMs||250,o=e.elementViewedFraction||.5,u=e.elementViewedDurationMs||1e3,f="undefined"!=typeof window&&window,r="undefined"!=typeof document&&document,h=r&&r.documentElement;function c(t){return-1<a.indexOf(t)}function l(t){var e,n,r,i,a,o,u,c,l=t.getBoundingClientRect(),d=(e=h.clientWidth,n=f.innerWidth,r=h.clientHeight,i=f.innerHeight,{width:e<n?n:e,height:r<i?i:r}),s=(o=d,0<=(a=l).top&&a.bottom<=o.height?1:a.bottom<0||a.top>o.height?0:a.top<0?a.bottom/a.height:a.bottom>o.height?(o.height-a.top)/a.height:void 0);if(0<s){var b=(c=d,0<=(u=l).left&&u.right<=c.width?1:u.right<0||u.left>c.width?0:u.left<0?u.right/u.width:u.right>c.width?(c.width-u.left)/u.width:void 0);if(0<b)return b*s}return 0}function d(t,e,n,r){l(t)>=e&&setTimeout(function(){l(t)>=e&&!c(t)&&(a.push(t),r(t))},n)}function s(){t.forEach(function(t){for(var e=document.querySelectorAll(t),n=0;n<e.length;n++){var r=e[n];c(r)||d(r,o,u,i)}})}s=b(s,n),["scroll","resize","load"].forEach(function(t){window.addEventListener(t,s)}),s()}}),define("throttle",function(){return function(n,r,i){var a,o,u,c=null,l=0;i||(i={});var d=function(){l=!1===i.leading?0:Date.now(),c=null,u=n.apply(a,o),c||(a=o=null)};return function(){var t=Date.now();l||!1!==i.leading||(l=t);var e=r-(t-l);return a=this,o=arguments,e<=0||r<e?(c&&(clearTimeout(c),c=null),l=t,u=n.apply(a,o),c||(a=o=null)):c||!1===i.trailing||(c=setTimeout(d,e)),u}}});</script></body></html><!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 12:15:16 Jun 10, 2019 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 16:54:20 Nov 28, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.481 exclusion.robots: 0.026 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.017 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 29.048 LoadShardBlock: 362.882 (3) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 298.922 (5) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 163.479 (5) load_resource: 198.191 (2) -->